451 h emnneadCr fClrPoorpsChapter13 The PermanenceandCareofColorPhotographs meet thefollowingthreebasicrequirements: used withblack-and-whiteandcolorphotographsshould 13. 2. 1. Mount boards,paperenvelopes,andinterleavingsheets other paperproducts,thep ing willenhancethelongevityofmountboardsandmost chromogenic colorprints. ered, “acid-free”boardsandpaperswiththesesimilar line-buffered boardsandpapers and black-and-whitephotographs.High-qualityalka- of bufferingagentsarerecommendedforbothcolor sequently, itisadvisabletoavoidhigh-p ated byanalkalineenvironment(seeChapter5).Con- age fadingrateofthecyanimagedyealsoisacceler- environment. Withsomeofthesepapers,thedarkstor- type ofstainformationisacceleratedbyanalkaline at roomtemperature,andthereisevidencethatthis tionable overallyellowishstainduringnormaldarkstorage other chromogenicpapersgraduallydevelopanobjec- tra II,EktacolorSupra,Professional,andmost chrome papers,printsmadewithKodakEktacolorPor- ample, withtheexceptionsofrecentFujicolorandFuji- type ofphotographbeingmountedorstored.Forex- marily bywhatisbestforthestabilityofparticular boards andpaperproductsshouldbedeterminedpri- of photographsareinherently farmorestableandlong- that ofthephotographused withit. or otherpaperproductshould beatleastequalto The long-termphysicalstabilityofthemountboard pers thathaveanear-neutralp mount boards,enclosurepapers,andinterleavingpa- the photograph.Pendingfurtherstudy,high-quality or paper,butratherbywhatwillmaximizethelifeof should bedeterminednotbywhatisbestfortheboard calcium carbonateormagnesiumbuffering for platinumandpalladiumprints. composition, p type ofcolororblack-and-whitephotograph. ate theratesofdeteriorationinherentwithagiven staining orfadingofprintsandshouldnotacceler- Mount boardsandpapermaterialsshouldnotcause While thereisampleevidencethatalkalinebuffer- Products UsedwithPhotographs Stability ofMountBoardsandOtherPaper Composition, pH,Testing, andLightFading See page453forRecommendations H , andothercharacteristicsofmount
H levelandtheadditionof H By CarolBrowerandHenryWilhelm
are without 1 believedsuitable Sincesometypes H , alkaline-buff- thepresence The 3. on display have anexceedinglylonglifeeitherifexposedtolight Selenium Tonerorasulfidingtoner,canbeexpectedto white printsthathavebeentreatedwithKodakRapid tographs, andproperlyprocessedfiber-baseblack-and- stable organicdyesusedwithothertypesofcolorpho- tremely stablecolorpigmentsinsteadofthefarless (introduced in1989),bothofwhicharemadewithex- troduced in1991)andPolaroidPermanent-Colorprints the otherhand,UltraStablePermanentColorprints(in- bility requirementsoftheboardchosentomountit.On intended useofaprintwillstronglyinfluencethesta- which willhaveamuchshorterlifeifdisplayed—the many hundredsofyearswhenstoredinthedark,but prints —whichshouldremaininexcellentconditionfor 1963–1991), KodakDyeTransferprints,andFujiDyecolor With IlfordIlfochromeprints(calledCibachromeprints, determine thestabilityrequirementsofmountboard. subjected tolightfadingduringprolongeddisplaywill rials, boththetypeofprintandwhetherornotitwillbe and paperswillvarycorrespondingly.Withcolormate- lasting thanothers,thestabilityrequirementsforboards its co-existencewithaphotograph. should notchangeanobjectionableamountduring The brightnessandcolorortoneofamountboard repeated openingandclosingwithoutbreaking. velope musthavegreatfoldingendurancetowithstand retain itssmoothnessandflexibility;astorageen- throughout itsexpectedlife;aninterleavingpapermust and stiffnesstoproperlysupportprotectaprint ing: amountboardmustmaintainsufficientstrength these prints. boards andothermaterialsshouldbechosentomount family portrait displayedinahome.Evensubtle differ- Ektacolor printfordisplayin anofficeorEktacolor than aboardformatting comparatively short-lived ously havemuchbettervisual stabilitycharacteristics in amuseumcollection,the mountboardshouldobvi- and thatmaybedisplayedfor manyhundredsofyears that hasbeentreatedwithKodak RapidSeleniumToner originally selected. cal werethevisualcriteriaforboardwhenitwas depends ontheparticularapplication,andhowcriti- visual changethatcanbetoleratedinamountboard Physical stabilityrequirementsincludethefollow- For example,withafiber-baseblack-and-whiteprint or ifkeptinthedark.Onlymoststable Theamountof
This document originated at on June 6, 2003 under file name: frame thatStieglitz prepared.TheprintatSzarkowski’s lefthasbeenremounted, matted,andframedwithcontemporary materia photographs byAlfredStieglitz, bothtakenin1935.Theprinttheforegroundremainsaffixed totheoriginalmountin John Szarkowski,directoremeritus oftheDepartmentPhotographyatMuseumModern ArtinNewYorkCity,studiestwo Chapter13 Compostion, pH,Testing,andLightFadingStabilityofBoardsPapers original
Carol Brower – July 1987 ls. 452
This document originated at on June 6, 2003 under file name: 453 h emnneadCr fClrPoorpsChapter13 The PermanenceandCareofColorPhotographs • • • • • • the 86% performed atamoremoderaterelativehumiditythan modified tohavegreatlyextendedtesttimesandbe (silver-gelatin) materialsin Sec. 5.1PhotographicActivityTestforblack-and-white in Sec.5.7of humidity-controlled 6.0kluxfluorescent lamptestspecified boards shouldbeevaluatedwith thetemperature-and material ofinterest.Thelight fading stabilityofmount particular typesofblack-and-white orcolorphotographic in the complex,multi-temperature Arrheniustestdescribed be employed.Thebestmethodofevaluationistouse dard described underSec.5.1of the “interimtest”fornonsilverphotographicmaterials ucts usedwithcolorandblack-and-whitephotographs, Test Methods: to theconsumer. the actualmanufacturerofeachproductisunavailable recommended wereitnotforthefactthatnameof Division ofHeller&Usdan,Inc.wouldprobablybe by LightImpressionsCorporationandtheArchivart the market.Forexample,anumberofproductssold recommend otherhigh-qualityboardsandpaperson products andinpromotionalliterature,theauthorscannot the compositionandmanufacturerisprovidedwith Truth inLabeling: Envelope orInterleavingPaper: by theauthors: on themarketisrecommended—withreservations photograph (seeChapter12).Onlyoneblackboard lutely nodirectcontactbetweentheboardand When ablackboardisrequired,thereshouldbeabso- for precautions): buffered (refertotextinthischapterandChapter12 tified onthepackaging.Theseboardsarealkaline 13.1 colorants havesuperiorlightfadingstability(see desired, thefollowingarerecommendedbecausetheir When coloredortinted100%cottonfiberboardsare Colored 100%CottonFiberMountBoards: Nonbuffered 100%CottonFiberMountBoards: the followingmountboardsandpaperarerecommended: ingly. Forthemoststableandvaluablephotographs, for storingphotographsshouldbeselectedaccord- color print),somountboardsandpaperproductsused fiber-base black-and-whiteprintversusaKodakEkta- far morestablethanothers(e.g.,acarefullyprocessed Requirements Vary: ANSI IT Atlantis SilversafePhotostore Strathmore MuseumBoard(Black) Strathmore MuseumBoard(Natural) Strathmore MuseumBoard(Green) Strathmore MuseumBoard(Gray) Strathmore MuseumBoard(Creme) Strathmore MuseumBoard(Brown) James RiverMuseumBoard(Ivory) Rising PhotomountMuseumBoard(White) Parsons PhotographicMuseumBoard(White) Atlantis 100%CottonMuseumBoard(TGOffwhite) ) andbecausethemanufacturersareclearlyiden- IT 9.2-1991 RH 9.9-1990 calledforintheStandard.Inaddition, Recommendations ANSI IT Fortestingthesuitabilityofpaperprod- isrecommended.Thetestshouldbe , withmaterialsincontact the Until adequateinformationabout 9.9-1990. Sometypesofphotographsare ANSI IT American NationalStan- 9.2-1991 shouldalso Table always beonthe “weakestlink”amongthe manyfactors materials inthefirstplace. The focusofattentionshould ever, tospendthatmoney makeprintsonmorestable very high-qualitymounting materials. Itisbetter,how- course, noharmisdoneto unstableprintsbyselecting base, orwiththebest100%cotton fibermuseumboard.Of tration board,”madewitha high-lignin-content chipboard less ofwhethertheprintismountedoninexpensive“illus- ration willproceedatessentiallythesameratesregard- ated discolorationandfading,otherformsofdeterio- make littleornodifference.Lightfading,lacquer-associ- ful lifeondisplay,thechoiceofmountboardwillprobably and displayed.Fortheseprints,whichhavealimiteduse- have beenretouchedandlacquered;mostwillbeframed fessional portraitandweddingphotographers,manyofwhich Fujicolor, andsimilarchromogenicprintssuppliedbypro- the UnitedStateseachyear,majorityareEktacolor, processed. stable materialsandtobecertainthattheyareproperly not overshadowtheneedtomakeprintswithinherently image. Concernaboutasafemountboard,therefore,must made onfiber-basepaper—insteadof black-and-white printisintendedforlong-termdisplay,being its lifethanwilltheselectionofmountboard.Whena protective tonerwillprobablyhavemuchmoreimpacton been treatedwithKodakRapidSeleniumTonerorother For example,whetherornotablack-and-whiteprinthas limit theusefullifeofaphotographevenbeforeitismounted. keep inperspectivethevariousintrinsicfactorsthatcan crucial Useful LifeofaPhotograph of ManyFactorsAffectingthe The ChoiceofMountBoardIsOnlyOne Of thetotalnumberofphotographsthataremountedin In anydiscussionofmountboards,itisimportantto mogenic colorprints. fade farmorerapidlythanEktacolorandsimilarchro- boards havepoorlightfadingstability;someactually Table 13.1 teristics mustbeevaluatedseparately.Asshownin related toaboard’sphysicalstability.Thesecharac- able. ingredients, anychangeinthemwillbeclearlynotice- boards donothavesuchcoatings,or“anti-yellowing” ness oftheunderlyingpapersupport.Becausemount layer caneffectivelyhideyellowingorlossofbright- RC between theemulsionandsupportor,incaseof white pigment(bariumsulfateortitaniumdioxide)coated most colorprintmaterialshavealayercontaining photograph’s supportmaterial.Allblack-and-whiteand resistance toyellowingorotherdiscolorationthanthe eners. boards shouldnot,however,containfluorescentbright- mum colorandbrightnessstabilitypossible.Mount lections, mountboardsshouldalwayshavethemaxi- of fineartprints;therefore,inmuseumorcol- ences inboardtonescanbeimportantthemats The visualstabilityofaboardmayornotbe In addition,mountboardsshouldhaveanevengreater papers,asatopcoatingofthebasepaperitself;this importancetoinsurethemaximumlongevityof , manyavailablehigh-qualitycoloredmount RC paper—isof
This document originated at on June 6, 2003 under file name: opsin H etn,adLgtFdn tblt fBad n aesChapter13 Compostion, pH,Testing,andLightFadingStabilityofBoardsPapers photographs, photographic chemistGeorge Eatonsaid: effects ofimproperstorage materials onblack-and-white the pastdecade.Commenting onthepotentiallyharmful received asteadilyincreasing amountofattentionduring and OtherPaperProducts Potential ProblemswithMountBoards available. such photographsbeofthehighestqualityandstability that mountboards,envelopes,andinterleavingpapersfor their imagesmightdeteriorate.Itisimportant,therefore, probably beretainedindefinitelyregardlessofhowmuch virtually unreadable,valuablephotographsinmuseumswill has fadedsomuchduringthepast200yearsthatitisnow which willbesafeguardedforeverdespitethefactthat it displayed intheNationalArchivesWashington,D.C., copy oftheDeclarationIndependenceUnitedStates ing andenclosurematerialsarecritical.Liketheoriginal kept forhundredsorthousandsofyears,long-lastingmount- that determineandaffectthelongevityofaphotograph. Photographic enclosuresand mountingmaterialshave In themuseumandfineartfield,whereprintsmaybe conservation mattingcametobeviewedasnecessaryanddesirable. pulp boardswithoutovermats.Itwasnotuntilthe1970’sthathigh-qualitymuseumbecamewidelyavailableand his photographswiththinpapermats,themajorityofexhibitionprintsweremountedinlifetimeonunstablewood- thickness ofthenewglazing,two4-plymuseumboards,andbacking.)AlthoughStieglitzpersonallyovermattedsome was necessarytoreplaceStieglitz’soriginalframesbecausetheywerenotsturdyordeepenoughsupporttheweightand mounted, matted,andframedtheprintswithcontemporarymaterialstobetterprotectthemduringprolongeddisplay.(It A visitortotheMuseumofModernArtlooksatphotographstakenbyAlfredStieglitzin1935and1936.The comes obvious. or yearsbeforetheaction of theoxidantbe- may notbeapparent,andit maytakemonths can initiatetheimageoxidation reaction.It an oxidizingagentreleased from anymaterial possible conditions.Avery minute amountof archives toencloseandstore underthebest only reasonabletobeequallyconscientiousin from manufacturetoprocessing.Then,itis signed fromtheviewpointofimagestability self hasbeenthoroughlyinvestigatedandde- member firstthatthephotographicartifactit- any deteriorationofphotographicartifacts.Re- the materialsmentionedabovecanreallycause sive tissuesareallsuspect. mounting tissues,adhesives,tapes,andadhe- file cards,aperturecards.Accessoriessuchas lopes, folders,boxesandcartons,interleaves, ucts. .Includedaremountboards,enve- fully selected.Theseareprimarilypaperprod- “housing” photographicartifactsmustbecare- It isperhapsdifficulttobelievethatmanyof Many ofthematerialsusedforenclosingor
Carol Brower – July 1987 454
This document originated at on June 6, 2003 under file name: 455 h emnneadCr fClrPoorpsChapter13 The PermanenceandCareofColorPhotographs ers that wasspecifiedin tional MuseumAct.UsingthePhotographicActivityTest ester InstituteofTechnologyunderagrantfromtheNa- research projectconductedbyJamesM.ReillyattheRoch- paper productswasemphasizedbythefindingsofa1984 results ofsuchtests. gives specificbrand-namerecommendationsbasedonthe graphic industry,andnostudyhasyetbeenpublishedwhich tests havenotoftenbeenappliedoutsideofthephoto- age materialsaresafewithphotographs;however,these been suggestedfordeterminingwhichmountingandstor- it forsafeguardingphotographs.Anumberoftestshave dards ofthepaperindustrydoesnotautomaticallyqualify paper productiswellmadeaccordingtothehigheststan- for usewithphotographs.Thatamountboardorother from amongthemanyproductsonmarket,tochoose and paperstability,itisdifficulttoknowwhichmaterials, ability ofinformationrelatingtopapermakingtechnology ration. Eventoday,however,withthewidespreadavail- cause orcontributetofading,staining,andotherdeterio- indicates thatmountingandstoragematerialsfrequently Eastman Kodaksaid: the causeofdeteriorationinmanyoldermountedprints, pounds andoxidants suchasperoxides,especially under be verysusceptibletodeterioration causedbysulfurcom- ages arenormallygold-toned, theseprintshaveprovento gelatin emulsioncoating).Even thoughthealbumenim- ticles inanegg-albumencoating (insteadofthemodern have animageconsistingof extremelysmallsilverpar- 1890 andfrequentlyfoundin museumcollectionstoday, fading and/orstainingofthealbumentestprints. boards inthestudycausedunacceptablyhighlevels of boards and4ofthe16“archival”purifiedwoodcellulose Reilly reportedthat5ofthe29“archival”100%cottonfiber and mountboards,paper,plasticenclosurematerials, tional Films,
The needforinformationonthesuitabilityofspecific Examination ofhistoricalphotographiccollectionsclearly Acknowledging thedifficultyofaccuratelydetermining Albumen prints,widelymadebetween1850andabout for
board.” shadowed mostchanges[causedby]themount the degradingeffectsofthesechemicalsover- left damagingchemicalsinthephotographs, cessing doneduringthistimewasinferiorand ucts. Becausemuchofthephotographicpro- meet thequalitystandardsofpresentdayprod- the twentiethcentury,mountboardsdidnot hydrogen peroxide( the problem.Carefullymeasuredamountsof experiment willindicatetheinsidiousnatureof to initiatesilveroxidation. only onepartof ver couldbemeasured.Itwasindicatedthat perimental chamberinwhichtheeffectonsil-
Storage
Standard Plates, During thenineteenthcenturyandwellinto One exampleofanimage-oxidation-controlled 3 4
and tostudyinteractionsbetweenalbumenprints
for
Papers
Photography H ANSI 2 O – 2 H in30millionwasrequired Filing 2
O PH1.53-1984 2 ) wereusedinanex- 2
(Processing) Enclosures ,
American
and – Processed
Contain-
Na- Activity Testin dure, whichhasbeenadopted astheprimaryPhotographic enclosure andmountingmaterials. This newtestproce- W. Nishimuraproposedanew acceleratedtestforpaper continued hisresearch;in1987heandco-workerDouglas and implication, colormaterials. products andmodernblack-and-whitephotographsand,by verse reactionsbetweenmountboardsandotherpaper that thereisgenuinecauseforconcernaboutpossiblead- materials. Nevertheless,Reilly’s1984studiesindicated differently thaneitheralbumenormodernblack-and-white are albumenprints,andcolorprintsrespondaltogether to belesssensitiveperoxidesandotheroxidantsthan and papersincludedinthetests. tive productevaluations,Reillydeclinedtoidentifytheboards of avoidingproductbrandnameidentificationincompara- adhesive orbindingagentsomethingsimilar.” something theyputinittoholdtogether—alaminating groundwood. Sosomethingelsewasdoingit.Maybeitis out ofproportiontothefactthattheywereloadedwith the coreofhardboundbookcovers]samples,whichwasall board madefromwastepaperandgroundwood,usedfor served withthebindersboard[aninexpensivesingle-ply a realdevastation.Thiswasthesamekindofthingob- terrible stainingandfadingofalbumenprints.Just have aningredientthatwasreallydreadful—itcaused for discussed below. sults ofthetests,Reillysaid: conditions ofhighrelativehumidity.Reportingonthere-
With theaidofseveralgrantsreceivedin1984–85, Modern silver-gelatinprintmaterialsmaybeexpected In keepingwiththeImagePermanenceInstitute'spolicy Reilly added,“Someofthearchivalboardsseemedto Imaging
Papers staining andfading. able forphotographicstorage,causingheavy study provedthemselvestobeentirelyunsuit- dard” [non-archival]matboardsincludedinthis ing extremelyheavystaining.The“stan- obliterating 5stepsofthegrayscaleandcaus- caused similarandunequalleddeterioration, rag board,oneawhiteconservationboard).. information canbegained. photographs withblackmatboarduntilmore harmful, itwouldbeprudenttoavoidmatting black matboardsincludedinthisstudywere colored (3blackand1gray).Since3outof harmful, 20%ofthetotal.Ofthese,4were ucts . tently producedmorestainingthanpaperprod- incidence ofharmfulreactions.Boardsconsis- some harmfulpapers,boardshadthehighest paper andboardproducts.Whiletherewere problems withstorageenclosurescenteron terials]. Itisapparentfromthisstudythat archival, didverywellcomparedto[paperma- Two archivalboardproducts(oneanoff-white In total,9ofthe45archivalboardswere The plasticenclosures,bothnon-archivaland –
Media Filing ANSI –
Enclosures IT9.2-1991 Photographic 5 ,
and American
Processed
Storage
National
Containers,
Films, 6 Standard
7 Plates, Reilly 8 is
This document originated at on June 6, 2003 under file name: opsin H etn,adLgtFdn tblt fBad n aesChapter13 Compostion, pH,Testing,andLightFadingStabilityofBoardsPapers age ofphotographs: assure thesuitabilityofpaperproductsforlong-termstor- and EnclosureMaterials Specifications andTestsforMountBoards 2. 1. 3. Five approacheshavebeensuggestedinattemptingto Collings andYoung; “silver-tarnishing tests,”suchasthatproposedby Test theboardorpaperproductwithoneof materials hasbeenpublished. tions betweentheseproductsandmodernphotographic studied formanyyears,almostnoresearchoninterac- that affecttheagingcharacteristicsofpapershavebeen long-term contactwithphotographs.Althoughfactors in guaranteeingthataparticularproductissafeduring producing long-lastingpaperproductsthanithasbeen fore, thisapproachhasbeenmuchmoresuccessfulin papers mightaffectdifferentkindsofphotographs;there- exactly howthemanydifferentconstituentsinvarious tified. Thereiscurrentlyalackofknowledgeabout ing ofthemanytypesphotographsmustfirstbeiden- contaminants —thatcancontributetofadingorstain- photographic applications,alloftheingredients—and as amountboardorstorageenvelopeissuitablefor go farenough.Tobecertainthatapaperproductsuch cation, safewithphotographs. paper orboardlong-lastingand,therefore,byimpli- that will,accordingtocurrentknowledge,makethe laminating adhesives,pH,alkalinereserve,etc.— cellulose, maximumlignincontent,typeofsizing, Specify paperingredients—percentageofalpha each different typeofphotographicmaterial andare they dotakeintoaccountthe individualsensitivitiesof stituent ofthepaperproducthas causedfadingorstaining, sulfur; fading ofthephotographic images. paper productcauses,orcontributes to,stainingor materials areofinterestto determinewhetherthe board orpaperincontactwithwhateverphotographic Employing acceleratedagingtechniques,testthe and prints. significance withrespecttothestorageofcolorfilms discussed byHendriksandMadeley rial, andtheyalsohaveotherlimitations,asbeen paper orboardtocausestainsonaphotographicmate- tion, thesetestswillnotindicatethepropensityofa silver platesintheCollingsandYoungtest).Inaddi- coating mayreactquitedifferentlythanthepolished mentary silvergrainsembeddedinagelatinemulsion stored incontactwiththepaperproduct(e.g.,fila- black-and-white photographicmaterialwillreactwhen mation, theymaynotproperlyindicatehowanactual that areknowntobeharmfulsilverimages. level emissionofperoxidesandothersubstances and Youngtest.” driks says:“IstronglyadviseanybodyagainsttheCollings Unfortunately, thiscommon-senseapproachdoesnot While suchtestscannotdirectly indicate Even thoughthesetestscanprovidehelpfulinfor- 10 and,duringacceleratedaging,testforlow- 13 Thesetestsareprobablyoflittle 9 testtheproductforreducible 11 andReilly. which 12 Hen- con- 5. 4. Gevaert in1972. ver teststripsdevelopedbyEdithWeydeofAgfa- black-and-white photographswiththecolloidalsil- Test storageandmountingmaterialsintendedfor ditions. material incontactwithit,undervariousstoragecon- place inagivenpaperproduct,andthephotographic quired foraspecifiedamountofdeteriorationtotake vides ameansofestimatingthenumberyearsre- in — multi-temperatureArrheniustestmethodincluded meaningful —butmorecomplexandtime-consuming with it.Forcolormaterialsinparticular,themore stability ofthephotographicmaterialstoredincontact product, bothinandofitselfcomparisonwiththe tion aboutthestabilityofamountboardorotherpaper als). Acceleratedagingtestscanalsoprovideinforma- for colorprintsandfilmsothernonsilvermateri- in been adoptedastheprimaryPhotographicActivityTest 1991 Activity Testin mura in1987asareplacementforthePhotographic terials thatcouldcausestaining. photographic paperisusedtoindicatestoragema- tographs, andinwhichfixedwashedfiber-base fading ofthesilverimagesblack-and-whitepho- are usedtodetectboardsorpapersthatcouldcause Employ thePhotographicActivityTestin ture, high-humidity,acceleratedtestswerenotdescribed. tended overaperiodofmonthsoryears;high-tempera- test stripscalledforroom-temperatureteststhatex- terials. Theprocedurespublishedin1972forusingthe graphs. Theteststripsarenotapplicabletocolorma- finely dividedsilverimagesofblack-and-whitephoto- products thatevolvesubstancescouldattackthe in contactwithstorageormountingmaterials,detect adhesives, non-contact storagematerials,or plasticen- nor isitrecommendedfor testing pressure-sensitive and mountingmaterialsused withcolorphotographs, age materials;also,itisnotsuitable forevaluatingstorage and-white photographsand is restrictedtopaperstor- PH1.53-1986 Test describedinSec.5.1ofthenow-obsolete ticular typeofphotograph.ThePhotographicActivity age materialsintermsoftheirpotentialharmtoapar- Such testscanhelprankvariousboardsandotherstor- applicable tobothcolorandblack-and-whitephotographs. ages ofblack-and-whitephotographs. could causediscolorationandfadingofthesilverim- procedure (describedabove)toindicatematerialsthat thought ofasanacceleratedversionWeyde’s1972 this kindofevaluation. Imaging current modified versionofthisprocedureisincludedinthe ages ANSI ANSI Proposed byJamesM.ReillyandDouglasW.Nishi- These silverteststripsareverysensitiveand,placed Unfortunately, thenewtestis applicableonlytoblack-
inwhichAgfa-Gevaertcolloidalsilverteststrips –
Methods
ANSI IT9.2-1991
IT9.2-1991 IT9.9-1990 Media Standardisasimpletestofthistype(a
for – 16 ANSI
Stability Measuring (replacing ,
American
PH1.53-1986, 14,15 Standardasan“interim”test
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This document originated at on June 6, 2003 under file name: 457 h emnneadCr fClrPoorpsChapter13 The PermanenceandCareofColorPhotographs the microfilmsincubatedwithdefectivebox.” paper wasused].Redoxblemisheswerenotobservedon filter papercontrolswereslight[WhatmanNumber1 between themicrofilmsincubatedwithboxand Imagecapture microfilm.Afterincubation,thedifferences tographic ActivityTest. requires thattheenclosureorstoragematerialpassaPho- for suitablephotographicfilingenclosures(seebelow)and paper productismade. graphic materialthantheyarewithhow,orwhat,a the effectsthatapaperproductmighthaveonphoto- Kodak Professional (In 1990Kodakreplaced4168Filmwithanewproduct, spect, 4168filmwasnearlyassensitivealbumenpaper. be byfarthemostsensitivetocontaminants;inthisre- Kodak ProfessionalB/WDuplicatingFilm4168proved to were tried.Amongtheconventionalfilmsandprintstested, conventional black-and-whiteprints,andothermaterials grain motionpicturefilms,graphicartsPolaroidand dak StudioProofPaper,Polaroidinstantslidefilms,fine- sensitivity torespondinshort-termacceleratedtests.Ko- graphic materialsinsearchofa“detector”withsufficient replacement fortheexistingtest. Institute ofTechnologyin1987proposedanewtestas mura oftheImagePermanenceInstituteatRochester harmful materials,JamesM.ReillyandDouglasW.Nishi- sensitive enoughforotherthanscreeningoutthemost tween marginalandverygoodmaterials,”thatitisnot Activity Test“doesnotfunctionwellindiscriminatingbe- ably causedtheblemishesand discolorations,andtode- was believedthatoxidizinggases suchasperoxidesprob- ernment archivesinMunich, Germany.Attheoutsetit been discoveredamongfilms andpaperprintsinthegov- the suddenandrapiddiscoloration andfadingthathad 1960’s inthecourseofaninvestigation intothecausesof which hadbeendevisedbyEdithWeydeofAgfainthelate nants.) sensitive toperoxidesandotherenvironmentalcontami- claimed byKodaktobemorestable—andmuchless The ANSI IT9.2-1991The PhotographicActivityTest Containers tional PH1.53-1986 PH1.53-1986 strips andincubated(attheconditionsspecifiedin microspots inthemicrofilmimages.“Theboxwascutinto ing long-termstoragehadcaused“redoxblemishes”or mura obtaineda1960’scardboardmicrofilmboxthatdur- cessed Pointing outthatthe Approaches 2through5abovearemoreconcernedwith Reilly andNishimuraexperimentedwithvariousphoto- In ademonstrationoftheshortcomings Also testedwereAgfa-Gevaertcolloidalsilverteststrips, and polyester. closure materialssuchaspolyethylene,polypropylene, period of15daysat158 mount boardsorotherpaperproducts. little ifanyinformationonthepotentiallifeofmost
Standard Films,
for ) incontactwithprocessedKodak PhotographicActivityTest,ReillyandNishi-
Plates,
Storage
for 18 Thetest,whichcallsforanincubation
B/W Imaging
and givesasetofgeneralrequirements DuplicatingFilm ANSI ANSI
Papers ° F (70
Media
PH1.53-1986 IT9.2-1991 ° – C) and86% Filing – Photographic
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ANSI ANSI 1460
Pro- and Na- themselves bycausingsignificantly concluded that“unsatisfactoryenclosuresmaymanifest more harmfulthanthefilterpaper.ReillyandNishimura curious tonotethatatboth75and95% different relativehumidities(75,86,and95%),itis Reilly andNishimuraoriginallyconductedthetestsatthree Only atthe86% strips thandidthe“knowntobeharmful”envelopepaper. period; 15daysat158 mine theoptimumtemperature,relativehumidity,andtest that wereknowntohavecausedseverefadingdeter- with theAgfateststripsincontactpaperenvelopes strips untilconvincedtodosobyReillyin1986. available. Agfadidnotresumemanufacturingthetest initial supplywasexhausted,thestripswerenolonger following Weyde’soriginal1972publication;butafterthe wide applicationinmuseumsandarchivesaroundtheworld test stripshadalsobeenrecommendedbyWeyde. Along withthetestingofstoragematerials,thisuse storage rooms—seeChapter16forfurtherdiscussion). tion, theteststripsareleftfreelyhanginginair storage areasinmuseumsandarchives(inthisapplica- often beencitedasameansoftestingtheatmospheres test stripsandproceduresin1972,thehave cal black-and-whitephotographs. 10 timessoonerthanthefirstvisibledeteriorationoftypi- sion” thattheteststripswouldexhibitdiscolorationabout long periodsoftime,Weydedrewthe“cautiousconclu- tions thathadcausedphotographstodiscolororfadeover serving theratesofdiscolorationteststripsinsitua- older indexcardstakenfromthearchivefiles.Afterob- discoloration oftheteststripsmuchmorequicklythandid several years.Freshlymanufacturedindexcardscaused tion wasnotedafterperiodsvaryingfromafewmonthsto placing themincontactwiththeAgfateststrips;discolora- after about5years.Theplasticindexcardsweretestedby the firstsignsofdiscolorationandfadinghadbeennoted used inphotographfilesthearchivesfor14years,and photographs intheMunicharchives;cardshadbeen were theprincipalsourceofoxidantsattacking the plasticindexcardsmadeofphenylene-formaldehyde tive photographicmaterial). on polyesterfilmbase(theteststripsarenotalight-sensi- coating layersofextremelyfinelydividedcolloidalsilver tect thesourceofoxidants,teststripsweremadeby control produceda fiber-base photographicpaper underthesametempera- in contactwithunexposed,fixed, andwashedKodakElite tion), ReillyandNishimurasuggested thatsamplesbeaged may causestaining(asdistinct fromfadingordiscolora- with inertlaboratoryfilterpaper.) a substantialdropinbluedensityevenwhencontact end ofthe15-daytestperiod,Agfastripsexhibited conditions shouldbedone.(Itisnoteworthythatatthe evaluation ofthetestwithavarietymaterialsand controls, aswellmore.”Thissuggeststhatfurther Reilly andNishimuraconductedfurtherexperiments The Agfa-Gevaertteststripswouldcertainlyhaveseen Since publicationofthedetailscolloidalsilver With thehelpofteststrips,Weydedeterminedthat To detectpaperstorageand mountingmaterialsthat RH leveldidtheenvelopepaperprovetobe greater ° F (70 densitychangeintheAgfatest ° C) and86% less RH RH fadingthanthe thefilterpaper wasselected.
This document originated at on June 6, 2003 under file name: given inthe fade measurement.Thecriteriaforpassingthetestsare tions fortheiruse. cessed KodakElitephotographicpaperstrips,andinstruc- sisting oftheAgfa-Gevaertcolloidalsilverteststrips,pro- PH1.53-1986 riods thanthespecified30days—seebelow). cluded in boards usedwithcolorphotographs, thefollowingwasin- activity testtoevaluatepaper storagematerialsandmount the PhotographicActivityTestgiveninnow-obsolete prints). Inthisregardthetestwasamajordeparturefrom Kodak 4168duplicatingfilm,anduntonedblack-and-white bumen prints,POPuntonedmicrofilms, sensitive fine-grainblack-and-whitephotographs(e.g.,al- per, thestoragematerialshouldnotdamageevenmost ent fromchangesobservedwithinertlaboratoryfilterpa- produces changesintheAgfateststripsthatarenodiffer- they argue,ifanenclosurepaperorotherstoragematerial substances thananyother“fine-grain”silverdetector.Thus, test stripshaveproventobemoresensitiveharmful tact with closure paperorotherstoragematerialbetestedincon- Products UsedwithColorMaterials Test forMountBoardsandOtherPaper The InterimANSIPhotographicActivity ANSI Chapter13 ways: incubation for15days,thesamplesareevaluatedinthree paper controlsserveforcomparisonpurposes.Following test strips.Aswiththecolloidalsilverstrips,filter ture andhumidityconditionsrecommendedfortheAgfa Compostion, pH,Testing,andLightFadingStabilityofBoardsPapers much longertestperiods)oftheprevious fied version(withlowerlevelsofrelativehumidityand developed byReillyandNishimuraissuperiortoamodi- and prints. full rangeofphotographicmaterials,includingcolorfilms will beemployed.Therefore,thetestwasabletocover photographs, for storagematerialsintendedusewithblack-and-white of mostcollections. and-white photographsthatpresentlycoonstitutethebulk under normalconditionswiththetypesofmodernblack- terms ofhowtheywouldactuallyperforminlong-termuse possibly misrankenclosurepapersandmountboardsin and-white materials.Forthisreason,theteststripscould filamentary silvergrainsofmodern(developed-out)black- ent microstructurefromthefarlargerandmorestable of colloidalsilverintheAgfateststripshaveaverydiffer- and-white filmsandprints.Theextremelysmallparticles sure papers,andothermaterialsusedwithmodernblack- 1986 graphic ActivityTest(Sec.5.1): The ImagePermanenceInstitutemarketstestkitscon- In recognitionthatthereis a needforphotographic In ReillyandNishimura’slineofreasoning,theAgfa Only furtherinvestigationwillindicatewhetherthetest Pending furtherevaluation,theauthorsrecommendthat PhotographicActivityTestformountboards,enclo-
PH1.53-1986 (1) visually, each ANSI IT9.2-1991 ANSI testshouldbeconductedformuchlongerpe- both
type Standard. typesoftestsbeperformed(the 20 ofphotographicmaterialwithwhichit Standard,whichspecifiedthatanen- (2) bystainmeasurement,and asafootnotetothePhoto- ANSI
PH1.53- (3) ANSI by the influenceofapaperormountboard’sp color dyefadingwilltakeplaceduringthe30-daytestthat Portra IIchromogeniccolorprints,forexample,solittle rials oncurrentcolorfilmsandprints.WithEktacolor formation abouttheeffectsofmountingandstoragemate- materials. Withthe riod isprobablyuselessfordetectingallbutthemostharmful cannot bemeaningfullyevaluated. in thenow-obsolete materials issimilartothePhotographicActivityTestspecified of theincubationperiod,thisinterimtestfornon-silver example, the30-daytestat122 meaningful resultswithmostphotographicproducts.For periods muchlongerthan30daysarenecessarytoobtain ply thatthespecifiedtesttimeof30daysisfartooshort— test issoundandthatitsonlyseriousshortcomingsim- recommend a control, havingap produced bythefilm[orprint]incontactwithafilterpaper with theenclosurematerialshouldbenogreaterthanthat latter beaffected..Thechangesproducedbycontact to thephotographicmaterialnorshallimageof pattern shouldbetransferredfromtheenclosurematerial Number 1filterpaper).“Attheendofthistest,novisual pure, nonreactivelaboratoryfilterpaper(e.g.,Whatman the photographicmaterialisagedincontactwithapieceof PH1.53-1986 dak RapidSeleniumToner, the testshouldbecontinued material suchasablack-and-white printtreatedwithKo- assess theeffectsofaboard orpaperonahighlystable times forthemorestablephotographic materials.Toproperly thors, however,believethatthebasicconceptof number ofalternativeprocedureswereproposed.Theau- 86% accelerated dark-agingtestfor 30daysat122 it istobeusedareplacedincontactandsubjectedan rial andasampleofthephotographicmaterialwithwhich a sampleofthepaper,mountboard,orotherstoragemate- With black-and-whitephotographs,the30-daytestpe- Except fordifferencesintesttemperaturesandlength The PhotographicActivityTestprovidedinold RH test is60 color printdetectors,asuggestedincubation the effectsofenclosure.Forchromogenic some colorimages,whichinturnmaymask may causehighlevelsofstainingandfading trol. Theincubationconditionsspecifiedin5.1.2 should benogreaterthanthefilterpapercon- appropriate forthedetector.Imagechanges of imagechangesuponincubationshouldbe 5.1.3 shouldbefollowed,exceptthatevaluation stored. Thegeneralproceduresof5.1.2and cessed samplesofthetypephotographtobe detector shouldbeincluded,consistingofpro- silver photographicimages,anadditionalthird terim, forenclosuresintendedusewithnon- test hasnotyetbeenestablished.Inthein- silver (e.g.,color,diazo)images,asatisfactory oped forsilverphotographicimages.Fornon- . Forcomparisonpurposes,anidenticalsampleof This PhotographicActivityTestwasdevel- wascriticizedonavarietyofgroundsand minimum ° C, 86%relativehumidity. H ANSI between7.0and7.7.” PH1.53 testperiodof240days,with longer
PH1.53-1986 test,theauthorstentatively ° F (50 ° C) provideslittlein- Standardinwhich 21 H ondyefading ° F (50 ° PH1.53
C) and ANSI 458
This document originated at on June 6, 2003 under file name: 459 h emnneadCr fClrPoorpsChapter13 The PermanenceandCareofColorPhotographs temperature Arrheniusproceduredescribedin found inhistoricalcollections.Ideally,ofcourse,themulti- white photographicmaterialscurrentlyonthemarketand products usedwiththewiderangeofcolorandblack-and- paper forinterleavesandenvelopes,plasticstorage available “simple”procedureforevaluatingmountboards, trast III enclosure, andinterleavingpapers: Institute usedthetesttoevaluate90differentmountboard, M. Reilly,andPeterZ.AdelsteinattheImagePermanence 1990 plastic materials). temperature andemulsionswillsoftensticktomost as FujicolorProfessionalPaper also necessarywhentestingplasticmaterials(at122 would beabetterchoiceinsuchcases.Alowerhumidityis ties ashigh86%;alowerhumidity,60%forexample, terials willgiveanomaloustestresultsatrelativehumidi- paper controlsample,howeverlongthatmightrequire. ANSI [50 until atleast Activity Test( Using theIT9.2PhotographicActivityTest Paper andMountBoardEvaluation microfilm. Ektacolor PortraIIPaper;andarepresentativefine-grain rial mustbetestedindividuallywith ferent typeofcolorandblack-and-whitefilmorprintmate- PH1.53-1986 Paper; ablack-and-white and-white fiber-basepapersuchasIlfordMultigradeFB sure materialshouldbetestedwitharepresentativeblack- white negative.Attheveryleast,amountboardorenclo- materials or,forthatmatter,achromogenicblack-and- this doesnotmeanthatthematerialissuitableforcolor the testwithacertainblack-and-whitefiber-basepaper, sives mustalsobetested.Ifaparticularmaterialpasses rial (suchasmountboardorinterleavingpaper);adhe- itself. aging characteristicsofthemountboardorpapermaterial photograph, butalsowillgiveanindicationoftheinherent board orstoragematerialcanaffectaparticulartypeof only willprovidevaluableinformationabouthowamount ity Test.Carriedonlongenough,Arrheniustestingnot An especiallyappealingaspectoftheobsolete In apracticalapplicationofthe In ahigh-temperaturetestsuchasthis,manycolorma- With suitablemodification,theauthorsbelievethat ° C] and86% shouldbeappliedtothe pair tissues,barrierpapers, envelopepapers, them wereinterleavingtissues, Japanesere- rag boards,and21papers,numbering among als included36rag[cottonfiber] boards,9non- in thislineofproducts.The66 archivalmateri- cause theyweresoldbysuppliers specializing not byanystrictscientificdefinition,butbe- materials thatcouldbeconsidered“archival,” PH1.53-1986 RC This included66commerciallyavailable Paper;chromogeniccolorprintmaterialssuch PhotographicActivityTestisthat some PAT RH 22 ), in1988DouglasW.Nishimura,James visiblechangeisobservedinthefilter- PhotographicActivityTestisthebest , gelatinisaboveitsglass-transition RC papersuchasKodakPolycon- PH1.53 SFA ANSI IT9.2 23 each 3 PhotographicActiv- Type enclosuremate- Photographic C ANSI IT9.9- andKodak each ANSI dif- ° F mat partofthefolder.Bothfailedallthree where theyhadbeenincontactwiththeover- side thesefoldersshowedfadingandmirroring other darkgreen)weretested.Theprintsin- 1930s portraitstudiofolders(onegrayandthe were socommoninthepast.Forexample,two long wayfromthetrulydreadfulmaterialsthat mounting, andstorage]materialshavecomea by andlarge,photographic[paperenclosure, cluded inthistest.Thisdataillustratesthat, good andbad“benchmark”materialsalsoin- them withthebehaviorofsomeknown ucts canbeputintoperspectivebycomparing cery bagsornewsprint. ally buyingmaterialsmoreharmfulthangro- prices paidfor“archival”enclosuresareactu- toward photographs.Insomecases,thehigh were sodescribed),donotguaranteeinertness such as“acidfree”(mostofthefailedproducts to usewithphotographs.Vaguedescriptors, enclosures offeredinthemarketplacearesafe important lessonforarchivemanagers:notall mercially availablearchivalproductshavean cates inhomogeneityinanenclosureproduct. cal “hotspots”offadingandgenerallyindi- teria. Mottlingrepresentsthepresenceoflo- In all,25products(38%)failedthemottlingcri- these failedproductswere2-or4-plyboards. fading ofthecolloidalsilverdetector).Most ucts failingthe tivity Test].Themostcommoncauseofprod- foreseen harmfuleffects. passed the of thearchivalproductsinperspective. “benchmark” materialstoputtheperformance cluded wereanumberofknowngoodandbad lections incontactwithphotographs.Alsoin- of productsthatmightbeusedinarchivalcol- distributors, andarerepresentativeofthekinds obtained fromanumberofmanufacturersand glassines, andslipsheets.Thesematerialswere tion, suchasthe as “acidfree,”allowfor.An empiricalevalua- the commonlyusedarchival descriptors,such are obviouslymorecomplex andvariedthan tween photographicmaterials andenclosures of carbonatebuffering.Theinteractionsbe- performance relatedtothepresenceorabsence There appearedtobenodifferenceinproduct pair tissuestestedfailedthefadingcriterion. rag board.TwooutofthethreeJapanesere- was givenbyan“archival”product,a2-plywhite worst fadingperformanceofall90materials But itisalsoimportanttonotethatthefourth acceptable limit,andtheywereheavilymottled. staining wasaboutseventimesthemaximum was amongtheworstofall90materials.Their criteria bylargemargins.Thefadingtheycaused . Theperformanceofthe66archivalprod- . Theresultsofthisevaluation66com- . Overall,29(44%)ofthearchivalproducts PAT PAT [ ANSI IT9.2 PAT wasmottling(unevenblotchy , isavitalcheckforun- PhotographicAc- PAT
This document originated at on June 6, 2003 under file name: to thelifeexpectancyor“ tion fromallofthe IT9.11-1991 rationale forthisisexplainedintheForewordto Designation fromANSIStandards ANSI Removesthe“Archival” Chapter13 Compostion, pH,Testing,andLightFadingStabilityofBoardsPapers conservation field,arenolonger usedorendorsedby als, allofwhichhavebeenwidely usedinthephotography cessing, archivalrecordfilm, andarchivalstoragemateri- under specifiedconditions. Termssuchasarchivalpro- Processed photographicfilms arenowclassifiedaccording In 1990 boards ofoutstandingquality. machine picturedontheleft—wetendisinforegroundnearly100yearsoldandcontinuestomakepapers follow showwhitemuseumboardbeingmadeatStrathmore’sWoronocoMillNo.1inOctober1987.TheFourdrinier operates fourpapermillsinMassachusetts,oneofwhichproducesmuseumboard.Theabovephotographandthosethat 1. StrathmorePaperCompanyhasbeenmanufacturingfineartists’papersfornearlyacentury.Thecompanycurrently recording materialsandsystems. chival” notbeusedinstandardsforstabilityof It isthereforerecommendedthattheterm“ar- temporary storageofactivelyusedinformation. computer andelectronicdatastoragefields], ever” tothejargonmeaning[especiallyin ings, rangingfrompreservinginformation“for- it hasbeeninterpretedtohavemanymean- American NationalStandardsdocumentssince The term“archival”isnolongerspecifiedin ANSI : 24 decidedtoremovethe“archival”designa- ANSI photographicstandards.The LE designation,”whenstored ANSI ANSI . sure papersgiveninSec.3.2of cally addressesmountboards,therequirementsforenclo- generally apply: Used withPhotographs ANSI RequirementsforPaperProducts While asyetthereisnotan by theincorporationofanalkaline earthcar- 5.2. Thisalkalireserveshould beaccomplished mined bythealkalireserve testdescribedin and-white alkali resistanceexpressedasR bleached sulfite,orkraftpulpwithan from highalphacellulose[e.g.,cottonfiber], lar equivalenttoatleast2% CaCO T509su-77. Thealkalireserve shallbethemo- ISO 9.5, asdeterminedbythemethod givenin than 87%asdeterminedbythemethodgivenin spot test.Thep by microscopicanalysisandthephloroglucinol lignified fibersasgroundwood,determined Paper thatisindirectcontactwith 699:1982.Itshallbefreefromsuchhighly photographicmaterialshallbemade 25 H shouldbebetween7.2and ANSI ANSI standardthatspecifi- (continued onpage 466) 18 valuegreater
IT9.2-1991 3 , asdeter- TAPPI black- would
Carol Brower – October 1987 460
This document originated at on June 6, 2003 under file name: 461
Carol Brower (5) – October 1987 h emnneadCr fClrPoorpsChapter13 The PermanenceandCareofColorPhotographs and alkalinebuffers, areaddedtothepulpatthis stage. chemical ingredients,suchasinternal sizingagents,colorants, diameter) beatsthepulp(furnish) intoslurry.Mostofthe 4. bales withaforklifttrucktomovethemthepulper. seum board.PulpoperatorJoeStebbinsisseparating large balesatthemill,readyformakingpaperandmu- 2. which dropsthepulpintopulper. 3. Inthisclose-up,thepulper(approximately 10feetin Drysheetsof100%cottonlinterspulparestoredin Thebalesareplacedonaslowlymovingconveyerbelt formed asthefiberslineupindirectionofflow. away. Itisduringthisstagethatthegraindirection the pulpfiberswillmeshtogetherandwaterdrain fiber screenvibratesconstantlyasitmovesforwardsothat wet endofthemachine).Acontinuousbeltmadefine 5. drying. and transferredtoacontinuously movingfeltbeltfor “ newly formedwetsheetofpaper is 6. Machine tenderBobHungerfordlooksoverthewire(the Hungerfordinspectsthemachine andthestockas #67–3 55% lifted” offthescreen
This document originated at on June 6, 2003 under file name: Carol Brower (6) – October 1987 opsin H etn,adLgtFdn tblt fBad n aesChapter13 Compostion, pH,Testing,andLightFadingStabilityofBoardsPapers The paperthen entersasecondsetofdryers (right). and entersabathcontaining surface sizingchemicals. over thepaperasitcomesout ofthefirstsetdryers 9. becomes paper. 7. board) entersthefirstsetofdryingdrums. 8. Marketingandsalesmanager ThomasRichardslooks Thisclose-upviewshowsthepointatwhichstock Thewetsheetofpaper(latertobecomemuseum crew membersobservethenextrollasitbeginstowind. ously runningsheetofpaperontoanothercylinder.Herethe tenders mustquicklycoordinatethetransferofcontinu- chines donotslowdownduringthisoperation,sotheback started themomentpreviousrollisfinished.Thema- surface onsuchproductsaswritingpapers).Anewrollis calender stack(which,whenoperating,producesaverysmooth 10. chines normallyproduceonerollevery45to50minutes. change operationtomakeroomforthenextroll.Thema- approximately 1,000pounds,ismovedasideduringtheroll- 11. of 1-plymuseum boardispicturedontheleft. board andnumerousotherfine papers.Thefinishedroll run 24hoursaday,7days weekproducingmuseum attention ofthreeseparateshifts ofworkers,themachines weight, color,consistency,strength, etc.).Requiringthe tory forspecificationtests(caliper orthickness,basis a sampleofthe1-plyboardbefore itissenttothelabora- 12. Thepaperleavesthedryersandpassesthroughanidle Thecompletedrollof1-plymuseumboard,weighing Atthestartofanewroll,machine tenderexamines 462
This document originated at on June 6, 2003 under file name: 463 h emnneadCr fClrPoorpsChapter13 The PermanenceandCareofColorPhotographs ing machine. outside layersbeforetherolls are hoistedontothepast- 15. pasting machine. This rollof1-plymuseumboardisonitswaytothe ing operations,talkswithforkliftoperatorGeraldFillion. 14. pictured ontheleft. together tomake2-or4-plyboard.Thesemitrailersare Woronoco MillNo.2(above),wheretheywillbepasted by semitrailersacrosstheWoronocoRivertoStrathmore’s 13. PastingoperatorKurtBodendorf removesseveral DavidClimo,assistantmanagerofWoronocofinish- Whentheentireruniscompleted,rollsaretaken lower rollpassesthroughthepastingapplicator(lowerright). feet perminute.Bodendorfsupervisestheoperationas above anotherroll.Theyunrolltogetheratarateofabout450 16. chemicals andacids, whichbreakdownthepaper fibers. cally, doesnotdiscolor,and does notcontainresidual nating high-qualityboardsbecause itismorestablechemi- preferable toanimalgluesorsynthetic adhesivesforlami- the adhesiveenterspasting applicator.Starchpasteis sive withwatertoproducethe properconsistencybefore 17. Tomake2-plyboard,onerollof1-plyboardissuspended CarlosCruzmixesthesacksof drystarch-basedadhe-
Carol Brower (5) – February 1988
This document originated at on June 6, 2003 under file name: opsin H etn,adLgtFdn tblt fBad n aesChapter13 Compostion, pH,Testing,andLightFadingStabilityofBoardsPapers drums (centerright). during itspassagethroughthe longrowof19drying board totheendofprevious roll,whichisstalled splice thebeginningofarecently pastedrollof2-ply 20. the firsttimeonlargerollerleft. sheets of2-plyboardcanbeseencomingtogetherfor 19. is thenrolledupagainbeforeitdried. permanently jointhetwosheets.Thedamp2-plyboard of high-pressurestainlesssteelrollers(centerright),which surface) andmeetstherollaboveastheyenteraseries 18. KurtBodendorf(right)and intern RickBergstrom Close-upviewofthestainlesssteelrollers.Thetwo Theboardleavestheapplicator(withpasteonits new rollbyquicklyattachingthe2-plyboardtoitscore. rolled uponceagain.BacktenderPeterMcLaughlinstartsa board passesthroughtheidlecuttingmachine(left)andis 21. moisture contentofthefinalsheetisapproximately6%. ting. Whentheambientrelativehumidityis35to50%, turing, storing,pasting,rolling,drying,re-rolling,andcut- must becarefullycontrolledduringeachstageofmanufac- rolls untiltheycanbelaminatedagain.Moisturecontent 22. same pastingmachine. board byguidingtherollsof 2-plyboardthroughthe 23. Whenthe2-plyboardwillbemadeinto4-plyboard, McLaughlinmovesthepreviousrollasidetojoinother Hourslater,anothershiftof workersmakes4-ply
Carol Brower (6) – February 1988 464
This document originated at on June 6, 2003 under file name: 465 h emnneadCr fClrPoorpsChapter13 The PermanenceandCareofColorPhotographs a hydraulicliftuntil thestackisfull. a raisedskid,whichisgradually loweredtofloorlevelby allow fortrimmingbeforepackaging. Thesheetslandon the standardsizeof32x40inches (byabout leaves thedryers.Heresheets areslightlylargerthan 25. long todryas2-ply. roll (left)willfollow.Four-plyboardtakesabouttwiceas board asitentersthedryers.Anotherrecentlypasted 24. The4-plyboardiscutintosheets immediatelyasit PastingoperatorMarkMillerchecksarollof4-ply 1 ⁄ 2 inch)to storage inthewarehouse beforeitissenttodistributors. resistant paper,andpackaged incorrugatedcartonsfor arranged intogroupsof10or25 sheets,wrappedinwater- sorted byhandtoremovesheets withsurfacedefects, Afterward, theboardwillbetrimmed to32x40inches, board tobeweighed.Thisstack weighsabout1,250pounds. 27. sheets. 26. ForkliftoperatorFrancisHansen takesthemuseum BacktenderRonLaportespot-checksoneofthe
Carol Brower (4) – February 1988
This document originated at on June 6, 2003 under file name: opsin H etn,adLgtFdn tblt fBad n aesChapter13 Compostion, pH,Testing,andLightFadingStabilityofBoardsPapers 28. way, fromthebalesofpulptocartonsinwarehouse.” the inventoryoffinishedproductsinStrathmorewarehouse.Richardssays,“Ourpaperisinspectedeverystep requirement shall tween 7.0and7.5,the2% alkalinereserve ticular application.[Theseincludestability(see meet thephysicaltestsrequiredforpar- envelopes shallnotbeused.Thepaper tographic materialduringstorage.Glassine other ingredientsthatmaytransfertothepho- paper shallnotcontainwaxes,plasticizers,or photographic layersshouldnotbepresent.The metal. Surfacefibersthatmightoffsetonto rial shallessentiallybefreefromparticlesof sizing chemicalsshallbeemployed.Themate- ing, etc.).Ifsizingisused,neutraloralkaline the enduse(enclosures,overwraps,interleav- amount beingdictatedbytherequirementsof minimum ofsizingchemicalsshallbeused,the correspond toapproximately1.6%reserve.)A also beingused,whichinmolarequivalencies diazo or D TAPPI bonate ortheequivalent.(MgCO white materialexceptthatthe p similar compositiontothatused forblack-and- resistance (see WarehousemanDaveGalbert,groupleaderChristian,andmarketingsalesmanagerThomasRichardscheck 2176-69 [1982]and Paper thatisindirectcontact withprocessed
T 453su-70), foldingendurance(see color photographicmaterialsshall have TAPPI not TAPPI apply.
T 414om-82).]
T 511su-69), andtear H 3 andZnOare shallbebe- ASTM has indicatedthat clined toidentifytheproductsincludedintests,buthe The reporthasnotbeenpublishedandHendriksde- closure materialsunderacontractwiththePublicArchives. dation testedsevenpaperandglassinephotographicen- the PublicArchivesofCanada),OntarioResearchFoun- Hendriks oftheNationalArchivesCanada(thencalled materials wasin1978when,attherequestofKlausB. complete seriesoftestshasbeendoneonpaperenclosure laboratory. Totheauthors’knowledge,onlytime ing taskrequiringexperiencedpersonnelandawell-equipped paper products,JamesReillysaid: fications andtestproceduresformountboardsother boards werenotincludedinthetests. ANSI archives) satisfiedallofthe alkaline-buffered paperenvelopepopularinmuseumsand Commenting in1984oneffortstobetterformulatespeci- To conductallofthepaperqualitytestscalledforin Standardisacomplex,expensive,andtime-consum- worst typesof thingsthatmightbeinaboard sive itwillbeidentifiedsooner orlater.The If thereisonebadsizingor laminatingadhe- rower definitionofrequirements willemerge. more testingwillbedoneand maybeanar- I thinkthisisanevolutionary situation where none oftheproducts(whichincludedan ANSI requirements. 26 Mount
Carol Brower – October 1987 466
This document originated at on June 6, 2003 under file name: 467 high temperatureandrelativehumidity(90 handling mayevenshatter;converselyinthepresenceof material tendstobecomebrittleandduringsubsequent be avoided,statingin1985:“Withageanddrystoragethis glassine envelopes. Eastman Kodakalsoadvises thatglassine bility ofadjacentphotographs.” additives that“canhaveadetrimentaleffectonimagesta- contact withglassinepaper,citingitspoorstabilityand Washington, D.C.advisedagainststoringphotographsin glassine papertoincreaseitstranslucencyandflexibility. Ethylene glycolorothersubstancesareusuallyaddedto degree ofhydration,aprocesswhichdegradesthefibers. pulps thathavebeenmechanicallybeatentoahigh for interleavingpurposes.Glassineismadefromwood used extensivelyfornegativeenclosuresandsometimes internal orexternal sources. sium carbonatetoneutralize acidsthatmayoccurfrom boards andpaperscontain calcium carbonateormagne- will bediscussedinmore detail later,alkaline-buffered the pigmentparticlesinplace andpreventbleeding.As ments, suchasBainbridgeAlphamat, havefixativestohold color fadingandmigration. Boardscoloredwithpig- that affixthedyestopaperfibersandhelpprevent other contaminants. sizing agents,andwaxes,aswellmetalparticlesor internal sizingagents,beateradhesives,bleaches,surface fillers, aluminumsulfatefixative(papermaker’s“alum”), are oftenobtainedwithdyes),pigments,retentionaids, board tonessuchasoff-white,cream,ivory,antique,etc. contain acidoralkalinedyes(inadditiontobrightcolors, tion ofthesupport.Forinstance,boardsandpapersmay fading and/orstainingoftheimageandpossiblydeteriora- these substancescaninteractwithphotographs,causing product, ormayexistasresidualcontaminants.Someof making processmaybedeliberatelypresentinthefinal wise are h emnneadCr fClrPoorpsChapter13 Glassine Paper—NotRecommended The PermanenceandCareofColorPhotographs with RegardtoPhotographicMaterials Paper Chemistry:SomeConsiderations cause ferrotyping.” ude, andoncomingincontactwiththenegativesurface, and 90%relativehumidity),thetransparentizersmayex- observations, In 1967EugeneOstroffoftheSmithsonianInstitutionin Glassine paperisathin,verysmoothtranslucent Boards coloredwithdyescommonlycontainmordants Many chemicalsandadditivesusedduringthepaper- So-called “archival”or“acid-free”glassinepaperslike- eral, wearejustvastlybetteroffnow. ums, wouldusepracticallyanything.Ingen- a fewyearsago,whenpeople,eveninmuse- matically overwhatwascommonpracticejust and enclosurepaperqualityhasimproveddra- really badproducts—theoveralllevelofboard will emerge. that aremorecomfortableforthepapermills or paperwillbeidentifiedandasetofspecs But Ithinkgenerally—inspiteofafew not recommendedforstoringphotographs. ANSI 29
IT9.2-1991 28 specificallywarnsagainst BasedinpartonOstroff’s 27 ° F [32.2 ° C] and archivesthe worldover. ing thepast150years—aproblem nowplaguinglibraries the sharpdeclineinstability ofmostpapersmadedur- fiber-degrading chlorinebleaches haveallcontributedto ful substances. papers usuallycontainavariety ofotherpotentiallyharm- centage oflignin.Inadditiontolignin,suchgroundwood base ofmanylow-costmountboardscontainahighper- ground woodpulps.Newsprintandthegraychipboard residues), butlittleornoneisremovedfrommechanically wood pulps(bleachingfurtherremoveslignin-containing nin ismoreorlesscompletelyremovedinsulfite-processed free,” inrecognitionthatligninshouldnotbepresent.Lig- photographs. be presentinpaperproductsintendedforthestorage of substances. Thisisthemainreasonwhyligninmustnot tion productssuchasperoxidesandotherpotentiallyharmful light andisalsounstableinthedark,releasingdecomposi- largely responsibleforthegreatstrengthofwood. nin isthesubstancethatbindsplantfiberstogetherand is theprincipalcomponentoffibrousplantmaterials.Lig- lignified fibers,suchasgroundwood.Aftercellulose,lignin storing andmountingphotographsshallbefreeofhighly as negativeenvelopepapersandmountboardsusedfor tear-strength. improve thesurfacefinishofapaper,andcanincreaseits paper isanobviousexception).Sizingcanalsomodifyand all high-qualitypapersaresizedtosomeextent(blotter sary inwritingpaperstokeepinksfrombleeding.Nearly somewhat water-resistant.Forexample,sizingisneces- the rateofmoistureabsorptionbyfibers,makingthem sible sourceofharmtophotographs. boards incorporateadhesiveswhichconstituteanotherpos- papers” laminatedtothefrontandback.Bothtypesof “plies” ofthickpaper;compositeboardshavethin“facing sheets, mountboardsusuallyconsistofseverallayersor the waterusedinpapermaking. from paper-manufacturingmachinery,andsometimes and yellows,aprocessthatisacceleratedbyironparticles acidity ofthepaper.Rosininpaperalsograduallyoxidizes alum), whichhastheundesirableresultofincreasing fibers bytheadditionofaluminumsulfate(papermaker’s soapmaking. until treatedwithacausticsoda,inprocesssimilarto Rosin isessentiallyanorganicacid,insolubleinwater from thedistillationofturpentineresinouspinetrees. U.S. about1830.Rosinisalow-costby-productresulting common alum-rosinsize,introducedtopapermakinginthe alkaline” sizingchemicalsistoprecludetheuseof Laminating andSizing Lignin inPaperProducts Lignin-containing wood-pulp papers, alum-rosinsize,and Many high-qualitypapersarenowadvertisedas“lignin- When presentinpaper,ligninyellowsonexposureto One reasonthat Sizing agentsarecompoundsaddedtopaperreduce Unlike mostpapers,whicharemanufacturedassingle ANSI In papermaking,rosinsizeisprecipitatedonthepaper
IT9.2-1991 ANSI alsostatesthatpaperproductssuch
IT9.2-1991 specifies“neutralor
This document originated at on June 6, 2003 under file name: are unknown.” paperboard theirlong-range storage effectsonphotographs cessfully removeallsuchforeign matter.Inthefinished cal processing,uninjurious to theragfibers,cannotsuc- certain physicalattributes,such asaddedwhiteness.Chemi- synthetic fibersandvarious additivesintendedtoimpart difficult topurchaseragswhich donotcontaintracesof Eugene Ostroffwrotethat“manufacturersfinditextremely taminating cottonpulpwithsyntheticmaterials.In1967, tion, ragsmustbecloselyexaminedtoguardagainstcon- into museumboardandotherhigh-qualitypapers.Inaddi- ton ragsandmustberemovedbeforetheycanmade stuffs usedinthetextileindustryareoftenpresentcot- chemical refining.Numerousadditivesanddye- reprocessed cottonragsbecausethelatterrequiremore is ofteninaccurate(seeChapter12). the shortercottonlinters,andsodescriptiveterm“rag” fiber papersandmountboardsarecurrentlymadewith “rag paper”andboard.”However,most100%cotton textile cuttings(scraps)orasoldrags—hencetheterms making paper,theyareusuallypurchasedintheformof the textileindustry.Whentheselongerfibersdogointo more costlycottonseed-hairfibersareusedprimarilyin and theshorteras“cottonlintersfibers.”Thelonger The longeronesareknownas“cottonseed-hairfibers” from cottonlinters. bleaching isrequired,especiallyinthecaseofpapermade very highbecauseaminimumofrefining,processing,and the chemicalpurityofsuchpapersisusuallypotentially potential strengthofthepapermadewithit.Inaddition, alpha cellulosecontentinagivenfiber,thegreater “museum” boardand“conservation”board. half asmuchcottonfiberboards.) processed forconservationboards,commonlycostlessthan from woodpulpsthatarenotashighlyrefinedthose woods areabout50%alphacellulose. 99% alphacellulose,whereastypicalhardwoodsandsoft- purest formsofcelluloseoccurringinnature,beingnearly cally processedwoodpulp.Firstofall,cottonisonethe cally, chemically,andvisuallyfromboardmadechemi- of alkalinebufferingagents. since themid-1970’s,beenmanufacturedwithaddition tions, mostmuseumboardsandconservationhave, mount boardsintendedprimarilyforphotographicapplica- Chapter13 Cotton FiberVersusWoodPulp Compostion, pH,Testing,andLightFadingStabilityofBoardsPapers fiber boards. boards typicallycostonlyabout20%lessthan100%cotton difference isnotgreat,however,andrefinedwoodpulp quality mountboardsfromrefinedwoodpulps.Thecost have beenimportantfactorsinthedevelopmentofhigh- and otherimpurities.Costscarcityofcottonpulps bleached, washed,andextensivelyrefinedtoremovelignin board ismadefromwoodfiberpulpwhichhasbeencooked, from cottonragsoracombinationofboth.“Conservation” usually consistsofcottonlintersfibersbutmaybemade “museum” boardismadefrom100%cottonfiberpulp,which Cotton lintersarelikelytobefreerofcontaminantsthan There aretwoprincipaltypesofnaturalcottonfibers. There aretwoprincipaltypesofhigh-qualitymountboards: With theexceptionofseveralnonbuffered,neutral-p Mount boardmadefrom100%cottonfiberdiffersphysi- 31 34 (Lower-quality“standard”boards,made 32,33 Thehigherthe 30 So-called H sibility ofmakingpurepaperfromwoodpulp.” tuted aprogramofresearchanddevelopmentintothepos- fort tosolvetheproblem,EastmanKodakCompanyinsti- purity standardsrequiredforphotographicuse.Inanef- much oftheragstockthatwasavailabledidnotmeet supply ofsuitableragsdiminished . Consequently, dak, “asthedemandforpaperofallkindsincreased, ate betterphotographicprintingpapers.AccordingtoKo- nence challengedpapermakersandphotographerstocre- ment, paperstrength(bothwetanddry),perma- contamination, unstablesizingagents,papermakingequip- not alwaysmet.Problemsregardingpulpavailabilityand the variousrequirementsforphotographicpaperswere tail. However,asthescienceofphotographyadvanced, resulted inprintswithimprovedcontrastandsharperde- were sizedwithstarches,albumen,andthengelatin,which made fromcottonfibers. from refinedwoodpulpwhichwouldbeasstableone in abookpaper. mally foldedorhandledasmuch)theyare,forexample, photographic papersandmountboards(whicharenotnor- wood fibers.However,thesequalitiesarenotascrucialin and foldingendurancethandoproductsmadefromrefined cally moredurableandresilient,havingbetterstrength rags, cottonfibersmakepapersandboardsthatarephysi- rags forpapermaking. Few papermillsstillhaveequipmentcapableofpurifying quality, stablepaperproductsthanarepurecottonlinters. fication, theyaremoredifficulttomanufactureintohigh- wood fibersandragsrequiresignificantrefiningpuri- ing required,theweakerafiberwillbecome.Sinceboth in cottonandwoodfibers.Forexample,themorebleach- from woodpulp wasjudgedbytheNational BureauofStan- binder forrosinsize.In1929 aKodakpapermadeentirely 1926–27 Kodaksubstituteda morestablesodiumstearate containing 50%cottonfiberand 50%purifiedwoodpulp.In fiber equalinpuritytonewgrown cotton.” ensued withapapercompany toproduceawoodcellulose material wasnecessary,andaten-yearresearchprogram uct. Itwasobviousthatasourceofmoreuniformraw paper and“experiencedconsiderablevariabilityintheprod- also noted,thecompanyhaddifficultymanufacturing quality ragpaperusingrosinsizing,”although,asEaton tion. EastmanKodakCompanythenmadethehighest until 1914,whenWorldWarIpreventedfurtherimporta- ported thefinestragpapershecouldobtainfromEurope satisfactory woodcellulosepaper:“GeorgeEastmanim- (as wellasthepapercoreofpolyethylene-coated papers specificallyformakingphotographs. their lowquality,wereunsuitableformakingphotographs. wood pulpwereintroducedaround1840but,becauseof available atthetime.Inexpensivepapersmadefromground- ton ragpapers,selectedfromartists’andwritingpapers nearly allphotographicprintsweremadeonlinenandcot- though thiswasnotalwaysso.Intheearly19thcentury, pers) isitselfnowmadefrompurifiedwoodcellulose,al- It shouldbepossibletomakeasatisfactorymountboard In nearlyeverycase,whethercomingfromlintersor All refiningaffectsthestructureofcellulosicbond By 1926Kodakwasproducing photographicbasepapers George EatonexplainedwhyKodakneededtodevelopa By 1850atleasttwocompaniesweremanufacturing 35 Fiber-basephotographicpaper 38 36 Ragpapers 37 RC pa- 468
This document originated at on June 6, 2003 under file name: 469 rescent brightenersinpapers. Therefore,themore determines theperceived“brightening” producedbyfluo- sorb ultraviolet( to fabricsduringwashing.)Fluorescentbrightenersab- laundry detergentshaveaddedbrightenersthatmordant appear whiterand“brighter”thantheyreallyare.(Most paper products,fabrics,andsoforthinordertomakethem bleaches,” arewhiteorcolorlesscompoundsaddedtomany available inthefuture. and enclosurepapers,willprobablybecomeincreasingly as oftherelativestabilityphotographicmountboards many photographicpaperspresentlyonthemarket,aswell Elite Fine-ArtPaper.Informationonthestabilityof Ilford, Oriental,andAgfa-Gevaert—Kodakintroduced superior imagequality—andintensecompetitionfrom fiber-base black-and-whitepaperswithhighstabilityand in 1984,responsetoanexpandingmarketfor“premium” papers continueinthephotographicindustry.Forexample, several decades. case withfiber-basepapersmanufacturedduringthepast amount of per appears“dull”orsubtlylackinginbrightness.Itisthe ers arenotactivatedand,comparativelyspeaking,thepa- h emnneadCr fClrPoorpsChapter13 fiber paper, dards tobeaspermanentthebestquality100%cotton The PermanenceandCareofColorPhotographs content. Illumination fromglass-filteredfluorescent lamps light throughwindowglass hasthehighestrelative radiation present,thebrighter thepaperwillappear. and MountBoards Fluorescent BrightenersinPrints ing, fixing,andanhourormoreofwashing. properties inordertoholdupadequatelyduringdevelop- to processing. verse effectsonthekeepingpropertiesofanemulsionprior other metalparticles,sincetheseimpuritiescanhavead- common papercontaminants,especiallycopper,iron,and unique tophotography.Thepapermustbefreeofcertain ally beenconsistentlyhighbecauseofseveralrequirements the qualityoffiber-basephotographicpaperhastradition- in productioncosts. Kodak andothermanufacturersuntoldmillionsofdollars ton fiberpaper.Overtheyears,thischangehassaved since suchapaperismuchlessexpensivethan100%cot- decision todevelopasatisfactorywoodcellulosepaper, have beenmanufacturedentirelyfromwoodcellulose. ally allKodakandotherfiber-basephotographicpapers nence testsacceptedatthetime.Since1930’s,virtu- tion sourcecontainsno blue andgreenportionsofthespectrum.Ifillumina- fluoresce (emitlight)inthevisibleregion,especially ous brandsof plied. Becauseofthis,stabilitydifferencesbetweenvari- tended toinsurealong-lastingproduct—nolongerap- in thelate1960’s,mostoftheseconstraints—whichalso Fluorescent brighteners,sometimescalled“optical Research anddevelopmentonallkindsofphotographic Among commonsourcesof illumination, indirectday- With theintroductionofpolyethylene-coated In additiontothegeneraldesireforlong-lastingprints, Cost factorsundoubtedlyplayedamajorpartinthe UV 39 40 basedontherathersimplisticpaperperma- radiationasapercentageof visiblelightthat RC Thepapermustalsohavegoodwet-strength paperappeartobefargreaterthanisthe UV ) radiation,causingthebrightenersto UV radiation,fluorescentbrighten- RC papers UV UV Gmb board manufacturedinGermanybyFelixSchoeller,Jr., of fluorescentbrightenerswerea4-ply100%cottonfiber added tothem.Boardsthatdidcontainsignificantamounts nately, itappearsthatfluorescentbrightenersareseldom mount boardscurrentlyavailableintheU.S.and,fortu- first place. adding fluorescentbrightenerstothepaperproductin appearance. Theseproblemscanbeavoidedsimplybynot paper graduallybecomesfaintlyyellowandlessbrightin in effect,thefluorescentbrightener“fades.”Thus, over time,theygraduallylosetheirabilitytofluoresce— even incandescentlampsemitsufficient enough sured onascaleof0.0to14.0, withp tographic papers. and discouragethepracticeofaddingbrightenerstopho- use ofmountboardscontainingfluorescentbrighteners fluorescent brighteners.Theauthorsadviseagainstthe ally allblack-and-whitephotographicpapersnowcontain ucts, Inc.,Holyoke,Massachusetts.Unfortunately,virtu- boards soldin1982underprivatelabelbyUniversityProd- and severalsamplesof2-ply4-ply100%cottonfiber mid-1970’s byAnselAdamsfordrymountinghisprints) in theU.S.,althoughtheywereusedduringearlyto source. depending ontheexactspectraldistributionoflight fluorescent brightenerscanappearsignificantlydifferent ener. Thus,unfortunately,printsandmountboardswith lowest relative UV and glass-filteredquartz-halogenlampshasamoderate The QuestionofPaperpH when theseproductsareexposedtolightand boards, photographicmaterials,andartists’papersisthat quite noticeable. UF p about 5.0to7.0, whilethep illumination containssufficient fluorescent brightener.Inotherwords,assumingthatthe graph isexaggeratediftheprintormountboardcontainsa ment papersusuallyhavea p times theadjacentwholenumber. Commonbookanddocu- scale representsadifference inacidityoralkalinityoften than 7.5isconsideredalkaline. Eachwholenumberonthe brightener. Whenphotographscoveredwithglassand a similarprintormountboardmadewithoutfluorescent through aneffective activate fluorescentbrighteners.Ifthelightsourcepasses yellowish tintimpartedbya the spectrum,whichexcitesfluorescentbrighteners), transmits tion belowabout400nanometers(ordinaryglassfreely by activate afluorescentbrightener,the“yellowing”imparted H UF oflessthan6.5isconsidered acidic,andap The p Because Plexiglas Another drawbackoffluorescentbrightenersinmount The authorshaveexaminedmostofthecottonfiber content.Incandescenttungstenilluminationhasthe -3 arehungside-by-side,thedifferenceinyellownessis H -3 appearstobecomparativelygreaterthanitiswith &Co.KG(Schoellerboardsarenotwidelyavailable UV H UV ofpaperreferstoitsacidityoralkalinity,mea- radiationwillbetransmittedtoaffectthebright- radiationinthe330–400nanometerregionof UV contentofanycommonlightsource,but UV UF filtersuchasPlexiglas -3 absorbsvirtuallyall UF H H levelofalkaline-buffered valuewithintherangeof UV -3 sheetcoveringaphoto- radiationtonoticeably H 7.0beingneutral.A UV radiationto UV H UV radiation UF ofmore radia- -3, not
This document originated at on June 6, 2003 under file name: opsin H etn,adLgtFdn tblt fBad n aesChapter13 Compostion, pH,Testing,andLightFadingStabilityofBoardsPapers scope ofthisinitialstandard). papers, suchasthatusedinthisbook,werebeyondthe other publicationsintendedforpermanentretention(coated bonate byweightforuncoatedpaperusedinbooksand minimum alkalinereserveequivalentto2%calciumcar- nence papers isusuallyabout7.5to9.5.Paperswithap that, otherfactorsbeingequal,paperswithap his deathin1967.Heandotherinvestigatorsdemonstrated on thestabilityofpaperduring30-yearperiodpriorto erated chieflybyWilliamBarrow,whoconductedresearch Glen GrayofEastmanKodakhasindicatedthatp affect thestabilityofaphotograph.Infact,researchby other requirements,specifiesaminimump forgotten thatp higher aregenerallyconsideredtobe“acid-free.” long-term storage.Untoned black-and-white to causediscolorationandfading ofsilverimagesduring — evenatverylow-levelconcentrations —havebeenshown ing thetendencyforbox togenerateperoxides,which maintain thestabilityofboardasitaged,thuslessen- Hollinger Corporation.Alkalinebufferingwasintended to microfilm andprintstorageboxesmanufacturedbythe films, prints,andothervaluableartifacts. requirement formaterialsusedinlong-termcontactwith resulting p carbonate ormagnesiumbyweightandwitha papers thatarealkaline-bufferedwith2%to3%calcium research ledtothemanufactureoflow-cost,relativelystable sitive toperoxidesandother suchoxidizinggases. the very-fine-grainimagesof microfilmsareextremelysen- can tractable p with high-qualitypapers:“Specificationsbaseduponex- is notevenagoodindicatorofpaperstability,particularly consumers havebeenledtobelievethatthisisthe “acid-free,” aconfusingtermheardsofrequentlythatmany are alkaline-buffered.Theseproductsreferredtoas papers. Mostconservation-qualityproductsonthemarket ture ofmuseummountboards,boxboards,andenclosure incorporating alkalinebufferingagentsintothemanufac- printed. low-quality papersonwhichmostpaperbackbooksare pears tobeparticularlybeneficialinincreasingthelifeof other factorsareinvolved.” permanence norcanusefullifebeestimatedsinceseveral National StandardsInstituteissued to survivemanyhundredsofyears.In1984theAmerican per madebytheGlatfelterPaperCompanyandisexpected high-quality, long-life,alkaline-buffered,coatedbookpa- publishing field.Forexample,thisbookisprintedona polluted air,andotherexternalsources. other contaminantsabsorbedbythepaperfromacidicinks, buffer istohelpneutralizetheeffectsofsulfurdioxideand line papersaremorelikelytohaveaverylonglife. about 5.0aregenerallyshort-lived,whileneutraloralka- The currentwidespreadinterestinpaperp Throughout thediscussionthatfollows,itmustnotbe Among earlyalkaline-bufferedpaperproductswerethe The firstwidely marketedalkaline-buffered paperwas In recentyearstherehasbeenamarkedtrendtoward Alkaline-buffered papersarebecomingcommoninthe
National
of
Paper H H levelsonlycannotproperlyrankpapersfor ofabout8.5.Onefunctionthealkaline
Standard
for H isonlyonefactoramongmanywhichcan
Printed
for
Library
Information 41 43
Alkalinebufferingap- ANSI Materials,
Z39.48-1984,
Sciences H which,among RC of7.5anda H printsand H – wasgen- H of6.5or H 42 Perma-
below Ameri- alone This only fading stabilityofEktacolor37 results ofaninvestigationintofactorsinfluencingthedark able forblack-and-whiteprintmounting.)” graphs. an enclosurepaperwas,thebetteritwasforstoringphoto- photographs —itwassimplyassumedthatthemorestable adverse effectsresultingfromtheirlong-termcontactwith requested Permalifeenvelopestestedthemforpossible ently neitherthemanufacturersnorcustomerswho producing envelopesofthistypeinthemid-1970’s.Appar- and similarpapers.TheHollingerCorporationstarted tive andprintcollectionsinenvelopesmadeofPermalife servation field,archivesandmuseumsbeganstoringnega- by the[p The feelingisthatimagestability isn’tparticularlyaffected said, “Wesimplyhaven’tstudied thematterinanydepth. black-and-white photographs,KodakspokesmanHenryKaska ing p cerning themostsuitablep Archives ofCanada)said,“Questionsarebeingaskedcon- at thePublicArchivesofCanada(nowcalledNational would permitustospeakauthoritatively onthematter.” time, butithasn’tbeensubjected tothekindofstudythat different p may wellbethatdifferentphotographicrecordsrequire line).” Paper Mills,Inc.ofDayton,Ohio. fibers; thetrademarkwasacquiredabout1976byHoward moderately pricedbondpapermadefromrefinedwood of Richmond,Virginiabeginningin1960.Permalifeisa fications bytheStandardPaperManufacturingCompany Permalife, initiallyproducedaccordingtoBarrow’sspeci- p ground wood,alum,oralum-rosinsizeandshouldhave a for colorprintmounting,apaperproductshouldbefree of 1982 publication,thecompanystated,“Tobeconsidered alum, oralum-rosinsizeandhaveap products forphotographs“shouldbefreeofgroundwood, contact with.Thequestion[about p order tobekeptsafely.” search. als withphotographs,pendingtheoutcomeoffurtherre- recommended againsttheuseofalkaline-bufferedmateri- have ap Storage envelopes,folders,papers,andsoforth,should not besubjectedtoacidicorhighlyalkalinesubstances. Polaroid Corporationsaid,“Ingeneral,photographsshould offer thebestapproachatmoment.” run forphotographs,especiallycolorpictures,butthey of alkalinityinthesematerialsissatisfactorythelong papers forbooks.Itisnotyetcertainthatthehighdegree als, whichweredevelopedfromresearchonpermanent papers andmountboardsarenowmadeofnonacidmateri- consultant atGeorgeEastmanHouse,wrote,“Specialboxes, ist attheEastmanKodakCompanyandaconservation ucts withouttesting.In1976WalterClark,aformerchem- vation questionedtheacceptanceofalkaline-bufferedprod- H of7to7.5.(Ap Some people,however,workinginphotographicconser- With theintroductionofPermalifeindocumentcon- In the1985book In recentyears,variousadvicehasbeengivenregard- In 1978KlausB.Hendriks,chiefconservationchemist H 48 requirementsforphotographicenclosures.In1983 47 In1979,EastmanKodakrecommendedthatpaper H H H between7.0and8.5(neutraltoslightlyalka- ofthe]paperthatfilmsand printscomein valuesoftherespectivepaperenclosuresin H of7to9.5oftenisconsideredaccept- Conservation 46 Laterin1978,partiallybasedon H ofpaperenvelopes,andit RC 44
prints,HenryWilhelm of H H ] arisesfromtimeto Photographs, ofabout6.5.” 45 50 Referringto Kodak 49 Ina 51 470
This document originated at on June 6, 2003 under file name: 471 h emnneadCr fClrPoorpsChapter13 The PermanenceandCareofColorPhotographs in realitynotadiscolorationatall. of apparentdiscolorationovermattedalbumenprintsis tography atGeorgeEastmanHouse,revealedthatthistype Burgi, atthetimewithInternationalMuseumofPho- tion, or“staining,”ofsome19th-century record ofwhattheprintoriginallylookedlike,unfaded protected fromlightbytheovermatdonotfade.Withno the cutoutareaofovermatfade.Theedgesprint displayed forsufficienttime,thedyesexposedtolightin fading stability,andwhenanovermattedalbumenprintis showed thatthesedyescharacteristicallyhavepoorlight red huestothehighlightsofprints.Burgi’sresearch the paperwithorganicdyestogivebluish-redoryellowish- was commonpracticetolightly“tint”thealbumenlayerof tion ( Materials GroupoftheAmericanInstituteforConserva- Kay PorterpresentedatameetingofthePhotographic ticle, an alkaline-bufferedboard. and-white printswhichhadrecentlybeenovermattedwith very slightlyhigher.” recommended amountboardp courtesy Konica Corporation) lopes, whichgenerallyhavea pH of8.5orhigher.(Data contact withalkaline-buffered mount boardsandenve- underscores theconcernabout storingcolorprintsin cyan dyesinmostchromogenic colorphotographs;this ucts, thebehaviorofthisparticular dyeistypicalofthe dyes variesconsiderablyamong colorphotographicprod- the acidicrangeofpH3.8–5.5. WhilethepHsensitivityof storage test.Theoptimumstabilityofthedyeoccursin The printshavebeensubjectedtoanaccelerateddark- fading ofthecyandyeinKonicaColorPaperType Figure 13.1 Investigations reportedin1982byconservatorSergio Porter hadactuallyreportedontheapparentdiscolora- 53 AIC total alkalinitycouldhavepreventedtheloss. terial showedconsiderabledamage.Atestfor prints storedforonlyafewmonthsonthisma- 10–100 timestheaverageconcentration.Color be harmful.Onesuchmountboardcontained [7.0 to9.0]anexcessiveamountofbuffercan whichincorrectlycitedareportbyconservatorMary Even thoughthep ), Kodakwentontosay: TheeffectofemulsionpHonthedark 52 Basedonanerroneous1982ar- H maybewithinthisrange Color H value“verycloseto7.0or
prints 55 Inthe19thcenturyit
were albumen
not
involved. 54 black- SR . pers withap specifying p prints ortheirstoragerequirementsinherreport. black-and-white photographs.Porterdidnotdiscusscolor and otherpaperproductsreactwiththesilverimagesof more considerationshouldbegiventohowmountboards not necessarilysatisfactoryforphotographsandthatmuch emphasized thatmaterialsusedbypaperconservatorswere neutral p values ofphotographs.Ilfordhasrecommendedanear- Most PhotographsAreNot“Acid-Free” certain ofthis.Rather,inherreporttothe might bethecauseofdiscoloration,butshewasnot pected, therefore,thatalkalinebufferingintheovermat displayed (anassertionshelatercametodoubt);sus- that someofthe“stained”albumenprintshadneverbeen preted asa“stain.” dye aroundtheedgesofprintcaneasilybemisinter- of thecurrent release acid,which,ofcourse,ifitwereincontactwith conditions, whencelluloseacetatematerialshydrolyze,they don’t thinkitisagoodargument—thatunderanyadverse as longpossible.Itcouldalsobeargued—thoughI that “theconcernwaswiththeenclosuremateriallasting which developedthenewversionsofStandard,said sure materials,itisimportanttoconsiderthenormalp long-term storagemustbeofneutralp placed incontactwiththesurfaceofphotographfor graphs, nonbufferedpaperproductswithap color andblack-and-whitephotographs.Forphoto- rate recommendationsarenowgivenin in the1984and1986revisionsofStandard,sepa- and-white photographs,thisrecommendationwaschanged mendation isessentiallythesameasin1978version. are specified;forblack-and-whitephotographs,therecom- neutral rangebetween6.5and6.8p lized inCibachromeareatmaximumstabilitythenear prints (renamedIlfochromein1991):“Thedyesuti- tive printpapers. (DatafromH.Wilhelm) (shown here)aswellEktacolor andothercolornega- to yellowishstainformationwith KonicaType During darkstorage,highemulsion pHalsocontributes When contemplatingtheconsequencesandbenefitsof While the1978versionof Porter wasawareofBurgi’sfindingsbuthadbeentold Peter Adelstein,chairmanof H forstoragematerialsincontactwithCibachrome H H inthemanufactureofmountingandenclo- between7.0and9.5forbothcolorblack- ANSI
IT9.2 Standard)specifiedbufferedpa- ANSI
PH1.53 the ANSI H H . Materialstobe .” (thepredecessor 56 ANSI subcommittee AIC H of7.0to7.5 SR group,she
IT9.2 paper for H
This document originated at on June 6, 2003 under file name: opsin H etn,adLgtFdn tblt fBad n aesChapter13 Compostion, pH,Testing,andLightFadingStabilityofBoardsPapers storage humidities arehigh)isinfluenced by emulsionp ants intogelatin(whichwould bemostpronouncedwhen tested byHenryWilhelmhadap Eaton madethefollowingstatement: prints fromtheyears1917to1982hadp typically haveap p gelatin storedathighrelative humiditiesasafunctionof molecule isleastsolubleinwater.” the conditionofacidityoralkalinityatwhichgelatin because oftheequalnumberchargeattractions.It is point atwhichthegelatinmoleculeismosttightlycoiled method ofpreparation,andtheimpuritiespresent,is point, “whichischaracteristicofthekindgelatin,its longer.” these [alkaline-buffered]papersgenerallywouldlast paper; studieswithbooksanddocumentsindicatedthat ever theprimaryconcernwasstabilityofenclosure polyester materials—theydon’thydrolyzeaseasily.How- buffered paperwouldbegood.Thatisnottruewiththe in theacidrange,typicallyaboutp which photographicemulsionsarenormallymade)isalso even washfromtheprint. sion inanalkalinesolution,theimagedyeswouldbleedor one wereto“de-acidify”aDyeTransferprintbyimmer- ages ofanycolorfilmorprintmaterialmadebyKodak.If from light,DyeTransferprintshavethemoststableim- dyes oftheprintsareextremelystable.Whenprotected highly refinedwoodcellulose),gelatinlayers,andimage last 40yearsindicatethatthepapersupport(madefrom have alowp emulsion side.InspiteofthefactthatDyeTransferprints from 1976to1982hadp low-p solution, colorprintstabilizersthatleavetheemulsionina “washless” minilabandassociatedKonicaSuperStabilizer (Following the1984introductionofKonicaNicePrint included, ashasbeenthegeneralpracticeinrecentyears. washing, andabout6.5iftheacidicstabilizerhadnotbeen prints hadbeentreatedwithEktaprint3Stabilizerafter to 6.5whentestedbyHenryWilhelm. most stablewhenthep is notknown,butithasbeen suggested thatgelatinmaybe this, withrespecttothelong-termstabilityofphotographs, H orwhethertherateofpenetration ofairbornepollut- Several samplesoffiber-baseKodakDyeTransferprints As Eatonpointedout,fiber-baseblack-and-whiteprints Relative tothep There isnopublishedinformation onthesofteningof The isoelectricpointofthelime-processedgelatins(of H 4.6 to5.9butafterprocessingp the acidityorp for blackandwhiteemulsionsrangeinp with respecttopermanence.Kodakrawstocks low levelsofmetallicimpurities. highly purifiedpulp,inertsizingmaterial,and tant avariabletopermanenceasistheuseof levels. Thisslightacidity.isnotasimpor- layer helpstostabilizepaperacidityatthese range of5.5to6.6.Thegelatinintheemulsion conditionarebecomingpopularonceagain.) 57 Much hasbeensaidandwillbeabout H , acceleratedtestsandexperienceoverthe H intheacidrange;arandomselectionof H ofphotographsthemselves,George H H ofphotographicpaperbase H isneartheisoelectricpoint. levelsinthe3.5–4.5rangeif H H 61 5.0. H ofabout5.0onthe Thesignificanceof increasestoa 58 59 H Ektacolorprints 60 levelsoffrom4.8 Theisoelectric H from H . ered paper. photographs areinlong-termcontactwithalkaline-buff- emulsion willbealteredwhencolorandblack-and-white Figure 13.1 condition forkeepingprints.Whenthep Type are inamildly acidicratherthanalkaline condition.For and/or yellowstainformation arereduced)whentheprints chromogenic papersisbetter (i.e.,ratesofcyandyefading the focusofattentionshouldbeonpreservation als, airpollutants,orfungusgrowths.Thissuggeststhat storage conditions,contactwithreactivemateri- as aresultofpoorprocessing,improperwashing,humid while thesilverimagesareoftensignificantlydeteriorated gelatin printshaveremainedinreasonablygoodcondition, in generalthepapersupportsofbothalbumenandsilver- effects ofemulsionp Fuji Dyecolorprints. Wash-Off Reliefprints,KodakDyeTransferand adverse effectsondye-imbibitionprints,includingKodak and KonicaColor.Thereisparticularconcernoverits chromogenic printssuchasAgfacolor,Ektacolor,Fujicolor, alkaline-buffered paperonallcolorphotographs,including high-quality paperstock,thep published informationavailableastohowp cracking andbrittlenessarenotknown.Thereisalsono products forstorageofalbumenprints. or boardbeingequal,itisbesttoavoidalkaline-buffered lieved that,allothercharacteristicsofaparticularpaper Pending furtherresearch,however,Reillysaidhestillbe- other, asyetunidentified,constituentofPermalifepaper. the increasedrateofyellowing,butratheritwassome not thecalciumcarbonatebufferingitselfthatproduced vestigation oftheproblemrevealedthatitwasprobably prints withalkaline-bufferedpapers. erated agingtests,andheadvisedagainststoringsuch moted yellowingoffreshlymadealbumenprintsinaccel- image andgelatinemulsion. lected topromotemaximumstabilityofthesilverordye image Examination ofHistoricalPrintCollections Likewise, thelong-termeffectsofp RC helm indicatethatinaddition toKonicaColorType erate therateofchange. long-term storage.Conditionsofhighhumiditywillaccel- to approximatelythelevelofbufferedpaperduring color paper:“Itiswellknownthatacidicp the p paper productincontactwiththeemulsionofacolorprint, actions betweenanalkaline-bufferedmountboardorother under theconditionsofKonicatests.Becauseinter- 8.8 approximatelydoublestheamountofcyandyeloss minimum, andyellowstainislimited.” surface isbetween4and5,thecyandyefadingat a Examination ofhistoricalprintcollectionsindicatesthat In 1985Konicareportedfindingsfromresearchonthe In general,thereisapprehensionabouttheeffectsof In 1982JamesReillyreportedthatPermalifepaperpro- Accelerated darkfadingtests conductedbyHenryWil- , Ektacolor74 H EX andthegelatinemulsion.Assuminganotherwise oftheemulsionmaybeexpectedtograduallyrise prints,thedarkfadingstability ofEktacolor37 , increasingthep RC H , FujicolorType8908,andmany other onthedarkfadingstabilityofKonica H oftheemulsionfrom5.0to H shouldprobablybese- H 62 intermsofgelatin Reilly’sfurtherin- 63 64 Asindicatedin H H ofthegelatin H oftheprint isthebest SR and 472
This document originated at on June 6, 2003 under file name: 473 deteriorate, conclusiverecommendationsregardingp materials mayhaveonphotographsastheybothslowly pollutants onpaperproductsand,inturn,theeffectsthese cult torealisticallysimulatethelong-termeffectsofair the immediatefuture.Forexample,sinceitisverydiffi- all typesofimportantphotographs. envelopes, andotherpaperproductsformountingstoring als quitelikelyhavedifferent“ideal”p As indicatedabove,differenttypesofphotographicmateri- adverse effectsofanalkalinebufferinginsuchproducts.) that thereismuchlesscauseforconcernaboutpossible graphic emulsions,andforthisreasontheauthorsbelieve (Boxboards arenotnormallyindirectcontactwithphoto- ered mountboardsandpaperswithallcolorproducts. Brower andWilhelm,discouragetheuseofalkaline-buff- color papers—seeChapter2and5.) by Ektaprint3Stabilizer,itshouldnotbeusedwithcurrent stain formationandincreasedcyandyestabilityafforded unchanged. generally assumethatthecolors ofthemountwillremain complementary boardwhen mountingaphotographand curators whocarefullyselect themostappropriateand difficult andoftenhiddenproblem forartists,framers,and dark greenboardmaybecome lightblue.Thispresentsa may turnbeige,adeepblue boardmayturnbrown,ora become white,whiteboardsmayturnyellow,agrayboard example, somemountboardseventuallyloseallcolorand color andsimilarprintswhenexposedtolight.For longed display,andsomeareevenlessstablethanEkta- hoped thattherewilleventuallybea manufacturer hadindicatedawillingnesstodoso.)Itis complete linesofenvelopes;atthetimethiswriting,no turers ofpaperenvelopesalsowouldhavetosupplytwo that (To meettherequirementsof Chapter13 ers emulsionp are treatedwithKodakEktaprint3Stabilizer,whichlow- yellow stainformationisdrasticallyreducedwhentheprints example, withmanychromogeniccolorpapers,therateof The PermanenceandCareofColorPhotographs Light FadingStabilityofMountBoards same. other institutionsandindividualshavebeguntodothe with nonbuffered100%cottonfiberboard.Sincethen,many of Art,begantomountthecolorprintsintheircollections Fine ArtsinBoston,and1983theNewOrleansMuseum plated, especiallyforthedisplayandstorageofcolorprints. and enclosurepaperswhenlong-termkeepingiscontem- the authorsrecommendnonbuffered100%cottonfiberboards are notexpectedsoon.Untilmoreinformationisavailable, photographic tographs, tomeetthespecificationsof plete lineofnonbufferedboardsandpapersforcolorpho- and-white photographs,andaseparatebutequallycom- color, alkaline-bufferedmountboardsandpapersforblack- bersome andcostlytostock,ineverysize,thickness, storage. Asapracticalmatter,however,itwouldbecum- Suchaspecification,however,cannotbeformulatedin Pending furtherresearchtheauthorsofthischapter, Many mountboardsfadeorchangecolorduringpro- Responding totheseconcerns,in1982theMuseumof
takes 65
into
and
H account tolessthan4.5.(Inspiteofthereduced
paper
stability, all
the
many
including ANSI
single factors Standard,manufac- ANSI H pH specification— conditionsfor
affecting —forboards,
IT9.2-1991. H alone
both original color. boards arethenrankedaccordingtothestabilityoftheir five typesandsubdividedintosixcolor-densitygroups;the and includedinthistable.)Theboardsaredividedinto duced in1985byCrescentPaperCompanywerealsotested days fortheseboards.Sixtonesofmuseumboardintro- available; theauthorsrepeatedtestsforaperiodof90 “fade-resistant” coloredboardstoreplacethosepreviously (In 1985,RisingPaperCompanyintroducedseveralnew and matboardsmadeintheUnitedStates19821983. ties varyconsiderablyoutsidethevisualranges;forex- Table 13.1 filters onadensitometer.Twoexceptionsarenotedin surface papersfrequentlyhaveanoticeabletexture. white onthebackandatonedpapertop.Thetop faced andbackedwithseparatesheetsofpaper,usually sides andthroughoutthemiddle. (5) (4) (3) Solid (2) (1) The fivecategoriesofboardare: Table 13.1 tions isshownfor comparison. Kodak EktacolorPlusprinttested underthesamecondi- bility; andStrathmoreBrown has “good”stability.A stability; CrescentCardboardCovert Grayhas“fair”sta- category; CrescentCardboard CopleyGrayhas“poor” Brownstone colorfallsintothe authors’“extremelypoor” glass-filtered CoolWhitefluorescent lamps.TheRising to anacceleratedlightfadingtest with21.5klux(2,000fc) Figure 13.2 The colorgroupsaredeterminedbythevisualorblue ( (E) (D) (C) (B) (A) The sixcolorgroupsare: F ) StandardWoodPulpBoards(composite) HighlyRefinedWoodPulpBoards(composite) 100%CottonFiberBoards(composite) HighlyRefinedWoodPulpBoards(solid) 100%CottonFiberBoards(solid) Bak (visualdensity:1.30–1.41) Blacks Wie n f-hts(bluedensity:0.03–0.11) WhitesandOff-Whites LgtClr (visualdensity:0.10–0.33) LightColors Dr oos(visualdensity:0.74–1.18) (bluedensity:0.12–0.20) DarkColors Ivories Mdu oos(visualdensity:0.34–0.73) MediumColors boardsareconsistentincolorandfiberonboth withanasterisk.(Red,green,andbluedensi- was compiled from morethan300mount compiled was Thestabilityoffourmountboardssubjected Composite boardsare
This document originated at on June 6, 2003 under file name: changes wereconsideredtohavegoodstability. poor stability.Whiteandivoryboardswithveryslight in thesetwocolorgroupsaredescribedashavingextremely severely changedboards(i.e.,darkenedorcompletelyfaded) listed ashavingeithergoodstabilityorpoorstability;only categories forwhiteandivoryboards,suchboardsare the evengreaterdifficultyindefiningthesefourstability Chapter13 according totheauthors’visualassessment.Becauseof was rankedasbeinggood,fair,poor,orextremelypoor of suchchangesinthistest,eachboard’srelativestability was possibletoquantitativelydefineacceptableamounts and yellowing(darkening).Sincetheauthorsdidnotfeelit thors observedthreetypesofchanges:fading,colorshift, has avisualdensityof0.15andblue0.76.) ample, CrescentCardboardCompany’sNaplesYellowboard Compostion, pH,Testing,andLightFadingStabilityofBoardsPapers to haveextremelypoorcolorstability. val Mist,andRisingPaperCompany’sGalleryGrey,proved Cardboard Company’sRagMat100AntiqueTanandArchi- cally pleasingcoloredmuseumboards,suchasCrescent color stability.Unfortunately,someofthemostaestheti- the lessexpensivewoodpulpboardshaveextremelygood fiber haveremarkablypoorcolorstabilitywhilemanyof cost. Manymuseumboardsmadeofhigh-qualitycotton color stabilityaccordingtothequalityofitsfiberor age lossesbeforetheyweredowngraded. and yelloworgreenishboardsrequiredgreaterpercent- somewhat lessthanthesepercentagelosses,whiledark colored andreddishboardsachievedlowerrankingswith color wasconsideredextremelyunstable.Ingeneral,light- lost morethan40%ofitscolororthatactuallychanged were consideredtohavepoorstability;andanyboardthat have fairstability;boardsthatlost20–40%oftheircolor colored boardwitha10–20%lossincolorwasconsideredto in red,green,and/orbluedensity)tohavegoodstability;a boards withlessthan10%colorlosses(measuredas the stabilityof boardwasrated“extremely poor.” filter affordedonlymarginalimprovement. Inallcases ferent spectralconditions.A Plexiglas (2,000 fc)CoolWhitefluorescent lampsunderthreedif- jected toanacceleratedlight fading testwith21.5klux Figure 13.3 As In judgingtherelativestabilitiesofboards,au- When selectingamountboard,onecannotjudgeits
a
general
RisingBurntOrangemount board sub- guideline, theauthorsconsideredcolored UF -3 ultraviolet extremely poorstability. 7% hadfairstability,15%poorand18% ity. Overall,60%ofallthetestedboardshadgoodstability, ity whileonly30%hadpoororextremelycolorstabil- standard orregularboards(Type5)hadgoodcolorstabil- that 59%ofthelowest-quality,so-called find to prising composite boards(Type3)hadgoodstability.Itwassur- All 28colorsofCrescentCardboardCompany’sRagMat ity whencomparedwiththethreeothertypesofboards. museum andconservationboardshadinferiorcolorstabil- extremely poorstability.Forwhateverreasons,thesolid only 39%havinggoodstabilityand53%pooror refined woodpulpboards(Type2)faredtheworst,with ity while49%wereratedpoororextremelypoor.Highly cotton fibermuseumboards(Type1)hadgoodcolorstabil- equally poorlyinthesetests.Only43%ofthedyed100% offered bymostoftherepresentedcompanies,performed as Crescent’sNeutralGrayandthevariousantiquetones boards. Inthe stability color of thetheir regarding information ingful ever, Bainbridge madenoclaimsregarding thefaderesis- from Bainbridgebrochure). Unlike othercompanies,how- ing anddeterioration”(1984 Framing ColorsandTextures “Offers completeresistance tofade,discoloration,bleed- the colorstabilityofitsAlphamat Board,whichitclaimed than 10%inCarolBrower’s tests,Bainbridgeoverstated papers whichare“highlyresistanttofading.” tant,” whiletheRegularMatBoardissaidtohavesurface folder, bothtypesofboardsaredescribedas“faderesis- shown tobeamongtheleaststable.Inaproductsample bility, thecompany’sRagMat100museumboardswere faced “museum”boardsprovedtohaveexcellentcolorsta- pletely faderesistant.”WhileitistruethatCrescent’s seum Board.highqualitysurfacepapersarecom- Cardboard Companywrote,“TheCrescentRagMatMu- tant.” Inalettertotheauthors(April25,1986),Crescent that itsmuseumandConservamatboardsare“faderesis- ensure bleedandfaderesistance,”whileRisingclaimed its Ultimatboardsincluded,“Directdyeorironoxideto Miller Cardboard’sspecificationsforthesurfacepapersof literature isequallyuninformative,andevenmisleading. particular boardcolorwillholdupcomparedtoanother? sure withoutfading.”Buthowisonetoknowwella Board 100%Rag“withstands80hoursFade-O-Meterexpo- useful informationbystatingthatitsMuseumMounting hour fade”?ColumbiaCorporationprovidedsomewhatmore pass, didtheyfail,orweresimplysubjectedtothe“80- average framer.DidCrescentCardboardRagMatboards Are FrequentlyMeaningless Manufacturers’ ClaimsAboutColorStability (80 hr. tested withthe“FaderesistanceCarbonArcFade-O-Meter sen &BainbridgeAlphamatboardswerelistedasbeing For information. further without consumers example, Niel- these testscannotbeinterpretedorappliedbymostboard most companiescitedvariouslabtests,buttheresultsof Manufacturers havebeenanunreliablesourceofmean- Although onlyoneAlphamat color(Garnet)fadedmore Some ofthe manufacturers’ advertisingandpromotion Some ofthebestcolorsformountingphotographs,such ASTM G-25).”Thisfactisnotmeaningfultothe PPFA 1986SurveyonMat/MountBoards, (continued onpage 477) 66 474
This document originated at on June 6, 2003 under file name: 475 h emnneadCr fClrPoorpsChapter 13 The Permanence and Care of Color Photographs
This document originated at on June 6, 2003 under file name: opsin H etn,adLgtFdn tblt fBad n aesChapter 13 Compostion, pH, Testing, and Light Fading Stability of Boards Papers 476
This document originated at on June 6, 2003 under file name: 477 h emnneadCr fClrPoorpsChapter13 The PermanenceandCareofColorPhotographs rescent lightfadingtestspecifiedinthenew temperature- andhumidity-controlledglass-filteredfluo- beginning, theauthorsrecommendadoptionof6klux defined, andlimitsofacceptabilityneedtobeset.As a nation conditions.Differentlevelsofstabilityneedtobe simulates thespectraldistributionoftypicalindoorillumi- bility ofmatandmountboardsisrequired—atestthat new, standardizedtestforevaluatingthelightfadingsta- such asStrathmoreMuseumBoards.Itisapparentthata within eachgroupevenamongthebestavailableproducts, be excellent.” standard considersa20hourfadetestwithoutanyto with anEnclosedVioletCarbonArc.Theindustrywide of ourMuseumMountingBoard.Thetestisconducted 1982: “Weconductatesttodeterminethefaderesistance more PaperCompany,alsorespondedtoinquiryinJuly White FluorescentLamps( to high-intensity21.5klux(2,000 fc),Philips40-wattCool samples wasapproximately 85 ture foratotalof120days.The surfacetemperatureofthe Test Procedures 1990 mation withtheboardstheysell. able (andcomprehensibletotheaverageconsumer)infor- consumer, manufacturersareurgedtoprovidemorereli- and distributorsisoftenessentiallymeaninglesstothe because informationsuppliedbythepapermanufacturers lished intheNovember1984 Paper Technologies,Inc.),saidinapaneldiscussionpub- president ofProcessMaterials(andcurrently that ofothercoloredmatboards.”ArnoRoessler,former ifications whichyieldresistancetofadingatleastfivetimes manufacturing spec- by assured is Board .light-fastness colors .thatlast.”Andin1984:“ArchivartMuseum nounced: “New.acid-freematboardin14compatible vart DivisionofHeller&Usdan,Inc.),thecompanyan- Materials Corporation(whichin1990becametheArchi- public.” do notpublishsuchfindingsinordertomisguidethe stability, butsinceitseemstovarywitheverymaking,we letter datedJuly14,1982:“Wedohavetestdataondye Carol Brower’sinquiryonthesubjectofcolorstabilityina Department atAndrews/Nelson/Whitehead,respondedto tance orlightfastnessofitsAlpharagAlphamountboards. As KurtR.Schaeffer,formerproductplannerforStrath- In preparing In promotionalliteraturedistributedin1982byProcess Vera G.Freeman,formermanageroftheArtPaper colorstabilitytestmethodsStandard. quality coloredboardsarereallypigmented. acid-free boardsandcolor.Mostgood you canusethatlendthemselvestomaking color asyouplease.Therearedifferentdyes are restricted,andcannotsimplymakeevery you useacompletelydifferentapproach,[you] facturer becausetogetitinthealkalinerange plicated processanditdependsonthemanu- Table 13.1 Producing conservationcolorpaperisacom- Table 13.1 shows,stabilitycanvaryconsiderably , CarolBrowerexposedboards F 40 Art CW ° F
Business (29.4 ) withtwolampsperfix- ° C) andbecause of
News: 67 Furthermore, ANSI
IT9.9- requests fornonbufferedmountboards: Cardboard Company,madethefollowingcommentabout example, JosephB.Fiedor,generalmanagerofCrescent manufacturer. the to tions specifica- recommending for and sibility fortestingthem in thefieldofphotographicconservation,bearrespon- people whobuytheproducts,andparticularlyworking responsibility toconductsuchtests.InChen’sopinion, that manypapermanufacturersdonotbelievetheyhavea Chen, technicaldirectoratRisingPaperCompany,said measurements. as wellwhencalculatingthechangesinalllow-density relative stabilityofwhite,ivory,andverylight-coloredboards ment; thisisofparticularimportancewhenjudgingthe readings wasapproximately supplied bythemanufacturer.Thepotentialerrorof graphs. Zerodensitywascalibratedonaporcelainplaque A filters,whichweredesignedforusewithcolorphoto- fied in the current current the in fied Photography ConservationRequirements Manufacturers’ EffortstoMeet densitometer wasaMacbeth be comparedtofadingdataoncolorphotographs.The instead ofacolordifferencemetersothattheresultscould 60, 90,and120days.Adensitometerwasusedforthisstudy red, green,andbluespectrumrangesatintervalsof7,14, boards, iscompletelyabsorbedbytheglass). increased ratesoffadinginsomedyesusedtocolormount emission lineradiatedbythelamps,whichcancausegreatly below about330nanometers(the313nanometermercury covered withwindowglasstoabsorbultravioletradiation assumed to have been very low. The board samples were the heatingofsamples,moisturecontentcanbe PH1.53-1986 its productsmeetthemanyrequirementsgivenin most commonphotographicmaterialsnorconfirmedthat on eventhe products tests todeterminetheeffectsofits writing, however,nopapermanufacturerhadperformed 13.1 [ ager RobertStiff said: Archivart DivisionofHeller& Usdan,Inc.),marketingman- related tophotographicconservation. of theconcerns some mount boardsareawareofatleast Speaking forProcessMaterials Corporation(nowthe Allmanufacturers(andmajordistributors)ofhigh-quality Eachboardwasreadfordensitychangesinthevisual, Other papercompaniesconcurredwiththisview.For Letter toPaperManufacturers].)Atthetimeofthis agents. Thep made withouttheadditionofalkaline-buffering of demand.Forexample,ourboardswereonce James ReillyinRochester. based firstontheresearch of peoplesuchas market. The[future]direction wetakewillbe at thetimeofmanufactureasdemandedby agents. Nowwestriveforap ered boardsandsowebegantoaddbuffering years therehasbeengreatdemandforbuff- We supplywhatpeoplewant.It’saquestion (essentially the same requirements are speci- are requirements (essentiallythesame H ANSI wasbelow7.0.Butinrecent
IT9.2-1991 ± TR 0.01 foranygivenmeasure- 69 924 equippedwithStatus H thatisabove7.5 Standard).ChiC. 68 (See Appendix ANSI
This document originated at on June 6, 2003 under file name: opsin H etn,adLgtFdn tblt fBad n aesChapter13 Compostion, pH,Testing,andLightFadingStabilityofBoardsPapers for thepaper,asgivenin 1991Atlantiscatalog,are: long-term preservationofphotographs. Thespecifications all ofthequalitiestheycould identifyasimportantforthe veloping thespecificationsforpaper,whichembodies or PaperTechnologies,Inc. or throughtheArchivartDivisionofHeller&Usdan,Inc. versafe PhotostoremaybeordereddirectlyfromAtlantis, Paul GettyMuseuminPasadena,California.AtlantisSil- leaving paperbyanumberofmuseums,includingthe J. paper ispresentlyusedasanegativeenclosureandinter- made atSt.Cuthbert’sPaperMill,Somerset,England.The prints andnegatives.ThepaperisFourdriniermachine- ent weights,thepaperisalsointendedforinterleaving storage envelopesandenclosures.Availableinfourdiffer- paper everdesignedspecificallyformakingphotographic cotton fiberpaperthatisprobablythefirsthigh-quality safe Photostore,averysmooth,white,nonbuffered100% others intheconservationfield,AtlantisintroducedSilver- per andphotographconservatorsIanAngelaMoor Paper CompanyLimited,locatedinLondon,England, boards andpapersforconservationpurposes,theAtlantis information onthematerialstheyuse.” and paperuserswhootherwisehavelittleornoaccessto paper conservationandpreservation,topracticingartists to helpeducateandrelateinformationaboutpaper, products toassisttheconservatorinhisorherwork,and ply informationtothebestofourknowledgeabout ing informationaboutourproductsistwofold,onetosup- other distributors.AccordingtoAtlantis,“Theideaofgiv- plete listofproductspecificationsthanisusuallygivenby the companyfurnishesitscustomerswithamorecom- drawing. for watercolor, papers with printing, students and and art schools,Atlantisinitiallysuppliedartists,printmakers, the timewerebothworkingartistsandteachersinLondon Founded in1978byStuartWelchandDavidBrown,whoat specific needsofthephotographicconservationfield. appears tobemakingthegreatesteffortaddress An EnlightenedApproachtoMeetingUsers’Needs Mount BoardMadebyAtlantisPaperCompany: Nonbuffered PhotographicStoragePaperand PassesSilverTarnishTests • 100%cottonfiber frompurestcottonlinters • IanandAngelaMoorcollaboratedwithAtlantisinde- In 1983,inresponsetoneedsexpressedbyBritishpa- Of allthepapercompaniesproducinghigh-qualitymount It isimmediatelyevidentfromtheAtlantiscatalogthat marketplace. between themanufacturersandthosein fications. It’swhollyamatterofcooperation part toknowthatourproductsmeetthosespeci- ments. Naturallythatinvolvestestingonour and thenwewilltrytomeetthestatedrequire- this.” Therehastobeaconsensusofopinion products —“Weneedaproductthatwilldo servators mustinitiatespecificationsfornew tographic conservationfieldislookingfor.Con- Manufacturers havetobetoldwhatthepho- 70 73 72 71 According toAtlantis,selectionofthe Board based onthefollowingcriteria: a modifiednon-ionicfarinastarch. addition, themountboardsare“lightly”surface-sizedwith ketene dimersizingagentusedinSilversafePhotostore; in Museum mountboardstockissizedwiththesamealkyl manufacture andisnotbuffered.Atlantis100%Cotton seum Board In 1985thecompanyintroducedAtlantis100%CottonMu- boards undertheAtlantis100%CottonMuseumBoardname. Atlantis, theboardhasap photographs. “Inlinewithcurrentopinion,”accordingto adhesive, whichcontainsnoplasticizerandisaboutp .Since p 1. Passes • Whitecolour,freefromOpticalBrighteningAgents • Available infourweights • Smoothsurface • Suppliedlonggrain • Noaddedalkalinebufferingagents • 40gsm0.025% Ash content: • Gurley testtoassessporositywhereairflow • Qualitative testforchloride–negative • Reduciblesulfur:lessthan0.2partspermillion • Sizedwithneutralcuringketenedimer • •p The boardpliesarelaminatedwitha Atlantis alsosuppliesalineof100%cottonfibermount is neutralizedbyasmallproportion of lease ofaceticacid.Asafurther precautionthesystem since theyarelesssusceptible tohydrolysisandre- not lookingfor analkalineproduct. should notbeconsideredas anormalbufferasweare thereby maintainingtheneutrality oftheglueline.This bonate toabsorbanyacetic acidshoulditbeformed, V.A.E. can bebeneficial: H : 6bycolddemineralisedextract Criterion 3:Mottlingofcolloidalsilverdetector Criterion 2:Stainingofgelatin/photographic Criterion 1:Fadingofcolloidalsilverdetector expressed assec/100ml/sq.in. The higherthefigurelessporouspaper (beforecalendering)11sec; 120 gsm (beforecalendering)3.5sec; 40gsm TG polymerbetterthan Offwhite)forthemountingandconservationof ANSI H TG isofprimaryimportanceweconsidereda (after calendering)10sec; (after calendering)55sec. Offwhite(initiallycalledHeritageMuseum photographicactivitytest 120 gsm0.019% paper detector H ofabout7.0atthetime P.V.A. [polyvinylacetate] V.A.E. 1 ⁄ 2 IT V.A.E. % calciumcar- adhesivewas 9.2 polymer H 7.0. 478
This document originated at on June 6, 2003 under file name: 479 sion ofHeller&Usdan,Inc.) wasthefirstpapercompany source orstockduringthemanufacturingprocess.” ensuring norust,oxidizationorcontaminationofthewater Hills. Thepipeworkthroughoutthemillisstainlesssteel underground complexofcavesatWookeyHole,intheMendip pure watersourceoftheRiverAxedirectlyasitleaves archive applicationsaremadebySt.Cuthbert’s“usingthe control. AllAtlantisproductsintendedformuseumand test atSt.Cuthbert’sPaperMillaspartofroutinequality photographic applicationsaretestedwithasilvertarnish lishes suchinformationisnoteworthy.) and near-whiteboards;however,thefactthatAtlantispub- 100% CottonMuseumboardswithotheravailablewhite necessary tocomparethelightfadingstabilityofAtlantis No. 5rating.(Theauthorspresentlydonothavethedata are “lightfast,”equaltoorbetterthanaBlueWoolScale information isessentialinsolvingaproblemtheirwork.” cial letterheadand“areabletopersuadeAtlantisthatthis tional conservators”iftheywrotetoAtlantisontheiroffi- close thenameofadhesivemanufacturerto“institu- of theArt’paper-makingtechnology.” requirements ofourcustomers,andadvancesinthe‘State constant stateofdevelopmentaccordingtotheeverchanging ucts. Allofourfineartandarchivalproductsareina their adviceandhelptoproducethebestpossibleprod- vators andconservationscientistsrelyverymuchon using it.Wetrytoworkascloselypossiblewithconser- that abetteradhesiveexistswewouldhavenohesitation company, commented,“Ishouldsaythatifitcanbeshown tive reasons.”However,StuartWelch,adirectorofthe the specificadhesiveoritsmanufacturer,citing“competi- Boards andPapers Other SuppliersofHigh-Quality h emnneadCr fClrPoorpsChapter13 The PermanenceandCareofColorPhotographs .Chlorideandsulfurcontentshouldbeaslowpos- 3. Thereisasmallpossibilitythatanyplasticizerpresent 2. Process MaterialsCorporation (nowtheArchivartDivi- Atlantis saysthatitspapersandboardsintendedfor Atlantis claimsthat100%CottonMuseumboards Welch alsosaidthatAtlantiswouldbewillingtodis- Atlantis, unfortunately,hasdeclinedtoidentifyeither with bothconservatorsandadhesivechemists. the adhesivewasarrivedatafterlengthydiscussions tack initsdrystateafterlamination.Theformulafor continues toprotecttheadhesivefromthiskindofat- bug attack.Thisadditivehastheadvantagethatit included asapreservativetopreventmoldgrowthand our the Atlantis100%CottonMuseumBoardwithafilmof sible. Aftercoatingalayerofthebasepaperusedfor adhesive. omission ofanyplasticizersintheformulationthis tact withtheboardandhencethisisavoidedby could migrateandadverselyaffectthematerialincon- sive islessthan no tarnishatall.Includedintheformulaofthisadhe- standard test,theresultsweretotallysatisfactory:i.e., directly againsttheadhesiveforSilverTarnishusinga V.A.E. adhesive,allowingittodryandthentesting 1 ⁄ 2 % ofOrthoPhenylPhenolwhichis 75 74 77 76 men andcolorprints. naissance paper,developedspecificallyforstoringalbu- introduced anonbuffered,neutral-p sulfur free.Alsoin1983,LightImpressionsCorporation cally recommended. identify themanufacturers, paperscannotbeunequivo- ever, asneitherArchivartnor LightImpressionswould interleaving papers,depending ontheselectedweight.How- ing mountingcornersandnegative envelopes,andalsoas avoided.” tographic printswhereexcessivealkalinityshouldbe Photomount. Thecompanystated,“Itisforusewithpho- buffered 100%cottonfiberboardcalledRisingMuseum Chapter 12. conservation purposesisdiscussedinthischapterand identifying themanufacturingmillofapaperproductfor rently berecommendedbytheauthors.Theimportanceof its useinlong-termphotographicapplicationscannotcur- the manufacturerofitsmountboard,andforthisreason tomers. Unfortunately,Archivarthasdeclinedtoidentify strated aninterestineducatingandworkingwithitscus- its literatureandproducts,hasformanyyearsdemon- fiber intheneutralp white colorandismanufacturedfromselected100%cotton considered tobeundesirable.Thisboardcomesinanoff- the alkalineenvironmentofArchivalQualityMatboardsis specifically forphotographicuse,suchapplicationswhere Photographic Board:“Thisboardhasbeenmanufactured authors, andothers,thecompanyintroducedArchivart (who atthetimewaspresidentofProcessMaterials), ber 1981,asanoutcomeofdiscussionsbetweenArnoRoessler tion fieldregardingalkaline-bufferedboards.InNovem- to respondreservationsinthephotographicconserva- or buffering.” shiny, isneutralinp the paperhasanexceptionallysmoothfinishwithoutbeing graphic StoragePaperin1983.Madefromwoodcellulose, sion ofHeller&Usdan,Inc.)introducedArchivartPhoto- graphic mountboardsundertheirownnames. Inc. inHolyokeselltheParsonslineofmuseumandphoto- Paper CompanyinNewYorkCityandUniversityProducts, authors forphotographicapplications.A/N/W-Crestwood Photomounting Boardistentativelyrecommendedbythe Parsons PaperCompanymillinHolyoke,Massachusetts, is availableintwotones:whiteandantique.Madeatthe nonbuffered 4-plyboardcalledPhotomountingBoard,which ton fibermountboardsinmid-1983.Amongthemisa graphic applicationsbytheauthors. is oneoftheboardstentativelyrecommendedforphoto- Housatonic, Massachusetts.RisingMuseumPhotomount in its requests them.Thecompanyalsopublishes“discussions” along withsamplesoftheproducts,aresenttoanyonewho atmospheric conditions. somewhat withtimeastheboardisexposedtonormal is between6.5and7.5,whichmaybeexpectedtodrop Archivart PhotographicBoardatthetimeofmanufacture In 1982RisingPaperCompanyintroducedawhite,non- Process MaterialsCorporation(nowtheArchivartDivi- Parsons PaperCompanyintroducedalineof100%cot- Archivart regularlypublishestechnicalbulletins,which, Paper 81 TheboardismadeattheRisingpapermillin
and 79,80
Preservation AccordingtoArchivart,thep H H 82 range,withoutanyalkalinereserve , isnonbuffered,andclaimedtobe Bothpapersaresuitablefor mak- series,invitescommentson H productcalledRe- H valueof 78
This document originated at on June 6, 2003 under file name: conclusive evaluations)and representstheauthors’best nately, includesscanttest data thatwouldpermitmore ied examinationofavailable information(which,unfortu- in eachindividualcircumstance. what isbestaccordingtohis orherspecificrequirements ucts. Theuserwillhavetomakethefinaldecisionabout acteristics thatwillnotbemetbytherecommendedprod- surface characteristics,toneorcolor,andhandlingchar- of course,havespecificpreferencesinpaperandboard this paperhaspassedtheANSIPhotographicActivityTest.] with 100%cottonfibersandisnonbuffered;Stiffsaidthat safe calledArchivartPhoto-TexTissue,whichisalsomade supplies ahighqualityinterleavingtissuesimilartoSilver- [Archivart productmanagerRobertStiffsaidhiscompany ners, dependingontheselectedweightandapplication. terleaving sheets,storageenvelopes,andmountingcor- store (availabledirectlyfromAtlantisinEngland)forin- be avoidedifpossible,andblackboardsshouldnotused. contact betweencoloredboardsandphotographsshould Photomount MuseumBoard(White).Atpresent,direct White and,forsomeapplications,Antique),andRising Board currently recommendonlyAtlantis100%CottonMuseum are availablefromanumberofdistributors,theauthors emulsion andsupportp photographs toapotentiallymajoralterationofnormal thoroughly investigated,itisprobablyunwisetosubject important photographs.Untiltheconsequenceshavebeen cotton fiberboardsandenclosurepapersforalltypesof tions tofollowatpresentischoosenonbuffered100% believe thesafestcourseformuseumandarchivecollec- plications, andonwhatp boards andpapersaremostsuitableforphotographicap- closures.” ommended bythecompanyfor“archivalphotographicen- called Lig-freePhotographicEnclosurePaperthatisrec- nonbuffered, sulfur-free,high-alpha-cellulosewood-pulppaper Museum andArchiveCollections Summary ofRecommendations Chapter13 Compostion, pH,Testing,andLightFadingStabilityofBoardsPapers products. tify themanufacturersofcompany'spaperandboard tral-p als. Itisparticularlyimportanttousenonbuffered,neu- result ofprolongedcontactwithalkaline-bufferedmateri- ers anddistributorscanbefoundattheendofChapter12. white. Acomprehensivelistofmountboardmanufactur- terials ArchivartPhotographicBoardbecameavailablein manufacturer(s) oftheboard.LaterthatyearProcessMa- The company,however,declinedtorevealthenameof Photographic Board,availablein2-plyand4-plythicknesses. surfaced, white,nonbuffered100%cottonfiberboardcalled The recommendationsgiven herearebasedonastud- Photographers, conservators,andotherindividualsmay, The authorsalsorecommendAtlantisSilversafePhoto- Although nonbuffered100%cottonfibermountboards Given thelackofunbiasedinformationonwhichmount Conservation ResourcesInternational,Inc.suppliesa In1985,Andrews/Nelson/Whiteheadintroducedasmooth- H boardswithcolorphotographs. TG 83 Offwhite,ParsonsPhotographicBoard(Brite ConservationResourceshasdeclinedtoiden- H levels,whichmayoccurasa H levelsarebest,theauthors tures, andtoneswillcertainlybecomebroader. tion aremarketed,therangeofthicknesses,surfacetex- photographic of conserva- requirements strict the meet becomes available,andnewpapersmountboardswhich factory inlong-termpreservation.Asmoreinformation opinion aboutwhichproductsaremostlikelytobesatis- Kit forUnstablePapers, wood caneasilybedetectedwiththeTri-TestSpotTesting with black-and-whitephotographs.Thepresenceofground- lignin contentarenotsuitableforevenshort-termcontact times; theseandothergroundwoodboardswithahigh white facingpaperononeside)shouldbeavoidedatall are alkaline-buffered. mend theirconservationboardsdespitethefactthatthey tively identifiableboards,theauthorstentativelyrecom- ing, andStrathmorearetheonlycompaniestomarketposi- may beasuitableoption.BecauseAtlantis,Parsons,Ris- deemed tooexpensive,good-quality“conservation”boards and boardwilleverbeseparated.Ifmuseumboardsare nently attached,becauseitishighlyunlikelythattheprint board ifprintsaretobedrymountedorotherwiseperma- fiber boardsandpapersarerecommended. nence isanimportantconsideration,nonbuffered100%cotton other protectivetonerisrecommended)andimageperma- rectly (treatmentwithKodakRapidSeleniumToneror (see Chapter14). lopes madeofnonbuffered paper oruncoatedpolyester stability nonbufferedboards or storedinhigh-qualityenve- without extensivedisplay,they shouldbemountedonhigh- should beavoided(see are needed,however,thosewithpoorlightfadingstability others appeartobesatisfactory.Ifcoloredmountboards Crescent CardboardCompany,Nielsen&Bainbridge,and from warping.The“standard”matboardssuppliedby should, ofcourse,maintainadequatestiffnessandfreedom their dyeimageswhenexposedtolight.Themountboard useful lifeoftheprintswillbelimitedbyinstability of the choiceofmountboardislessimportantbecause those producedbyportraitandweddingphotographers, lar chromogeniccolorprintsintendedfordisplay,suchas Black-and-White Photography Color Photography Table 13.1 most light-stableboardsavailableshouldbeselected(see kaline buffering.Whencoloredboardsarerequired,the harmful emissionsfromlow-qualityboardsaffordedbyal- ably morethanoffsetbytheincreasedlifeandreductionin harm tophotographscausedbythealkalinebufferisprob- prints. Theauthorscurrentlybelievethatthepotentialfor is probablyanadvantage,bothforblack-and-whiteandcolor ciation, andothersuppliers. sions Corporation,theProfessionalPictureFramersAsso- Low-cost boardswithgraychipboardcores(usually It isparticularlyimportanttochoosegood-qualitymount When black-and-whiteprintshavebeenprocessedcor- When colorprintsareintended forlong-termstorage For mostFujicolor,Ektacolor,KonicaColor,andsimi- With mostlow-qualitymountboards,alkalinebuffering ). Atpresent,blackboardsshouldbeavoided. Table 13.1 84 availablefromLightImpres- ). 480
This document originated at on June 6, 2003 under file name: 481 h emnneadCr fClrPoorpsChapter13 The PermanenceandCareofColorPhotographs when amountboardissubjectedtothe cannot beappliedtosubsequentbatches.Forexample, adhesives. Perhapsmoreimportantisthattestresults ations inthespecifications,suchasachangelaminating in mostinstances,alsobeunawareofsignificantalter- has nowayofknowingwhichmillmadetheboardandwill, “ready-made” product.Inallthesecases,thecustomer ent inpracticethansimplyputtingaprivatelabelon strictly theyareadheredto—thismaynotbemuchdiffer- pending onhowdetailedthespecificationsare—and to timeinresponsepriceandotherconsiderations.De- to theirownspecifications,butmaychangemillsfromtime different boardmadebyamanufacturer. ers, itusuallykeepsthesameprivatelabelnamefora under differentnames.Whenadistributorchangessuppli- may beidenticaltothatsoldbyotherdistributors—all paper millandthenaffixitsownlabel.Thus,theboard distributor maypurchasea“ready-made”boardfrom availability.” among alotofsuppliers—italldependsonpriceand with regardtothecompany’sproducts,“Wejumparound employee atLightImpressionsCorporationcommented no ideaofwhere,orbywhom,theyweremade.Asone boards andotherpaperproducts,consumersusuallyhave periodically changepapermills.With“privatelabel”mount source ofproductvariabilitythatresultswhendistributors Company, andRisingPaperCompanyavoidasignificant at onlyonemill,AtlantisPaperCompany,Parsons assure itssuitabilityforphotographicapplications. and methodofmanufacture,includinganytestsdoneto uct andsupplyrelevantinformationaboutthecomposition tributor identifytheparticularpapermillmakingprod- the authorsrecommendthateverymanufactureranddis- pers, andotherpapersforstoringordisplayingphotographs, ingful independentevaluation, withthe one source—isadisserviceto customersandmakesmean- impression thattheboardorpaperisavailablefromonly scuring therealmanufacturer—inordertocreate Cuthbert’s —andtheproductsareclearlymarkedassuch. tions formulatedbyAtlantisincollaborationwithSt. at theSt.Cuthbert’sPaperMill,accordingtospecifica- products intendedforphotographicconservationaremade tributor, notamanufacturer;however,alloftheAtlantis their names.AtlantisPaperCompanyLimitedisadis- are themselvesmanufacturersoftheproductsthatbear at greaterlengthinChapter12. another mill.Thepracticeofprivatelabelingisdiscussed “same” boardis,atonetimeoranother,alsomade graphic ActivityTest,resultsmaybemeaninglessifthe Truth-in-Labeling Recommendations openly stated. turer, brandname,andcomplete specificationsarenot mount boardsandpapersfor whichtheactualmanufac- sible. Theauthorsstronglydisapprove ofthemarketing Activity Testandotherrecognized testmethods,impos- Some distributorshaveboardmanufacturedaccording Privately labeledmountboardscanhavetwoorigins.A By manufacturingtheirrespectivephotographicboards In thecaseofhigh-qualitymountboards,artists’pa- The practiceofprivatelabelingforthepurposeob- Parsons PaperCompanyandRising ANSI ANSI IT9.2 Photographic Photo- Every PackageofPaperandMountBoard: Information ThatShouldAccompany Notes andReferences 5 Testsconductedtodeterminephysicalstrength(e.g., 15. Typesoffluorescentbrighteners,ifany 14. Typesofdyes,pigments,andmordants,ifused 13. Lightfadingstability 12. Typeandbrandnameoflaminatingadhesives 11. Typesandbrandsofinternalsurfacesizingagents 10. .EastmanKodakCompany, 3. GeorgeT.Eaton,“PhotographicImageOxidation inProcessedBlack- 2. See,forexample:DebbieHessNorris,“PlatinumPhotographs:De- 1. .IncontinuingsupportofJamesReilly’s researchonimprovedtest 7. JamesM.Reilly,RochesterInstituteofTechnology, telephonedis- 6. JamesM.Reilly,EvaluationofStorageEnclosureMaterialsforPho- 5. .AmericanNationalStandardsInstitute,Inc., 4. .Testsconducted,ifany,todeterminephotographicim- 9. Level ofreduciblesulfurcompounds 8. Percent(reserve)andtypeofalkalinebufferingagent, 7. .Thep 6. Fiberorigin(e.g.,cottonfibers,woodfibers) 5. Convertingcompany 4. Dateofmanufactureandmanufacturer’slotnumber 3. Manufacturingcompanyandmilllocation 2. Distributingorretailingcompany 1. Vol. 7,No.1,March1985,pp.4. and-White Films,Plates,andPapers,” No. 2,June1985,p.1. terioration andPreservation,” Elmendorf testtodeterminetearingstrength) the Mullentesttodetermineburstingstrength, age reactivitywithcolorandblack-and-whitephotographs if used cussion withHenryWilhelm,September 27,1984. cussed onpages93–94). platinotypes, andotherkindsof19th-century photographsaredis- other paperproductsusedwith albumenprints,cyanotypes, York 14650,1986(pHandotherconsiderations ofmountboardsand 2S, EastmanKodakCompany,343 StateStreet,Rochester,New KodakPublicationNo.G- tion of19th-CenturyPhotographic Prints, Care andIdentifica- D.C.), March1984.Seealso:JamesM.Reilly, 309557 (AdministeredbytheSmithsonianInstitution,Washington, Report ofAccomplishmentforNationalMuseumActGrant#FC- tographs UsingtheANSIPhotographicActivityTest,FinalNarrative ANSI IT9.2-1991 ANSI PH1.53-1984 Note No.8below).ThePhotographicActivityTestdescribedin is nowobsoleteandhasbeenreplacedby 10036; telephone:212-642-4900;Fax:212-302-1286.ThisStandard dards Institute,Inc.,11West42ndStreet,NewYork,York Containers forStorage Processed Films,Plates,andPapers–FilingEnclosures American NationalStandardForPhotography(Processing)– pany, Rochester,NewYork,March1985,p.106. T. Eaton,editor),KodakPublicationNo.F-40,EastmanCom- H range(includingmaximumandminimump . isdifferentfromtheprimarytestspecifiedin , Sec.5.1,p.10, AmericanNationalStan- , Conservation ofPhotographs PhotographiConservation, PhotographiConservation, ANSI IT9.2-1991 ANSI PH1.53-1984, (George Vol.7, (see H )
This document originated at on June 6, 2003 under file name: 3 R.ScottWilliams,“CommercialStorageandFilingEnclosuresfor 13. JamesM.Reilly,seeNoteNo.5,p.4. 12. 10. 4 AmericanNationalStandardsInstitute, Inc., 14. 1 KlausB.HendriksandDouglasMadeley[NationalArchivesofCanada], 11. 5 GlenG.Gray,“DeterminationandSignificanceofActivationEnergy 15. Chapter13 Compostion, pH,Testing,andLightFadingStabilityofBoardsPapers 7 JamesM.ReillyandDouglasW.Nishimura, “ImprovementsinTest 17. EdithWeyde,“ASimpleTesttoIdentifyGases WhichDestroySilver 16. .AmericanNationalStandardsInstitute,Inc., 8. .T.J.CollingsandF.Young,“ImprovementsinSomeTests 9. ries), Ottawa, Ontario,August25–28,1985,(PrintingofTranscriptSumma- sium: TheStabilityandPreservationofPhotographicImages, Processed PhotographicMaterials,” vation), No.3,May1983,p.4. Photographic MaterialsGroupoftheAmericanInstituteforConser- November–December 1984,pp.226–232. during aquestionandanswersessionfollowingthepresentation.) (Hendriks isquotedonpage29ofthearticle;hisremarktookplace Kilworth Lane,Springfield,Virginia22151;telephone:703-642-9090. Photographic ActivityTest,” TAPPI ter InstituteofTechnology. Society forImagingScienceandTechnology(IS&T)theRoches- for thisproject.In1985 tion. Alsoin1984, Act ( ( methods forstoragematerials,RochesterInstituteofTechnology “A ComparisonoftheCollings-YoungTestand Georgia 30348;telephone:404-446-1400. per Industry,P.O.Box105113,TechnologyPark/Atlanta,Atlanta, and Paperboard, Historic andArtisticValue, in PermanenceTests,” 42–45. Applied PhotographicEngineering, Color PhotographicProductsfromShort-TermTests,” “Predicting Long-TermDarkStorageDyeStabilityCharacteristicsof C. Bard,GeorgeW.Larson,HowellHammond,andClarencePackard, 10036; telephone:212-642-4900;Fax:212-302-1286.Seealso:Charleton Standards Institute,Inc.,11West42ndStreet,NewYork,York graphic Images–MethodsforMeasuring National StandardforImagingMedia–StabilityofColorPhoto- Plastics,” nation ofTraceAmountsHydrogenPeroxideinPhotographic Also: S.H.Ehrlich,“Chemiluminescence:AMethodfortheDetermi- Tarnish Silver,” S. Ward,“ARapidTestfortheDetectionofSubstancesWhichWill tion, Techniques inPhotographConservation,” Fax: 212-302-1286. 42nd Street,NewYork,York10036;telephone:212-642-4900; Containers, Films, Plates,andPapers–FilingEnclosuresStorage National StandardforImagingMedia–PhotographicProcessed National EndowmentfortheHumanities( cated at photographic manufacturers.TheImagePermanenceInstitute,lo- vised primarilybyEastmanKodak,PolaroidCorporation,andother nology, aresearchlaboratoryinitiallyfundedandpresentlysuper- lished ImagePermanenceInstituteattheRochesterofTech- the research. National HistoricalPublicationsandRecordsCommission( Methods forPhotographic StorageEnclosures,”presented atthe July–August 1972,pp.283–286. Images,” Vol. 7,No.6,December1981,pp.160–167. graphic Films,” and J.L.McCrea,“StabilityofProcessed PolyesterBasePhoto- the Arrheniustestmethodtoplastic filmbase,seeP.Z.Adelstein Engineering, tics ofRadiographicFilms,” Thiosulfate ContentontheLong-TermImage-StabilityCharacteris- Hutchins, andC.Bard,“AMethodtoPredicttheEffectofResidual photographic materialssee:D.F.Kopperl,G.W.Larson,B.A. ods. ForapplicationoftheArrheniustestmethodtoblack-and-white method forpaperproductsanditsadvantagesoverpreviousmeth- 1977, pp.286–313.IncludesadiscussionofanArrheniustest Chemistry Series164,AmericanChemicalSociety,Washington,D.C., RIT In January1986Reillywasappointeddirectorofthenewlyestab- ) receivedagrantin1984of$15,000fromtheNationalMuseum Vol.21,No.2,May1976,pp.79–84.Seealso:V.Danielsand NMA SPSE OfficialTestMethod RIT ) grantprogramadministeredbytheSmithsonianInstitu- Photographic ScienceandEngineering, Photographic ScienceandEngineering, , TheSocietyforImagingScienceandTechnology,7003 inRochester,NewYork,isjointlysponsoredbyThe AmericanNationalStandardsInstitute,Inc.,11West Vol.8,No.2,April1982,pp.83–89.Forapplicationof Studies inConservation, Journal ofAppliedPhotographic Engineering, 1982,TechnicalAssociationofthePulpandPa- RIT acceptedagrantfor$39,750fromthe Preservation ofPaperandTextiles RIT T 406om-82, PMG JohnC.Williams,ed.,Advancesin receiveda$72,547grantfromthe Journal ofAppliedPhotographic Newsletter Second InternationalSympo- Vol.6,No.2,April1980,pp. Reducible SulfurinPaper ANSI IT ANSI IT Vol.27,1982,pp.58–60. NEH Studies inConserva- ) forcontinuationof , AmericanNational (newsletterofthe 9.9-1990, American 9.2-1991, American ANSI PH Vol.16,No.4, Vol.28,No.6, Journal of 1.54-1978 NHPRC ) 2 RoyP.Whitney,“ChemistryofPaper,” 32. 5 AmericanNationalStandardsInstitute,Inc., 25. AmericanNationalStandardsInstitute,Inc., 24. 6 KlausB.Hendriks,“TestsofPaperFilingEnclosuresAccordingto 26. 3 W. Nishimura, J.Reilly,andP.Adelstein,“Improvementstothe 23. R. Scott Williams,seeNoteNo.13,p.21. 22. American NationalStandardsInstitute,Inc.,seeNoteNo.8. 21. The enclosurepaperandmountboardtestkitisavailablefromthe 20. James M.ReillyandDouglasW.Nishimura,seeNoteNo.17,p.150. 19. Peter Z.Adelstein,“UpdateonNationalandInternationalPerma- 18. 3 “Cellulose.Thechiefconstituentofthecell wallsofallplantsand 33. 1 Forexample,theFall1992LightImpressionsCorporation 31. Thereisathirdtypeofhigh-qualityboard,whichcanbedescribed 30. EastmanKodakCompany,seeNoteNo.3,p.95. 29. 8 EugeneOstroff,“PreservationofPhotographs,” 28. JamesM.Reilly,seeNoteNo.6. 27. phone: 212-264-4900;Fax:212-302-1286. tute, Inc.,11West42ndStreet,NewYork,York10036;tele- Photographic Film–Storage, can NationalStandardforImagingMedia–ProcessedSafety phone: 202-232-6636;Fax:202-232-6630. Suite 340,140016thStreet,N.W.,Washington,D.C.20036;tele- pp. 1–7.AvailablefromtheAmericanInstituteforConservation, Materials GroupoftheAmericanInstituteforConservation,1989, tion –VolumeThree Research andSpecifications,” W. Nishimura,LuisPavao,andPeterZ.Adelstein,“PhotoEnclosures For theoriginalversionofthisarticle,see:JamesM.Reilly,Douglas aging Technology, 5400. Race Street,Philadelphia,Pennsylvania19103;telephone:215-299- obtained fromtheAmericanSocietyforTestingandMaterials,1916 the New Park/Atlanta, Atlanta,Georgia30348;telephone:404-446-1400. ciation ofthePulpandPaperIndustry,P.O.Box105113,Technology 3.2, (seeNoteNo.8).Referenced Advance PrintingofConferenceSummaries, ence andTechnology,Rochester,NewYork,May19,1987(see Photographic ActivityTestin 14623-0887; telephone:716-475-5199;Fax:716-475-7230. E. GannettMemorialBuilding,P.O.Box9887,Rochester,NewYork Image PermanenceInstitute,RochesterInstituteofTechnology,Frank Manchester Polytechnic(Manchester,U.K.). Society forImagingScienceandTechnologyincooperationwith of PhotographyatGeorgeEastmanHouse,wassponsoredbyThe 1990. TheSymposium,whichwasheldattheInternationalMuseum sium onImageConservation nence Standards,”presentationatthe cation of the stability of the paper, and therefore its permanence” stability ofthepaper, therefore its and the of cation indi- gives an cellulose) the oftruedetermination cellulose (alpha depends tosomeextentontheabsence ofnon-cellulosicmaterials, termed AlphaCellulose”(p.49).“Because thepermanenceofpaper solution ofsodiumhydroxide[at20 portion ofcellulosicmaterialthat doesnotdissolveina17.5% far themostabundantorganicsubstance foundinnature.The many fibrousproducts,includingpaper andcloth.Celluloseisby The WorldPrintCouncil,SanFrancisco,California,1979,pp.36–44. 4-ply mountboardwhenpurchasedin10-sheetpackages: Supplies photographs. against theuseoftheseboardsindirectcontactwithvaluable Alphamat andMillerUltimatareexamples.Theauthorsadvise 60 pointsthick(aboutthethicknessof4-plyboard).Bainbridge unsuitable formountingorasabacking.Thisboardisusually50to for makingovermatsand,whenitsfinishishighlytextured,it smooth finishesoneithersideofabrightwhitecore.Itisintended wood pulpandisfacedwithcoloredpapersthathavetexturedor as adecorativecompositeboard.Thisboardismadeofde-acidified American AssociationofMuseums,1976,pp.14–15. Ostroff, Journal, tute ofTechnology,Rochester,NewYork,March5,1979. tion ofPhotographicImages, aging Systems SPSE 40thAnnualConferenceandSymposiumonHybridIm- Purified WoodPulpBoards: 100% CottonFiberBoards: Exeter ConservationBoard(White):$6.15 Non-Buffered 100%RagBoard(White,Cream):$7.80 Westminster 100%RagBoard(White,Natural,Ivory):$7.80 TAPPI Conserving andRestoringPhotographicCollections, Vol.107,No.10,October1967,p.311.Seealso:Eugene ANSI cataloglistedthefollowingpricespersheetof32x40-inch publicationscanbeobtainedfromtheTechnicalAsso- Standard,”presentedat , sponsoredby Vol.17,No.6,December1991,pp.245–252. (compiledbyRobinE.Siegel),Photographic ANSI Topics inPhotographicPreserva- asymposiumattheRochesterInsti- AmericanNationalStandardsInsti- SPSE , Rochester,NewYork,June18, Standard ° C, underspecifiedconditions]is , TheSocietyforImagingSci- ASTM Third InternationalSympo- Preservation andRestora- Paper –Art&Technology, ANSI IT testmethodscanbe ANSI IT IT 9.2,” pp.150–154). The Photographic 9.11-1991, Ameri- Journal ofIm- 9.2-1991, Archival Sec. 482
This document originated at on June 6, 2003 under file name: 483 h emnneadCr fClrPoorpsChapter13 The PermanenceandCareofColorPhotographs 5 SergioBurgi,“Fading ofDyesUsedforTintingUnsensitizedAlbu- 55. EastmanKodakCompany,seeNoteNo. 3. 54. 3 AmericanNational StandardsInstitute,Inc., 43. WilliamJ.Barrow, 42. Glen G.Gray, see NoteNo.15,p.312. 41. JohnC.Williams,“AReviewofPaperQualityandChemistry,” 35. EugeneOstroff,seeNoteNo.28,p.311. 34. 6 KlausB.Hendriks,introductoryremarksforthesessionon“Stability 46. WalterClark,“TechniquesforConservingThoseOldPhotographs,” 45. HowardPaperMills,Inc.,354SouthEdwinC.MosesBlvd.,P.O.Box 44. 3 Anonymous,“What AretheSpeakersFrom 53. EastmanKodakCompany,seeNoteNo. 3. 52. HenryJ.Kaska,directorofpublicinformation,Eastman KodakCom- 51. 0 A.I.Woodward[WigginsTeapeLtd.],“TheEvolutionofPhotographic 40. GeorgeT.Eaton,seeNoteNo.36. 39. GeorgeT.Eaton,seeNoteNo.36,pp.1and6. 38. GeorgeT.Eaton,“PhotographicPaperBase,” 36. 6 StantonClay,“StabilityofCibachromeMaterials,” presentedata 56. 8 PolaroidCorporation, 48. HenryWilhelm,“PreservationofYourBlackandWhitePhotographs,” 47. 7 EastmanKodakCompany, 37. 9 ThepHlevelsoftheprintsweremeasured byHenryWilhelmusing 59. George T.Eaton,seeNoteNo.36,p.6. 58. PeterZ.Adelstein,EastmanKodakCompany,telephone discussion 57. 0 EastmanKodakCompany, 50. EastmanKodakCompany,seeNoteNo.37,p.35. 49. tographic Images, men Paper,”presentedat Arts, RochesterInstituteofTechnology,Rochester,NewYork.) 7. (PublishedbytheTechnicalandEducationCenterofGraphic Charlottesville, Virginia,1972. tion andRestoration, 67–72. Applied PhotographicEngineering, Formulations andRequirementsofPhotographicPaper,” and RudolfWanka[SchoellerTechnicalPapers,Inc.],“Chemical Vol. 7,No.4,August1981,pp.117–120.Seealso:KlausB.Kasper Base Papers,” brary Trends, in D.C., 1982. the ConservationofBooks, (p. 8).From:MattRobertsandDonEtherington, ( ference oftheSocietyPhotographicScientistsandEngineers and PreservationofPhotographicRecords”atthe31stAnnualCon- The NewYorkTimes, sold byLightImpressionsCorporation. buffered paperintendedforphotographicstorageapplicationsand makes PermalifepapersandhasalsomadetheRenaissancenon- 982, Dayton,Ohio45401;telephone:513-224-1211.Thecompany vices, Inc.,8343AGreensboroDrive,McLean,Virginia22102”(p.7). pany, lettertoHenryWilhelm,November17,1982. ter, NewYork,May1982,p.7. Currently,” scribe tosomeformofcomparativetestprogram,suchasthe consistency oftestresults,itisrecommendedthatsupplierssub- telephone: 212-642-4900;Fax:212-302-1286.“Toensuremaximum dards Institute,Inc.,11West42ndSt.,NewYork,York10036; of PaperforPrintedLibraryMaterials, can NationalStandardforInformationSciences–Permanence [George T.Eaton,editor],KodakPublicationNo. York, August1979,p.4.Seealso: Publication No.F-30,EastmanKodakCompany,Rochester,New pp. 37–39. servation, lenge, conference on 1987), Ottawa,Ontario,August30,1982. chives ofCanada(renamedtheNationalArchivesin TAPPI Materials, Photographs: AGuide, 20–21, 1978. the OlmstedCenterofDrakeUniversity,DesMoines,Iowa,October presented at an IngoldElectrodes, Inc.FlatMembraneElectrodewith FourLiquid with HenryWilhelm,September3,1983. Henry Wilhelm,chairman. national CenterofPhotography,New York,NewMay6,1978; chusetts, 1983,p.28. SPSE Conservation ofLibraryMaterials, CollaborativeReferenceService,TestingSer- ) inWashington,D.C.,May1,1978.
The Photographer’sandCollector’s Dilemma Vol.4,No.1,March1982,p.1. PamphletNo. PhotographiConservation, Preserving YourHistoricalRecords:ASymposium, Vol.30,No.2,Fall1981,p.207. The PermanenceofColor–Technology’s Chal- Journal ofAppliedPhotographicEngineering, Manuscripts andDocuments:TheirDeteriora-
SPSE Storing, HandlingandPreservingPolaroid June13,1976,Sec.D,p.40. seconded.,UniversityofVirginiaPress, PolaroidCorporation,Cambridge,Massa- E InternationalSymposium,thePublicAr- The StabilityandPreservationofPho- -30, EastmanKodakCompany,Roches- Preservation ofPhotographs, Storage andCareofKodakColor LibraryofCongress,Washington, Conservation ofPhotographs Vol.7,No.3,June1981,pp. Vol.4,No.2,June1982,p. GeraldLundeen,ed., ANSI Z AmericanNationalStan- RIT 39.48-1984, Ameri- Bookbinding and PhotographiCon- F -40, March1985, SeminarsDoing attheInter- Journal of Kodak CIS- Li- 5 According toCarolBrower’s1982survey“TheCareandPresenta- 65. 1 AtlantisPaperCompanyLimited,No.2St.AndrewsWay,LondonE3 71. RobertStiff,telephoneconversationwithCarolBrower,November 70. JosephB.Fiedor,telephoneconversationwithCarolBrower,May 69. ProcessMaterialsCorporationwasthefirstcompanytodevelopand 68. 4 M. Kahn andG.Ayers,“EliminationofWashWaterinMinilabOpera- 64. JamesM.Reilly,seeNoteNo.6. 63. James M.Reilly,DouglasG.Severson,andConstanceMcCabe, 62. Grant Haist, 61. 0 ThomasWoodlief,Jr.,ed., 60. 7 AtlantisPaper CompanyLimited, 77. StuartM.Welch,letterto theauthors,September27,1985. 76. StuartM.Welch,seeNoteNo.72. 75. StuartM.Welch,lettertotheauthors,June 20,1985. 74. Archivart DivisionofHeller&Usdan,Inc.,7CaesarPlace,Moonachie, 73. StuartM.Welch,AtlantisPaperCompany Limited,lettertotheau- 72. 7 AmericanNationalStandardsInstitute,Inc.,seeNoteNo.14.The 67. 6 ProfessionalPictureFramersAssociation, 66. difference betweennonbuffered,neutralp suggest thatmostpeoplewerestillunawareattimeofthe selling nonbufferedboardsinAugust1982,theaboveresponses ers” andthatonlyProcessMaterialsLightImpressionswere they purchase(somepeoplenamedmorethanone): sponding papercompaniesassuppliersofthe“nonbuffered”board boards. Thefollowingnumbersofindividualsnamedthecorre- ers?” Eightpeople(outof65)saidtheydidnotusenonbuffered boards,whoarethemanufactur- you usenonbuffered,neutralpH however, 19ofthe35respondentsdidnotanswerquestion,“If boards; pH neutral nonbuffered, used they that said individuals tion ofPhotographicPrints”(seeChapter12),3565queried 1985. Operations andTechnologies, 3 25, 1985. 18, 1983. free: 800-333-4466.) Place, Moonachie,NewJersey07074;telephone:201-933-8100;toll- headquartered inNewYorkCity,byHeller&Usdan,Inc.,7Caesar vart, wasacquiredfromitsthenowner,LindenmeyrPaperCompany, Materials Corporation,whichbythenhadchangeditsnametoArchi- step forwardinthemarketingofsuchproducts.(In1990,Process Conservation Newsletter title ofanadthatfirstappearedinthe market alineof“NewProductsforPhotographicConservation,”the cent acceleratedlightfadingtestsuitableforusewithmountboards. and Engineers( tions,” paperpresentedattheSocietyofPhotographicScientists Spring 1983,pp.4–10. play ofaPhotographicCollection,” pp. 96–98,102;DebbieHessNorris,“TheProperStorageandDis- Old Photographs,” tion, Washington,D.C.,May1982;WilliamB.Becker,“NewLifefor sented ataconferenceoftheInternationalInstituteforConserva- “Image DeteriorationinAlbumenPhotographicPrints,”paperpre- and Sons,NewYork,1979,p.54. 1973, p.514. ence andEngineering, pany. buffered, neutralp with aDigi-p Junction LegsforMeasurementsofPaper,CatalogNo.6147-01, ANSI California 92691;telephone:714-768-7497 and714-768-7498. Paper Technologies,Inc.,25801 Obrero, Suite4,MissionViejo, New Jersey07074;telephone:201-933-8100 (toll-free:800-333-4466). thors, March21,1985. U.S.: 011-44-071-537-4277). 011-44-071-537-2727); Fax:071-537-4277(todirect-dialfromthe phone: 804-226-0430. 4305 SarellenRoad,P.O.Box7655,Richmond,Virginia23231;tele- Boards, PA Given thatonly18respondentsgavethenamesof“manufactur- , England;telephone:071-537-2727(todirect-dialfromtheU.S.: IT9.9-1990 March1986.ProfessionalPictureFramersAssociation, 1 –UniversityProducts,Inc. 1 –CrestwoodPaperCompany 1 –Andrews/Nelson/Whitehead 2 –LightImpressionsCorporation 2 –C.T.Bainbridge’sSons,Inc. 7 –RisingPaperCompany 8 –ProcessMaterialsCorporation Modern PhotographicProcessing, H -ase p SPSE Standardincludesa6.0kluxCoolWhitefluores- (now Nielsen&Bainbridge) (now theArchivartDivisionofHeller&Usdan,Inc.) H Camera Arts, boards. H MetermadebyCole-ParmerInstrumentCom- ) JohnWileyandSons,NewYork, Tutorial SymposiumonOneHourLab SPSE , August1983.Itrepresentedamajor LasVegas,Nevada,March26–27, HandbookofPhotographicSci- Vol.2,No.March–April1982, Fine ArchivalPapers FromSt. Picturescope, American Institutefor H Survey onMat/Mount boardsandalkaline- Vol.1,JohnWiley Vol.31,No.1,
This document originated at on June 6, 2003 under file name: 9 ProcessMaterialsCorporation,“TechnicalBulletinNo. 79. Process MaterialsCorporation,“Paper&PreservationNo.4,”Pro- 78. Kimberly ScheneckandConstance McCabe,“PreliminaryTestingof Nancy Reinhold,“AnInvestigationofCommerciallyAvailableDryMount Klaus B.Hendriks,togetherwithBrianThurgood,JoeIraci,Lesser, Helen D.BurgessandCarolynG.Leckie,“EvaluationofPaperProducts: Additional References Chapter13 Compostion, pH,Testing,andLightFadingStabilityofBoardsPapers 2 Theproduct descriptionforRenaissancePaperintheLightImpres- 82. Thisstatementappearsonmountboardsamplecardsdistributedby 81. in1974byProcessMaterialsCorporation,Archivart Introduced 80. 4 DistributedbytheProfessionalPictureFramersAssociationinRich- 84. 3 ConservationResourcesInternational,Inc.,8000- 83. cess MaterialsCorporation,Rutherford,NewJersey,February1983. 1991 catalog. Cuthbert’s England Conservation, 1989,pp.52–61. Siegel), PhotographicMaterialsGroup oftheAmericanInstitutefor graphic Preservation–Volume Three Adhesives UsedinPhotographicConservation,” American InstituteforConservation, (compiled byRobinE.Siegel),PhotographicMaterialsGroupofthe Tissues,” Canada M4S2P5;telephone:416-322-5113;Fax:416-484-9512. from LugusProductionsLtd.,48FalconStreet,Toronto,Ontario, Canada andtheCommunicationGroup,1991.Available Lugus PublicationsincooperationwiththeNationalArchivesof tals ofPhotographicConservation:AStudyGuide and GregHilloftheNationalArchivesCanadastaff, ington, D.C.20036;telephone:202-232-6636;Fax:202-232-6630. Institute forConservation,Suite340,140016thStreet,N.W.,Wash- for Conservation, E. Siegel),PhotographicMaterialsGroupoftheAmericanInstitute in PhotographicPreservation–VolumeFour With SpecialReferencetoUsewithPhotographicMaterials,” side Florida:800-874-3164). Tallahassee, Florida32317;telephone:904-878-3546(toll-freeout- New York:800-828-9629);andWestfallFraming,Inc.,P.O.Box13534, 271-8960; (toll-freeoutsideNewYork:800-828-6216;toll-freeinside Monroe Avenue,Rochester,NewYork14607-3717;telephone:716- kit canalsobepurchasedfromLightImpressionsCorporation,439 ginia 23231;telephone:804-226-0430;toll-free:800-832-7732.The Picture FramersAssociation,4305SarellenRoad,Richmond,Vir- Modern BookandRecordPapers, had passedthe sions 1991ArchivalSuppliescatalog(p.60)statedthatthepaper Rising PaperCompany. servation Board,andisnowavailableinothertones. company, saidinAugust1983thatthisproductwasrenamedCon- chivart PhotographicBoard,ArnoRoessler,thenpresidentofthe because ofpossibleconfusionwiththecompany’snonbufferedAr- p. 5).Becauseofthepresencealkalinebufferingagentsand Materials Corporation,“ConservationProducts,”secondedition,1982, also usedinpictureframingandasabinder’sboard”(Process oped forthemountingandstorageofphotographs,thisboardis selected chemicalpulp,bufferedagainstaciddeterioration.Devel- “an acid-freeboard,ofexceptionallyrigidconstruction,madefrom Photomount Board,asolid,darkash-grayboard,wasdescribedas November 1981(revisedFebruary1983). nence/Durability oftheBook: Richmond, Virginia(see:W.J.BarrowResearchLaboratory, (1904–1967) ofthenowdefunctW.J.BarrowResearchLaboratoryin Barrow SpotTestKit,thetestsweredevisedbyWilliamJ. substances towhichthetestsdonotrespond.Originallycalled compounds whichuponagingproduceactiveoxidants,andofother quite harmfultophotographsbecauseofthepresencesulfur appears tobesatisfactoryonthebasisofthesetestsmayinfact user shouldbecautioned,however,thatapaperproductwhich to performandwillreadilyidentifypoor-qualitypaperproducts.The paper orboardproducts.Thesearequalitativetestswhicheasy and alum,fordistinguishingbetweenacid,neutral,oralkaline contains threesolutionsfordetectingthepresenceofgroundwood mond, Virginia,Tri-Test–ASpotTestingKitforUnstablePapers 634-6932. Summer–Fall1991GeneralCatalog,p.30. Springfield, Virginia22151;telephone:703-321-7730;toll-free:800- The Tri-TestspottestingkitisavailablefromtheProfessional Topics inPhotographicPreservation–VolumeFour ANSI IT
1991, pp.96–105.AvailablefromtheAmerican (1985productsamplebookandcatalog), 9.2 Sec. 5.1 VI
. SpotTestingforUnstable 1991, pp.14–30. Photographic ActivityTest. Richmond,Virginia,1969). (compiled byRobinE. (compiledbyRobin Topics inPhoto- H ForbesPlace, , publishedby CP Fundamen- -186- Perma- Topics MB ,” and copiesofthe lettersweresenttothecompanies, tonoavail. Monadnock PaperMills,Inc.Follow-up telephonecallsweremade with letters. of theirPhotomountingBoard.None ofthecompaniesresponded Parsons Paper–DivisionofNVF Companysentasamplepackage erature containingsomeinformation aboutpHandfibercontent. bridge) andMillerCardboardCorporationsentpromotionallit- manufactures mountboard.) that Rupacodistributes;BuntinGilliesandCompany,Ltd.nolonger information regardingtheRisingMuseumandConservamatboards Corporation referredtheauthortoRisingPaperCompanyfor distributes mountboards,andEricSchiffmanofRupacoPaper Corporation. (Forexample,theHollingerCorporationnolonger Domtar FinePapers;HollingerCorporation;andRupacoPaper by thefollowing5companies: tis wasnotsentacopyoftheoriginal1982letter). England respondedindetailtoquestionsfromtheauthors(Atlan- ucts, Inc.In1985AtlantisPaperCompanyLimitedofLondon, pany; Talas,Inc.;StrathmorePaperCompany;andUniversityProd- Archivart DivisionofHeller&Usdan,Inc.);RisingPaperCom- Impressions Corporation;ProcessMaterialsCorporation(nowthe pany; HowardPaperMills,Inc.;JamesRiverCorporation;Light tional, Inc.;CrescentCardboardCompany;CrestwoodPaperCom- not alloftherequestedinformationwasprovided: and distributorsaskingthefollowingquestions: Appendix 13.1–LettertoPaperCompanies 3 Doyouhavepaperswhichrecommendforinterleaving 13. Doyouhaveanytestdataonthedyestabilityofyourcolored 12. Havetestsbeenconductedwithyourmountboardsincontact 11. Doyouknowhowortowhatextentyourmaterialsareusedin 10. .Doyoumanufactureordistributeotherhigh-qualityboards 9. Haveacceleratedagingtestsbeenconductedwithyourmount 8. Canyousupplyinformationaboutyourlaminatingadhesives 7. Doyoursourcesofcottonfibervary? 6. Whatistherawmaterialcontentofyourmountboards(cotton 5. Dotheyhaveanalkalinereserve?Ifso,howmuch? 4. Areyourmuseummountboardsbuffered?Ifso,withwhat? 3. WhatisthepHofyourmuseummountboards? 2. Whichpapermillsmakeyourmountboards? 1. Beckett PaperCompany;Hurlock Bros.Company,Inc.;and The following3companiesdid notrespond: Charles T.Bainbridge’sSons,Inc.(currentlyNielsen&Bain- Buntin GilliesandCompany,Ltd.;ConservationMaterials, Letters ofapologyorreferraltoothercompaniesweresent Andrews/Nelson/Whitehead; ConservationResourcesInterna- The following12companiesrespondedinwriting,although In June1982,CarolBrowersentlettersto23papercompanies purposes? exposure? or tintedboardswhentheyaresubjectedtoprolongedlight the boardsmighthaveinlong-termstorage? Dye Transfer,Polacolor,etc.thatwouldindicatewhateffects ver-gelatin, Ektacolor,Cibachrome[currentlycalledIlfochrome], with commonphotographicmaterialsincludingalbumen,sil- the photographicfields? institutions, andgalleries? and papersthataresuitableforuseinmuseums,archives, boards? Ifso,couldyoudescribethetestsandyourfindings? and sizings? fiber, woodcellulose,etc.)? 484
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