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Norway Leads the World in Gender Equality and Work-Life Balance: a Qualitative Life Course Study of Norwegian Women

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Norway Leads the World in Gender Equality and Work-Life Balance: a Qualitative Life Course Study of Norwegian Women Pepperdine University Pepperdine Digital Commons Theses and Dissertations 2016 Norway leads the world in gender equality and work-life balance: a qualitative life course study of Norwegian women Lene Karine Martin Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/etd Recommended Citation Martin, Lene Karine, "Norway leads the world in gender equality and work-life balance: a qualitative life course study of Norwegian women" (2016). Theses and Dissertations. 1115. https://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/etd/1115 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by Pepperdine Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Pepperdine Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]. Pepperdine University Graduate School of Education and Psychology NORWAY LEADS THE WORLD IN GENDER EQUALITY AND WORK-LIFE BALANCE: A QUALITATIVE LIFE COURSE STUDY OF NORWEGIAN WOMEN A dissertation presented in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Education in Organizational Leadership by Lene Karine Martin December, 2016 Margaret J. Weber, Ph.D. – Dissertation Chairperson This dissertation, written by Lene Karine Martin under the guidance of a Faculty Committee and approved by its members, has been submitted to and accepted by the Graduate Faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF EDUCATION Doctoral Committee: Margaret J. Weber, Ph.D., Chairperson June Schmieder, Ph.D. Judge John C. Tobin, J.D. © Copyright by Lene Karine Martin (2016) All Rights Reserved TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................................... vii LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................................viii DEDICATION ................................................................................................................................ ix ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................ xi VITA .............................................................................................................................................. xii ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................................. xvi Chapter 1: Introduction of the Study ...............................................................................................1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................1 Background of the Problem .................................................................................................5 Statement of the Problem .....................................................................................................7 Statement of the Purpose......................................................................................................8 Research Questions ............................................................................................................12 Significance of the Study ...................................................................................................12 Key Definitions of the Study .............................................................................................18 Key Assumptions of the Study ..........................................................................................23 Limitations of the Study.....................................................................................................23 Summary ............................................................................................................................24 Chapter 2: Review of the Literature...............................................................................................26 Historical Background .......................................................................................................26 Introduction to Norway ......................................................................................................29 Gender Equality Laws........................................................................................................32 Norwegian Ideology and History .......................................................................................42 Culture and Leadership ......................................................................................................50 Leadership Styles and Theories .........................................................................................59 Leadership Intelligence Competencies ..............................................................................65 Women and Leadership .....................................................................................................72 Women and Work-Life Balance ........................................................................................78 Theoretical Framework ......................................................................................................88 Summary ............................................................................................................................91 v Chapter 3: Methodology and Procedures.......................................................................................93 Introduction ........................................................................................................................93 Research Questions ............................................................................................................93 Research Methodology ......................................................................................................94 Data Collection Procedures................................................................................................98 Data Gathering Instrument.................................................................................................99 The Interview Process ......................................................................................................102 Selection Criteria and Population Sample Descriptions ..................................................102 Data Analysis Process ......................................................................................................105 Data Reliability and Validity ...........................................................................................108 Institutional Review Board Process .................................................................................111 Summary ..........................................................................................................................112 Chapter 4: Data Analysis and Findings .......................................................................................114 Data Analysis ...................................................................................................................115 Findings............................................................................................................................116 Research question one..........................................................................................116 Support network and independence .....................................................................118 Identity .................................................................................................................121 Identity-truth ........................................................................................................122 Integrity ....................................................................................................123 Responsibility...........................................................................................124 Compassion ..............................................................................................124 Forgiveness ..............................................................................................124 Identity-freedom...................................................................................................125 Independence ...........................................................................................126 Hope .........................................................................................................127 Strength ....................................................................................................128 Imagination ..............................................................................................129 Relational style.....................................................................................................129 Support network .......................................................................................131 Collaboration............................................................................................132 Mentors ....................................................................................................132 Social interest ...........................................................................................132 Motivation ............................................................................................................133 Goals ........................................................................................................134
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