Nordic History, Autumn 2017 Peter Ericsson Department of History Uppsala University

Nordic History, autumn 2017 Peter Ericsson Department of History Uppsala University

SYLLABUS

NORDIC HISTORY

Nordic History is a 7.5 ECTS credits course (corresponding to five weeks full time study) for international students, given in the second quarter of the autumn semester. The language of instruction is English.

Aim This course in Nordic history covers the history of Denmark, Norway, Sweden and Finland with a particular focus on the 19th and 20th centuries. The aim of the course is to help international students develop an understanding of the period from a Nordic point of view using comparative perspectives: differences and similarities between the developments in the Nordic countries will be highlighted and discussed. The Nordic countries will also be discussed as a region joined together by common historical experiences and conditions.

Content and set-up Three lectures, three seminars, a paper, and an exam constitute the course. The lectures cover the historical development chronologically and are the same for the whole group. After that, there are three seminars, each involving extra work by one third of the students. The seminars cover three different themes: - The breakdown of peasant society, industrialisation and social changes - The Nordic welfare model - Race and minorities: mechanisms of inclusion and exclusion

Literature

The main book of the course is David Kirby’s The Baltic World 1772–1993. This book covers the Baltic area in a wider sense, i.e. it includes sections on Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Poland, Russia and Germany. These sections are good to read in order to get a broader picture of the history of Northern Europe, but the main focus is on Kirby’s discussion of the development in the Nordic countries. In addition the students will need to use literature concerned with the seminar topic which their group will write a paper on. This literature can be chosen according to interest, but as a starting point a list of selected literature in English on the topics will be provided.

Nordic History, autumn 2017 Peter Ericsson Department of History Uppsala University

Writing the papers

At the beginning of the course, students are divided into three groups, each working on one of the above themes. At each seminar, one of the groups will present a paper which they have written together on the theme of that seminar. The paper should have a comparative approach: how are the Nordic countries different and how are they similar and what are the likely reasons for that? Students are also encouraged to take a broad Nordic perspective on their topic and discuss how the Nordic region compares to other parts of Europe. The assignment demands collaboration on the students’ behalf: they need to meet and discuss which particular issues they want to focus on and who should do what. Since it is important that each student’s contribution can be evaluated separately (since each student will be graded individually), the joint paper should be divided into chapters, each member writing one. Who has done what should be specified in the introduction to the paper. The introduction (which the group needs to write together) should also describe the layout of the paper as well as briefly outline the discussion in the different chapters. In total, the paper should be around 30–35 pages long. It must have a reference system, identifying the article or book as well as the page from where an argument or a quotation is taken. Well known facts, such which you can find in an encyclopaedia (for example when a war began or when a king was born), do not need to be supported with references. At the end of each chapter or at the very end of the paper, there should be a list of all books and articles used.

Each group gets a chance to discuss the literature and layout of their paper with the teacher at a group tuition meeting. They should prepare for this meeting, have suggestions ready for what they want to write about and what literature they want to use.

Handing in and distributing papers

The papers need to be uploaded at Studentportalen on 17 October. Thereafter they will be available to all Nordic History students on Studentportalen. It is important that you meet the deadline so that everyone has time to read all the papers before the seminars! If someone in the group has not finished his or her chapter before deadline, the rest of the group should hand in what they have rather than wait. The person who is late will have to distribute his or her chapter independently.

At the seminars

At each seminar, one group will present their paper, each member presenting their own chapter. In all, the presentations should take about one hour. The presentation should not only repeat what the paper is saying, but also broaden the perspective on the topic. For instance, the students can use what they learned from the other groups’ papers to highlight their understanding of the theme – look for similarities and differences and reflect on them. If there are examples and discussions that did not fit into the chapter, this is a good

Nordic History, autumn 2017 Peter Ericsson Department of History Uppsala University opportunity to bring them up. In the second hour, the theme and the paper will be discussed by all students.

Everyone is expected to have read all the papers in advance of the seminars. In order to enforce this and to encourage discussion, each student is to prepare three questions each on the papers of the other groups and give a reason why (s)he thinks these questions are of relevance (i.e. in all every student has to hand in six questions and six motivations). The seminars are mandatory and will include an assessment of students’ performance.

Home exam

The course ends with a short take home exam. The exam will be uploaded on Studentportalen. Students will be able to answer the questions using Kirby’s book and having attended the lectures and seminars and having read each other’s papers.

Assessment and grades

Each seminar is mandatory and will include an assessment of your performance. If you for some reason are unable to attend you have to hand in an extra assignment. The grade you get at the end of the course will be based on the quality of your written work, your exam results, and your performance at the seminars. The grades follow the ECTS system: A, B, C, D, E, FX and F, with A as the highest grade (Excellent). In order to pass you have to at least get E. After having evaluated your exam answers you will receive an email stating your grade.

Literature - Kirby, David, 1995: The Baltic world 1772–1993: Europe’s northern periphery in an age of change, London: Longman. - Additional literature as needed for the paper.

Nordic History, autumn 2017 Peter Ericsson Department of History Uppsala University

Selected literature

Below is a list of literature in English on Nordic history that can help you to get on with your papers. It is in no way a comprehensive list, but it can provide some orientation. You should also know that many academic books on Nordic history will have a summary in English. Hence you might want to try and search LIBRIS, the national Swedish library catalogue, using Swedish, Norwegian or Danish keywords. The catalogue post will tell you whether a work has an English summary or not. In addition, the University provides you with a multitude of electronic resources, for instance “Scandinavian Journal of History” can be found in digital form through the homepage of Uppsala University Library (ub.uu.se).

General Works:

Nordic History Derry T. K., A History of Scandinavia, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland and Iceland (1979), 2000. Kent Neil, The soul of the North: a social, architectural and cultural history of the Nordic countries, 1700-1940, 2000. Kirby David, The Baltic World 1772-1993. Europe’s northern periphery in an age of change, 1995. Nordstrom Byron J., Scandinavia since 1500, 2000. Hovde, B.J., The Scandinavian countries, 1720-1865 (2 vols.) Sørensen Øystein & Stråth Bo, The Cultural Construction of Norden, 1997. Sørensen Øystein & Stråth Bo, ’Introduction: The Cultural Construction of Norden’ (in ibid) Witosek Nina, ’Fugitives from Utopia: The Scandinavian Enlightenment Reconsidered' (in ibid)

There are a few journals, in English, concerned with Nordic history which can be helpful: Scandinavian Journal of History (abbreviated to SJH), Scandinavian Economic History Review (SEHR), Scandinavian Political Studies (SPS). Scandinavian Studies (SS)

Danish History Jones W Glyn, Denmark: A Modern History, 1986. Oakley, S., The story of Denmark, 1972.

Norwegian History Derry T. K., A history of modern Norway, 1814-1972, 1973. Larsen, K., A history of Norway, 1948. Popperwell, R., Norway, 1972. Cohen Kiel Anne, Continuity and Change: Aspects of Contemporary Norway, 1993.

Nordic History, autumn 2017 Peter Ericsson Department of History Uppsala University

Finnish History Kirby David, Finland in the twentieth century, 1977. Mazour, A., Finland between east and west, 1956. Mead, W.R., Finland, 1968. Puntila, L.A., A political history of Finland 1809-1966, 1975. Jutikkala, E. & Pirinen, K., A history of Finland,1979. Singleton Fred, A Short History of Finland, 1990. Jussila Osmo, Seppo Hentilä & Jukka Nevakiri, From Grand Duchy to Nation State: A Political History of Finland since 1809, 1999.

Swedish history Andersson Ingvar, A History of Sweden,(1968), 1975. Koblik S., Sweden's Development from Poverty to Affluence, 1750-1970, 1975. Kent, Neil, A Concise History of Sweden, 2008. Scott Franklin D., Sweden: The Nation’s History (enlarged edition, 1988). Stomberg Andrew A., A History of Sweden, (1931), 1970. Oakley, S., The story of Sweden, 1966. Samuelson, K., From great power to welfare state, 1968. Heckscher E., An Economic History of Sweden, 1954. Lewin Leif, Ideology and Strategy: A Century of Swedish Politics, 1988.

Seminar 1. The breakdown of peasant society, industrialisation and social changes

The theme for this seminar is the social and economic changes that took place over the 19th century in the Nordic countries. Discuss these changes and the effects they had on different social groups, farmers, workers, the middle classes etc. Discuss the formation of popular and political movements that followed in the wake of these changes; organisational aspects, scale and forms, ideological aspects, religious and ideological roots.

Nordic History Gaunt David, ‘The Peasants of Scandinavia, 1300-1700’, in Tom Scott (ed.), The Peasantries of Western Europe: From the 14th to the 18th centuries, 1998. Löfgren Orvar, ‘Historical Perspectives on Scandinavian Peasantries’, in Annual Review of Anthropology, 9, 1980. Lennart Jörberg, ‘The Industrial Revolution in Scandinavia 1850-1914’, in Fontana Economic History of Europe. Contemporary Economies, 6, Part II, 1976. (pp. 377- 459) Isacson Maths & Magnusson Lars, Proto-industrialisation in Scandinavia: craft skills in the industrial revolution, 1987.

Nordic History, autumn 2017 Peter Ericsson Department of History Uppsala University

Linden Marcel van der & Rojahn Jürgen, The Formation of Labour Movements 1870- 1914, vol. 1, (chapters on Denmark, Norway and Sweden). Vol II, (chapter on Finland).

Danish History Bjørn C., ‘The peasantry and agrarian reform in Denmark’, SEHR vol. 125, 1977. Kjærgaard T., ‘The farmer interpretation of Danish history’, SJH vol. 10, 1985. Wåhlin Vagn, ‘The growth of bourgeois and popular movements in Denmark 1830- 1870’, SJH 5, 1980. Stilling Niels Peter, A New Life: Danish Emigration to North America as described by the emigrants themselves in letters, 1842-1946, 1994. Henriksen Ingrid, ‘The Transformation of Danish Agriculture, 1870-1914’, in Karl Gunnar Persson (ed.), The Economic Development of Denmark and Norway since 1870, 1992. Hvidt Kristian, Flight to America: The Social Background of 300,000 Danish emigrants, 1975.

Finnish History Veikko Anttila, ‘The modernisation of Finnish peasant farming in the late C19th and early C20th’, SEHR 24 (1976) 33-44 F Skrubbeltrang, ‘The history of the Finnish peasant’, SEHR 12 (1964) 165-180 – this is a review of a longer book (in Swedish) on the same subject, but it is a good summary. Riitta Hjerppe, The Finnish Economy 1860-1985: Growth and Structural Change, 1989. Perti Haapala, ‘How was the Working Class Formed? The Case of Finland, 1850-1920’, SJH, 12, 1987. Henrik Stenius, ‘The breakthrough of the principle of mass organisation in Finland’, SJH 5, 1980. Korppi-Tommola, Aura, ’Fighting Together for Freedom: Nationalism, Socialism and Women's Suffrage, 1906’, SJH, 15, 1990. Lähteenmäki Maria, ’To the Margins and Back? The Role of Women in the Finnish Labour Movement in the Twentieth Century’, in SJH, vol. 23, no. 3-4, 1998.

Norwegian History Sogner Sølvi, ‘Freeholder and cottar: property relationships and the social structure in the peasant community in Norway during the C18th’, SJH, 1, 1976. Seip, Anne-Lise, ’Nation-building within the union: Politics, class and culture in the Norwegian nation state in the C19th’, SJH 20, 1995. Hovland Edgar et al., ’Proto-industrialisation in Norway, 1750-1850: Fact or Fiction?’, SEHR, 1982. Lieberman Sima, The industrialization of Norway 1800-1920, 1970. Hodne Fritz, An Economic History of Norway 1815-1970, 1975, (ch. 13). Drake M., Population and Society in Norway 1735-1865, 1969, (ch. 3)

Nordic History, autumn 2017 Peter Ericsson Department of History Uppsala University

Tonneson K., ’Popular protest and organization: The Thrane movement in pre-industrial Norway, 1849-55’, SJH 13, 1988. Svåsund Lars, ‘The early organisation society in Norway’, SJH 5, 1980. Myhre, Jan Eivind, "Finding the middle class. Norway in a comparative perspective, c. 1870-1940." SJH, 1994. Sejersted Francis, ‘A Theory of Economic and Technological Development in Norway in the C19th’, SEHR, vol 40, 1992. Blom, Ida, "Women"s Politics and Women in Politics in Norway Since the End of the Nineteenth Century", Scandinavian Journal of History 12:1 (1987), 17-33

Swedish History Magnusson Lars, An Economic History of Sweden, 2000. Gustafsson Bo, ’The industrial Revolution in Sweden’, in Mikuláš Teich & Roy Porter, (eds.), The Industrial Revolution in National Context: Europe and the USA, 1996. Lundkvist Sven, ‘Popular Movements and Reforms’, in Koblik, Sweden’s Development from Poverty to Affluence, 1975. Sven Lundkvist, ‘The popular movements in Swedish society, 1850-1920’, SJH, 5, 1980. Ericsson, Tom, "The Mittelstand in Swedish Class Society 1870-1914", in SJH, 9, 1984. Lennart Schön, ‘Internal and external factors in Swedish industrialisation’, SEHR, 3, 1997.

Seminar 2: The Nordic welfare model

The theme for this seminar is the Nordic welfare model. During the 20th century all the Nordic countries developed into welfare states with extensive social systems. Discuss how these social systems evolved, the connection with the Nordic social democratic parties, and how they changed over time against the background of economic prosperity and recessions.

Nordic history Petersson Olof, The Government and Politics of the Nordic Countries, 1994. Allardt Erik, et al., (eds.), Nordic Democracy, 1981. Einhorn Eric S & Logue John, Modern Welfare States: Politics and Policies in Social Democratic Scandinavia, 1989. Huber Evelyne & Stephens John D., 'The Social Democratic Welfare State', in Andrew Glyn, (ed.) Social Democracy in Neoliberal Times, 2001. Christiansen Niels Finn & Petersen Klaus, ’Preface’, SJH, 26:3, 2001. David Arter, Scandinavian Politics Today, 1999. (ch. 8) Baldwin Peter, The Politics of Social Solidarity: Class Bases of the European Welfare State, 1875-1975, 1990. (Chs. 2 & 4 on Sweden and Denmark). Kautto Mikko, ‘Introduction: the Nordic welfare states in the 1990s’, in Mikko Kautto et al. (eds.), Nordic Social Policy: Changing Welfare States, 1999.

Nordic History, autumn 2017 Peter Ericsson Department of History Uppsala University

Heikkilä Matti et al, ‘Conclusion: the Nordic model stands stable but on shaky ground’ in Mikko Kautto, et al. (eds.) Nordic Social Policy: Changing Welfare States, 1999. Sipilä Jorma et al. ’A multitude of universal, public services – how and why did the four Scandinavian countries get their social care service model?’, in Jorma Sipilä (ed.), Social Care Services: The Key to the Scandinavian Welfare Model, 1997, (ch. 3) Abrahamson Peter, ’The Scandinaivan social service state in comparison’, in Jorma Sipilä (ed.), Social Care Services: The Key to the Scandinavian Welfare Model, 1997, (ch. 3) Trägårdh Lars, ‘Statist Individualism: On the Culturality of the Nordic Welfare State’, in Sørensen and Stråth (eds.), The Cultural Construction of Norden, 1997. Kautto Mikko et al., (eds.), Nordic Welfare States in the European Context, 2001. Kuhnle Stein, ‘The Scandinavian Welfare Model in the 1990s: Challenged but viable’, West European Politics vol. 23 no. 2, 2000. Karvonen, Lauri & Selle Per, (eds.) Women in Nordic Politics: Closing the Gap, 1995, (ch. 1). Rehn, Gösta, ’The Wages of Success’ in Stephen R Grauband, (ed.), Norden - The Passion for Equality, 1986 (ch. 7). Skard Torild & Elina Haavio-Mannila, ‘Equality Between the Sexes - Myth or Reality in Norden?’ in Stephen R Grauband, (ed.), Norden - The Passion for Equality, 1986 (ch. 8). Sainsbury Diane, ’Gender and the making of welfare states: Norway and Sweden’, in Social politics, pp. 113-143, 8, 1 , 2001. Sörensen Kerstin, ’Gender and the social democratic welfare regime: a comparison of gender-equality friendly policies in Sweden and Norway’, in Kerstin Sörensen & Christina Bergqvist, Arbetsliv i omvandling, 2002:5.

Danish History Hastrup Bjarne, Contemporary Danish Society: Danish Democracy and Welfare, 1995. (ch. 2) Christiansen Niels Finn & Petersen Klaus, ’The Dynamics of Social Solidarity: The Danish Welfare State, 1900–2000’, in SJH vol. 26, no. 3, 2001. Andersen Jørgen Goul, ‘The Scandinavian Welfare Model in Crisis? Achievements and Problems of the Danish Welfare State in an Age of Unemployment and Low Growth’, SPS vol. 20 no. 1, 1997. Green-Pedersen Christoffer, ‘The Danish Welfare State under bourgeois reign’, SPS vol. 22 no. 3, 1999.

Finnish History Kettunen, Pauli, ’The Nordic Welfare State in Finland’, in SJH vol. 26, no. 3, 2001. Jan-Erik Johanson & Mikko Mattila, ‘The Vicious Circle of Cutback Policies: Citizens’ Attitudes Towards Cutbacks in Finnish Welfare Services’, SPS vol 17 no 4 (1994) Grönick Ritva, ‘The Social and Political Role of Women in Finland’, in, Clive Archer & Stephen Maxwell, The Nordic Model, 1980 (pp. 52-64).

Nordic History, autumn 2017 Peter Ericsson Department of History Uppsala University

Norwegian History Bjørnson, Øyvind, ’ The Social Democrats and the Norwegian Welfare State: Some Perspectives’, in SJH vol. 26, no. 3, 2001. Kiel Anne Cohen, Continuity and Change, chapter on Norwegian welfare state, 1993.

Swedish History Olsson Sven E., Social Policy and Welfare State in Sweden, 1990, (ch. 3 & 4.) Olsson Ulf, ‘Planning in the Swedish Welfare State’, Studies in Political Economy 34, 1991. (This is also reprinted as ch 29 of Jonung and Ohlsson, The Economic Development of Sweden since 1870 (1997) Freeman R. et al., The Welfare State in Transition: Reforming the Swedish Model, 1997. Lundberg Urban & Åmark Klas, ’Social Rights and Social Security: The Swedish Welfare State, 1900–2000’, SJH, vol. 26, no. 3, 2001. Ohlsson Rolf, 'The Rise of the Swedish Welfare State - Thanks to Women', in Lars Jonung & Rolf Ohlsson (eds.), The Economic Development of Sweden since 1870, 1997. Samuelsson Kurt, ’The Philosophy of Swedish Welfare Policies’ in S. Koblik, Sweden's Development from Poverty to Affluence, 1750-1970, 1975.

Seminar 3. Race and minorities: mechanisms of inclusion and exclusion

The theme for the third seminar is minorities and notions of race in the Nordic countries. Discuss the role of minorities, new and old, in the Nordic countries, how they have been perceived and how their statuses have changed over time. Discuss different notions of race and cultural differences in the Nordic countries during different times.

Nordic History Runblom Harald, ‘Immigration to Scandinavia after World War II’, in Sven Tägil, (ed.), Ethnicity and Nation Building in the Nordic World, 1995. Tägil Sven, ’Ethnic and national minorities in the Nordic Nation-building process: theorietical and Conceptual premises’ in Sven Tägil (ed.), Ethnicity and Nation Building in the Nordic World, 1995. Salvesen Helge, ‘Sami Ædnan: Four States - One Nation? Nordic Minority Policy and the History of the Sami’, in Sven Tägil, Ethnicity and Nation Building in the Nordic World, 1995. Gunnar Broberg & Nils Roll-Hansen, ’Scandinavia: An Introduction’, & ’Conclusion: Scandinavian Eugenics in the International Context’, in Eugenics and the welfare state: sterilization policy in Denmark, Sweden, Norway, and Finland, 1996. Roll-Hansen, Nils, ’Eugenics in Scandinavia After 1945: Change of Values and Growth in Knowledge’, in SJH, vol. 24, no. 2, 1999. Bjørgo Tore, ’’’The Invaders’, ’the Traitors’ and ’the Resistance Movement’: The Extreme Right's Conceptualisation of Opponents and Self in Scandinavia’’, in Tariq

Nordic History, autumn 2017 Peter Ericsson Department of History Uppsala University

Modood and Pnina Werbner (eds.) The politics of multiculturalism in the new Europe: racism, identity and community, 1997.

Danish History Rerup Lorenz, ’National Minoriteis in South Jutland/Schleswig’, in Sven Tägil, Ethnicity and Nation Building in the Nordic World, 1995, (pp. 247-281). Hansen Bent Sigurd, ’Something Rotten in the State of Denmark’, in Eugenics and the welfare state : sterilization policy in Denmark, Sweden, Norway, and Finland, 1996.

Finnish History Hietala Marjatta, ’From Race Hygiene to Sterilization: The Eugenics Movement in Finland’ in Eugenics and the welfare state : sterilization policy in Denmark, Sweden, Norway, and Finland, 1996. Engman Max, ’Finns and Swedes in Finland’, in Sven Tägil, Ethnicity and Nation Building in the Nordic World, 1995, (pp. 179-216). Engman Max, ’Karelians betweens East and West’, Sven Tägil, Ethnicity and Nation Building in the Nordic World, 1995, (pp. 217-246).

Norwegian History Harald Gaski, Sami Culture in a New Era: The Norwegian Sami Experience, 1998. Roll-Hansen Nils, ’Norwegian Eugenics: Sterilization as Social Reform’, in Eugenics and the welfare state : sterilization policy in Denmark, Sweden, Norway, and Finland, 1996.

Swedish History Broberg Gunnar & Tydén Mattias, ’Eugenics in Sweden: Efficient Care’, in Eugenics and the welfare state: sterilization policy in Denmark, Sweden, Norway, and Finland, 1996. Broberg Gunnar & Tydén Mattias, ’Introduction’, in SJH, vol. 24, no. 2, 1999. Weindling Paul, ’International Eugenics: Swedish Sterilization in Context’; in SJH, vol. 24, no. 2, 1999. Weingart Peter, ’Science and Political Culture: Eugenics in Comparative Perspective’, in SJH, vol. 24, no. 2, 1999. Porter Dorothy, ’Eugenics and the Sterilization Debate in Sweden and Britain Before World War II’, in SJH, vol. 24, no. 2, 1999. Pred Allan, Even in Sweden: Racisms, Racialised Spaces and the Popular Geographical Imagination, 2000. Göran Rystad, ‘The Swedes in Finland – Nationality or Minority?’, in Veniamin Alekseyev & Sven Lundkvist, (eds.), State and Minorities, 1997. Lundqvist, Sven, ’The Saamis and the Swedish State in the 20th century’, in Alekseyev and Lundkvist, (eds.), State and Minorities, 1997. Dahlström, Carl, ’Rhetoric, Practice and the Dynamics of Insitutional Change: Immigrant Policy in Sweden, 1964-2000’, in Scandinavian Political Studies, vol. 27, no. 3, 2004.

Nordic History, autumn 2017 Peter Ericsson Department of History Uppsala University

Sweden in 2000 – a country of migration. Past, present and future, published by Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Department for Migration and Asylum Policy, 2001. (pp. 1-81) Runcis, Maja, "Sterilization in the Swedish welfare state dissertation" in Steriliseringar i folkhemmet, 1998