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MILITARY HISTORY of FORT RECOVERY, OHIO by Robert V

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MILITARY HISTORY of FORT RECOVERY, OHIO by Robert V ' . ' MILITARY HISTORY OF FORT RECOVERY, OHIO By Robert V. Van Trees ln his headquirters at Fort Green Ville, during late December of 1793, Major General Anthony Wayne contemplated the bittersweet report he had just received. A few days earlier he had ordered a detachment to proceed northwest and erect a wilderness fort where Major General Arthur St. Clair's ill-fated exbedition had been soundly defeated by the Indians on November 4, 1791. The detachment had secured the wooded site along the Wabash River--that was the good news. The remainder of the report was a grisly account of what the detachment had found. Arriving on the snow-covered banks of the Wabash--scene of the historic debacle which left more than 900 members of St. Clair's expedition lifeless--the soldiers began scraping away the snow preparing to pitch their tents. Through the cheerless light which slashed through the ageless silent and barren sentinels around them, in freezing weather the soldiers slowly began uncovering the mortal remains of hundreds who still lay where they had fallen two years before. Alternately ravaged by sleet, snow, rain, and sun-­ and the wilderness predators who gormandized on human flesh-­ the now silent contorted forms provided mute evidence of the Indian's unbelievable vengeful depravity. With all the care that circumstances would permit, the mortal remains of several hundred unfortunate souls were interred and the task of erecting a wilderness fort began. Erected on hallowed soil, and the military's deepest penetration into the "Indian country" in late December of 1793, the fort signalled General Wayne's determined intent to wrest control of the wilderness domain from the Indians. Although Wayne had considered calling the site "Fort Restitution," in assigning Captain Alexander Gibson as the first commandant of this strategic stockade, he decided "Fort Recovery" would be more fitting. On the occasion of the 175th anniversary of what some historians refer to as "St. Clair's Defeat," in 1966 the citizens of Fort Recovery published a commemorative booklet whose opening lines are worthy of repeating: "The present site of Fort Recovery was the scene of two very important events in the early history of the Northwest Territory. Some of the greatest Indian tribes cherished this area as their favorite hunting grounds. As the white man pushed forward, the result was a conflict between the races. Attempts at peacef~l settlements had failed. The Indians repudiated the treaties of their chiefs and resented the sound of the woodsman's axe." Contemplating the first of the above mentioned events, perl1ap~ General Wayne took this occasion of naming FORT RECOVERY to momentarily reflect on past events which led to his predecessor's defeat and now the erection of a wilderness ( ' . fort whose name sig'nif ied "the· regaining of a former position." In 1593 a Spanish explorer, Hernando De Soto, led an expedition through the southern region of what later would be the United States. While seeking a water route to the Pacific Ocean, in May of 1673 Louis Jolliet, a French explorer, and Jacques Marquette, a Roman Catholic missionary, paddled down the Wisconsin River and viewed what the Indians called "the big river." From 1669 to 1673 Sieu De La Salle wandered through the immense interior of the Great Lakes region proclaiming France's claim to all land drained by the Mississippi and its tributaries. Prompted by encouragement from a group of English merchants known as "The London Company," in May of 1607 Captain Christopher Newport commanded a fleel of ships which brought 100 English colonists to the Virginia coast where they started the Jamestown seltlement. In November of 1620 the Mayflower completed a 54-day crossing of the ocean and dropped anchor off Cape Cod--one month later these colonists from Plymouth, England landed at the present site of Plymouth, Massachusetts. This legion of white-skinned explorers, missionaries, traders, and colonists soon encountered the copper-colored natives of North American who were--in most cases--surprised, but friendly, despite the difference in the color of their skin. It is interesting to note it was the year 1619 when a Dutch ship brought the first 20 Negroes from Africa to James­ town. In 1747 a group of London merchants and wealthy Virgin­ ians formed the "Ohio Company" and obtained a grant of 200,000 acres in the Ohio valley from King George II of England. Dispatched by this company to reconnoiter their wilderness grant, Christopher Gist returned with a glowirig report regarding the potential of the Ohio Country. Alarmed by such incursions, on June 15, 1749 the Marquis De La Galissonier, Governor General of New France, dispatched an expedition from Montreal led by Captain Pierre Joseph Celoron, Sieur de Blainville, down the St. Lawrence River and across Lake Ontario to reassert the claims of France to all land in the Ohio River valley. As related in "Celoron's Journal," edited by A. A. Lambing and appearing in Vol. 29 of· the Ohio Archaelogical. and Historical Publications (1920), the Captain floated down the Ohio to the mouth of the Great Miami River planting an appropriately inscribed lead plate ai the mouth of ma.ior lributaries reaffirming France's claim to the territory. Tra.ve I i ng overland f ram Pi ck aw i 11 any, I oca ted near where the Loramie empties into the Miami River, to the headwaters of the Maumee on.his return trip to Montreal1 Celoron 1s expedition could very well have followed an old Indian trail leading northwest and crossed the Wabash River a short distance east of where Fort Recovery was erected in 1793. Erroneously referred to in Histories .Q1. .Y1ill. Wert !ill!! Mercer Counties, Ohio (1888) as Arthur St. Clair's "paymaster's box j ' . ' l I l of gold," the box of money found in 1852 on Isaiah Totten's J I out-lot immediately east of Fort Recovery might have belonged to a member of Celoron's expedition. (Northwest Treasurer" "Mercer County Chronicle", July 4, 1985). Regardless of Celoron's route of travel, the French I Captain's attempt to deter incursion, or impose peace on the I population of the Ohio Country, did not succeed. The Indians ! I merely hauled down the lily-dappled flag of the French l Bourbon king, hoisted England's Union Jack, and continued trading with the English in the Ohio Country. As one chronicler related: "The Indians preferred to trade with the British--it was just a simple matter of economics. For a muskrat skin the Indian could get drunk--with the French it took a beaver skin to do the same thing!" In the upper Great Lakes region the Indians continued to bring in their stinking treasury of animal pelts and the French traders bartered for them with the "winterers'' using beads, trinkets, guns, whiskey, and needles. The French were content to reap the benefits from the furs they bartered for and not disturb the red man's convictions regarding the revered land on which the red man lived and hunted. With the Frer1oh flag fluttering over their outposts in the Great Lakes region, and along the Mississippi, French traders plied their lucrative trade as settlers from the seaboard colonies pushed across lhe mountains into the area France claimed. It was also a region some of the colonies claimed by right of the charters given them by the king of England. It was inevitable the colonial interests of France and England would lead to the war which erupted in 1754. During this so-called ''French and Indian War,~ in 1758 Ensign Arthur St. Clair arrived from Scotland to serve with the Sixtieth Regiment of Foot, the Royal Americans, and two years later performed conspicuous military service against the French in Canada. He was destined to see wide swings in both his fortune ahd public service after the conclusion of the war in 1763 and delegates of England and France sat down ih Paris to negotiate "peace," By the terms of that Treaty of Paris, France surrendered to England most of her colonial empire in North America--an area predominantly occupied by Indians but not a single Indian participated in negotiating the treaty which ceded the land on which they lived and hunted. The "Indians" were not even mentioned in this white man's treaty! As the British red coats relieved the French garrisons of western outposts, under British rule the Indians were recognized ~s having the natural rights of occupancy termed "rights of soil" and pursued a policy of buying from the Indians any land they needed around their posts. When the Indians began chaffing at the incursion of white settlers who were crossing the ·mountains in ever-increasing numbers, in 1763 the King of England issued an edict declaring the Appalachian Mountains as a line of demarcation over which the settlers were forbidden to cross. But the German settlers could not--or would not--read the proclamation and the Scotch I ( ' . 1 I ,.1 l and Irish simply ignored the decree. l Frustrated by England's Stamp Act, and similar instances ~ of oppression in a country which longed for "independence and freedom," on June 14, 1775 the Continental Congress created­ the Continental Army "in defense of American liberty," The following day George Washington was appointed a general and commander in chief of the army. It came as no surprise when the Indians--the majority at least-~elected to support the British when the thirteen colonies proclaimed their independence in 1776. Even as the Revolutionary War raged along the east coast, on the western frontier the freedom-loving settlers continued to push into what the Indians considered their domain.
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