SW EDISH P HONOLOGY

A UIS E LM U iS T . LO Q

Nort/z wester u Umz' rcrsz l)

CHICAGO T H E N B - G E G E R G H O L M BE R G P U BLISH I N CO . 1915 ‘ ' r o ri h t 1 1 py g , 9 5, by

o uis m u A . L El q ist $4$

P RM E.

I n this little volume I h a ve ma de n o attempt t o treat an y part of t he subj ect exhaustively , nor is the b o o k inte n ded primarily as a work of reference . My purpose h as been merely to give as much a s the studen t of Swed ish ough t to know abou t Swed

n a —Am a ish pronu ciation . P rticularly Swedish eric ns , who have comparatively little diffi cul ty with the m c a n m ma sounds the selves , profit uch by a syste t ic d stu y of the subj ect .

a s a x - The book , then , is intended te t book t o accomp a ny a n d t o su pplemen t the study of the gr a m

' ma r m Swed zs/z Gra mma r I . I n y have referred / As o f freely t o the P/zmw ogy . the pronunciat ion a modern langu a ge is cle a rly of basic i mpor tance a m for an y knowledge of the langu ge , i t is y hope P/zmz olo in a t hat the gy will be the h nds of every . ud w mma b e rc st en t of S edish gra r , and that i t will ferred to freely from the very be ginn ing . I h a ve everywhere avoided treatin g the subj ect

a m ma n historic lly , y in obj ect bein g to give o ly

What would be of practical v a lue to the student . I e n a a n d m a h av touched o ly r rely , in an ele en t ry

ma u way , u pon tters phonetic . Except for an acco n t o f the leadi n g di fferences between th e presen t a n d a I a a older st ges of orthography , h ve tre ted ortho

a m A a m o f gr phic atters very sparingly . full t re t en t

’ Swedish orthogr a phy is gi ven i n Jules Ma uritz so n s ” Rattsk riv n in slara R c n d Svensk g ( o k Isla ,

A . LOUIS ELMQUIST . a n n n o Ev sto , Illi is , Au u 1 r g st , 9 4 .

CONT ENTS.

THE ALPHABET STRESS ACCENT (a c ute a n d gra ve ) m d n a w . Co p re ith E glish , 3 n a m n a n o f n a n d e s Acce t , co bi tio to e str s a u o f th e a u a n N t re c te cce t , 5. a u f th e a a n 6 o . N t re gr ve cce t , umma S ry , 7 . m un d w d 8 Co po or s , . W d n o t d o n th e a or s stresse first syll ble , 9. Ho w to a n th e a a n 1 0 le r g r ve cce t , . R ules fo r d etermi n i n g which wo rd s o f mo re tha n o n e a a th e a u a n 1 1 syll ble h ve c te cce t , . n a n d n n - 1 2 Acce t se te ce stress , . n o m o f a n in w d n 1 U if r ity cce t S e e ,

u a n u 1 . Q tity r les , 4 - n n a n n 1 . Co so t le gth , 5 d e n n - 1 6 uan an . Q tity s te ce stress , f n f un d 1 a n d a n o o o . Orthogr phic i ic tio le gth s , 7 8 n n n a o f m a n d n 1 . Co cer i g orthogr phy ,

T h d d ua 1 - 2 e n w . i ivi l vo els , 9 7 a n a n o f th e u n d o f a a n d (3 Orthogr phic represe t tio so , 8 2 .

a o n o f ua to ua n titv 2 . Rel ti q lity q , 9 - a n o f ua to e n e n ua n 0 . Rel tio q lity s t ce q tity , 3 d a n d o o e 1 a w . H r s ft v ls , 3 w -mo d ifi a tio n 2 c . Vo el , 3

is o f n un m d n th e o w in th e u a . L t o s o ifyi g v el pl r l , 3 3 DIPHTHONGS 6

CONSONANTS Swed ish c o n son a n ts d ifferin g in soun d from co r n d n n o n n a n 6 respo i g E glish c so ts , 3 . d a n d n n a n Voice voiceless co so ts , g 3 7 . m a n 8 Assi il tio , 3 . T h e n d d ua o n n n — 8 a . i ivi l c so ts , 39 5 umma n h n n a n a to t e . S ries rel ti g co so ts , 59 UNIFORMITY O F PRONUNCIATION No d n m o f n un a n 60 rigi or pro ci tio , . . ’ a n d 6 1 A 0 before . E a n d (i 6 2 , .

R 6 . , 3 TJ} s 64

65.

L , 66 .

NAMES O F THE LETTERS OF THE ALPHABET . ORTHOGRAPHY (prese n t form compa red with DI H PH N SW E S O OLOGY .

T H A PHA E L BET .

th e m 1 . The Swedish alphabet is sa e as the

English alphabet , with the addition of the three c - d d 0 A fl 0 vowel characters , , and ( , , )at the end . In dict ionaries thW M W d 2 m after , in the order na ed .

—4 1 u d n a s a n fo r a Note . The letter y is se o ly sig vowel ; se e 24 .

2 W a n d u n in n am 2 a n d c w . q occ r o ly proper es ; ( ith th e m o a n n n am d in 0 a n d n 1 u i p rt t exceptio e 4 , I , ote )occ r o n ly in word s o f foreign origi n a n d in proper n a mes . ’ ’ ’ ' ’ a m : Wa lli n Alm mst g i n/a z n Berz e lz us ocea n Ex ples , q , i c , , l i us a n Ce s . oce ,

f h a see 6 Fo r th e n am o f th e o t e a . 3 . es letters lph bet 7

R ST ESS . m 2. The fi rst syllable has the ain stress , bot h

’ fiwmz a n m . : i simple and i n co pou nd words Ex . m mm k ossa mer fro/z a re wo an , to spea , g the boys , g ’ m k a vstcin a ore l i ely , railway en omresa m a m accident , g to travel through , f to ex erien ce p . 8 STR ESS

Exceptions to this rule are numerous (a ) I n the c a se of a rather large n umber of c o m pounds formed from two (or more)words that orig in a ll e y stood side by sid i n the sentence , the fi rst of t hese in many instan ces being unstressed owing to the fact th a t it did not have t he se n tence -stress 2 ma a (see note , below), the in stress f lls on th e stressed syllable of the posterior componen t that

‘ ’ se n ten ce stress : d en sa m ma originally had the . Ex . ’ ’ ’ m w mn a m a a ma l the sa e , e ch other , f farewell , ’ ' ’ ' ’ lea n /zéin d a z é la n d m m z rd n m perhaps , so et i es , f fro , ’ ’ ’ om/erin iii/ba lca fiv era l lf g around , back , e verywhere ,

' ’ ’ ’ z/z éi l d tzn z n s/ozz e a t a emf / [a n n j t o death , le st , betwee , ' ’ ’ bred v i a 71 6227 1 7 min sa n n u n m beside , very well , po y ' ’ ' ’ ' ’ d sia a o ff o veren s d u o a 077 7 word , , agreed , y new , zz z

' ’ tef bm Aa rlskrofi g to frustrate , to repair ,

' ’ 7l a Vcisferci s , ,

(b) Words of forei gn origin are a s a rule stressed on the same syll a ble as in the foreign lan gu age from which they have come ; in a very large n um a w ber of instances , p rticularly in words borro ed m C a La n a m fro French or the l ssical gu ges , this i s so e ’ oio m t . : syllable other than the firs . E x f g fi photo ’ ’ ’ a rmé m la é omfo rz zmz a a 77z zzse graph , ar y , l bor tory , ’ ‘ ’ um m m solda z exa mm m useu , soldier , exa ination , ’ ’ ‘ ’ ° ’ a ku t a fea zer ron o men ro n o un za cu te , theater , p p , p ' ’ ’ ' ’ n o ele a n t a mzl m a rzl A piano , g elegan t , f j fa ily , p pril , ' ‘ ’ ’ ’ lzflemz u r a d res s mod e rn m l i terature , address , odern , ’ " ’ ’ la tz 7z Ame rzka Berli n tele o n . f telephone , Latin , , (c) Words beginning with the origin a lly forei gn p refixeS ‘ be g e and most of those beginn in g with 2 STRESS 9

an a mm As f , stress the syll ble i ediately followin g . é e a rule , f is not stressed when i t corresponds to German “ ver but stressed when i t corresponds “ ’ ’ G ma : besA/ d a t o er n vor Ex . to relate , j ’ ’ ’ ’ ' emi r a é rsé lca to tr er/W protection , g we pon , f y , f ’ lcma e a rel tion , careful . (d ) Nou ns wit h the origin a lly foreign sufiixes — 4 mm essa ! , , an d verbs endin g i n the originally for e i n -em a e g , stress the fi rst syll bl of these endings ;

' f - 7f n ouns wit h the su fix e z stress the last syllable . ’ ’ ' ’ lei mrz n n a m a . : w h rzn ses s Ex ( o an ) teac er , p prin ’ ’ ‘ ’ siua e m zele on e m ba cess to st udy , f to telephone ,

’ em k g ba ery . (e) Some adj ectives of more than two syllables -' ending in J ig a n d a l a rge n umber en d in g in zslc mm n stress the syllable i edi ately precedi g . Ex ’ ’ ’ ‘ ’ e efz flz e omen zlz - o en llz g g r al , g orderly , fl g publ ic ,

’ ’ ’ ' ' fi en t/z mora lzs/c m oli tzsfc g hostile , oral , f political ,

Ca nad ian .

— 1 d n o . o w Note . The p sition o f th e stress is in S e ish t ma r ked except i n wor d s o f foreign origi n with stressed fi n a l e a n d in flec tio n al m o f u w d in a th e , for s s ch or s ; this c se stress ‘ ma k is a d d a me a m u th e . : r . a e . r pl ce irectly bove Ex r y , pl r ’ - m o a rmeer . a e d e is u ma k d in Moreover , str sse th s r e so e pr p ' ’ ' ’ er n a m as L z mze Y e zz a I n m a th e e r Fr n z en . es ; , , g , so e c ses

d e is d u d i n n a m a s No ree n An d ree”. stresse o ble proper es ; , ,

I n k w n n o t o n th e a this boo the stress , he ever first syll ble , is ma k d a -ma k th n un d r e by stress r pl a ced a fter e lo g so (cf . s 1 5)

2 I n w d i n th e n n . a s n ma n w d in S e ish E glish , y or s se te ce a re a d a s d a n d un ed a u a a r r pi ly p se over left stress , p rtic l rly tic les n un n n un n a n d a u a , pro o s , prepositio s , co j ctio s , xili ry e a n o t n u n a d ad v rbs ; lso i freq e tly other verbs , jectives , verbs , a nd n un e e 1 2 o s . S . I O ACCENT

3 . Con cer n i n g d ifferen t d egrees o f th e stren gth o f th e o f a n o t a n ma n — see . stress syll bles h vi g the i stress , 4 9 A CCENT .

a n 3 . I n the pron unciation of English word of “ ” sa a two syllables , le t us y roses , the second syll

a m a k t ble , besides h ving uch we er stress , has ei her a m higher or lower tone th n the first . Si ilarly in “ ” a m a the c se of a onosyll bic word , as rose , the voice either rises or sinks d uring the pronunciation . Swedish words of one syllable are accented very m k w d A uch l i e such or s in English . lso not a few words an d forms of two or more syllables are ac ce n ted r ma m app oxi tely as i n English , bu t ost words and forms of two or more syllables (not includin g words begin n in g with unstressed syllables) h a ve in Swedish an accent very di fferen t from th a t of Eng w m lish . The S edish accen t that rese bles the Eng w m lish , and hich in Swedish belon gs pri arily t o ‘ m n a a a ezz ze o osyll bles , is c lled the accen t ; the other , which is employed wit h most words of more th a n

a k ra ve . one syll ble , is nown as the g accen t A m 4 . ccent is a co bination of various phases of m d ifieren t tone an d stress . Swedish e ploys three we a H mid tones , which sh ll designate as high ( ), d ff dle (M ), and low (L). Swedish has four i eren t

: — degrees of st rength of stress stron g , half strong

a k d a k a n d k e c an ad (or , we ene ), we , wea st ; these v a n ta eo usl 2 1 0 g y be design ated by the figures 3 , , , , respecti vel y .

o — Fo r th e ak o f n n e n w n m n u d is N te . s e co ve i ce , he i te in w n i th e t ctio n s are un n a a . e . ecess ry , syll bles ith stro g , , 5 ACCENT 1 1

ma in a re in o k a d d a w , stress this bo c lle stresse sy ll bles , hile a w 2 a n d 0 a re a d un d a syll bles ith stress , I , c lle stresse syll bles .

. NATUR A I n 5 E OF THE CUTE ACCENT . the case of words of two syllables the acu te accen t combines high tone with stress 3 on the fi rst syllable and lo w 0 tone with stress on the second syllable ; as , ‘ ’ ’ ta /ez n er é ciffee sci a a n the speech , fi g fin ger , better , ’ ’ ' lz éin aer n ora zs/e such , hands , northern .

un If the word has three syllables , both of the

a stressed (see 4 , note) syll bles have low t one ,

a h a s 1 b o efl a r bu t the third syll ble stress ; as , fi ’ zmaersfa fid ndema trunks , (the) lowest , the hands .

e — w n a re m a n a Not Also he there ore th three syll bles , all th e u n d a a lo w a im stresse syll bles h ve tone . The syll ble med ia tely followi ng th e stressed syll a ble here to o h a s stress 0 o f n d o r d a un ; the others , every seco every thir syll ble , co t i n m h e ma n f h h a s 1 u t o t e w d . g fro i stress or , stress Th s , w d w u a u ua a u n o o 1 or s ith fo r syll bles s lly h ve the s ccessio 3 , ‘ b ut u o I a t n n o as ko erta rn h e u k . freq e tly 3 ; , fi tr s

(i. NATURE O F TH E GRAVE ACCENT . Words of S two yllables h ave on the first syllable stress 3 , the m e stress decreasin g only oderately (i . . , less than in words wi th the acute accen t ) an d then in c reas ing a l it tle j ust before the end of the syllable ; the m first syllable begins with the iddle ton e , then k th e sin s to the low tone , risin g a little j ust before en d of th e syll able ; the secon d syllable combines f Za la k . C . hi gh tone wi th stress I (grave)to spea , ‘ ’ r kwmza m a / . : e . with z (acute) the speech Ex wo an , a mma ! fro en a irin /lo7zo77l g old , g faithful , g never , h im 5 o7z , g eyes . m I f there are t hree syllables , the first co bines m o o n iddle t ne with st ress 3 , the stress decreasin g 1 2 ACCENT 7 ly moderately ; the secon d combines low tone wi th

0 e 1 . stress ; the third , high ton with stress I t will b e obser ved that the accentual conditions of the first syllable of d issyll a bles are distributed over C m la t he first two syllables of trisyllables . o pare ’ Za a e a (grave) spoke , with the l st t hree syllables of ' ’ ' befa la a e : mama s/ca m b e (acute) payed . Ex . h u an ld ra re s/emza re m a rbeie ing , teacher , ore beau tiful , work .

. are m a n a a ll th e um Note If there ore th three syll bles , d a a lo w n th e a w h a s stresse syll bles h ve to e , except l st , hich n T h e - high to e . stress con d ition s a re id en tic a l with th o se d d in n k omm a rn a th e k n . . : escribe 5, ote Ex g i gs

. T wo 7 SUMMARY . syllables Three syllables

' Acute : H 3 : L o H 3 : L o : L r

Gra ve : M L 3 : H 1 M 3 : L o : H r

8 . W a s COMPOUND ORDS (incl udin g here , else ’ ffi -a om -/zei where , words with such su xes as , , -sa m -ba r fl a , , g , which are treated as pos rio r m m te co ponents of co pound words). The accen t m Si m of co pounds is ilar to that j ust described , ex cept for the degree of stress of th e u nstressed syl la bles C m n . o pound words wi th the grave acce t have stress 2 on that syllabl e of the secon d componen t that has the strongest stress (for compounds with Cf co m ma m . in stress on the second co ponen t , pou nds with the acute accen t have stress 1 on such m m t o syllables , but so eti es this is reduced to s ress - ’ ’ : 2 seal/ ms fia n a e/sbaa Ex . (Stress ) school house , ’ h 1 Mi a en omresa . store , g to t ra vel t rough (Stress ) ’ md fima o d i n d rd S . g orchard , (Stress ) ’ md n aa a rbror . ner , (g ) Monday , f u ncle g 9 ACCENT 1 3

— I n th e ma o f th e a o f th e un Note . tter rel tive stress d a c f n o 2 in m u n d u ua stresse syll bles ( . 5, te ), stress co po s s lly e 2 ma a l t a kes th e pl a ce o f stress I i n simple word s . Str ss y so rest o n th e syll able immed ia t e ly fo llowi n g th e ma i n stress o f th e w d in w a th e use o f o n o w n or , hich c se stress I f llo i g a w th e u n i n n b ut un n syll bles follo s r le give g 5, ote , co ti g m h 2 u d a m o un d t e a w . fro syll ble ith stress Th s , issyll bic co p s - with the gr a ve a ccen t h a ve th e stress successio n 3 2 ; trisyl lab les h a ve 3 2 0 o r 3 o 2 ; compo un d s with fou r syll a bles

a 2 0 1 0 2 o o r o o 2 . h ve 3 , 3 , 3

9. W ORDS NOT STR ESSED ON THE FIRST SYLLA ac BLE . Beginnin g with the stressed syllable , t he cen t o f words not stressed on th e fi rst syllabl e is

a ident ic l with that described in 5 and 6 . That

th e a is , words stressed on l st syllable have the acute a k m ccen t , li e onosyllables . Other words not stressed o n t he fi rst syll a ble have either the acute or the e h red o mi grave accent ; the acut accen t , owever , p

I I . nates strongly (see , a ) All syllables preceding the main stress have low m tone , whatever the accen t of the re ainder of the w ord is . If there is one syllable precedin g , i t has 0 e h as 1 stress ; i f ther are two , the fi rst stress , ’ ma ski n ma 0 . EX . : and the second h as stress chin e , ' elo e n f g kerosene . N o te W hen there a re three syll a bles preced i n g th e ma i n th e u n is u ua 1 o 0 n 0 1 0 w n stress , s ccessio s lly , less ofte ; he e r u a e a e it is o 1 0 n 0 o 0 . th re fo r syll bl s , I , less ofte I . Cf ’ ‘ ’ ’ " n o . m . : lz tlera z u r a u a /ca a emz a ad 5, te Ex liter t re , c e y , ' ’ ’ to mu mz z z/ ersite t un i n d i v id uel l ltiply , iversity , n d i ivid ua l .

1 0. Ho w To LEARN THE GRAVE ACCENT . The gr a ve a cce n t is more diffi cul t to learn t han anything d else connected wi th the pron unciation of Swe ish . 1 4 ACCENT g 1 0

A detailed description of it can do little good with

a m a ou t careful de onstration by a te cher . The pronunci a t ion o f words of three syll a bles ’ m ia la a sho uld first be astered (as e). When this has been acquired , an d the distribution of the tones a ac is cle rly understood , the studen t can learn the cent o i words of two syllables (as fez/a ) with much ffi i m less di cul ty . I t should be borne n ind that the fi rst syllable of [a la embr a ces the accen tual features ’ of the first two syllables of fa lewe; the fi n al syl lables k are ali e . The student will be materially a ided by ’ fi rst hearing the two first syll a bles of fa la a e (ta Za n a withou t the fi al syll ble , bu t as if this were t o fol m a fella fa low ; then , si il rly , the first syllable of (

n a m alo e , which , fi n lly , should be co pared wi th th e

m la accen t of onosyllables (as ). I t will also be found profitable to p ractise with words th a t are a pronounced alike except for the ccen t , and are

m a n a re : different in e ni g . Such ACUTE ACCENT GRAV E ACCENT

’ mmen k a n den b rea th th e S the duc the , piri t a xe! a xe! Axel shoulder axle ,

' ’ (d ef) brzsfer (it ) breaks brzsfer f a ul ts buren t he c a ge Z mrezz carried

’ ’ bci rezz the berries bciren c a rry (imperative ) ‘ ‘ g iflez t he poison g ffzet the ma rri a ge the seas (l ) (you ) h a ve ’ ’ lzea en the he a th lzea en he a then reg el r ule reg el bol t

’ (la m)skd n /eer (he)presen ts s/ca n ker gifts

‘ ‘ slza ez the e n d s/zzlel close

' ' ’ ’ (la m) sfrza er (he) fights sfrza er fights g I I ACCENT 1 5

R F R R H H 1 1 . ULES O DETE M I N ING W IC WO RDS OF M O RE THAN ONE SY LLABLE HAVE T HE A A CUTE CCENT .

(a) Most words stressed on some syllable other ’ ’ lzl/ba lea th e . : than first ha ve the acute accen t . Ex ’ ‘ ' ’ k fea zer ron o men befa la bac , theater , p pronoun , to

' ' ’ ta la orsé ka pay (bu t to speak , has t he grave), f to

sé ka try (bu t to seek , has the grave), ' ’ é rszle fi relat ion , expectation , f g careful , ’ ’ ’ ‘ ' sfzza e m e en zlz a oli tisé to study , g g re l , p polit ical , ' me Vika A .

Also in fiec tio n a l forms of such word s ha ve the

h . : acute accent , even w en a syllable is added . Ex ’ ’ ‘ ’ l a lem fea zm r t a lmri za . e e . , , , def . sing an d indef ’ ‘ ’ ‘ n d l a er ron o minez ro a . e . def plur . of z ; p , def of p ' ' ’ ' 720 me7'z ben ii ia de or/zcil la n ; , past tense of f ’ a ef m , for s of

’ ' wi n eu m é if fio mn g , for s of f pp g ; ’ ' ’ é rsik tz a é r zk fi a r - m s e a m . f jg , f g , for , co p , ’ a n d ] sia d e m super . of past of ,

' ‘ ’ ’ ' e en zlz a a - m en llz 1i tz k e 0 s . g g , for of g jg , p m When , in the process of in flection , one or ore syl lab les are added t o a word of more th a n one syllable

a n m h a s stressed on the last syll ble , the resulti g for

a a - m x k n sf v . : / the cu te accen t . Ex for of e ’ é efevé s a re é e/ewi ma si m ] exclusive ; , , co p . and su per .

’ ’ ' ‘ ’ ' be/e vri m m ozeln s zer orlus t of co fortable ; f , plur . of f ’ ba en er ba eri loss ; g , pl ur . of g bakery .

’ ' ' o un n d n in - n - N te . I . No s e i g z 7z 7z a a d es sa d o n o t h a ve th e a u a n fo r a m se e 2 d c te cce t ( ex ples , ). 1 6 A ri b CCENT g ,

m un d d m m 2 . a n o a n w d h a th e M y c po s , so e si ple or s , ve

‘ a a n o u d o n m a an gr ve cce t , th gh stresse so e syll ble other th ’ ’ h k a n /z n d a a a t e . : ri m/ (l a a . w r e first Ex perh ps , e ch other , ’ ‘ ' to a d imi n szon e a t a ro es sor ro rep ir , le st , p f p fe sso r b ut a u a n a n d — h in th u r e ( c te cce t stress s ift e pl r . p of s ’ ’ ’ so rer ), a 7 lskr0 n a . (b) Most words of foreign origin have the acute m n a m accent , which rese bles that of the l a gu ges fro - which the lo a n words have come more tha n doe s

h < r . o we v the grave accen t Not a few of these , , have either the acu te or the grave accent , wh ile

m a m - u ls so e ha ve the grave . Ex ples of loan wo stressed on some syllable other than the fi rst a n d ha ving the acu te accen t have been given under (a); here follow exampl es of those stressed on th e first

' : en us n e er lezlo k ilo ra n ' syllable g gender , g n egro , g ,

o /ce ci n esl lee er! p j (usually acute) boy , g anguish , /f

Pa m/us L on d on t runk , , .

— 1 n a w d w th e n a Note . Here belo g lso or s ith origi lly n uffi as n or/ d isk n n ee/aisle e k foreig s x , orther , g Gre , ’ ' r jo a z sk ea rthly .

2 n n a m o f m w d o f n n a s o . I flectio l for s ost or s foreig orig i l

a th e a u a n e n w n a a i s a d d d . h ve c te cce t , ev he sy ll ble e Ex ‘ k o en e n t o e rla n a o m k o e rl n e ern n e n ’ r a fl , fl fl ), fr fl ; g , g m), ' - ’ ’ m n e er n ord z ska a m o f n ora z sk . fro g ; , for

n to a re fo r a m n un o f o n Exceptio s this , ex ple , o s f reig n n d n in -el -en -er w u a i n a s b z bel origi e i g , , ith pl r l , ’ ' i b z bla r z a rolcen un a d rOf mm' z a ebe r b ble , U ); f yo g l y , f O ); f m a in all a d n d n n - ebra r n a . i el fever , f ( ) Si il rly jectives e i g , -er w a th e a u a n w n -a -a 7f e —a sl a re , hich h ve c te cce t , he , , ' ’ ad d d a s sz m el m sim le sim la re sim le st salz er e ; , p si ple , p , p , p ;

‘ ‘ /é ee un d u fib ra sci kea re sci msl . w s S . s re , , , er (c )belo

n -cl -en -er (c) Most words endi g in , , have the l acute accent . No d istinction is in the fol owin g accoun t made betwee n n at i v e words an d word s o f

1 8 1 1 ACCENT , d

e m labi , the result ing for has the grave accent . In m the Third Declension , however , all nouns that odi fy or shorten the vowel i n forming the plural (with s me o f son the except ion of o , pl ur . son) ha ve the

' ' ooeker bole Mi nder acu te accent ; as , , plur . of book ; , ’ I a n lt r . a e e l ll e . A pl ur of z hand ; g , plur . of g goat but

oon cle m led a one of these , , are onosyllabic ; note also ’ ‘ mo z A . lso a few other monosyllabic nouns (not of common occurrence)of this declension ha ve the acute m ma accen t in t he plural . So e y ha ve either the acute f or the grave accen t , usually i n di feren t localities ; as ,

' v z n er win sa ker a le s . , plur . of wine ; , plur . of thing - - (2 ) Comparatives endin g in re rre) have the rre m h as acute accent , except fo for er which always ’ n ea re wzd re bo re the grave , and nether , lower , upper , u erla which have either the acute or the grave . S p - ‘ tiv es ending in ersi ha ve either the acute or the b in un grave accent , oth the in flected an d i n the “ ' ‘ ‘ in fl c e m z r r t m zlersz m e t d o e s . for ; as , upper ost , y outer ost (3 ) The present singul a r indicative active ending

—er k er deni er in has the acute ; as , op buys , j udges , n fi n n er fi nds . (4 ) The presen t si gular indicative a i n -es p ssive ending usu ally has the acu te , but

m m a eo es so eti es the gr ve accen t ; as , p is bought ,

m mz d es es . o is j udged , fi is found (5) The addi tion of the post -positi ve defini te article n ever changes the n ature of the accen t of the form to which it is added , whether i t results in the addition of a sylla I n m ble or not . the following exa ples the definite form has the acu te accent because the indefinite

m h a s : bordel bord en m oord a for the acute , , fro t ble ; ’ ' i u em biolioie leei bioliote oiel bi nd m o . , , fro (pl r )bee ; , 1 1 1 , e ACCENT 9

' ' ‘ ' ken m bioliote le lea lern fea lm rn a m , fro l ibrary ; , , fro ’ ’ i a t r t a tmr Ico r/ n leo rta rn a e e . e e e e (plur ) theater ; fl , ff , ‘ m lea ed ko en a r trun k d eln fro m d el fro f (plur . fl ) ; f g , / g

/za let /za len m li e e! a mn s/t eln mus/c bird ; g , g , fro g h il , lern a m mus/e el 7IZ ZlS/6l6 7’ m oo/cen , fro (plur . ) uscle ; ,

o kern a m bole oe/eer k l n m b o . o s ole , fro (plur ) boo ; , fro stol chair .

u f th i n a d in . a a s a o e Note Observe th t , res lt pr ciple st te d m n a n un a th e a u a e n i n th e d e fi , 5, o osyll bic o s h ve c te cc t n n u a b ut i n mo a d th e a a n ite si g l r , st c ses (cf . , I ) g r ve cce t n th e n d n d u n 1 i n a d n a a a . i efi ite efi ite pl r l . Cf . lso bove , c , ote

m a n m (e) M ost co pounds h ve the grave acce t . So e , m however , have the acu te accen t , or , ore often , m ei ther the acute or the grave . B u t n o co pound ma y have the acute accent if the fi rst componen t as an independen t word would have the grave P accen t . articularly frequen t is the acute accen t i n the case of compou n ds formed from two (or more) words th a t ori ginally stood side by side i n the m ma sen tence (as the followin g exa ples show , ny m a re such co pounds stressed on t he first syllable , h e . e t m h ad t i . , whene ver the fi rs co ponen t sentence 2 d efi s tress ; cf . , a); historically , nouns with the n (1 m n ite article appended (cf . , 5) are co pou ds of c o m this k ind , bu t they are n ot n ow fel t as m pounds . Exa ples o i the acu te accen t in this type of compounds (some of these n o longer fel t as co m ' ’ : a lliz n va i or v a ra em pounds) g everything , jf why , ’ ‘ Ii i/fills sci a a n a llzsd each , up till now , such , accord

‘ in l li e sa n midd a lrez li [refil g y , j hey , g di nner , thirty , ’ d m o ilfcen va ri g orchard , which , wherein ,

wa n la n d Sver ’ nzcila n cl a a e S . , ig , Note p rt icul rly the c m s m a o pounds with between the co ponen t p rts ; as , 2 0 ACCENT 1 2

' ’ la n sma n krz s/i a r m lz slia m sheriff , g ar y , f li feti e , ’ ’ n a mn sala m -d a lorsa a d Da lsla n a g n a e y , g Thurs ay , , ’ Ao rlsson Pellersson ,

As a e m n 2 1 2. lr ady brie fly entio ed , note

‘ ma w u s d ny ords i n the sentence are left n t resse , a n a w a . A th t is , ithou t stress 3 on y syll ble suc cession of unstressed words (a n d syll a bles) that

u a d w n two a h n th s st n s bet ee syll bles avi g stress 3 , are pronou n ced with st re s s 0 or stress I in a ccord

l n in ance with the ru es gi ve g 5, note . I n t he

a o f rd o f m a c se wo s ore th n on e syllable , stress I then usu ally falls on the syll a ble th a t h a s the main r n d stress when the wo d is pron ou ce by itself . Ex o I o 3 1 O 3 0 O I o o 3 0 I o ’ r e r Flo m Ha n oela la a lzon om Ha n la la r in fe o sso e . . p f . 3 o I o 3 o I o I o 3 o O 3 ’ E sler ko/ca r ma t oe/z /z n n e a m e a r li n r o ea e s g l f gg e . l lOwev e r r w u s a v n to a s , i f st ess I o ld t d ex t y llable w d d O a n d a o h s l ith stress 3 , i t is re uce t o , n t er y x l able is strengthen e d a n d receives the stress 1 . E I o 3 o I o 3 I O O 3 o 3

' ’ ma or Pa lm b utma or Heli n ma or [Jelzm r m ma or j , j or j f o j I O 3 o 3 I O o 3 I o 3 ’ lzoiell A7ora f m li olell a ra ra i re m a ra ra , ro ; p g f fro p g f

o 3 o I 3 I

' ' a v et z n le m z n le j g , fro .

T hese u nstressed wo rd s a n d syll a bles also lose their accen tu a l ch a racteristics an d a re pronounced i n m a onoton e which i n Stoc k hol m is the high tone .

\Vfi e u ac thus u nstressed , the grave and the acute n n n u e m ce t can ot be d isti g ish d fro each other , but ‘ 1 UANTrI v 2 1 S 3 ACCENT , Q o n e is remi n ded of the a cut e r a ther t h a n of the

ra C m a r n a n . a g ve accent o p e , for i st ce , the ccen t of ' ’ mel/a n ber en n d ffer r n d a o e e ; w n , g j o g he st resse mel/a n h as o ver t he a u a t he grave , , c te ccen t .

1 3 . W UNIFORMITY O F ACCENT IN S EDEN . The pronunci a tio n of sou n d s i s with the culture d pret ty m a m r w d n a t uch the s e th oughou t S e e , o r there is least in the case of most d i ffere n ces a n a ttempt to m d m -d overco e the divergin g soun s of the ho e ialect . I n ma w u the tter of accen t t here is , ho ever , no s ch

n m a n m u ifor ity , n or is there y atte pt to follow a

. On a standard the one h nd , the n ature of the acute and the grave acce n t v a ries muc h in di fferen t o f m parts t he country ; on the other hand , very any words and forms ma y h a ve ei ther the grave or the a a a n cute accen t , usually v rying ccordi g to the a a loc lity . The gr ve accen t is on the whole favored m in a ore the region abou t L ke Malaren , particularly i n Stockholm; if a word ma y have either the acut e or the grave accen t , i t usually has the grave accen t m in t he region na ed .

A Y QU NTIT .

All a : a lla . re as 1 4 u nstressed vowels short , f t o ’ lie/e or oe n n a fall , f girls , gy to begin . Unstressed m I 0 as here used , is li ited to stress and stress . I n syll ables with stress 2 (compounds) the vowel ma y be long or short , j ust as i n syllables with the m a s man s/s n m - e . ain stress ; , oon light

A e : stress d vowel is (a) lon g if fi nal , or if fol ’ we se a a lo d by only one consonant ; as , to see , g 22 QUANTITY g 1 4 A I

d a Za la fir w a k y , ( st vo el ) to spe ; (b) short if fol lowed by more than one consonan t (either a double conson a n t or a consonant -group ; included are cases k n li e g , which , of course , represen ts only one

li asi ta elea ek z lele sound); as , horse , ( ) to thank ,

[a ll n lan . pi e , g long

A a in ( ) Exceptions to ( ). In the followin g st a nces the vowel is sh ort though followed by only one consonan t

I V w w x ( ) o els follo ed by j and are always short .

or n d The let ter , of cou rse , represen ts two sou s . Ex n e la x a m j n o , s l on (2 ) Vowels followed by fi n a l m and n are i n some

a I 8 . inst nces long , i n others , short . See

’ " - -i el -iz el v o w (3 ) I n t he word endings p , , a e l w a r follo ed by a sin gl e consonan t is short ; as , ’ ' ’ ‘ ti/e el ka zl el a ifel i n article , p ch pter , z t itle . So also m d a m w uz a n u ber of i ndivi u l words , ost of hich ay a as w t lso be pronounced with a lon g vowel ; , i h a ’ ' w ra /eosl k a ril A i / zler short vo el , f brea fast , p pril , j p ’ ' a ma 1 8 a b e Jupiter , o (cf . g , ) to j udge ; varyin g a n m tween lo g and a short vowel are , for exa ple ’ ‘ ’ a e! a - /z a a e radisa a d el p pple tree , had , radish , z cen ‘ loba le a veien slea oken sure , tob cco , p science , desert , lzon om 2 2 h im sa a (see , 4 ) , g (with changin g ’ n a - sa Iz a i 'n a co son nt sound ) to y , head .

c n h (B ) E x eptio s to (b). I n the following i st a n ces a vowel is l on g a lthough followed by two conson a nts :

’ V su ra d en tals ra rl rn (I ) owels followed by the p , , are in p ractically all cases long ; a promin en t e xc ep 1 4 B 2 QUANTITY 2 3

n lzerrn m w t io is the gen tle an , in hich the vowel is V w rs short . o els followed by are regularly short ; excepted are inst a nces where s has been added a s an in flection al endin g to a word endin g i n r preceded in m by a long vowel , which case the vowel re ains

2 w a rs e n . long i n accordance wi th , a , belo (as f , g

f oa m ar . . o a r o s . of f father ; pres . sing i n d pass to

a rt V . c rry ). owels followed by are usually short , but in some instances long (the latter not on ly in ’ szori sior 2 b e cases l ike , n . of , which follows , a , lo w As su ra d e n ta ls - ). p , these five consonant groups are in real ity digraphs an d represent single sounds . ’ : V ba rn oora ar/a Ex . ( owel l ong) ch ild , t able , p

' a rt V li arla oers pearl , species . ( owel short ) j heart , verse .

2 I n a ( ) the process of in flect ion an d deriv t ion , owin g to the in fluence of word-forms or words where the vowel is followed by only on e consonan t , the vowel is usually long though the in flec tio n a l or de riva tor - y process results in a consonan t group , u nless the result is a double consonan t . The following ’ : -a e -te cases occur (a ) The addition of an endin g , , - ’ -‘ - a a z s . a C v . : , , ) Ex (Second We k onj ugation ) g ’ ’ ' ‘ a e va a va l m va a lei/tie lale m , g , g , fro g t o weigh ; , z , fro ’ ’ ’ [aka w lea a e led a to heal ; bu t the vo el is short in , , ‘ leli m leda moxie mail m mola , fro to lead ; , , fro to m A s orn n l m bra n eet . ( dj ecti ve ) , fro brown ; but

will m o il N the vowel is short in , fro white . ote m a k la lii re la sl also , i n co parison , c ses li e g low , g , g , st rre e G bu t o (with a doubl consonant). ( enitives) ‘ ' sfols m si ol a laks m lalca , fro chair . (P ssives) , fro to

a ba rs m oa r i e oa ra a he l ; , fro , p st tens of to c rry . 24 QUANTITY 1 4 B 2

(b) Syncope of an unstressed vowel , upon the aera m in flec ti n l . : r o a . o addi tion of an endin g Ex , fr d eer b a lel Iza len m lza el oa n el field ; g , g , fro g hail ; p , va n en m e a en a dla a dla re lid/a sl p , fro p weapon ; , , , m a i c d . fro noble (c) Often in derivation , partien a rl l n l y wh e n the secon d element begins with or . ’ ' i v a izrrz i ver . : r . Ex to exert one s self , g eager , , cf se la se el a mo n a eagerness ; g to sai l , cf . g s il ; g to mo en a ln a a l ripen , cf . g ripe ; g to turn y ellow , cf . g ’ ’ ma n le ma erma n er s G . yellow ; g er nic , cf g Teuton ; ’ ’ ’ r lz a s n o so n . erso n f g reconcilable , cf j to conciliate ; y lz s n a s a a lasn in V . g isible , cf y to be seen , ppe r ; g read la l blasa la sa b s w . ing , cf . to read ; blo ing , cf to blow ; lad a a d g j to cheer , cf . g l glad . (d ) Usually also in m a c o n co position , even when the result is double lla a a l v a loa r . : a . sonant . Ex g to take out , cf out ;

v a l eligible , cf . election .

— h e n n 2 W n t . I . to a . Note . Exceptio s , bove he ge itive f 2 a u i n a n set a th e w is o n e d , )occ rs cert i phr ses , vo el sh rte ; so a lso usua lly when it is th e first co mpon en t o f a compou n d a d n a n a n Th e u w d an d u i n few a d . or , , f rther , itio l i st ces r le th a t a vowel fo llowed by more th an o n e co n so n a n t is sh o rt ca n a au th e m o f th e am w d here ssert itself , bec se for s e or

' l l /t i n n to th e m nd . : il s o s with a lon g vowel s o t prese t i . Ex g

' b ut d en n a s/eo s a a re w a n w lill k a os b ut ell ( g g , ith lo g vo el ), (

' ’ b a y s slran d er ); lill li vs (b ut ell b ell li zzs mo d a ); a lll slag s; ’ lid s n og ; lz a r d ag s; li vslid ; slag smd l; riksa ag ; reg ula rly

Ga d s w th e w b ut a d s w th e w o n . , ith vo el short , g , ith vo el l g —Th e n u m h o l m li o h as a w e ter for g , fro g high , short vo el a an d rsl m lor a I n irregul a rly ; so lso lz og sl l (fro s l rge ). th e s-form o f th e verb th e v o wel is in some i n st a n ces

’ n d a s s n s o m s n d s to m lors o m lo ra s to shorte e ; , y , fr y see ; fr

' — 2 e lam a to am d a o n to . re . As excepti s , c , observe , j t e ,

la m am ron slca to m en . ran ee n cf . t e ; g beco e gre , cf g gr ; ’

i a w de . o id a w d n . o g to i e , cf i

2 6 QUANTITY 1 7 consonan t : (a) finally (but see 1 8 concern i n g m n li a ll la c/e ele He a va ss and ); as , hat , ( )th nks ,

dorr d a oadd b ed [ill sharp , door , gg dew , , to ; silla la cka elc z lr/e (b)between vowels ; as , to sit , ( )to

a issa slirra va a th nk , g to guess , to stare , gg cradle , la dda slilla l n r b ut to load , quietly ; (c) before , , , m o n a is never d ubled i n this position , and r rely th e a n n o t ma erin ra m m ( c ses of are ny , as to re e

la n n la r la n n el i n re . ber , inner ; bu t , plur of t unnel );

n la a cela cl: 2 : a n a as , gg owl , f ( torch , pp to open , ‘ issna o el o er m v w r . . t o i ther , jj , def sin g of f victi ,

- /le a f a le va c/era a m v a c er . pp apple , , for of be u ti ul

e l n r Except b fore , , , long consonants are not d o ublé l‘ n a n whe followed by nother consona t ; as ,

/a in flec s . w fi fish When , ho ever , i n the process of a a n t ion , a long conson n t written double in accord ce m c o n with (a)or (b), above , co es t o stand before a in flec tio n al -de -le -d -l -s sonant i n an ending , , , , ), i t remains doubled (bu t m and n rema in doubled

' s a s alld e ail/d illl m alla only before ); , f , f ; fl , fro f to

a /tale va elcl m e d eka a ak l l v c r . fell ; , , fro to w en ; ygg , n

lr a l a ll la l l l s l s l s . of ygg secure ; , gen . of pine ; , pres a sla lla la mms la mm sin g . p ss . of to place ; , gen . of

m s a n n s s Ja n n n n s l a b ; p , gen . of / bucket ; fi , pres . of ’ ’ nn a s oe n le oe n l m be fi to be . B ut notice gy , gy , fro ’ n n a kan d e lean d lean l m kiin na gy to begin ; , , fro to k a n l s sa n n . now ; , n . of true

Th e u o f I a n d 1 8 ak n o a u n Note . I . r les 7 t e cco t of th e orthogra phy o f c o n son a n ts a t th e e n d o f th e prior o m n n o f m un d in th e a o f w th e n c po e ts co po s , c se hich spelli g

' ma n a s it was i n th e n a wo d a s l' an n a r lcan o . re i s orig i l r ; , cf n a ma n l’ ma i n m u s a . i n B t n lill la m ; n o . . a p , cf ; , cf otice , fro ’ till a n d ld la . 1 8 QUANTITY 2 7

2 m f d a m all o f n . I n a n u o w n a ber or s , l ost foreig origi , double c o n son a n t is written i n un stressed syll a bles betwee n w a u th e un d o f th e n n a n is a s vo els , ltho gh so co so t short ; , ’ ' ’ no mmille mm ossessi o ro esso rer ro ! co ittee , p possessive , p f p ’ ’ fe sso rs a d d a to a d d lillera la a u e r r . , , liter t re

. F AND 18 CONCERNING O RTHOGRAPHY O M N . (a ) Lon g m is written doubl e between vowels (except i n roma re Roman ; a men amen ; d oma to

domen d oma r m d om d j udge ; , , fro sentence , and relate leomma m omma r mm : s . words). Ex . to co e , su er Otherwise m is n ever doubled (except finally i n the

d a mm d a m la mm m ra mm three words dust , , la b ,

' ra m : om vem som em fi ve ). Ex . if , who , who , f , d em m k n : li em m t he . Note cases l i e the followi g ho e ,

lzemmel li emmen loin m lomma lele bu t , ; e pty , bu t ; ’ ’ ’ ra m a m lele ra m mel lele ra m men d ram g telegr , bu t g , g ;

' ' m d rommen d romma r d r m m d rea , but , ; o (i perative), ’ d roma e d roml d ramma m: 160m m a , , bu t to drea (i per

S leomma o m . ti ve and past in g ), but to c e , past plu r lc ommo somra r somma r mm li imla r ; , plur . of su er ; ,

i m l a m a a mma ! lz m e l m . plur . of heaven ; g , fro g old (b) Long n is i n a n umber of words n ot writ ten n a : li a n li on d en min m double whe fin l he , she , i t , y ,

i n ma n man d in s n e . you r , his , etc . , one , (plur , ma n n en man n en man wi n wa n n en but def . , ) , (bu t , wi n n er ma n ma n n en mn n n a r m ) friend , (bu t , ) ou th , ’ lea n len n n a men a n i en a (bu t ) can , but , still , g ag in , in a llmiin a llmiin n a mm a n in , (bu t ) co on , (a par ' ' ’ ’ k s on . s o . tiele), j , def of j la e I n other words , fi nal

n seiun k lza n n a . long is doubled ; as , s in ; , p st sing

f n na lz in n a a n n . o of to reach ; f , pas t sin g fi to find ;

a n n la n n n s true ; thin . Between vowels , lon g is

ul ub h n w b h r eg arly do led . W e follo ed y anot er con 8 9. VOWELS

* a n s lll llC C son n t , long is doubled only before of an tio n al m I ending ; see exa ples in g 7 .

A n n a m a n d n ma o f u a re re Note . si gle fi l y co rse lso p n m a n d n ; a s la m a m d a m a d y la m am se t short , l e , l , t e , n fi ne v a n a u m d ma n ma n o i n win fi , cc sto e , e , e .

VOWELS .

a u d n o n u d ma d n th e Note . A c ref l isti cti sh o l be e betwee d ura tio n o f lon g a n d short vowels ; lo n g vowels should n o t n un w d n n be pro o ced to o short . S e ish lo g vowels d o o t h ave th e a n w is so a a o f n a v ish hich ch r cteristic E glish . Speci l a u d b e a k n to n u n a un d a w c re sho l t e pro o ce cle rly stresse , hich is d n mm n i n n d n a re n o n v o w excee i gly co o e i gs . There sile t els w d o n o t a n un d r a s . Vo els ch ge their so before (except st a ted in

1 a h as m b e 1 9. LONG , ( ) Lon g a sound idway ” tween th a t of th e stressed vowel i n f a ther a n d

“ ” : a n li a l a e a ra bra saw . Ex . of , h t , f to travel , well . SHORT (2 ) Short a has the sound of the first l ) 3 ) “ ” ’ a in aha or of a i n German M ann Ex lza ll h a t a lla a ll a ll a rm , (both vowels ; plur . of

i lza a rm n la n e . , without , fl girl

ha in a k la la to a k th e two Note . Observe t t c ses li e spe , ’ a s a re d ff n in ua a s w a s i n ua n wh ile ' i n i ere t q lity ( ell q tity ),

la elz a to a n k a re d n a . th , they i e tic l

e m w 20 LONG . (I ) The sound of long lies id ay ” “ ” between that of 1 in h id (prolonged) and 1

“ n hate (withou t the van ish ). I t is very close ” - m : e/e o a k G . . to the vowel sound of er an See Ex , 2 0 VOW ELS 2 9

er lzel oela k w red a n a d se your , hot , to no , alre y , to see .

(2 ) I n the prefi x er a n d in a few indi vidual

m ma a th e d e words , ost of which y also h ve sound

in e a scribed (I ), long has the sound of lon g (see b alla rsa lla c om 2 6 . : er e 5 , Ex to receive , to ’ a med del a roble m m pens te , with , th t , p proble , sy ' ' ’ sle zn s m oe m m mod e rn m e/i e yste , p poe , odern , f chief , ’ b zwe rl (vowel long only when the fi n al l is not p ro n un ed er o c P . ) en velope , w SHORT , (3 ) When short and stressed , and hen it ma e m precedes the in stress , short nor ally has the short sound corresponding to the long e of

: ell en lzell li el nee/ea Ex . (n . of one), (n . of hot), ’ ’ k be ri a d ev a r w wee , g p to understan , g eapon .

h n a n d (4 ) W e short stressed , frequen tly also when

ns d a th e m u tresse (both before and fter ain stress), i t n k a 2 6 2 is pro ounced li e short (see § , ) i n a la rge n umber of words . of which man y are of for ei n n : d en d en n a 11 della men g origi . Ex . i t , ( . )this ,

sex ber m n e eller e but , si x , g ountain , j no , (first )

Sver i e e w w en s/e mesi or , ( )g (fi rst ) S eden , Swedish , ’ ’ ’ bil el l en llz a eeen l most , j t icket , fi g hostile , accent , ’ ve b E n la n d n se lem ber r verb , g E gland , p (first two ’ ’ e s m a d eleliv exa men e ) Septe ber , j adj ective , (first )

m a n exa in tio .

e d n (5) When unstressed , has in en i gs the sound

“ ” “ ” “ ” “ ” i n G m Ga . of a ago , or of e i n er an be

. : osse la leel sa leen va l E x g boy , the roof , t he thin g ,

’ ' len w Iz immel a sler odelse ater , he ven , sy sister , f (both ’ s lzedern n n e es . ) birth , the honor , fi is found 3 0 VOW ELS 2 I

“ ” 1 i h as 21 . LONG . ( ) Lon g the sound of i i n i in is ie . . : l police (n o vanish) Ex , ice , life , bila bi to bite , bee .

2 i SHORT . ( ) Short has the correspondin g short “ ” “ ” a s a sound , in the first syll ble of even t , enough .

: i n irra mi n 11 mill m silla Ex . in , to wander , ( . ) y ,

n n i to sit , j June .

1 0 m 22. LONG . ( ) Long has nor ally a sound not “ ” “ ” n 00 very u like that of i n boot (no vanish ).

: ord broder b oo be Ex . word , brother , hoof , to live . (2 ) I n a few n a tive words and i n a large n u mbe r SO IfJ of words of foreign origin , i t has the AQQJ Qg g

n a ko 2 . : so sov 5, Ex son , to sleep , n zm looa m ova n 1207} g kin g , to pro ise , above , cou rt , ’ ’ loso b a la lo a lo isl? a fi f philosopher , g c talog , g logic l , ’ le o n o 1 le . f (also with the of , abo ve) telephone

m 0 SH ORT . (3 ) I n a nu ber of words , short has the short sound correspondi n g to that of lo n g 0 i n

x : l en on sda osTCh eese E . z she , g Wednesday , , orm k soeb en o a bon de sna e , (or t he of 4 ) p rish ,

a n bodde boll m be d om pe sa t , , (for s of to l ive), j udg ’ ’ m blomma ia n o a vob a l lele en t , flower , p pi no , vowel , ' ’ on e ra o bola n i k a f (or the of 4 )to telephon e , bot ny , ’ kon son a n l 0 lei/o m kro (second ) conson an t , kilogra ,

’ ’ le di l m i a o o s avo v . (both )crocodile , g (fro g to give)

m 0 (4 ) I n a very large n u ber of words , short h a o la a s 2 . : the sound of short (see 5, Ex f

’ n oss oll l od d ob lor o s ofte , us , g (n . o g good ), (both ) 2 3 VO W ELS 3 1

’ Sloeb/zolm o s Nor e a b on om doctor , (both ), g Norw y , 0 (often pron . wi th lon g of I in fi rst syllable ; i n ’ m a w n 0 lrolloa r so e p rts of S ede , wi th long of (bot h ’ ’ - d i l n a lon o s o . ) side walk , f g diphthon g , f even in g

I n th e u a - n d n -o r o f th e De cle n Note . I . pl r l e i g First n 0 ma a o f o un d o f 0 n a o sio , y h ve either the short s s give b ve , “ ” “ ” o r i t may h a ve a s o un d resembli n g th a t o f o o in book x k : i e or . E . fl girls

2 n n n o n see 2 n 2 . . Co cer i g 3 , ote

u .

a ma 23 . LONG . (I ) The sound of long y be pro “ ” d uced by placi n g the to n gue i n posi tion for the a “ ” th e of Engl ish ate , and rounding lips so that the apertu re is very small ; the lips are usually dr aw n l . : close to the teeth an d not protruded . Ex out , lz ns n a la d a house , j to enj oy , you .

2 a ma SHORT . ( ) Short y be produced by placing the tongu e in position for a vowel lyin g between

“ ” “ ” “ ” “ ” met ma t the sound of e i n and a in , and rounding the lips withou t protrusion so that m a a the aperture is oderately l rge . I t is practic lly “ ” th e same sound as that o f the fin a l vowel of value m - : n n lcn n (o ittin g the y sou nd ). Ex . g young , g k bn n do m bin d a kon n n k in g , (fro to bind ), g ing , ’ zmiversile l b a r/ a d university , (concernin g this , see 1 A g 4 3 ) head .

I n m w d w d o m n a Note . I . so e or s borro e fr Fre ch , (both ’ n -a n d h a s th e un d o f se e as usle ra lo g short ) so y ( , j ’ ’ to a d u a ssure ra to n u o bsb il r o n un d j st , i s re , (pr o ce either u n f f n u with the so d o lon g a o r th a t o lo g y )obsc re .

2 I n w d w d m n o n u a n d h as . or s borro e fro Fre ch , occ rs ’

' th e un d o f a o n a n d o a s bon o u r n . so (b th lo g sh rt); , j (pro ’ - ’ k a u n a l n s u n a . bo n n r o r . gsj )froc co t , j (pro j jo r l 3 2 VOW ELS 2 4

w d u n e n w th e un d o f n 3 . S e ish ver begi s ith so E glish “ ” “ ” “ ’ n n a n a y a s in use un a s un i z 'ersi le l un i co so t l , , ite , ’ ’ mn i b mu m mu s muse a um. versity , sic , se

y .

1 o h as m 24 . LONG . ( ) L ng y a sound that rese “ ” ” b Tes G m ii iib er to er an , as i n , bu t lies closer i r w . : z z l a S edish . Ex y di y , lyg cloth , fyg to fly n ] new .

2 SHORT . ( ) Short y has the short soun d corre s on d in a sler ist r l / l . . : x s s e p g t o lon g y Ex y axe , y , f) ’ la m lr eleerz - s re n to ove , y printing shop , y lilac .

o I n th e w d rli 1 h a s h u . o t e n d 0 N te or fy ( ) forty , 3 so a see 2 so u ua a in b rb a u short ( 7 , s lly lso y ch rch .

0

a .

1 a m 25. LONG . ( ) Lon g has approxi ately t “ ” “ ” u so nd of o i n rope (no vanish ). Ex

v as bal as slot to n ri er , ridge , boat , g goose , sta la b blue .

“ ” 2 (2 h as SHORT . ( ) Short the sound of o ” a obey , or of t he first p rt of the di phthong ” : as/ea lan man a ma n “ boy . Ex . thunder , g long , g slall m sla blall bla (fro to stand ), (n . of blue).

1 a h a s m th t 26. LONG . ( ) Long approxi ately ” s a me sound as ai i n air bein g t he s a me a “ ” “ ” ma h n li h d la ro a G a c . i n er n Ex to eat , a liisa a lrii str ight , to re d , wood .

2 a h a s s n SHORT . ( ) Short the corre po din g short

' a e rall ii n . : le n w . a to k sound Ex gg gg , right , no ,

’ ' ' win z n n a ma r (wo n ) f iend ,

3 4 VOW ELS S 3 0

o il 11 will n n 1 n a l . ew 1 ll r a white , ; y , . y ; str ight , n .

' riz ll be b ll o . ; to live , supine

o a a a 0 a The four v wels , , , h ve a differen t qu ality of sound when long and when short , this even in the case of varying vowel -qu a ntity i n differen t forms m la d la la ll Ga d o d . G of the sa e word ; as , g g d , n g ; ,

Ga ds bla blall s l 1 . 11 o 1 ll . s gen ; bl ue , ; sweet , . o .

Bu w . t n in th e o f d a n a n Note he , process eriv tio , lo g d a n d o r 0 h as m un d a n d it stresse , , , beco e stresse short , may u sua lly ret a i n th e q ua lity o f th e lon g vowel (shorten ed ) when there is a stron g feeli n g o f a ssociation with th e wo rd ’ a n th e n w a s n z b ble ra to u n mobel h vi g lo g vo el ; , f r ish , cf . ’ ’ o f u n u n leri o un d n la to i . a ba er piece f r it re ; gj f ry , cf gj c st g ' k ba a re ak m la rin n a m a . d w an a n b ery , cf g b er ; ( o )p i ter , cf . mdla re p a i n ter .

30. TH E RELATION OF QUALITY TO SENTENCE

QUANTITY . When , owing to the absence of sentence

’ a n a 5 ma stress , lon g , , , are shortened , they y either

a ma ch nge their quality , or they y retain the original qu a lity (shortened) on account of the in fluence o f ’ ’ a a zs sl the soun d in the word when stressed ; as , j ’ ’ lzn r o la a li em m of course , f how often , g to go ho e , ' do bor l to die away .

31 . HARD AND SOFT VOW ELS . The vowels are divided into :

1 H : a o a n ( ) ard vowels , , .

i a o 2 : e . ( ) Soft vowels , , y , , This distinction is of great import a nce in connec n o f lc s/e t ion with the pronu nciatio g , , , followed by 2 a vowel ; see also 3 .

“ ” “ ” — m a d a nd o w r Note . The ter s h r soft v els a e to b e “ ” “ ” preferred here to b a ck a n d fron t vowels ; lon g a was

m b ut is n o t n o w a a k w . Fo r th e ak o f for erly , , b c vo el s e g 3, Vo wELs 3 5

u n m m a m m a in 2 o u ifor ity I e ploy the s e ter s lso 3 , th gh th e phra seology there a n d th e historic a l p o i n t o f view wou ld “ ” “ ” ra ther suggest th e use of the terms fron t a n d ba ck - m . W 32 VO EL MODIFICATION . I n the older for of S wedish the hard vowels bec a me soft vowels u nder a n - m certain condi tions i n various words d word for s . This developmen t h a s resulted in the presence i n the -lan guage of : (a) in flec tio n al forms of th e same

m a m w h w word , so e with a h rd and so e it a soft vo el and (b)words h avi n g a hard vowel rel a ted t o words

t a ll fa r h ha ving a sof vowel (no t words by , owever , that n o w cont a in a modified vowel c a n be co n n ected with other words wi th which they wo uld i n this

V -mo d ifica tio n c a n way be related). owel i n English

n in : m m be see cases like goose , geese ; ouse , ice ; m n u ma n e s s . , ; f ll , fill ; fall (intran ), fell (tran ) The vowels that i n Swedish thus correspond through vowel —mo d ific a tio n a re

correspond to a

0 corresponds to o u corresponds to y - lza n d Ma i d e 1 r a ss : as u . Ex . hand , plur . n g goose , p g , ' m son sen er lan a . son , pl ur . ; g long , co p r . and su perl

' lan re la n sl un m a n d n re g , g ; g youn g , co p . superl . y g , n sl vii/ a o a lde lun l n d y g ; f to choose , past ; g heavy , y g

lz us b sa ull /la weight ; house , y to house ; f full ,fy t o

' ' lova m lo le m et an fill ; to pro ise , f pro ise ; g t o go , g g se a ra ard o a rmla n d s/c curren t ; f to go , f tri p ; per

a n tain ing to the province V rmla d .

I n a m 33 . the preceding parag r ph a nu ber of ex amples (beginn ing wi th lung : ly ng d ) have been 3 6 VOW ELS 3 3

l -mo d ifica given , il ustrat ing the connect ion of vowel a a m t ion wi th derivation . There are lso ex ples of the thre e in flec tio n a l categories t hat to a limited extent

n -mo d ifica tio n are subj ect to the pri ciple of vowel , n amely : (a) the comp a rison of certai n adj ectives “ ” m G a mma (for the l ist , see y Swedish r r , Lesson XI I n a ), (b) the in flectio of cert in verbs of the Secon d We a k Conj ugation (for a list Of the most “ ” m a w G a mma i port nt of these , see S edish r r , Les son XV; all a re included in Appendix I V of the G mm a n d m ra ar), (c) the for at ion of the pl ural of H w a certain nouns . ere follo s a list of the n ouns th t modify the vowel in formin g the plur a l ; a few of these also h ave a pl ur a l -form withou t mod ified vowel (in most c a ses with a mean in g and declension differ

n m a m i g fro that of the plur l with odified vowel).

bole ol rol as lus mus mo d The si x nouns , f , , g , , both

' ' d th e boeleer ller if a n . y shorten vowel , plur , fo ,

ll r a ss l ss m ss -m d ific a tion ro e . o , g , o , o The vowel in lus mus a , is i rregul r .

2 DECLENSION doller daughter . moder mother 3 D ECLENSI ON a n d duck bole book bon de pe a san t bra n d firebr a n d

' ' fol (foller or fol) f o ot lza n d hand la n d (lan der or la n d ) co untry W P S 3 4 VO ELS , DI HTHONGS 3 7

’ leda mo l (stressed vowel) member n a ll night ra n d edge rol root son son spa n n (spa n ner or sb a n n a r) bucket

s ri n s ri n er t s xi n a r - p g ( p g , less of en / g ) foot bridge sla d ci ty

' - sla v (slay er or sla o a r) stave ; bolesla v sla ver)letter stra n d shore slan d (slan d er or slan d ) estate (of the realm) slang pole la n d tooth

’ lang tongs 5 DECLENSION broder brother fa der father g as goose

lus l ss ( o , irregular) louse ma n (ma n or ma n ) man mus irregular) mouse

H H DIP T ONGS .

w fe w d i h 34 . S edish has words containing p e thongs , which occur ch i fly i n words of foreign

’ '

. . : c n e origin E x y not , y no , n (usually pronounced

’ mb me lee sa re m lzo d o lce j) , j e peror , j height , fi j boy , ’ ’ ma a u us li A a uloma lislc m j May , g ugust , auto atic , ’ ’ ’ la ulolo i a ulclorile l a a u/clio n g tautology , u thority , ' ’ a Pa ulus E uro a sezi d oi f nz uction , Paul , p Europe , fi g ’ ’ m eu emis m m m n euma lisle pseudony , f euphe is , p pneu m atic . 8 S 3 DIPHTHONGS , CON ONANTS S 3 5

. e ii 35 The diphthong j is pronounced j . The pro n un cia tio n a n e of t he others , except and n, needs no commen t

Au a u a n s has the soun d of short short ; as , p ’ a u us li A m mm pause , g u gust . I n so e co on words i t has th e sound of long a (lon g when stressed ) u and short , d istributed over two syllables ; in this ' A Pa ul. case it is of course not a diphthon g ; as , number of words may h ave either of the two pro n un c ia tio n s m m k en tioned . In so e words of Gree o n a a 7} origin , usu lly has the sound of short ’ e a uloma lis/e m (th n n ot a diphthon g); as , auto at ic , ’ la ulolo i g tautology .

E u has the sound of short a short u or short a v (in t he latter case not a di phthong); as , ’ eu on i seudon m m f euphony , p y pseudony . I n a few common words i t usually has the sound of e (long w u hen stressed ) an d short , d istributed over two ’ a E uro a e syll bles (t hen not a diphthong); as , p E urop ,

m m m o r uma n eulru . e (so eti es pron with f) neu ter , ’ l h a b m m lis m (this usual y s the sound j) rheu atis . A CONSON NTS .

36. SW EDISH CONSONANTS DIFFERING IN SOUND N FRO M CORRESPONDING E GLISH CONSONANTS . ( 1 ) Swedish r is pronounced with the ti p of the

‘ tong ue vibrati n g (only moderately) againTs fm ifi i “ ” rch k of the pal dtak a . I t is not very un l i e r i n “ three but should be carefull y distin gu ished from A r- e m the ordinary merican sound . For xa ples of words containin g r and the other sou nds discussed CONSONANTS i n d this paragraph , see u nder the i ndi vi ual sounds below .

2 w h a d l l n s ff in ( ) The S edis dent ls , , , , , , di er m sound fro the corresponding English consonants . wed i so un d s a re a a a The. S sh articul ted f rther tow rd

th e s motuth the the fron t of T and with the blade of l n o f l m t o gue . I n the case < , in addition , the iddle - m l / h ll n of the tongue is ade gss o e w a Swedish . There is in Sweden some diversity i n the ma nner of production of the den tals ; in some pl aces the dif ference i n sou nd between cert a in of the Swedish den tals and the corresponding English ones is min m i al .

r a (3 ) When is followed by dental consonan t ,

m d r l rn rs o m . e . r l r c i , i n the co binations , , , , , i t bines with t he dent a ls into sounds c a lled supra W rg art iculated farther back than t he T he a w e . English dent ls , W ton gue M m accordingly articulated between

e ra d e n ta ls the S w dish dentals and t he sup . The sound of the Swedish suprad e n ta ls a pproaches th a t of our dentals when preceded by the Americ a n “ ” ” “ ” “ ” C a a s a ( erebr l ) r ( in he rd , heart , barn a bu t in the Swedish sounds no r is he rd .

a w a a r m m I n elev ted speech , ho ever , we k is so eti es

in a rl a heard ; the c se of , also frequently i n ordin ry speech .

(4 ) T h e S wedish sound th a t corresponds to our - sh sound should be c a refully distinguished from this . I t ma y be produced by combini n g the ton gue positio n of Swedish supr a dental s with th a t of a so un d

“ lying between the eh -sound of German N achte 40 CONSONANTS g 3 7 and of ich the sou nd is very often a lit tle l a bi liz ed a .

o n n n a N te . Co cer i g v ria tion in th e pron un ci a tion of some o f un d see 60 — 66 these so s , . m 3 . 7 VOICED AND VOICELESS CONSONANTS . So e “ ” “ ” - a s s consonan t sou nds ( f , ) are produced by forcing the breath through a much n arrowed passa ge “ ” “ ” ih m 5 way t he outh , the narrowing for f an d ma ff bein g de at di eren t places . Such sounds are I n ta n called spi rants . the prod uction of cer i other consonan ts (as t here is a M closure of the mouth a ssage (a t a differen t pl ace h ' T SF eaCh of the thfee sound s mentioned) an d for m m a o en t , un til the closure is released , the - bre a th curren t is stopped ; such sounds are known a s stops .

“ " a V c a n But another spir n t , , be produced with

“ ” w a m a a s m n arro ing at the s e pl ce for f , and si i ( l larl 2 w m a y another , ith the sa e n rrowin g as for ( t n “ ” “ ” “ ” , g s so also three other stops , , b , d , can be produced with closure a t the same place as for “ ” “ p ” “ ” m k , , t . I n a very i portant respect these

a re w v : : n ew sounds , ho e er , very different before the a - a mo n th z bre th curren t re ches t he , i t squee es past

‘ a in a the voc l chords the throat , which h ve now been brough t so close together th a t the breath i n m a m passing the c uses the t o vibrate , thus producin g “ ” “ g ” “ ” “ ” z d a re voice . These , , b , ) “ ” “ ” v oiced a called sounds . On the other h nd f s “ ” “ ” “ ” p v o k , , t , which are produced with the cal chords so far ap a r t that the breath passes by l if w voice ess. as they ere not there , are called

4 2 CONSONANT S

of speech when a long vowel precedes ; or , the vow el is shortened (i n many cases) and assimilation ’ a k a bserve ra . . : o I bsen a b t es pl ce Ex to obser ve , , ’ ’ sola l su bsla n li v a /robs absolute , substan tive , f Jacob s , ’ sn o bbi sn a bb z l ma o a . v se b se r (n of swift), g rriage , g

a vlii sen t sla smal to tow , g d istan , g (vowel shortened )

' ' b a lv v a s - a l m . l s fight , g (vowel short ) half way , g (fro la lz ur d a s a t m g low), g (vowel short . ) what ti e , lre sla s w k il lco s . l l s g (vo el short ) three inds of , g w . b s m b a (vo el short ) t o the woods , ygg (fro ygg t o lr l m lr ld l m la build ), yg g (fro ygg secure), g (fro g

' lo w v ii l m v a a b l m b ), g (fro g to weigh), ygg (fro yg

a n llz l m i/ llz led sen g to build ), y g (fro n g useful ), id/ca lid s n o sorry , to carry on , (vowel short . ) g

m lill reds w sl v l ti e enough , f (vo el short . )satisfied , y ’ ’ ' ’ m s v f a leli v l m a /c li v a be/z ov s (fro ly stif ), (fro cti ve),

’ m beb o va s b a vs la (vowel short . ; fro to be necessary), y

w se a (vo el short . ) surface of the .

th e a am m m Note . Of bove ex ples so e e ploy the voiceless soun d much more freely th a n others ; i n some i n st a n ces th e re u un d is a a a . a voiceless so pr ctic lly oblig tory There , f rther , a few a w o o un d is a wa m d b u t c ses here the v iceless s l ys e ploye , owi n g to th e u n phon etic orthogra phy is n evertheless written w th e S n fo r a d un d a s la l m la a to la ith ig voice so ; , g (fro gg y ), sa l m sa a to sa bra le bra l m bri n a to g (fro g y ), g , g (fro g n Gud s w o n d m Ga d Go d od s d bri g ), (vo el sh rte e ; fro ), g goo s ,

' lz o l li o sl w o n d o m li o . g , g (vo el sh rte e ; fr g high ) I n li afl (vowel shorten ed ; from li a v a to h a ve)the voiceless Th e a m a n o f s o u n d is expressed i n th e o rthog ra phy . ssi il tio d l is u a ak n a u n o f i n w n a s o ll before reg l rly t e cco t riti g ; , g ' ’ m a m o d o d bebol l m be bo d d n a d . (fro g g o ), (fro i h bite ) Si il rly , i n d a th e o u n d is w n a s slcri l w eriv tives , v iceless so ritte ; , f rit n k i a i . s r v to w . g , cf rite

' I n th e p a st te n se a n d p a st p a rticiple o f th e Secon d W eak Con juga ti o n there is a ssimil a tio n a cti n g i n th e opposite d i 3 9 CONSONANTS 43

o n w d o f th e i n flec tio n a l n d n e o m l w recti , here e i g b c es ( rit

' ' te n l w n d d a o n o n a n a s lt o le led bl ) he prece e by v iceless co s t ; , p , /

' ’ u th e m d b d m m lt o a to b . n a b e b (fro p y ); cf or l ygg , ygg (fro y g to u d g a b il ). H A A T E I NDIVI DU L CONSON NTS .

I n th e o w n a o un d a a n d a Note . f llo i g cc t , igr phs trigr phs a re a d u n d th e o f th e m n a n tre te er first letter co bi tio s .

b .

B a s in bal . : 39 is pronounced Engl ish . Ex .

b uda ff sla b a ff sn a bb w ubbe boat , j to o er , st , s ift , g

ma n bomb n b m ubla old , (fi al not silen t ) bo b , j to exult .

h e a m a o f b l a n d 8 On t n 5 see . Note . ssi il tio before , 3

1 n a lab w 40. ( ) I ste d of , S edish regularly writes

e ’ c c ol ie/t e n o t va c/ la l oe/ n a m ; as , , to totter , j to beco e

roe/e a thick , co t .

1 I n o n d n d d u la is w n . . e wo a Note r , , o ble ritte

' “ ” lt C/J m a n n a o . . oe w cf , ith , e i g ls

2 o n d th e u se m n n d th e C is m o ed . Bey e tio e , letter e pl y o n ly i n word s o f foreig n origin a n d i n pr o pe r n a mes ; se e bel o w.

2 C h a s o w s 6 2 ( ) the s und of S edish (see 3 , ) w w n e i when follo ed by a soft vo el (o ly , , y occu r ’ ’ i n lra l a d eeem ber . : een this case). Ex centr l De ' ’ c e mb er a rl ieiel l a mulli Jliee ra mu , y artifici l , / to ltiply ,

’ ' ocea n eirka a e l' el Ced erselz iold ocean , bout , y cycle , , ’ Cela n d er Celsi us , .

(3 ) C h as the sound of la when followed by a h ’ a n l e s 6 . : eee other (pronounced ; see g 3 , Ex ’ ’ a eee l a i n e ra a v ee a . accen t , p to ccept , v ccine 44 CONSONANTS g 4 1

I n m n m o . a 6 w d a a d v o w Note so e proper es , foll e by h r e r a n n l o co n so a t (other th a n 6 ) occ urs ; .it then a lso h a s ’ th e un d o f k a s lVi ea n d er Ca rl n a d so ; , , (ge er lly spelle ’ Aa rl reulz C . ),

C12 i n oe/z 0 (4 ) (except the word and ; see § 4 , I , - note I ) is used o n ly in loan words and proper names ; s 6 i t has the sound of j (see 3 , 4 , an d 53 , ’ ’ lzolela d lza m in n /z i . : e e o m m e Ex chocolate , p j ushroo , ’ ’ ka n lza rlol la C . disgrace ,

— m n m . I . I n o a elz h as th e un d o f Note so e pr per es , so ’ ' le a s / m us h r n d Cz or C sa er. ; , , y

2 I n a d d n to th e us t . itio e o f th e letter 5 a s pr e sen ed a it u in th m d e e n a n so a n d 5612 see u n s . bove , occ rs co bi tio s ; r

41 . a d (I ) Concern ing the pronunci tion of , see a 6 2 . d a d a un d ra . : b lz 3 , Ex you , to bathe ,

a ld rz li ed ra la dd a to a hundred , g n ever , to honor , lo d , lid m bra d l d i d d o v l w . ti e , g feat , f j consequence , il h m 8 . On t e a a n o f d l a n d s see . Note ssi il tio before , 3

2 C rd 6 ( ) oncernin g the pron unciation of , see g 3 ,

' : b ard v a rde w lzord e lzord r m 3 . Ex . hard , orth , , (f o ’ b ora o rden lli bo rd a . to hear), g orderly , t ble d w (3 ) I nitial is silen t when follo ed by j . Ex

' d ur m d u d av ul d iirv j ani al , j p deep , j devil , j bold . So also at the beginnin g of a posterior componen t i t

lz u d ur ma s m . is of course silen t ; as , j do estic an i l

D is n r n m u ua n . o i o n an Note sile t , , s e i st ces , s lly sile t ,

‘ in a k : ald sl d brdd slea u s/z rid sko k a c ses li e ol est , h rry , s te ,

' n d z li a sl e lrad d rd o a d v a n d n i n u n n . glove , g rch r , g t r i g

f.

a F is . : 42. pronounced as i n English . Ex f t o

' ran m ader li a l m li a va to get , f fro , fj feather , f (fro 43 CONSONANTS 4 5

lra a t e m olo ra have ), fl eet , f g ff photographer , l m s o . ny ph , fi stuff

m o n a m a nd . I n v a th e un d Note so e pr per es , f f h ve so il rsl / f s a erlo S v e o e . o v ; a , L g f , f p

g .

G of Swed ish 43 . (I ) has the sound j (see g 45, I ) (a) Before s tressed soft vowels and before uh n m stressed soft vowels precedi g the ai n stress . Ex .

iva to d ss m as irls in o g give , g (fro g goose), g , g g

' ’ m a ra be n n a (fro g to go), g o to do , gy to begin , ’ ’ ’ e en llz i en n Golebo r G g g real , g agai , g othenburg , ’ ’ en us esla l l en era l un e g gender , g figure , g general , g ’ ’ d r or ii ves Gei er f abou t , f g in vain , j . So also in the m o f m posterior co ponen ts co pound words , though th e m of they do not have ain stress the word ; as , i n na m ssgy to disfavor .

l r : ber m a (b) Usuall y after and . Ex . g oun t in , a r sor w Svez e w No e f g color , g sorro , g S eden , rg Nor l va l wa la w s . y , g tallo , g throat

I n m w d ma a . un d o r Note so e or s , g y h ve either this so ' ’ ’ a o f w a s i la r r u a lo i lz a en l a n th t 5, belo ; , g g it r , g logic , g ge t , ' ' ’ ’ leo lo i le en d n d o ri i n a l n a si i l l g theology , g lege , g origi l , g ’ ’ a th e o f a i n lelli en l n n ma r i n a l (r rely g 5) se l , g i tellige t , g ’ ma n ki rur a m a wa th e un d o f u n rgi , g ( l ost l ys so 5) s rgeo .

2 G s 6 ( ) has the soun d of j (see § 53 , 3 , and 3 , 4 ) before the soft vowels e and i i n a n umber of m n . : e a ssa words of foreig ori gi n Ex . g gen ius p ' ’ e ra re olo e n k in en ie r g passen ger , f g erosen e , g engi ’ ’ ’ lra edi a red i e ra en li l neer , g tr gedy , g to edit , g (pron . ’ s a n li l . I n j g ) genteel a few words , i n addition , a following e is silent (this is a n exception to the ’ ser ea n l ma s note precedin g as , g sergeant , 4 6 CONSONANTS 4 3

’ ’ sa e m lo e b o x d ebi a e g assage , g (theater) , lo ge , p g equipage . (3 ) G u sually has the sound of Swedish ng (see

' n n ro 4 9, 4 ) when followed by , this g bein g p n un c d n n va n re n a o e . . : g Ex g wagon , g to rain ,

' ’ ’ ’ lo n in b o n ilo si n a l ma ne l g lie , g incogn ito , g signal , g m n r Te e . agnet , g

— I n th e a un d th e n is Note . c ses er preced i g v o wel is u h e u n d o f o d w a . But n t w short , hich reg l r ote so g foll e th e un d o f n i n mo n a o m mo en mo n a to by so g (fr g ripe ), g

n . m n a m n o wn e o e e n o e e . ripe (cf g ripe ), g (fr g ) Obs rve a in a th e is n th t these c ses vowel lo g . G m ' (4 ) is silen t i n the initial co bin ation gj , which i n fe w a h a rd occurs very words , and only before fi

' ’ ’ d m ra i d . . : e o vowel E x gjer (fro g t o do), gfi fi to co m cast . So also at the beginning of posterior n d pon e ts of compoun s .

is a n n n m mo r n . i mo r a r o Note . I G lso sile t g (fro g m n n or i g ).

2 n a w d n is n o t n i n w d as . I iti l g follo e by sile t S e ish ; , g n ag a to gn a w. w (5) Except hen pronounced as above indicated , “ g ” “ ” b e g has the soun d of i n go ; that is , (a) fore hard vowels and consonants (except j , and , n h n usually , ) and w en doubled , (b)before u stressed w w th e m soft vo els that follo ain stress , (c) finally

l a n d r : a v f m i v a (except after ). E x . g ( ro g to give , i th e un w as wh ch has so d of S edish j), g goose (but

li et ie/c ss w . cf . pl ur . g , i th j), g to go (but cf g ,

in o h od la s li a to g g , wit j), g good , g glass , gg beg ,

d a se el a lli e en . g sail , f g poor , g own , g day

— th m a n o f l an d 5 o . o n n n e a o N te C cer i g ssi il ti g before , 8 see 3 . 44 CONSONANTS 4 7

h

1 H is . in 44 ( ) pronounced as English . Ex li a n lz us he , house .

2 li ( ) Ini tial is silen t when followed by j . Ex

' ' ' li arla lz al a li ul [ l alma rei j heart , j p to help , j wheel , j u fl a lma r a j . So lso at the beg innin g of posterior co m ’ o nen ts m ilz a l p of co pounds ; as , j to death .

j.

a m 45. (I )f has pproxi ately the sound of Eng “ y ” ” ' x a n ud a . E . : e b l ish i n yes j yes , y no , j to

’ ff n a la to m ula d rde a o er , j enj oy , f soft , fj fourth , f ’ ’ mil m b a sla n s ul lzol d j fa ily , j chestnu t , pj spear , j

' (from lzolja to cover)

e — a w is a wa n o u n Not After vo el , j l ys lo g , th gh ever n d u see 1 writte o ble ; 4 A I .

2 I n m ( ) so e words of foreign origin , j has the

’

s see 6 . : oui sound of y ( g 53 , 3 , and 3 , Ex j ’ ’ ’ n a l usle ra a ro eb l a s j ournal , j to dj ust , p j proj ect , j ’ mi n m j as ine .

' m a d lz le (3 ) Concernin g the co bin tions j , gj , , j , l s l slc' sl xi x i , j , j , j , j , ( j), see u nder the fi rst letter e i n each cas .

k .

K h a s w l 46. (I ) the sound of S edish j (see 54 , 3 )before stressed soft vowels an d before unstressed m : la r/ca soft vowels precedin g the ain stress . Ex . y

le iir b a ka le/ed s m church , dear , op to buy , catechis , ' ' ’ ’ [cin e s m l nrur kemi m china an , g surgeon , che istry , ’ lae a ll ren s re m e Ko en/i a m n Xe . j e p ror , p Copenhagen , g so m m w So al i n posterior co ponents of co pound ords , 4 8 CONSONANTS g 4 7 though they do not have the main stress of the word .

“ ” (2 ) Otherwise 13 has the soun d of Engl ish k ; a n d a n -1 that is , (a) before hard vowels conson ts (ex w a n d w cept j; see 3 , belo ) hen doubled , (b)before i a e w . unstressed and i n fin al syllables , (c) hen fin l

: 180 leun n a to a slao lala r a Ex . cow , be ble , shoe , cle r , lev in n a m s/criv a v ib l ri/ee wo an , to wri te , weight , ' m lelen i le ra ft r kingdo , technics , st aigh t .

— I m w d a m u o f o e n i n Note . So e or s , l ost excl sively f r ig or gi , a th e a o un d w th e u n d o f w d l wo u d h ve l tter s , here so S e ish j l ’ ’ ’ l’ i a n a ba n /c l a n u bu/cel l b e d . . : a n a r e l expecte Ex rchy , b q et , ’ u u k isse u no fi le n l’ Or a bri/co r bo q et , p ssy , , li e , choir , f ’ ’ ’ fe ma ma n u a u ba n lt i r a n k sla lce l n . w f ct rer , b er , fe ce A y ’ a un d o f 12 o r a o f l a s k ilo ra m k o h ve either the so th t j; , g il ’ ' lc lr a a m a rk l o a k a x u a r ile l . gr , rchives , bisc it , rchitect

’ 2 n b is w n cl . 0 1 . . Lo g ritte ; cf 4 ,

k w d n is n o t n in w d a s kn i . n a v 3 I iti l follo e by sile t S e ish ; ,

' k n k n kn a . ife , ee A w (3 ) } , which occurs in very few ords , an d only before a hard vowel , has the sound of Swedish b orl l le l l : e o . j (see 54 , Ex . j (or j ) skirt

1 .

On a l 6 2 . 47 . (I ) the pron unci tion of see 3 ala a la a a lla moln . : l l Ex to let , to spe k , all , cloud ,

ma lm la s ka lln a . d a l ore , g glass , to grow cold , val la /l ley , pine . l 2 C n r 6 . ( ) o cerning the pronunciation of , see g 3 , 3 ’ la d f la a rli Aa rls . C . Ex . : d r p pearl , f g dangerous ,

3 , note , below .

(3 ) Initi a l Lis silen t when followed by j . Ex

l ud l us l u a l uv un j sound , j light , j g to lie , j sweet , l/ g

50 CONSONANTS 4 9

' d o o a s/z ul n ' 7 r v n o . 2 a 2 5 wa n w 72227727252222 r , g j (pr g go heel , 5, n a m -d a re n l l r n f /222 7 s . an s 7 w e y , g (pro g ) sho er .

2 C u 7 72 ( ) oncerning the pron nciat ion of , see

' 7 7 6 . 6227 72 d 22 . : 7 72 n 57607 730 § 3 , 3 E x chil , j i ro , (def ,

ska boa/26 7 7222 k plu r . of shoe), (def . plur . of boo ),

lill rn V e .

N a 72 (3 ) is pronounced like the digr ph g (see 4 , below)

a 12 ( ) When followed by , as i n English . Ex fa n l m k d un /eel d k v in ka to thin , ar , to beckon , ’ e ’ ba n / el l a b an /6227 s b nquet , (pron . also with the sound ’ ‘ 72 k Ktmz é re z a 72 of )ban ruptcy , (pron . lso wi th ) con crete .

ma 72 (b ) I n ny words of foreign origin , has the sound of 72g when followed by any conson a n t (ex cept en followed by a conson a n t is i n this c ase a 7z m . m pronounced g Ex ad vert ise en t , p ’ ’ a n s o n ele a n i a (pron . p g j ) pension , g (pron . lso ' 72 e en li l s li l en sé with )el gan t , g (pron . jn )genteel , p

w 72 pansy , (pron . also ith ) i nteresting ,

' ’ lmz sc/z a 72 k 72 7f l . 0 se . p (pron lso with ) picture , (pron ’ ’ W 72 a 7f 7f a 72 e 7 ' a a m u s e ra also ith ) concert , g (pron . g j )

But a ll d to arrange . not such words have this soun ;

72 m the sound of is used , for exa ple , in ’ e fc mzseleven s n i ntel ligenc , co sistency .

“ ” ” “ N n (4 ) ? has the sound of g in sing , sin g ” i n g (bu t n ot as i n English finger , which is

“ ' n : 272 e72 i n er 52m gg E x . g n o one , f g finger , g ’ /60722272 an elsk la lc m song , g k ing , g English , g talent , ’ sa l m n saloon (roo ).

’ N o t e — Ng r a rely h a s other soun d s : 72gg (as si ng ula r ’ o r si n g ula r to officia te); 72] (a s e v a ng e li um CONSONANTS 51

’ ' 2272 e a r a u 72 o r 72 a s ta n en l k e gospel , g f bo t ); gg ] ( g y , ’ n fi ng e ra to feig ).

p .

“ p ” i P . . : c 50. b as the sound of English Ex p o n e M77 i m a s m , p p/ pepper , p / p ipe , p tre bl in g po plar , la zm/c a m s a/22 pp patch , piece , pj sque ishness , p to play .

— I n a 5 o o w d 72 is n o t n in w d Note . . I iti l 1 f ll e by sile t S e ish ; ’ ma i n uma as zz eu l sk . , p p e tic

2 n a w d s is n i n sa lm a m a n d . I iti l p follo e by sile t p ps l , ' ’ a I n sa lmre a b ut it is n o u n d i n P sz l n a er . p ps lter , pro ce ' se ud o n m ud n m a n d s /co lo z o ma p y pse o y , p y g psychol gy , p y b e n un d o r it ma b e n pro o ce , y sile t .

Pk w h th e u n d o f u i n a fe w o n a m 3 . , it so f , occ rs pr per es d d n o t u n o te loso a s ose /z so n . n 12 , j p Beyo this , p oes occ r ; fi fi philosophy .

q .

16 r 51 . Q has the sound of ; i t occurs only i n p o per m : Ova mz slmm Alm 7) . n a es , followed by Ex ,

52. Concernin g the pron unciation of Swedish ' ’ 6 : v z' z a a u see 3 , I . Ex . red , to t rn , to

Zl’ e xm 51277 22 a 7221 77 77 wri te , three , jj four , to st re ,

slay /72 m ba r asler t /222722lm fool , stor , bare , eas , hundred .

— 7 ] see o . I o n n n th e u n n 7 i n [Ca r N te . C cer i g freq e tly sile t , n 4 7 , 3 , ote .

’ 2 . n n in n 7 in n n n w su ra d e n ta ls Co cer g sile t co ectio ith p , see 3 .

E12 n m . W th e o u n d o f 7 u in a few a 3 , ith s , occ rs proper es ; s a , 52 CONSONANTS 53

. I C 5 53 ( ) oncerning the pron unciation of , see

' 6 2 /c . . : 55 s rz vcz s/eva l a § 3 , E x to see , to write , p

527 272 s zl l ols/e oli s to splash , pig , pj spear , p Polish , p

° ' a ssa 52612522512 z z 2727’ 2kes police , p to suit , ig ag , inland . Not e — Swed ish 5 n ever h as th e sou n d o f a s very “ ” n in n . 5 5 a n d st a re n o n un d sch ofte E glish 1 ever pr o ce p , “ ” h t a s a re i n rma n sc . , they Ge

2 a 7’ s 6 . ( ) On the pronunci tion of , see 3 , 3

: 276 7 5 m 77207’ s m Ex . verse , (fro large), (fro

77207 m ossa i 's m osse 507727725271 ? other), g (fro g boy ),

' m 507727722277 mm liars m /20m b ea r (fro su er), (fro to )

5 n n a o f (3 ) ] co cernin g the pro un ci tion this , see

' ' ' s o 5 22 cz lv m m 6 . . : s 3 , 4 Ex j lake , 7 seven , j yself , hi self

(4 ) 512 h a s the sound of (a ) sj before stressed soft vowels (a n d unstressed m soft vowels preceding the ai n stress , of which

: s/ce n t here are very few cases). Ex . to happe ,

' s/co 72 a u ski/ et a a s/e a m c ut be utif l , j to sep r te , to , ’ ” /e mza 772a /cz 72 m m s s . y to hurry , achine The sa e is true i n posterior compone n ts of compoun d words .

e a a e v e (b ) otherwise , i . . , ( )befor hard ow ls and conso n ants (except j; see 5 below); (bb )before u nstressed soft vowels in fin al syll a bles ; (cc) wh e n ’ ' n a : sko slea a a sk rz z ia w fi l . Ex . shoe , t o hurt , to rite ,

[ 's/e G m /za 72d s/ee lew/eel th e k sla sl’ z J er an , glove , f por , g

ka r m h im c ut s s s . sloppy , (fro to , with f )

o e — 5k h as th e un d o f s in a fe w w d w N t so j or s here , a d n to th e u n th e o un d sle w u d b e d ; ccor i g r les give , s o l expecte ' ' ’ [f n s/cc a s 77222727225/ca uma n n ma rsl a l k ma a . a , h bei g , rsh l o n w S a is a o m u n d (pr . ith j)perh ps , c po , 54 CONSONANTS 53

On th e a n d h a s i n a fe w wo d un d o f other h , r s the so ’ 572 n a d o f a s k 072 islzc 7 ' a to o n a to i ste , / c fisc te , ’ ’ i k s/sz ss k sl’ c li sk o r s k e a sk elel t r s , s etch , p j ) s ptic l , a k e e o n (r rely with SJ ) s l t .

S/c few d b e fo re a a (5) j , which occurs i n a wor s h rd

h /e m as s . : s or vowel , the sound of j Ex . j shirt , sk um j to shoot .

6 2 h a s s s/ cim a a r 5 . . : ( ) 7 the sound of j Ex j st ,

' st cila j to steal .

a s . . : w (7 ) has the sound of j Ex sh l , ’ " sc/z a rla lcmz swa g/072 schedule , scarlet , g couch , ’ la 7zsf /2 a m 7722271 3 6/Zf l l ff p pict ure , p phlet , cu , ’ ’ a losc/z e 77272sf22 sc/2 m wa rn /2 m g rubb r , ustache , arch , m schis .

(8 ) 52 h as the sound of : (a) s (a s 52572 scene); ' ’ (b ) sj (as lerescen a o c rescendo ); (c) s or sj (as ’ ’ ’ reko n osce m 720722ra lesce72 l g to reconnoitre , convalescen t ,

' ' ’ m d z scz el 22254 77 72 re iniscence , fi d isciple , 2 discipline .

’ 2 a s : (9) 55 h ve the sound of j . Ex . ' ’ ’ ’ ‘ e72520 72 m a sszcl z division , p pension , ission ,

ma a 2 4526 72 w s . (pron . i th j or s ll pl te Note that is pronounced with

54 . I a 6 2 . ( ) On the pron unci tion of see 3 , ‘ ‘ : [20 slci lza lz h a t 12a m Ex . ten , to stand , , t o hate , ’ ‘ ' lea er a Afe 72 A tsa r z a z the ter , thens , c r

’ — I I n a f d m n a s k z we rl e n . e w w l a b e Note . or s , y sile t ; , l ’ v e o e n d esse rt d . p , co cert , essert

a s 2 . 7 72 u n i n n un h a s th e un d o f f; , occ rri g proper o s , so , 8 06 7 122725 L a t/26 77 b ut a lu lers/c a n d l22 , ( observe th t a r d t e spelle with ). 54 CONSONANTS 55

2 C 6 . ( ) oncern ing the pronunciation of see § 3 , 3 ' ' ‘ /7 227f la a 7’ z 2 77 2 m 52 . : o 5 0 07 E x j he rt , f fast , (fro large),

' r ari m om a ri 1707 222 2gj (fro g to do), f yg vessel , away , v a c/c ert t ucker (n . of pretty). (3 ) 7] h as approximately t he same soun d as ” n : t u u 2 227222 E glish ch E x . j g twen ty , 7 to ser ve ,

k 2 2277 thic , 7 thief .

Ti h a s (4 ) , followed by a vowel , three sounds (a) When followed by 0 and preceded by an y 7 22 h as s consonant except , the sound of j . E x

n a 21277 51222092 lesso , uction , direction ,

' ‘ ’ 522bsk7 2 b220 72 j s ubscription . (b) When followed by 0 and preceded by a vowel 22 n f a n s . . : or has the sou d of ! j Ex n tio , ’ ’ ‘ ' ’ sla tz 0 72 on zo n stat ion , exercise , p portion .

m ls s In a n u ber of words either j or j is used ; as , ' ’ mm e7722 7f a 220 72 emi reco endation , g ‘' ’ tio n a r vol7222o 72 ra e . g , ddition , revolution

XVh e n a e 22 (c) followed by or , has the soun d

2 2 272222227 a 7 0 5 . : a of Ex . initi ti ve , initi l , p " ‘ " ’ lz a z2 222 2 7722722 2 7” c 5 6 5 5 m . f prophesy , j inister of j ustice

’ A/clze a 22125227 522226 72? share , is usu lly pronounced ; 1

a [226 7222227 n a ma p tien t , and lice ti te , y be pronounced ’ a sien i 1256 723 2227 a p , , or regul rly .

Th e n a m Friti o is n un d rit o Note . proper e f pro o ce f j f .

v .

2 V 27 . . : 77 55. has the sound of Engl ish Ex we , ’ ’ veld k swa a 22722 a vcir to now , g we k , twig , two , g

f fol?) dwar , twelve .

e — n n n th e a m a o n o f 7/ t a n d 8 Not Co cer i g ssi il ti before , see 8 3 . g 56 CONSONANTS 55

IV a m 56. , which occurs onl y i n a few proper n es ,

m h as n and i n words deri ved fro these , the sou d of

" 77 DVa ll2 72 l n el 56122476 22 w z . : . Ex , g , S it erland , " 5612206 22 6 77 2 café .

— X a h a s n 16 5 . 57 . ( ) usu lly the soun d of l o g 4 I . w : 56 27 la ir a m 0x6 2722x 272 . Ex . six , s l on , ox , to gro

— 1 th e un d o f o a o u d b e a k n n o t to 2 : N te . C re sh l t e give so “ ” gz (a s freque n tly i n E n glish whe n preced i n g th e ma i n

fo r n a n i n am n a n a . stress ), i st ce , ex i tio , ex ct

5 x : x In iti a l x has the sound of 163 or . E . y ’ ’ X6 7f x s lo m a r X6 720 072 X227222 22 6 . g f xylogr phe , f , p fi ,

3 s : 7 6’ (3 ) X2 (xj) h a s the sound of 1 j . Ex .

' ’ ' Vcix é 6 x20 72 a . fl reflection , annex tion , j

Z h as 58 . (I ) , which is of infrequen t occurrence , ’ ' i n k w 3 . . : 2 6 72227 6 z the sound of S edish Ex 2g gipsy ,

" ' ' z 2 072 z z oolo z z A a6 lz 725 8 6 77 2 6 7 2225 inc , one , g oology , f , ,

0 6 2223 F722723 672 , .

2 Z is 5612206 23 z ( ) has the sound of in Swit erland , m a n d i n words derived fro this .

59. SUMMARIES R ELATI NG TO CONSONANTS (I ) The distinction between h a rd a n d soft vowels is of import a nce i n connection with the pron unci a

n k 516 m 6 . tio of g , , , and , to a l i ited exten t ,

2 m a A 57 a a me ( ) The co bin tions gj , 7 , 7 h ve the s

k 56 . sound as g , , followed by fron t vowels

d 12 l a re (3 ) I nitial , , , and g silen t when followed

by j . 56 co n so na n rs g 59

‘ G 0 27 a m l 2 (4 ) , , usu lly beco e a p , , f when fol t 5 lowed by or .

Rd 72 72 77 72 77 5 a a (5) , , , , have e ch single sound , a rad en tals 77 th t of the sup ; no is heard . (6 ) Swedish consonants that have sounds differ ing materi a lly from the correspon d ing English

: 5 2 l 72 sounds are j , the den tals , , , and the su rad en t ls p a . (7 ) The following combinat ions always have the ‘ 5 5/e 52 5612 52 552 612 sound of j , j , j , , , , (practically always); the following letters a n d combinat ions

m m 5 56 6 56 so et i es have the soun d of ] , g (g ), j , , Of the letters and combin a t ions represent ing th e ‘ 5 — 52 513 a re in j sound , only j , used words of

5612 612 6 56 52 552 22 n ati ve origin ; , , g (g ), j , , , , occur i only n words of foreign origin .

8 w w 5: 5 2 m ( ) The follo ing al ays denote , (al ost

76 n n 16 m a wa always), (i cludi g ; al ost l ys); the fol ‘ m m 5: 6 56 x 2 lowin g so eti es denote , , (rarely), (in

m a 22 a the co bi n tion , r rely).

‘ 2 - : t (9) The following always denote the j sound j , le m m i : 16 j; the followin g so eti es denotes f . - ( 1 0 ) The followi n g always denotes the 72g sound 72g (practically al wa ys ); the following sometimes 72 g , . ( 1 1 ) The following al wa ys denote the Swedish - : Iz l m m j sound in i tial j , j , gj; the following so eti es

: . do j (usually ), g ( 1 2 ) The following always denotes the la-sound

m m : 13 6 612 . g; the following so eti es , , (rarely)

16 6 6 612 Long is represented by , (in

58 UNIFORMITY or PRONUNCIATI ON g 6 1

m m m f ters , two (so et i es ore) di feren t pronunciations

z c a are recogni ed as equally good , only as bein g h r

‘ teristic r n ac of diffe en t sections of the cou try . Even i n the case of the individu a l sounds there is in a n umber of instances conside r a ble freedom of choice f between two di fering pron unciations , the free d o m of choice varying somewhat with the dif

i n H fere n t sounds question . ere follows an accoun t

m m a a of the ost i port n t sounds of this kind , in v ry in e n g d gree co sidered d ialectic , though not i n all d a a cases consi ered di lectic by all schol rs , and to a considerable ex tent (v a ryin g somewhat wi th the dif

n m fe re t sounds) e ployed by educated Swedes .

. A 0 13 I n a 61 . AND BEFORE . the gre ter part of

° Sweden the sounds of 22 (writ ten also 6 ) a n d both

a n d m m n long short , beco e ore ope when followed by 77 ; bu t before 77 st a ndin g alone these open sounds are less widespre a d th a n before 77 followed by a con 62 m a sonant . This open sound of lies idw y between

“ ” “ ” “ ” “ ” me t ma t the e of and the a of . The open sou nd of 0 ma y be prod uced by pl a cing the

in 22 tongue position for the open sound of , an d rounding the lips (with moderate protrusion ) so ’ ’ a cim 772277 22 . . : 5 that t he opening is l rge Ex j iron ,

' 750277 122 a 77 6277 77 6 12 2277 222 77 6277 16 sword , 1 pe rl , worse , j heart ,

a 776 77 5 126 77 77 6 e n ma ‘ZJC’ I’ C w k 577 6 77 2 6 p in , verse , g tle n , or , 5 ’ d n 6 77 50 72 n 077 72 a 1077 2l22 a a Swe e , p perso , e gle , g S turd y , ‘ 077 1 b 607 22 077 52 her , door , 7 to begin , f first , dark . E A C N 62. AND . I n large parts of en tral and orth 6 2 0 I ern Sweden , (the sound of , and both a b e long and short , has ch nged into a sound lying g 63 UNIFORMITY o n PRONUNCIATION 59

6 a n d 22 a n d in a tween Swedish , considerable p rts n 22 n a n d h as of this general regio , (both lo g short)

me m m changed into this sa inter ediate sound . I n so e m e places , notably in Stockhol , both thes chan ges ha ve taken place ; there no dist inction is ma de be 6 22 tween the sound of an d of , bu t each is pro n o un ced with a sound lying between both .

7 R . I n n 7 . w 63 Souther S eden , is pronounced with

a a m e articul tion far b ck i n the outh , ither as a spi ra n t produced between the back port ion of the tongue th e a a e k and soft p l te , or , a trifl farther bac pro d uced through the vibra tion of the uvul a between a n d la a the tongue the pa te . Both these v rieties of b a ck 77 are usu a lly employed by one a n d the same th e 77 m individual , u vular represen tin g ore careful t S and dis inct speech than the pirant . I n t he more northerly portion of Sou thern Swe d en th e 77 a o f 6 both back and the fron t (th t § 3 , I ) a re m a m 77 e ployed by the s e individual , the back bein g used only i n itially , and , when lon g , between ’ 77 022 52277 77 z z 52277 77 22 vowels and finally (as i n red , bu ,

z z I n 77 to bu ). words where a second occurs , bu t in m e m a differen t position fro thos en tion ed , both - r sounds are i n this case employed in the same word . I n that part of Southern Sweden where the back

77 a re su rad e n ta ls is used exclusively , there n o p ;

7 7 n un w d a . here back is pro o ced , follo e by the dent ls

I n a f a e 64 . place of the fric t stop followed S f — by the corresponding piran t ) j sound , the spi rant alone is employed in a large part of Cen tr a l Sweden and i n the northerly portion of Sou thern m M Sweden , the stop bein g o itted . edially before a 6o UNIFORMITY OF PRONUNCIATION 65

stressed vowel (as in archives , ser vant) the spiran t is used even by some wh o in m afi rica te other cases e ploy the .

m m o Nor ally the spiran t entioned , both as c n tained in the affricate and as pronounced alone is one ” lying a l ittle more forwa rd th a n German ch in “ ” m ich . I n so e parts of Sweden , howe ver , the spi “ ” ran t used is one lyin g between th e sounds of ch “ i n Germa n ich and N achte

ma - S . s 5. 6 f I n place of the nor l j sound , Southern Sweden employs one that reminds much of the ” sound we in En glish represen t by wh (when this is not pronounced li k e bu t i n producin g the Swedish sound the d ist a nce between the tongue an d m the palate is s aller , and the openin g of the li ps a a a l rger . The Swedish sound is rticulated j ust ” “ ” a th e G m little forw rd of ch in er an ach , an d

z has more l a biali ation than t his .

L . m a 66. I n ost of the dialects of Cen tr l an d Northern Sweden a peculiar l—sound (re a lly rather 77 — m an sound)is e ployed , bu t not i n all posi tions of the word . The sound in question is produced by raisin g the tip of the tongue u p toward the pal a t e a and turning it b ckward , withou t touchin g any where (a bou t as ih the ca se of ou r American cacu “ ” m a m in l r , but wi th ore tenseness of the ton gue ); then the tongue is fi apped forward in to its normal m position i n the ou th , or into the position of the followin g sound if there is one , the tip usually im touchin g the r of the palatal arch in passin g .

: 2221 ul ol/2 Ex . speech , g yellow , to choose , f

6122 62266122 e 5177 7 22772122 a people , blue , bubbl , t o r ttle . 6 6 1 7 ALPHABET , ORTHOGRAPHY

l m l m This , which is called cacu inal , is i n so e parts of Sweden usually employed also in place of ’ a (l n 77 d 6077 22 122277 2l the supr dental (writte ); as , table , ’ ’ 2i 77 2z in 6 . hard ,

NAM ES OF T HE LETTERS OF T HE A HA LP BET .

m a G7 . The na es of the letters of the alph bet are

22 66 56 6 (i 1222 2 2 6 22 Zill , , , , jf , , , j (or , ,

62772772 227272 0 7 27 16 22 2277 77 2255 26 22 7 76 776 z , , , 1 , , , , , , , (

2212 5 7 522222 22 22 6 , 3 , , , , .

Th e u n d m n a n Note . I . so s represen ted by th e co bi tio s ’ ‘ ’ 5 l 72 a re a d 5 6 -l 22226 1 2 6 -1 22226 l a n d d u - 22216 1 re j , j , g c lle j j , j j , g 0 , ' i 7 tc 26 e . s ec t ve l . Th e su ra d e n ta ls a re a d 522 7 a d 6 722a ll ( p y p c lle p ,

2 o n h - au n a . The v wels i t e vowel n a mes a re lo n g (bec se fi l ) a n d a re pro n o u n ced with th e vowel -q ua lity belon gi n g to th e l o n g soun d in ea ch c a se ; 6 a n d 0 h a ve their n orma l lon g ua a d 0 2 2 th e d i n 2 a n d . q lity , th t escribe , I , , I Also - con son a n t n a mes a re pron oun ced lik e rea l Swed ish word s ; - th e q ua lity o f the lon g 6 is the sa me a s i n th e vowel n a mes ; ' " 0 i n 0222l is a o f Th e o f e u ua h as the j th t short a . g g s lly “ ” “ ” th e un d o f in o so g g .

R H A O T OGR PHY . m 68 . a w Swedish orthogr phy , hile far fro perfect ,

is not nearly so confusing as E n g lish orthography . On the whole , Swedish words are pronounced as

are a re . y spelled . There very few silen t letters I n the course of cent uries the pro n unciat ion o f

a w a a . I u e S edish. has ch nged a good de l t wo ld h v 6 2 ORTHOGRAPHY g 68 bee n only proper for the orthography ave been

a a s n ch nged the pronu ciation changed . ou gh the S wedish orthogra phy has been improved from t ime to the changes h a ve by n o means kept p a ce a A wit e ch nging pronunciation . nother very disturbing elemen t is the borrowing of words from a a in other l ngu ges ; these , corresponding sounds are i n very many cases represen ted by letters a n d c o m b in a tio n s di fferen t from those that Swedish would b ut u se for those sounds , the foreign spellin g i a u sually ret ined in Swedish . I n recen t ye a rs there have been several importan t

a in ch n ges orthography , the latest bein g that of A 1 06 . T h e c a n pril 7 , 9 l i terature only slowly fol

m a low these changes . Co p rativel y few of the Swed k wh en ev er a ish boo s can be printed anew ‘ change ffi a n d e m k is o ciall y adopted , whil ost new boo s that n e e t appear , are pri t d with the latest spell in g , y par tic ularl a mm y newsp pers and periodicals , for co ercia l m r easons , generally retain the older for of ortho graphy u ntil the new one is pretty well established

m a ll a on g classes . The studen t must a ccordingly be prepared to meet r n several stages of o thogra phy i n his readin g . Eve if he wer e to choos e onl y boo k s with the n ewes t

a n a m spelling , acquain t nce with the older for s o f orthogr a phy is necessary on accoun t of the d ict ion a m A 1 1 ries . There is at the presen t t i e ( ugust , 9 4 ) - - n o Swedish En glish or Swedish Swedish diction a ry

m a 1 06 co nfor in g with the ch n ges adopted in 9 , while so me of the dict ionaries i n use h a ve a form of o r ra h i d th Og p y that s still ol er . g 68 ORTHOGRAPHY 63

e orthogr a phy used for a number of ye a rs

' ’ t o 1 906 (employed in W enst rom-Ha rlo ck s Swedish -Engl ish d ictionary )d iffers from the presen t orthography (employed in th is book an d i n my

“ S wedish Gra mma r in the followin g p a rticul a rs :

77 - e f 77 the sound is ther very o ten represented by f , f , o f 11 a n d 1 211 or 1277; the sound is very often wri tten . 11 detail : (1 ) The orthogr a phy superceded in 1 90 6 employs :

77 n o w w n 77 in a d (a )f (pron . , an d ritte ) n tive wor s

n a 677 fi nally and whe followed by consonan t ; as , 4

7 7 7 67 6 77 1e22l 12 22177 a 122 7 6 n o w (now ) letter , f (now ) c l f , 21 (

122277 77 6 52177 77 1 b 77 6 . ) oats , (now ) silver ( ) f

77 a n d n o 77 m d a . w (pron , wri tten ) e i ll y when fol

w a s 677 6 776 1 l owed by a vo el ; , (now ) the

16221 776 72 n o w 16221776 72 th e a letter , f ( ) c lf , (now

21776 77 1222 22 122277 22 5 77 a . ) s ilver , f (now ) to h ve

2 At n m n —fiv e ( ) the beginni g of so e twe ty words , m so e of these bein g of very frequen t occu rrence , i t

m 12 e 77 a s 12772221 n o w 772221 e ployes a silent befor ; , ( )

12776 772 n o w 2 6 772 wh o 1277227 6 77227 6 what , ( ) , 7 (now 7 )

1277 251222 77 2516 22 w 127721 every , (now ) t o hisper , (now 77 21 ) whi te .

m 21 1 11 1 n a (3 ) I t e ploys (pron . or ) fi lly an d

m d a a a h 11 1 (less often ) e i lly i n cert in c ses w ere , is t n o w . a n a used Excep for few i dividu l words , i t is chiefly a q uest ion of cases where the n eu ter end ing 1 h a s been added to words and forms endin g in

21 2121 m a m , (which , by assi ilation , h ve beco e voiceless ,

e 1 7 11 r 21 . . 02 n o 11 m o i , , as , w 0 ; good), 5 ( g fro

n o w r m n a d 77221211 ( f o i h bite ),

7 m 7 7 7 772211 7722121 m 6 . d 1 n o w 1 1 m (now ; fro ild ), 1gg ( 71573 ; fro 64 ORTHOGRAPHY 68

6 21 6 22 . 16 211 16 11 ygg , past part of ygg to bu ild ), (now ;

m 16 21 16 2122 2 21 . 5227 211 fro , past part of to lead ), (now

522721 m 5227221 522722122 ; fro , past part . of to send),

5622211 n o w 22156 221 m 221562221 a 22156 22 ( ; fro , p st part . of to 12272211 love), (now t o handle ,

' ' ' 7 67 226 122721677 226 m 122211 2 lci112 (now ) , ) far ing g 2g (now

A form of orthography i n use prior to th a t j ust

’ ’ described (employed i n Bj orkma n s an d in Oman 5 Swedish English d iction aries) differs from the pres en t orthography chiefly i n the followin g additional particulars :

1 6 22 i n m ( ) I t has (pron . any instances where m a 22 6 7 6 51 77 2251 the later for s h ve ; as , , (now 2 )clergy man 5 6 116 n o w 5 21116 m , j ( 7 ) sixth . The presen t for of orthography still has 6 (z 02) i n ma ny words ; see

2 8 .

2 I n m m a h a s 0 22 ( ) so e cases , si il rly , it (pron . ) 2 d l 2 0 6 l 6 . for the later ; as , f g (now f g ) bird The presen t form of orthography stil l h a s 0 (z 22) i n ma 2 ny words ; see 8 .

77 a 6 77 7 2211 (3 ) I t has 0 for the l ter ; as , 0 (now 6 772211 ) even in g .

27 1 6 1 a m (4 ) I t has 3 (pron . , by ssi ilation ) for the

a 6 1 5la 1 n o w 512261 a m 777 2 1 n o w l ter ; as , g ( ) f ily , 5 (

7 7261 l f n o w l /6 1 22725 7 7 16 ) weight , fyg ( fy ) flight , 25 (now

2272526 16 e e th e n 1 ) fac . But wher neuter endi g is d a n d added to a word en ing in g , i n a few other a 1 c ses , the spellin g g is still used ; not e the cases m o i n 8 a e . en ti ned g 3 , p rt icularl y thos in the note