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Japan 日本国 Nippon-Koku Nihon-Koku Japan From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia i 日本 Japan /dʒəˈpæn/ (Japanese: Nippon or Japan Nihon; formally 日本国 Nippon-koku or Nihon-koku, literally "[the] State of Japan") is an 日本国 island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Nippon-koku Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, Nihon-koku stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south. The characters that make up Japan's name mean "sun- origin", which is why Japan is often referred to as the "Land of the Rising Sun". Flag Imperial Seal Japan is a stratovolcanic archipelago of 6,852 islands. The four largest islands are Honshu, Anthem: Hokkaido, Kyushu, and Shikoku, which together "Kimigayo" comprise about ninety-seven percent of Japan's "君が代" land area. Japan has the world's tenth-largest population, with over 126 million people. Honshū's Greater Tokyo Area, which includes the de facto capital of Tokyo and several surrounding Government Seal of Japan prefectures, is the largest metropolitan area in the world, with over 30 million residents. Archaeological research indicates that people lived in Japan as early as the Upper Paleolithic period. 五七桐 (Go-Shichi no Kiri) The first written mention of Japan is in Chinese history texts from the 1st century AD. Influence from other nations followed by long periods of isolation has characterized Japan's history. From the 12th century until 1868, Japan was ruled by successive feudal military shoguns in the name of the Emperor. Japan entered into a long period of isolation in the early 17th century, which was only ended in 1853 when a United States fleet pressured Japan to open to the West. Nearly two decades of internal conflict and insurrection followed before the Meiji Emperor was restored as head of state in 1868 and the Empire of Japan was proclaimed, with the Emperor as a divine symbol of the nation. Capital Tokyo In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, victories 35°41ʹN 139°46ʹE in the First Sino-Japanese War, the Russo- Japanese War and World War I allowed Japan to Official languages None[1] expand its empire during a period of increasing Recognised Aynu itak militarism. The Second Sino-Japanese War of regional languages Ryukyuan languages 1937 expanded into part of World War II in 1941, Eastern Japanese which came to an end in 1945 following the Western Japanese atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. several other Japanese dialects Since adopting its revised constitution in 1947, National language Japanese Japan has maintained a unitary constitutional Ethnic groups 98.5% Japanese monarchy with an emperor and an elected (2011[2]) legislature called the Diet. 0.5% Korean 0.4% Chinese Japan is a member of the United Nations, the G7, 0.6% other the G8, and the G-20 major economies. A major Demonym Japanese economic great power,[2] Japan is a developed country and has the world's third-largest economy Government Unitary parliamentary by nominal GDP and the world's fourth-largest constitutional monarchy economy by purchasing power parity. It is also the - Emperor Akihito world's fourth-largest exporter and fourth-largest - Prime Minister Shinzō Abe importer. Although Japan has officially renounced - Deputy Prime Tarō Asō Minister its right to declare war, it maintains a modern military with the world's eighth largest military Legislature National Diet budget,[10] used for self-defense and peacekeeping - Upper house House of Councillors roles. Japan ranks third in Asia on the Human - Lower house House of Representatives Development Index, with the Japanese population Formation enjoying the second highest life expectancy in the - National February 11, 660 BC[3] world and the infant mortality rate being the third Foundation Day - Meiji Constitution November 29, 1890 lowest globally.[11][12][13] - Current constitution May 3, 1947 - San Francisco April 28, 1952 Peace Treaty Contents Area - Total 377,944 km2[4] (62nd) 1 Etymology 145,925 sq mi - Water (%) 0.8 2 History Population 2.1 Prehistory and ancient history - 2014 estimate 126,434,964[5] (10th) 2.2 Feudal era - 2010 census 128,056,026[6] 2.3 Modern era - Density 337.1/km2 (36th) 3 Government and politics 873.1/sq mi 4 Foreign relations and military GDP (PPP) 2014 estimate - Total $4.788 trillion[7] ( ) 5 Administrative divisions 4th - Per capita $37,683[7] (22nd) 6 Geography 6.1 Climate GDP (nominal) 2014 estimate - Total $4.769 trillion[7] (3rd) 6.2 Biodiversity - Per capita $37,539[7] (25th) 6.3 Environment Gini (2008) 37.6[8] 7 Economy medium · 76th 7.1 Economic history HDI (2013) 0.890[9] 7.2 Exports very high · 17th 7.3 Imports Currency Yen (¥) / En 円 (JPY) 7.4 Science and technology Time zone JST (UTC+9) 7.5 Infrastructure - Summer (DST) not observed (UTC+9) 8 Demographics Date format yyyy-mm-dd 8.1 Religion yyyy年m月d日 年 月 日 8.2 Languages Era yy m d (AD−1988) 8.3 Education Drives on the left 8.4 Health Calling code +81 9 Culture ISO 3166 code JP 9.1 Art Internet TLD .jp 9.2 Music 9.3 Literature 9.4 Cuisine 9.5 Sports 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Etymology The English word Japan derives from the Chinese pronunciation of the Japanese name, 日本 , which in Japanese is pronounced Nippon listen or Nihon listen . From the Meiji Restoration until the end of World War II, the full title of Japan was Dai Nippon Teikoku (大 日本帝國), meaning "the Empire of Great Japan". Today the name Nippon-koku or Nihon-koku (日本国) is used as a formal modern-day equivalent; countries like Japan whose long form does not contain a descriptive designation are generally given a name appended by the character koku (国), meaning "country", "nation" or "state". Japanese people refer to themselves as Nihonjin (日本人) and to their language as Nihongo (日本語). Both Nippon and Nihon mean "sun-origin" and are often translated as Land of the Rising Sun. This nomenclature comes from Japanese missions to Imperial China and refers to Japan's eastward position relative to China. Before Nihon came into official use, Japan was known as Wa (倭) or Wakoku (倭国).[14] The English word for Japan came to the West via early trade routes. The Old Mandarin or possibly early Wu Chinese (吳語) pronunciation of Japan was recorded by Marco Polo as Cipangu. In modern Shanghainese, a Wu dialect, the pronunciation of characters 日本 'Japan' is Zeppen [zəʔpən]. The old Malay word for Japan, Jepang, was borrowed from a southern coastal Chinese dialect, probably Fukienese or Ningpo,[15] and this Malay word was encountered by Portuguese traders in Malacca in the 16th century. Portuguese traders were the first to bring the word to Europe.[16] An early record of the word in English is in a 1565 letter, spelled Giapan.[17] History Prehistory and ancient history A Paleolithic culture around 30,000 BC constitutes the first known habitation of the Japanese archipelago. This was followed from around 14,000 BC (the start of the Jōmon period) by a Mesolithic to Neolithic semi-sedentary hunter-gatherer culture, who include ancestors of both the contemporary Ainu people and Yamato people,[18][19] characterized by pit dwelling and rudimentary agriculture.[20] Decorated clay vessels from this period are some of the oldest surviving examples of pottery in the world. Around 300 BC, the Yayoi people began to enter the Japanese islands, The Golden Hall and five-storey intermingling with the Jōmon.[21] The Yayoi period, starting around pagoda of Hōryū-ji, among the oldest [22] wooden buildings in the world, 500 BC, saw the introduction of practices like wet-rice farming, a National Treasures, and a UNESCO new style of pottery,[23] and metallurgy, introduced from China and World Heritage Site Korea.[24] Japan first appears in written history in the Chinese Book of Han.[25] According to the Records of the Three Kingdoms, the most powerful kingdom on the archipelago during the 3rd century was called Yamataikoku. Buddhism was first introduced to Japan from Baekje of Korea, but the subsequent development of Japanese Buddhism was primarily influenced by China.[26] Despite early resistance, Buddhism was promoted by the ruling class and gained widespread acceptance beginning in the Asuka period (592–710).[27] The Nara period (710–784) of the 8th century marked the emergence of a strong Japanese state, centered on an imperial court in Heijō-kyō (modern Nara). The Nara period is characterized by the appearance of a nascent literature as well as the development of Buddhist-inspired art and architecture.[28] The smallpox epidemic of 735–737 is believed to have killed as much as one-third of Japan's population.[29] In 784, Emperor Kammu moved the capital from Nara to Nagaoka-kyō before relocating it to Heian-kyō (modern Kyoto) in 794. This marked the beginning of the Heian period (794–1185), during which a distinctly indigenous Japanese culture emerged, noted for its art, poetry and prose. Lady Murasaki's The Tale of Genji and the lyrics of Japan's national anthem Kimigayo were written during this time.[30] Buddhism began to spread during the Heian era chiefly through two Samurai warriors face Mongols, major sects, Tendai by Saichō, and Shingon by Kūkai. Pure Land during the Mongol invasions of Japan. Buddhism (Jōdo-shū, Jōdo Shinshū) greatly becomes popular in the The Kamikaze, two storms, are said to latter half of the 11th century. have saved Japan from Mongol fleets.
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