DOCSLIB.ORG

Overview of the Use and Management of Water Resources in Central Asia a Discussion Document

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Overview of the use and management of water resources in Central Asia A discussion document May 2020 GREEN ACTION TASK FORCE Overview of the use and management of water resources in Central Asia A discussion document GREEN ACTION TASK FORCE The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of OECD member countries. This document, as well as any data and any map included herein, are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. This document benefited from funding from the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany. Photo credits: ©Shutterstock/ Lukas Bischoff Photograph 3 Table of contents Abbreviations and acronyms 6 Introduction 7 1 Central Asia 9 General description 9 Socio-economic characteristics 9 Strategic priorities of country development 13 Geopolitics and integration processes 14 2 Water Resources in Central Asia 17 Formation of water 17 Climate change and water resources 23 3 Water Use and Flow Regulation 24 Total water withdrawal and available water supply 24 Drinking and household water supply 27 Irrigated agriculture and its water consumption 29 Industry 32 Hydropower 32 River flow regulation 33 Ecosystem water demand 35 4 Environmental Matters Related to Water 37 Aral Sea and Prearalie 37 Land reclamation and collector-drainage water management 38 Water quality 42 Environmental problems in runoff formation area 46 5 Water Management at National Level 47 Legal framework and degree of implementation of IWRM and water conservation 49 Water management organizations 50 Inter-sectoral relationships and stakeholder involvement 52 Irrigation service fees 52 Human resources 54 Research and design framework of water management 56 Water information systems in Central Asia 57 OVERVIEW OF THE USE AND MANAGEMENT OF WATER RESOURCES IN CENTRAL ASIA © OECD 2020 4 6 Water Management at Interstate Level 60 Legal framework 60 Institutional framework 61 Collaboration of regional water and environmental organizations 64 7 International Assistance and Aral Sea Basin Programs 66 Projects impact 68 8 Performance Review of Water Management System in the Aral Sea Basin 70 9 Future Water Outlook of Central Asia 82 Threats of climate change 82 Key factors of water demand growth in the Aral Sea Basin 84 Future water outlook in key basins of Kazakhstan outside the Aral Sea basin 86 10 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE FUTURE: Measures for sustainable water security in Central Asia 89 Degree of implementation of recommendations from the “Fundamental Provisions of Water Management Strategy in the Aral Sea Basin” (1998) and the 2001 Diagnostic Report 89 Measures for sustainable water security in CA 89 Conclusions 100 References 102 FIGURES Figure 1.1. Population dynamics in Central Asia 10 Figure 1.2. Dynamics of agricultural employment in the Aral Sea Basin 11 Figure 2.1. Hydrographic scheme of the Aral Sea basin 17 Figure 2.2. Schematic map of interstate river basins located in the territories of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan 18 Figure 3.1. Dynamics of total water withdrawal in ASB over 2000-2017 (km3/year) 25 Figure 3.2. Open-channel losses along the Amu Darya River, Mm3/year 26 Figure 3.3. Dynamics of annual water use in the household sector (Mm3) against population growth (million persons) in ASB 28 Figure 3.4. Dynamics of unit water use in the household sector in ASB countries (m3 per person a year) 29 Figure 3.5. Planned increase in irrigated area in Kazakhstan by 2040 31 Figure 3.6. Instability of water supply to the Amu Darya Delta 36 Figure 4.1. Dynamics of return water generation and distribution in the Aral Sea basin, Mm3 (2000-2017) 41 Figure 5.1. Linear scheme of the Amu Darya 47 Figure 5.2. Linear scheme of the Syr Darya 48 Figure 8.1. Energy losses through idle discharges from Nurek HPS in 2014 75 Figure 8.2. Dynamics of available water supply by province in Uzbekistan 77 Figure 8.3. Dynamics of water use efficiency by province in Uzbekistan 78 Figure 8.4. Dynamics of available water supply by province in Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan 79 Figure 8.5. Dynamics of water use efficiency by province in Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan 79 Figure 9.1. Shortening of early cotton growing season in the Amu Darya River Basin (days) 84 Figure 9.2. Comparison of water demand and water availability in ASB, Mm3 86 Figure 10.1. Dynamics of irrigated land use in Uzbekistan, based on processed RS-data by WUEMoCA 92 OVERVIEW OF THE USE AND MANAGEMENT OF WATER RESOURCES IN CENTRAL ASIA © OECD 2020 5 TABLES Table 1.1. Comparative indicators of the Central Asian countries and Afghanistan (2018) 12 Table 1.2. Specific indicators of water, land, and energy use in CA and Afghanistan, Mm3 (2018) 13 Table 2.1. Assessment of river runoff in ASB: changes occurred since 2000 19 Table 2.2. Characteristics of hydrological basins in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan (outside ASB), km3/year 19 Table 2.3. Groundwater stock and its use by CA countries (Mm3/year) against 2000 21 Table 2.4. Distribution of return water in ASB over 2000-2017 22 Table 3.1. Data on water withdrawal and water consumption in the Aral Sea basin (comparison of 2002 and 2018) 24 Table 3.2. Drinking and household water supply in CA countries (2016) 27 Table 3.3. Industrial production in CA countries (2002, 2018), $ million 32 Table 3.4. Large reservoirs in CA countries 34 Table 4.1. Comparison of open water surface and wetland areas within the Large Aral Sea (2010-2019), thousand ha 38 Table 4.2. Characteristics of land fund in the Aral Sea basin countries 39 Table 4.3. Water quality observation points on large interstate rivers in CA 44 Table 4.4. Dynamics of average long-term water salinity in the Amu Darya River by gauging station, g/l 45 Table 4.5. Water salinity in the Syr Darya River by gauging station, g/l 45 Table 5.1. Governance and management bodies at different water hierarchical levels in CA 51 Table 5.2. Tariff rates for irrigation services in Central Asia countries (2019) 53 Table 8.1. Water balance of the Fergana Valley (example for 2001-2002) 71 Table 8.2. Average deviations of actual water withdrawals from ICWC’s plans set for growing seasons 2000- 2018 (%) 73 Table 8.3. Evenness in distribution of flow during the growing season in the Aral Sea Basin for representative, in terms of flow conditions, years 74 Table 8.4. Unit generation (G) and consumption (С) of electric energy in CA countries in 2000 and 2017 80 Table 8.5. Characteristics of water-user sectors 81 Table 9.1. Dynamics of flow variability in large rivers of ASB 83 Table 9.2. Population forecast in CA countries within ASB by 2045 (million) 84 Table 9.3. Forecast of changes in GDP structure in CA countries by 2030 85 Table 9.4. Water demands of economic sectors in Kazakhstan in the future (up to 2040) by water source, outside ASB, Mm3 88 Table 10.1. Performance indicators of planned HPS’ along the Panj River 93 Table 10.2. Anticipated personnel needs of water sectors in CA countries by 2035-2040 97 OVERVIEW OF THE USE AND MANAGEMENT OF WATER RESOURCES IN CENTRAL ASIA © OECD 2020 6 Abbreviations and acronyms ADB Asian Development Bank ASB Aral Sea Basin ASBP Aral Sea Basin Program BISA Basin Irrigation System Authority BWO Basin Water Organization CA Central Asia CAREC Regional Environmental Centre for Central Asia CAREC Program Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation Program CIS Commonwealth of Independent States CSTO Collective Security Treaty Organization CWPI Complex Water Pollution Index CWUC Comprehensive Water Use and Conservation EU European Union EurAzEC EuroAsian Economic Community FAO UN Food and Agricultural Organization GDP Gross Domestic Product GIS Geographic Information System GIZ German Society for International Cooperation ICWC CA Interstate Commission for Water Coordination in Central Asia IFAS International Fund for saving the Aral Sea IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IWRM Integrated Water Resources Management OECD Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development OSCE Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe PEER Partnerships for Enhanced Engagement in Research SCO Shanghai Cooperation Organization SDC Swiss Development and Cooperation SIC ICWC Scientific-Information Center of the Interstate Commission for Water Coordination SPECA Special Program for the Central Asian countries UN United Nations UNDP UN Development Program UNECE UN Economic Commission for Europe UNESCAP UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and Pacific UNESCO UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNRCCA United Nations Regional Center for Preventive Diplomacy for Central Asia WB World Bank WUA/WCA Water User/Consumer Association WUEMoCA Water Use Efficiency Monitor in Central Asia XUAR Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region OVERVIEW OF THE USE AND MANAGEMENT OF WATER RESOURCES IN CENTRAL ASIA © OECD 2020 7 Introduction This diagnostic report provides an overview of the use and management of water resources in Central Asia over the period from 1998 to 2019. The previous diagnostic study was conducted within the framework of the United Nations Special Programme for the Economies of Central Asia (SPECA) in 2001, mainly building on materials provided by SIC ICWC and representatives of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. The 2001 Diagnostic Report aimed at jointly developing a regional strategy for the rational and efficient use of water and energy resources.1 Although the Executive Committee of the Interstate Council for the Aral Sea Problems (forbearer of IFAS) developed with the World Bank’s support “Fundamental Provisions of Water Management Strategy in the Aral Sea Basin”2 in 1998, and the Board of Interstate Fund of saving the Aral Sea (IFAS) have approved “Main objectives and focus areas of the rational water use strategy”3 , UNECE and UNESCAP hoped that recommendations of that diagnostic study would contribute to a joint strategy of efficient water and energy use.
Recommended publications
  • Selected Works of Chokan Valikhanov Selected Works of Chokan Valikhanov

    Selected Works of Chokan Valikhanov Selected Works of Chokan Valikhanov

    SELECTED WORKS OF CHOKAN VALIKHANOV CHOKAN OF WORKS SELECTED SELECTED WORKS OF CHOKAN VALIKHANOV Pioneering Ethnographer and Historian of the Great Steppe When Chokan Valikhanov died of tuberculosis in 1865, aged only 29, the Russian academician Nikolai Veselovsky described his short life as ‘a meteor flashing across the field of oriental studies’. Set against his remarkable output of official reports, articles and research into the history, culture and ethnology of Central Asia, and more important, his Kazakh people, it remains an entirely appropriate accolade. Born in 1835 into a wealthy and powerful Kazakh clan, he was one of the first ‘people of the steppe’ to receive a Russian education and military training. Soon after graduating from Siberian Cadet Corps at Omsk, he was taking part in reconnaissance missions deep into regions of Central Asia that had seldom been visited by outsiders. His famous mission to Kashgar in Chinese Turkestan, which began in June 1858 and lasted for more than a year, saw him in disguise as a Tashkent mer- chant, risking his life to gather vital information not just on current events, but also on the ethnic make-up, geography, flora and fauna of this unknown region. Journeys to Kuldzha, to Issyk-Kol and to other remote and unmapped places quickly established his reputation, even though he al- ways remained inorodets – an outsider to the Russian establishment. Nonetheless, he was elected to membership of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society and spent time in St Petersburg, where he was given a private audience by the Tsar. Wherever he went he made his mark, striking up strong and lasting friendships with the likes of the great Russian explorer and geographer Pyotr Petrovich Semyonov-Tian-Shansky and the writer Fyodor Dostoyevsky.
  • O'zbekiston Respublikasi Xalq Ta'limi Vazirligi

    O'zbekiston Respublikasi Xalq Ta'limi Vazirligi

    O’ZBEKISTON RESPUBLIKASI XALQ TA’LIMI VAZIRLIGI A. QODIRIY NOMLI JIZZAX DAVLAT PEDAGOGIKA INTSITUTI TABIATSHUNOSLIK VA GEOGRAFIYA FAKULTETI GEOGRAFIYA VA UNI O’QITISH METODIKASI KAFEDRASI O’RTA OSIYO TABIIY GEOGRAFIYASI FANIDAN REFARAT MAVZU: TURON PASTTEKISLIGI. BAJARDI: 307 – GURUH TALABASI ABDULLAYEVA M QABUL QILDI: o’qituvchi: G. XOLDOROVA JIZZAX -2013 1 R E J A: Kirish I. Bob. Turon pasttekisligining tabiiy geografik tavsifi. 1.1. Geografik o’rni va rel’efi 1.2. Iqlimiy xususiyatlari. 1.3. Tuproqlari, o’simlik va hayvonot dunyosi. II. Bob. Turon pasttekisligining hududiy tavsifi. 2.1. Qizilqum va Qoraqum. 2.2. To’rg’ay Mug’ojar. 2.3. Mang’ishloq Ustyurt. Xulosa. Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar. 2 3 4 5 KIRISH. Tabiiy geografik rayonlashtirish deganda xududlarni ularni tabiiy geografik hususiyatlariga qarab turli katta-kichiklikdagi regional birliklarga ajratish tushuniladi. Tabiiy geografik rayonlashtirishda mavjud bo’lgan va taksonamik jihatdan bir-biri bilan bog’liq regional tabiiy geografik komplekislar ajratiladi, har-bir komplekis tabiatning o’ziga xos hususiyatlarini ochib beradi ular tabiatni tasvirlaydi hamda haritaga tushuriladi. Tabiiy geografik region nafaqat tabiiy sharoiti bilan balki o’ziga xos tabiiy resurslari bilan ham boshqalardan ajralib turadi. Shuning uchun tabiiy geografik rayonlashtirish har-bir hududning o’ziga xos sharoiti va reurslarini boxolashga imkon beradi. Uning ilmiy va amaliy ahamiyati, ayniqsa hozirgi vaqtda tabiatda ekologik muozanatni saqlash va ekologik muomolarni oldini olish dolzarb masala bo’lib turganda, juda kattadir. Tabiiy geografik rayonlashtirishni taksonamik birliklar sistemasi asosida amalgam oshirish mumkin. O’rta Osiyo hududini rayonlashtirish bilan ko’p olimlar shug’ulangan. Ular dastlab tarmoq tabiiy geografik; geomarfologik, iqlimiy, tuproqlar geografiyasi, geobatanik va zoogeografik rayonlashtirishga etibor berganlar.
  • Acipenser Nudiventris Lovetzky, 1828 Ship Sturgeon Esturgeon À Barbillons Frangés Esturión Barba De Flecos

    Acipenser Nudiventris Lovetzky, 1828 Ship Sturgeon Esturgeon À Barbillons Frangés Esturión Barba De Flecos

    Acipenser nudiventris Lovetzky, 1828 Ship Sturgeon Esturgeon à barbillons frangés Esturión barba de flecos Order: ACIPENSERIFORMES Family: ACIPENSERIDAE SUMMARY The Ship Sturgeon Acipenser nudiventris has always been rare in the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov and their tributaries. There were originally two isolated populations in the northern Caspian Sea, but only the Ural River population is thought to exist today. In Iran (southern Caspian Sea), the species is known to migrate in several rivers. Its former range in the Danube River included Austria and Slovakia. Most range States reported that their wild populations are currently low. Restocking programmes are carried out in Azerbaijan, Iran, and Kazakhstan, but although the species has been in captivity for 60 years, broodstock is currently difficult to obtain. The species is rarely raised in captivity and there is no recorded international trade in products from aquaculture. Of all range States, only Iran, Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation authorise commercial catch of the species. During the past decade, annual catches of A. nudiventris have increased in Iran (from 1.9 tonnes (t) in 1990 to 3.5 t in 2000) and in Kazakhstan (from 12 t in 1990 to 23.8 t in 2000). International trade in 1998 totalled 1,156 kg of A. nudiventris caviar imports comprising: 1,004 kg from Iran, 87 kg from Kazakhstan, and 65 kg from the Russian Federation, 42% of which was declared as pre-Convention stock. No export quotas were established for specimens of A. nudiventris for 1998. Caviar export quotas set by range States increased for Kazakhstan from 1,500 kg for 1999 to 2,000 kg for 2000.
  • J Ournal of Environmental Management

    J Ournal of Environmental Management

    Volume VII, Issue 4(16) Winter 2016 ASERS ournal of Environmental Management J and Tourism Biannually Volume VIII Issue 1(17) SPRING 2017 ISSN 2068 – 7729 Journal DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.14505/jemt SPRING 2017 VolumeJournal VIof EnvironmentII al Management and Tourism Issue 1(17) Editor in Chief Ramona PÎRVU Contents: University of Craiova, Romania Editorial Advisory Board Price Co-movement between Biodiesel and Natural Gas 1 Karel JANDA, Jakub KOURILEK, Sarah TRABELSI …7 Omran Abdelnaser University Sains Malaysia, Malaysia Specifics of Agricultural Risks Insurance System in the Republic of Kazakhstan Huong Ha University of Newcastle, Singapore, 2 Yury KHAN, Galina NIKITINA, Vladimir GRIGORUK, …17 Australia Galya AKIMBEKOVA Harjeet Kaur Diversified Approach to Quantification of Risks that Arise in Projects HELP University College, Malaysia Associated with Extraction of Hydrocarbon Janusz Grabara 3 Mikhail Nikolayevich DUDIN, Nikolay Vasilievich LYASNIKOV, Czestochowa University of Technology, Evgeniy Danilovich KATUL'SKIY, Dorina Grigor'evna SHHIPANOVA, …31 Poland Andrey Evgen'evich CHEKANOV Vicky Katsoni Foreign Direct Investment and Environmental Degradation: Techonological Educational Institute of Further Evidence from Brazil and Singapore Athens, Greece 4 Ioannis KOSTAKIS, Sarantis LOLOS, Eleni SARDIANOU …45 Sebastian Kot Methodology for Identifying the Differentiated Mineral Extraction Tax Czestochowa University of Technology, Rates Relating to the Recovery of Solid Minerals Institute of Logistics and International Management, Poland
  • Water Resources Lifeblood of the Region

    Water Resources Lifeblood of the Region

    Water Resources Lifeblood of the Region 68 Central Asia Atlas of Natural Resources ater has long been the fundamental helped the region flourish; on the other, water, concern of Central Asia’s air, land, and biodiversity have been degraded. peoples. Few parts of the region are naturally water endowed, In this chapter, major river basins, inland seas, Wand it is unevenly distributed geographically. lakes, and reservoirs of Central Asia are presented. This scarcity has caused people to adapt in both The substantial economic and ecological benefits positive and negative ways. Vast power projects they provide are described, along with the threats and irrigation schemes have diverted most of facing them—and consequently the threats the water flow, transforming terrain, ecology, facing the economies and ecology of the country and even climate. On the one hand, powerful themselves—as a result of human activities. electrical grids and rich agricultural areas have The Amu Darya River in Karakalpakstan, Uzbekistan, with a canal (left) taking water to irrigate cotton fields.Upper right: Irrigation lifeline, Dostyk main canal in Makktaaral Rayon in South Kasakhstan Oblast, Kazakhstan. Lower right: The Charyn River in the Balkhash Lake basin, Kazakhstan. Water Resources 69 55°0'E 75°0'E 70 1:10 000 000 Central AsiaAtlas ofNaturalResources Major River Basins in Central Asia 200100 0 200 N Kilometers RUSSIAN FEDERATION 50°0'N Irty sh im 50°0'N Ish ASTANA N ura a b m Lake Zaisan E U r a KAZAKHSTAN l u s y r a S Lake Balkhash PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC Ili OF CHINA Chui Aral Sea National capital 1 International boundary S y r D a r Rivers and canals y a River basins Lake Caspian Sea BISHKEK Issyk-Kul Amu Darya UZBEKISTAN Balkhash-Alakol 40°0'N ryn KYRGYZ Na Ob-Irtysh TASHKENT REPUBLIC Syr Darya 40°0'N Ural 1 Chui-Talas AZERBAIJAN 2 Zarafshan TURKMENISTAN 2 Boundaries are not necessarily authoritative.
  • 6. Current Status of the Environment

    6. Current Status of the Environment

    6. Current Status of the Environment 6.1. Natural Environment 6.1.1. Desertification Kazakhstan has more deserts within its territory than any other Central Asian country, and approximately 66% of the national land is vulnerable to desertification in various degrees. Desertification is expanding under the influence of natural and artificial factors, and some people, called “environmental refugees,” are obliged to leave their settlements due to worsened living environments. In addition, the Government of RK (Republic of Kazakhstan) issued an alarm in the “Environmental Security Concept of the Republic of Kazakhstan 2004-2015” that the crisis of desertification is not only confined to Kazakhstan but could raise problems such as border-crossing emigration caused by the rise of sandstorms as well as the transfer of pollutants to distant locations driven by large air masses. (1) Major factors for desertification Desertification is taking place due to the artificial factors listed below as well as climate, topographic and other natural factors. • Accumulated industrial wastes after extraction of mineral resources and construction of roads, pipelines and other structures • Intensive grazing of livestock (overgrazing) • Lack of farming technology • Regulated runoff to rivers • Destruction of forests 1) Extraction of mineral resources Wastes accumulated after extraction of mineral resources have serious effects on the land. Exploration for oil and natural gas requires vast areas of land reaching as much as 17 million hectares for construction of transportation systems, approximately 10 million hectares of which is reportedly suffering ecosystem degradation. 2) Overgrazing Overgrazing is the abuse of pastures by increasing numbers of livestock. In the grazing lands in mountainous areas for example, the area allocated to each sheep for grazing is 0.5 hectares, compared to the typical grazing space of 2 to 4 hectares per sheep.
  • Post-Soviet Era Neoliberalism and Privatization in Kazakhstan’S

    Post-Soviet Era Neoliberalism and Privatization in Kazakhstan’S

    POST-SOVIET ERA NEOLIBERALISM AND PRIVATIZATION IN KAZAKHSTAN’S HIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEM Nazgul Bayetova Florida International University POST-SOVIET ERA NEOLIBERALISM AND PRIVATIZATION IN KAZAKHSTAN’S HIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEM 595 Abstract By applying grounded theory as a methodological tool and using higher education policy documents and the speeches of the former president of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Nursultan Nazarbayev (1991-2019), I examined the changes that occurred in higher education system in Kazakhstan based on neoliberalism. Kazakhstan has transition to higher education policies based upon core neoliberal ideas, such as privatization, meritocracy, individualism, self-reliance, and competition. However, neoliberal policies in Kazakhstan has been influenced by the local political and governance system. Specifically, as it was found, the first president of the Republic of Kazakhstan has maintained a crucial position in shaping the contemporary higher education policies. With Nazarbayev’s initiative, significant educational projects that meet core neoliberal ideas have been introduced and financially and politically prioritized despite the lack of evidence of their effectiveness. The analysis of the policy documents has revealed that higher education policy changes were informed by autocratic and leader-centric neoliberal system. POST-SOVIET ERA NEOLIBERALISM AND PRIVATIZATION IN KAZAKHSTAN’S HIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEM 596 POST-SOVIET ERA NEOLIBERALISM AND PRIVATIZATION IN KAZAKHSTAN’S HIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEM Before transitioning to a market-based economy, Kazakhstan maintained a centralized government as a Soviet Republic within the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). Kazakhstan achieved its independence in 1991, the last Soviet Republic to do so. During the Soviet era, higher education was financed by the central government, and students received university education without charge.
  • List of Oversease Voting Applicants (SEPTEMBER 2014) Page 1 of 127 No

    List of Oversease Voting Applicants (SEPTEMBER 2014) Page 1 of 127 No

    List of Oversease Voting Applicants (SEPTEMBER 2014) Page 1 of 127 No. Name Date Type of Application 1 AARON, VALERIANO PANGANIBAN 02-Sep-2014 Reactivation 2 ABABON, ALEJANDRO BARTOLABAC 14-Sep-2014 Certification 3 ABACAN, LOUIMEL LABAY 15-Sep-2014 Certification 4 ABAD, CLARISSA PUERTOLLANO 11-Sep-2014 Registration 5 ABAD, DANTE MANGANA 04-Sep-2014 Registration 6 ABADIA, EDWIN SANCHEZ 15-Sep-2014 Certification 7 ABADILLA, THEA RAMOS 25-Sep-2014 Registration 8 ABAIGAR, CHINITO JABINAL 28-Sep-2014 Registration 9 ABAJO, DEXTER SUICO 14-Sep-2014 Registration 10 ABALON, WILFRIDO SOBRIA 11-Sep-2014 Registration 11 ABALORIO, JOEL FULGENCIO 16-Sep-2014 Certification 12 ABALOS, EFREN MADAYAG 01-Sep-2014 Registration 13 ABALOS, ERWIN RAMOS 10-Sep-2014 Registration 14 ABALOS, MARIBETH MONCES 04-Sep-2014 Registration 15 ABAN, REGGIE MIRABEL 18-Sep-2014 Certification 16 ABANADOR, JUEL ABE 18-Sep-2014 Certification 17 ABANID, EDUARDO BROA 25-Sep-2014 Certification 18 ABANILLA, HIEZEL ESPANOLA 01-Sep-2014 Registration 19 ABAÑO, AILA LORENA 16-Sep-2014 Registration 20 ABANTAS, MOHAIMEN MENOR 16-Sep-2014 Registration 21 ABANTE, DOMINGO ABELA 14-Sep-2014 Certification 22 ABARA, ROMEO ALEJANDRO 22-Sep-2014 Certification 23 ABARCAR, DANIEL PERDIDO 18-Sep-2014 Registration 24 ABARIENTOS, JOEY CAUDILLA 18-Sep-2014 Registration 25 ABARQUEZ, RICHARD CARPENTERO 12-Sep-2014 Certification 26 ABAS, APIPA KAMIL 02-Sep-2014 Registration 27 ABAS, BERNA SAPBETEN 29-Sep-2014 Registration 28 ABAS, MOKTAR LUMAGAN 17-Sep-2014 Registration 29 ABAS, NORHANIE SADDI 28-Sep-2014
  • The Aral Sea Basin Is Located in the Centre of Eurasian Continent And

    The Aral Sea Basin Is Located in the Centre of Eurasian Continent And

    The Aral Sea Basin is located in the centre of Eurasian continent and covers the territory of Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, major part of Turkmenistan, part of Kyrgyzstan, southern part of Kazakhstan and northern part of Afghanistan. Water resources of the Aral Sea basin are formed in surface and underground sources and glaciers. Surface waters are mainly concentrated in the basins of the two main rivers of the region –Amudarya and Syrdarya. Independent hydrographic basins (gravitating towards the Amudarya and Syrdarya rivers) create Kashkadarya, Zaravshan, Murgab, Tedjen, Chu, Talas rivers that lost connection with the main rivers many centuries ago. The territory can be divided to three main zones on the conditions of formation and transformation of the surface flow in the region: • zone, where the flow is formed (area of feeding in mountainous regions); • zone of transit and dispersion of flow; • delta zones. Numerous glaciers are concentrated in the mountain systems of the Central Asia, which give rise to practically all large rivers of the region, the water of which is intensively used in the national economy. The major part of glaciers is located in the territory of the Republic of Tajikistan and the Republic of Kyrgyzstan. On the whole, water resources in the Aral Sea basin are not equally distributed. 55,4% of the flow in the basin are formed within the territory of Tajikistan, in Kyrgyzstan – 25,3%, in Uzbekistan – 7,6%, in Kazakhstan – 3,9%, in Turkmenistan – 2,4%, on the territory of Afghanistan and other countries, share of which is not significant (China, Pakistan) – around 5,4% of the flow is formed.
  • Kazakhstan), As Influenced by Climate Variation and Human Activity

    Kazakhstan), As Influenced by Climate Variation and Human Activity

    sustainability Article Variation in Runoff of the Arys River and Keles River Watersheds (Kazakhstan), as Influenced by Climate Variation and Human Activity Sanim Bissenbayeva 1,2,3,4, Jilili Abuduwaili 1,2,3,*, Dana Shokparova 4 and Asel Saparova 5 1 State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China 2 Research Center for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China 3 Research Center for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China 4 Department of Geography, Land Management and Cadastre, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan 5 Institute of Geography, Satbayev University, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 27 July 2019; Accepted: 29 August 2019; Published: 2 September 2019 Abstract: Runoff formation is a complex meteorological-hydrological process impacted by many factors, especially in the inland river basin. In this study, long-term (1960–2015) river runoff and climate data in the Arys and Keles River watersheds (Kazakhstan) were gathered to analyze the impacts of climate variation and human activity on runoff. The non-parametric Kendall test and the Pettitt test were used to identify trends and change points in the time data series. It was found that both watersheds had significant upward trends in temperature and potential evapotranspiration data, and insignificant upward trends in the runoff. Change points in annual runoff were identified around the year 1973. The hydrological sensitivity method was employed to evaluate the impacts of climate variation and human activity on mean annual runoff based on precipitation and potential evapotranspiration.
  • The Caspian Sea Encyclopedia

    The Caspian Sea Encyclopedia

    Encyclopedia of Seas The Caspian Sea Encyclopedia Bearbeitet von Igor S. Zonn, Aleksey N Kosarev, Michael H. Glantz, Andrey G. Kostianoy 1. Auflage 2010. Buch. xi, 525 S. Hardcover ISBN 978 3 642 11523 3 Format (B x L): 17,8 x 25,4 cm Gewicht: 967 g Weitere Fachgebiete > Geologie, Geographie, Klima, Umwelt > Anthropogeographie > Regionalgeographie Zu Inhaltsverzeichnis schnell und portofrei erhältlich bei Die Online-Fachbuchhandlung beck-shop.de ist spezialisiert auf Fachbücher, insbesondere Recht, Steuern und Wirtschaft. Im Sortiment finden Sie alle Medien (Bücher, Zeitschriften, CDs, eBooks, etc.) aller Verlage. Ergänzt wird das Programm durch Services wie Neuerscheinungsdienst oder Zusammenstellungen von Büchern zu Sonderpreisen. Der Shop führt mehr als 8 Millionen Produkte. B Babol – a city located 25 km from the Caspian Sea on the east–west road connecting the coastal provinces of Gilan and Mazandaran. Founded in the sixteenth century, it was once a heavy-duty river port. Since the early nineteenth century, it has been one of the major cities in the province. Ruins of some ancient buildings are found here. Food and cotton ginning factories are also located here. The population is over 283 thou as of 2006. Babol – a river flowing into the Caspian Sea near Babolsar. It originates in the Savadhuk Mountains and is one of the major rivers in Iran. Its watershed is 1,630 km2, its length is 78 km, and its width is about 50–60 m at its mouth down to 100 m upstream. Its average discharge is 16 m3/s. The river receives abundant water from snowmelt and rainfall.
  • Review of Key Reforms in Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector

    Review of Key Reforms in Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector

    Review of Key Reforms in Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Draft Report Version 2 November 2004 Prepared by Vodokanal-Invest- Consulting, Moscow Contents GLOSSARY .................................................................................................................................................. 3 1. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................... 4 2. LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL REFORMS ................................................................................. 6 2.1. OVERVIEW OF LEGAL SETUP........................................................................................................... 6 2.1.1. Management of, and Ownership in, Communal Water Supply and Sanitation Systems ............ 6 2.1.2. Public Relations. Accounting for Water Consumption. Billing and Payment Procedures ............ 7 2.1.3. Service Quality. Standards and Norms ...................................................................................... 7 2.2. PRIVATE SECTOR PARTICIPATION IN URBAN WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION ............................ 8 2.1.1. Legal Framework for Private Sector Participation ................................................................... 8 2.1.2. Incentives for, and Main Trends in, Private Sector Involvement............................................... 8 3. ECONOMIC STANDING OF URBAN WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION SECTOR....... 9 3.1. REVIEW OF CURRENT SITUATION...................................................................................................