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Impact of Water Quality Changes on Harbour Environment Due to Port Activities Along the West Coast of India *P.V. Shirodkar

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Impact of Water Quality Changes on Harbour Environment Due to Port Activities Along the West Coast of India *P.V. Shirodkar Second International Conference on Coastal Zone Engineering and Management (Arabian Coast 2010), November 1-3, 2010, Muscat, Oman ISSN: 2219-3596 Impact of Water Quality Changes on Harbour Environment Due to Port Activities along the West Coast of India *P.V. Shirodkar, U.K. Pradhan2 and P. Vethamony3 National Institute of Oceanography (CSIR), Dona Paula, Goa-403 004, India * Corresponding Author, email: [email protected] Abstract Physico-chemical and biological studies were carried out in 3 major harbours (Kandla, Mormugao and Mangalore) along the west coast of India over different periods from 2002 to 2007. R-mode factor analyses, water quality index (WQI) and hydrodynamic modeling were used to understand the dominant parameters influencing water quality, trace the sources of contaminants, their impact on harbour environments and their fate. Factor analyses showed the dominance of anthropogenic nutrients, petroleum hydrocarbons and phenols, while the dominance of suspended solids, turbidity and salinity from natural effects in Kandla harbour. Despite large availability of nutrients, a significant decrease in chlorophyll a and primary productivity during monsoon suggested detrimental effects of the dominant contaminants. Mormugao harbour showed year round dominance of microbes, anthropogenic nitrogen compounds, petroleum hydrocarbons and heavy metals from sewage, boat traffic and port activities, with significant negative effect on chlorophyll a during post-monsoon. New Mangalore harbour showed the dominance of anthropogenic nitrite, ammonia, petroleum hydrocarbons, cadmium and mercury from sewage, industrial discharges and port activities. Overall Index of Pollution (OIP values) of harbour waters, evaluated from WQI of each water quality parameter showed increases (OIP>4) in Kandla harbour suggesting polluted water during all seasons. Mormugao harbour showed acceptable to slightly polluted water (OIP: 2.51-2.75) mostly during post-monsoon, while New Mangalore harbour showed acceptable water quality (OIP: 1 - 2). Hydrodynamics indicated that strong ebb currents (0.09–2 m/s) in Kandla harbour transport anthropogenic contaminants to the inner Gulf of Kutch; while in Mormugao harbour, the coastal water enters the estuarine mouth from north and flows out towards south and transports the contaminants to the coastal water, augmented by E-W flowing tidal currents. In New Mangalore harbour, the strong seasonal currents and seasonal winds keep the water well mixed and aerated and help in driving the contaminants away from the shore. Keywords: Physico-Chemical Parameters; Biological Parameters; Harbour Waters; West Coast of India; Factor Analyses; Water Quality Index (WQI); Hydrodynamics. 1. Introduction Ports are important means of cheap transportation of cargo, oil, chemicals, machinery, etc and are highly economical to the nation. India has many small, medium and large ports along its coast; some of which are provided with natural harbours. Port activities generate various kinds of waste that contaminate harbour waters. Substantial amounts of the generated waste are mostly assimilated by water depending upon its capacity, while the hydrodynamics of the region play a greater role in further dispersion of waste contaminants. Recent past studies have shown that increasing port activities in India have contributed to increases in the concentration of toxic heavy metals, petroleum hydrocarbons, phenols, and many other toxic compounds in harbours, which can affect the environments to varying degree. We present here the results of our impact assessment studies carried out in 3 different harbour environments along the west coast of India during various developmental activities from 2002 to 2007. These harbours envisage; i) Kandla harbour in Gujarat, ii) Mormugao harbour in Goa and iii) New Mangalore harbour in Karnataka. The aim was to understand the dominant physico-chemical and biological characteristics influencing the water quality & tracing of their sources using factor analyses; evaluate changes in water quality using water quality index (WQI) and to assess the impact of contaminants on harbour environments. The study also aimed to understand how the hydrodynamics help in containing the contaminants in harbour environments (the fate of contaminants). 1 i) Geographical Features of the area Kandla Port & its harbour: Kandla port is located along the western bank of Kandla creek (220 55’ - 230 05’ N and 700 05’ - 700 02’), which is one of the major creeks along the NW coast of India supplying water to the inner Gulf of Kutch (GoK). Away from the Arabian Sea towards east, the GoK narrows down into a constriction at Satsaida Bet (70o20’E), and then bifurcates into a creek system called Little Raan (Figure-1). This Little Rann has a network of many small and large creeks, intermingled with marshy tidal flats rich in fine clays. Kandla creek, being a major tributary of this creek system, the water brought by creek tributaries is discharged by Kandla creek into the inner GoK. Kandla creek is a main harbour area of Kandla Port. The tidal height in the creek ranges from 0.83 to 7.2 m, while tidal currents vary from 0.08 to 2 m/s. Various industrial-chemical manufacturing units, fertilizer-manufacturing industry (IFFCO) and the salt manufacturing units with saltpans rich in brines occur around Kandla creek. (ii) Mormugao Port & its harbour: Mormugao Port is located at the estuarine mouth of Zuari River in Goa (15o 22’ - 15o 28’ N and 73o 44’ - 73o 51’ E; Figure 2). Zuari is one of the major rivers connected to Mandovi River by Cumbarjua canal, forming the major estuarine system in Goa. Zuari River originates at Hemad-Barshem in the Western Ghats and after passing through Goa, opens out into the Arabian Sea near Mormugao in south Goa. The estuarine mouth of Zuari forms the main harbour area of Mormugao port, with a maximum water depth of 20 m (av. 3 m). Two Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs) are located in its surrounding region, one at Mormugao Headland, at Zuari mouth, closer to Mormugao port, while the other one is located outside the estuarine mouth, towards its south at Baina (Figure 2). The southern bank of Zuari hosts various shipbuilding industries, yards, workshops, recreational activities and anthropogenic setups. (iii) Mangalore Port & its harbour: Mangalore Port is a all weather port situated at Panambur, towards north of the confluence of Gurupur river to Arabian sea in Karnataka state, about 170 nautical miles south of Mormugao (Figure 3). It ranks India's ninth largest port in terms of cargo handling as it handles 75% of India’s coffee exports and bulk of cashew nuts. The major commodities exported through this Port are iron ore concentrates & pellets, POL products, granite stones, containerized cargo, etc. The major imports include crude and POL products, LPG, wood pulp, timber logs, finished fertilizers, liquid ammonia, phosphoric acid, other liquid chemicals, containerized cargo, etc. Various types of small, medium and large industries located in this area discharge their effluents directly into the coastal water off Kulai. Available information indicates that Mangalore Refineries and Petrochemical Ltd.,(MRPL) discharges 7200 m3/d, BASF India Ltd, discharges 3600 m3/d north of harbour, while Mangalore Chemicals & Fertilizers (MCF) discharges 13,000 m3/d, south of the harbour. All these wastes are likely to impinge on the coastal marine environment of Karnataka. 2 2. Material and methods Water samples were collected regularly from Kandla harbour, twice every season – pre-monsoon (Feb. – May), monsoon (June – Sept.) and post-monsoon (Oct. - Jan.) from surface, mid and near bottom levels at 4 key locations – the cargo jetty, oil jetty, mouth of the creek and the junction, where Sara and Phang creeks meet the Kandla creek (Figure-1) by using a hired boat. From Mormugao harbour region, the surface and bottom water samples were regularly collected every month during high tide and low tide from 8 different locations (Figure 2) from September 2003 to April 2004, comprising 3 seasons, while surface and bottom water samples were collected from 15 locations in the coastal waters from Suratkal to New Mangalore harbour during 2007 (Figure 3) using a Niskin water sampler. Soon after collection, the water samples were fixed for dissolved oxygen and measured by Winkler’s method, while the BOD was measured after 5 days of incubation at 20oC in BOD incubator. Temperature and pH were measured on board using a thermometer and Eutech pH meter, respectively. Techniques used for the analyses of various water quality parameters are indicated in table below. Table-1: Techniques used for physico-chemical and biological parameter determination. Parameter Abbreviation Techniques / Instruments used Unit Temperature Temp. CTD (SeaBird) 0C Salinity Sal. CTD (SeaBird) Psu pH pH pH probe (Eutech) pH units Filtration (Aspirator Vacuum)(Preston et Total Suspended Solids TSS mgl-1 al.,1997) Dissolved Oxygen DO Titration (Strickland and Parsons, 1979) mg l-1 Biochemical Oxygen BOD Titration (Strickland and Parsons,1979) mg l-1 Demand Petroleum Hydrocarbons PHc Spectrofluorometry (Grasshoff ,1999) µgl-1 Phenolic Compounds PhOH Spectrophotometry (APHA,1992) µgl-1 Lead (seawater) Pb Flame AAS µg l-1 Cadmium (seawater) Cd AAS µg l-1 Mercury (seawater) Hg Cold Vapour AAS ng l-1 -1 Ammonia NH3-N Spectrophotometry (Grasshoff ,1999) µmol l -1 Nitrite NO2-N Spectrophotometry (Grasshoff ,1999) µmol l -1 Nitrate NO3-N Spectrophotometry (Grasshoff ,1999) µmol l -1 Phosphate
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