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Northern and Southern Vietnamese Tone Coarticulation: a Comparative Case Study Marc Brunelle 49 JSEALS Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society Paul Sidwell, Managing Editor Mark Alves, Executive Editor this edition Editorial Advisory Board George Bedell (Thailand) Amara Prasithrathsint (Thailand) Gerard Diffloth (Cambodia) Martha Ratliff (USA) Marlys Macken (USA) Sophana Srichampa (Thailand) Brian Migliazza (USA) Uri Tadmor (Indonesia) Keralapura Nagaraja (India) Justin Watkins (UK) JSEALS is the peer-reviewed journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society, and is devoted to publishing research on the languages of mainland and insular Southeast Asia. JSEALS was formally established by decision of the SEALS 17 meeting, held at the University of Maryland in September 2007. It supersedes the Conference Proceedings, previously published by Arizona State University and later by Pacific Linguistics. JSEALS welcomes articles that are topical, focused on linguistic (as opposed to cultural or anthropological) issues, and which further the lively debate that characterizes the annual SEALS conferences. Publication is annual. Papers should be submitted to the Managing Editor, electronically ([email protected] or [email protected]) by December 31st for inclusion in the follow year’s issue. Submission is open to all, although we expect that most JSEALS articles have been formally submitted for peer review and publication after having the opportunity to be presented and discussed at the SEALS conference. Note that papers are expected to be written in English. As a service to the community, non-reviewed conference presentations are archived on our website (www.jseals.org). The SEALS On-Line Archives holds the texts of most of the yearly conference publications. Pacific Linguistics Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY ISSN 1836-6821 Contents Editorial iii Sino-Vietnamese Grammatical Vocabulary And Sociolinguistic Conditions For Borrowing Mark J. Alves 1 Agreement In Laizo George Bedell, Kee Shein Mang, Khar Thuan 11 Influence Of Lexical Semantics On Reflexes And Allomorphs Of *<um> And *<in> In Bonggi Michael Boutin 23 Northern And Southern Vietnamese Tone Coarticulation: A Comparative Case Study Marc Brunelle 49 Contact Pragmatics: Requests In Wisconsin Hmong Susan Meredith Burt 63 English Loanword Adaptation In Burmese Charles B. Chang 77 A Layer Of Dongsonian Vocabulary In Vietnamese Michel Ferlus 95 Modality In Burmese: ‘May’ Or ‘Must’ – Grammatical Uses Of yá ‘Get’ Mathias Jenny 111 Singapore English Wh-Questions: A Gap In The Paradigm Chonghyuck Kim,Qizhong Chang,Rong Chen Lau,Selvanathan Nagarajan 127 Structural And Pragmatic Functions Of Kuki-Chin Verbal Stem Alternations Deborah King 141 The Middle Voice In Tagalog Naonori Nagaya 159 Reduplication Asymmetries In Bahasa Indonesia And The Organization Of The Lexicon-Syntax Interface Yosuke Sato 189 i Proto-Mon-Khmer Vocalism: Moving On From Shorto’s ‘Alternances’ Paul Sidwell 205 Basic Serial Verb Constructions In Thai Kiyoko Takahashi 215 An Acoustic Study Of Interword Consonant Sequences In Vietnamese Trần Thị Thúy Hiền, Nathalie Vallée 231 The Integration Of English Loanwords In Hong Kong Cantonese Cathy Sin Ping Wong, Robert S. Bauer, Zoe Wai Man Lam 251 Nonexhaustive Syllabification In Temiar Ngee Thai Yap 267 Data Paper Preliminary Notes On The Phonology, Orthography And Vocabulary Of Semnam (Austroasiatic, Malay Peninsula) Niclas Burenhult, Claudia Wegener 283 ii Editorial Welcome to JSEALS Volume 1, the first issue of the Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society. From the inception of the Society in 1991, until 2006, papers presented at the annual SEALS meetings were published as proceedings volumes, first by the Arizona State University, and later by Pacific Linguistics and at the Australian National University. From now on JSEALS will be the principal organ of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society. This change follows a history of difficulties with the proceedings; some issues were delayed by years for editorial and financial reasons, and those which were printed were not sold widely. It became evident that it would take a significant commitment of resources, for which there was no obvious source, to continue the old publication model. At the 2006 and 2007 meetings (20-21/9/06 Atma Jaya University, Indonesia and 31/8-2/9/07 University of Maryland, USA) conference committee members and attendees engaged in discussions about the future of the proceedings, with many ideas canvassed. At the Maryland meeting, it was finally decided that SEALS should pursue a two pronged strategy: (1) to adopt electronic publication as the primary distribution mechanism to reduce costs and improve access, and (2) to move to peer review in order to ensure consistent high quality content. The second of these is particularly important; more than ever, scholars must demonstrate their research output with the publication of refereed journal articles, while traditional conference proceedings increasingly count for less. At the same time, there is still scepticism about the quality and status of electronic publications, so the adoption of a robust quality control mechanism is essential. Consequently, the Society decided to take action by ending the old proceedings series and relaunching publication as JSEALS. A new website was created at www.jseals.org, and Pacific Linguistics agreed to publish the journal online for free, and also offer a printed version for sale on demand. Subsequently, an editorial board and executive editors were recruited, and we set about preparing the first issue. This was slated to take papers from the 2007 meeting, as well as being open to other contributions that might pass editorial criteria and the review process. The plan was simple enough: papers submitted by the end of the year would be reviewed in the first half of the following year, and the journal would come out before year’s end. That implied a first publication date of late 2008 for the birth of the new journal. However, the initial process of starting a refereed journal took much longer than anticipated. Collecting papers from dozens of authors, enlisting the unpaid aid of even more reviewers, and maintaining contact with all of them was a complex and time- consuming task. We have learned much from our experience so far and have already made some procedural changes which are reducing the holdups somewhat. For this issue we decided to go to press once a minimum number of finalized papers were compiled and typeset. The half dozen or so still unfinalized papers will have priority for the next issue of the journal. In addition to refereed papers, we will also accept data papers, book reviews, and conference reports (subject to internal editorial review). For the first issue of JSEALS we iii are very pleased to include a substantial data paper on Semnam, an endangered Aslian languages of Malaysia. We hope that the results of our labours are satisfactory, and we thank everyone who has contributed papers and reviews for their efforts and patience through the process. The second volume of JSEALS should be published later in 2009, and the publication process will then hopefully become routine. Ultimately our success will be realised as increased status for the journal and a secure future for our annual SEALS meetings. Mark Alves (Executive Editor) Paul Sidwell (Managing Editor) March 2009 iv SINO-VIETNAMESE GRAMMATICAL VOCABULARY AND SOCIOLINGUISTIC CONDITIONS FOR BORROWING Mark J. Alves Montgomery College <[email protected]> Abstract Vietnamese has been demonstrated to be a Mon-Khmer Austroasiatic language (Haudricourt 1954, Shorto 2006), albeit one which differs substantially from the typical Austroasiatic phonological template (Alves 2001). Some of that linguistic transformation was most likely due in part to language contact with Chinese, primarily through the massive lexical borrowing that took place over the past two millennia. However, the question of the sociolinguistic conditions under which this borrowing occurred over this large period of time has nevertheless been little described. The main purpose of this paper is to consider the borrowing of grammatical vocabulary in particular from Chinese into Vietnamese to exemplify the long-term Sino-Vietnamese language contact. This requires an exploration of the socio-historical context in which the elements of Chinese came into Vietnamese and a sorting out of the spoken versus literary means of transmission of linguistic borrowing. This case study in the borrowing of grammatical vocabulary sheds light on the issues of language contact and linguistic borrowing when a prestigious written language is accessible to a linguistic community. Overview A database being amassed by this author1 indicates that well over 400 Vietnamese words, considered native vocabulary today, were most likely borrowed via a spoken means of transmission around the time of the Han Dynasty (though some possibly as late as the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, which began in the 7th century CE). This large number of early loanwords at least in part the result of the immigration of some twenty thousand Chinese soldier-settlers who were sent to Vietnamese and brought with them many of the cultural customs and material trappings of Chinese civilization (Taylor 1983:49). The Han Dynasty was, however, the only period in which such a large quantity of spoken Chinese was directly borrowed without the powerful influence of written Chinese. It is the assertion here that the early foundation of Chinese culture in the
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