A FIELD GUIDE TO Pests of the Acadian Forest

Report For 2017-14 Table of Contents

Introduction...... 1

How To Use This Field Guide...... 4

Insect Identification and Description...... 7

Softwood...... 8

Hardwood...... 10

Bark and Wood-Boring Insects...... 13

Bronze Birch Borer...... 14 The position of Provincial Entomologist in Brown Spruce Longhorn Beetle...... 16 Nova Scotia was created in 1915. In recognition Carpenter Ants...... 18 of the 100th anniversary, we dedicate this guide Metallic Wood-Boring Beetles ...... 20 to the professional and amateur entomologists who have devoted lifetimes to the study of insects. Native Elm Bark Beetle...... 22 Spruce Beetle...... 24

Sugar Maple Borer ...... 26

Whitespotted Sawyer ...... 28

Wood Wasps (Horntails)...... 30

Foliage Feeding Insects...... 33

Alder Flea Beetle...... 34

Alder Woolly Sawfly...... 36

Balsam Fir Sawfly...... 38

Beech Leaf Mining Weevil ...... 40

Birch Leaf Mining Sawflies...... 42

Dusky Birch Sawfly...... 44

Eastern Blackheaded Budworm ...... 46

Eastern Tent Caterpillar...... 48 REPORT FOR 2017-14 September 2017 Fall Cankerworm...... 50 Second Edition Fall Webworm...... 52

© Crown Copyright, Province of Nova Scotia Forest Tent Caterpillar...... 54 Department of Natural Resources Gypsy Moth...... 56 Forest Protection Division, 2017 Hemlock Looper...... 58 table of contents Gratitude is extended to those who generously allowed the use of their photographs. A detailed list Jack Pine Budworm...... 60 of photographic contributors can be found on page 146. Larch Casebearer ...... 62

ISBN 978-1-55457-792-7 Larch Sawfly...... 64

i Leafrollers and Leaftiers...... 66 Maple Trumpet Skeletonizer...... 68 Acknowledgements Mountain Ash Sawfly...... 70

Northern Pinkstriped Oakworm...... 72 Special thanks goes out to the many staff members

Oak Leafshredder...... 74 who shared their knowledge and provided invaluable input and criticism during the preparation of this Pale Winged Grey...... 76 guide including: Jeff Ogden, Jacqueline Gordon, Gina Rusty Tussock Moth...... 78 Penny, Tanya Borgal, Justin Smith, Mike LeBlanc, Kris Satin Moth...... 80 Lambert, Dustin Oikle, Morgan Oikle, Andree MacKay, Spruce Budworm...... 82 Tim Whynot and Simon Mutabazi. Spruce Webspinning Sawfly...... 84

White Pine Sawfly...... 86 The authors wish to thank Tim Clarke (Final Impressions) for his expertise and countless hours spent bringing this Whitemarked Tussock Moth ...... 88 guide to fruition. Willow Flea Weevil...... 90

Gall Making Insects...... 93 Finally, a special thanks goes to all colleagues inside and outside of the Nova Scotia Department of Natural Balsam Gall Midge...... 94 Resources who have contributed to this project in Spruce Gall Adelgids...... 96 various capacities. Your enthusiasm and support is Sap Feeding Insects...... 99 very much appreciated.

Aphids...... 100

Balsam Twig Aphid ...... 102

Balsam Woolly Adelgid...... 104

Beech Scale...... 106

Hemlock Woolly Adelgid...... 108

Woolly Alder Aphid...... 110

Terminal Shoot, Twig, and Root Insects...... 113

Balsam Shootboring Sawfly...... 114

Seedling Debarking Weevil...... 116

White Pine Weevil...... 118 Invasive Alien Species (IAS) Not Currently in Nova Scotia...... 121

Asian Longhorned Beetle...... 122

Emerald Ash Borer...... 124 table of contents Appendix A: Glossary...... 126

Appendix B: References...... 133

Appendic C: Photo Credits...... 146 acknowledgements ii iii Introduction

Each year Nova Scotia’s forests are damaged by numerous pests (insects and diseases) and abiotic agents (e.g. wind, flooding, and fire). Forest pests can slow intro down tree growth and vigour. Some can eventually kill trees. Others can reduce the fibre quality and appearance. However, it should be noted that insects and diseases also play an essential role in forest ecology. They are a food source for wildlife and provide various ecological services including pollination (enabling the creation of new seeds) and decomposition and nutrient recycling (aiding in forest renewal).

This guide and the companion module 15 Pests of the Acadian Forest were designed to be practical reference tools, providing woodland owners, homeowners, forest workers, and naturalists with information

1 concerning some of the most common and of the Nova Scotia Department of Natural widespread forest pests in the province Resources (NSDNR) novascotia.ca/natr/ including native, non-native, and invasive staffdir/offices.asp or the NSDNR Forest alien species. Alien species are any species Protection Division novascotia.ca/natr/ of plant, animal or micro-organism that forestprotection. For further information spread beyond their native range into new on the Woodlot Management Home Study locations as a result of natural spread Program, go to woodlot.novascotia.ca. or human assisted activity. They include species that are native to one part of Canada that move to another region of the country, as well as those that come from outside the country. A species is invasive when it is both non-native to the

intro ecosystem in which it is found and capable intro of causing harm to the environment, economy, or human health. This harm can be costly and sometimes irreversible. Under the federal Plant Protection Act, the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) is responsible for preventing the introduction into Canada, spread within Canada, and spread from Canada, of non- native pests. Any pests in this guide that are currently under regulation by the CFIA are noted and questions regarding them should be directed toward the CFIA. For further information related to non-regulated forest pests, contact any regional office

2 3 How to Use this Field Guide Foliage feeding insects Numerous insect groups feed on the needles This guide provides information about some and leaves of trees, including sawflies, beetles, of the more common forest pests that may and moths. While most pests consume portions be found in the woodlands of Nova Scotia. or all of the foliage, others, called miners, feed It by no means covers all pests that may within the thin layers of the needles or leaves. be encountered. In the case of sawflies and moth pests, feeding The guide is divided into six main sections. damage is done while in the immature, larval The first five are based primarily on the stage. With some families of beetles, both feeding habits of the pest insects and larvae and adults are known to cause damage. where the damage occurs on the tree: Gall making insects Bark and wood- Galls are the result of the chemical reaction within the tree when feeding occurs or eggs are boring insects laid by adult insects into growing tissues of the The first evidence that a tree may be infested plant. This chemical reaction generally results with a wood-boring insect is the appearance in swellings on stems, needles or leaves, and of exit holes or traces of pitch and sawdust. shoots, providing a safe place for the larvae to This damage results during both the larval develop. The resulting damage doesn’t kill the and adult stages of numerous wood wasp and tree but reduces vigour. Of particular concern

how to use how to beetle species. These insects feed beneath with respect to Christmas trees and ornamentals, use how to the bark and into the heartwood of the tree. galls can greatly affect the tree’s appearance. The majority of wood-boring insects found in Nova Scotia are attracted to a tree with a weakened condition; they therefore contribute Sap feeding insects to the natural decomposition process of dead These insects, which include aphids and and dying trees. Other species attack healthy adelgids, cause damage in both their trees, often resulting in the death of the tree, immature and adult stages of life. Feeding or in some instances the introduction of damage may be evident on the foliage, pathogens or fungi. shoots, and trunks of trees. Damage may result in deformed foliage, swellings in stems and shoots, and the browning of leaves or 4 5 needles. In some instances, this feeding behaviour can result in the introduction of Insect disease or fungi. Identification Terminal shoot, twig, and Description

and root feeding insects A short identification key is provided for both the Damage may result when the larvae of hardwood and the softwood tree sections (see pages beetles, moths, or sawflies bore within twigs, 8–12). Begin by determining the type of tree affected, roots, or new shoots. This type of feeding either hardwood or softwood. Next, for the insect, find can kill current leaders and newly developed the general feeding type that best describes what shoots of trees, resulting in a reduction in damage is occurring. Within each feeding type, you growth and damage to the general health of will find short descriptions of more specific damage the tree. But it rarely results in tree mortality. patterns, to help you narrow the search for the target However, damage to root collars and the pest. Within each of these descriptions, you will find roots themselves is generally more serious. a list of the species that are covered in the guide. It more often results in the death of the To identify the pest, carefully read the information affected tree. provided on each insect species.

In this field guide, you will find information on each Invasive alien species of the more common pest species found in Nova Scotia. Each entry provides descriptions of both (IAS) not currently in LARVA and ADULT insect stages, and in a few cases also of the EGG, PUPA, or, where applicable, NYMPH Nova Scotia stages. Each entry provides a brief explanation of the how to use how to use how to The sixth section of this guide describes LIFE CYCLE of the pest and the DAMAGE it causes; invasive alien species that have not yet sometimes symptoms of infestation and control been detected in Nova Scotia but that have measures that may be available are included. In the potential to cause great damage to our addition, a GLOSSARY and a REFERENCE section forests if they were to arrive here. Forest may be found at the end of the guide. stakeholders, whether landowners, home owners, or forest workers, should be aware It is hoped that the field guide will enable you to and keep an eye out for these pests. identify the pest insect or the damage you have observed. However, if you are still unsure or wish to confirm the identification, you can take a sample to your local NSDNR office. 6 7

Softwood SYMPTOM GUIDE SECTION PEST AND PAGE NUMBER

Bark and Brown Spruce Longhorn Beetle - 16, Carpenter Ants - 18, Exit holes with evidence Metallic Wood-Boring Beetles - 20, Spruce Beetle - 24, of pitch or sawdust wood-boring insects Whitespotted Sawyer - 28, Wood Wasps (Horntails) - 30

Larch Casebearer - 62 Mined needles Balsam Fir Sawfly - 38, Eastern Blackheaded Budworm - 46, Defoliated (chewed) Gypsy Moth - 56, Hemlock Looper - 58, Jack Pine needles Foliage feeding Budworm - 60, Larch Sawfly - 64, Pale Winged Grey - 76, insects Rusty Tussock Moth - 78, Spruce Budworm - 82, Clusters of chewed White Pine Sawfly - 86, Whitemarked Tussock Moth - 88 needles and webbing Spruce Webspinning Sawfly - 84

Twig and bud deformity Gall making Balsam Gall Midge - 94 Needle deformity insects Spruce Gall Adelgids - 96 how to use how to use how to

Twig deformity Balsam Woolly Adelgid - 104 Needles yellowing and/or Sap feeding Aphids - 100, Hemlock Woolly Adelgid - 108 wilt of new shoots insects Needle deformity Balsam Twig Aphid - 102

Terminal shoot kill Balsam Shootboring Sawfly - 114 Terminal shoot, Chew marks around Seedling Debarking Weevil - 116 collar of seedlings twig and root insects Mining of bud White Pine Weevil - 118 8 9 Hardwood SYMPTOM GUIDE SECTION PEST AND PAGE NUMBER

Bark and Asian Longhorned Beetle - 122, Carpenter Ants - 18, Metallic Exit holes with evidence wood-boring Wood-Boring Beetles - 20, Bronze Birch Borer - 14, Native Elm of pitch or sawdust Bark Beetle - 22, Emerald Ash Borer - 124, Sugar Maple insects Borer - 26, Wood Wasps (Horntails) - 30

Skeletonized leaves Alder Flea Beetle - 34, Willow Flea Weevil - 90 Leaves rolled or folded with silk Leafrollers and Leaftiers - 66, Maple Trumpet Skeletonizer - 68, Oak Leafshredder - 74 Defoliated (chewed) Foliage feeding leaves insects Alder Woolly Sawfly - 36, Dusky Birch Sawfly - 44, Emerald Ash Borer - 124, Fall Cankerworm - 50, Forest Tent Leaves enclosed in Caterpillar - 54, Mountain Ash Sawfly - 70, Northern Pinkstriped tent-like structure Oakworm - 72, Satin Moth - 80, Gypsy Moth - 56, Rusty Tussock Moth - 78, Whitemarked Tussock Moth - 88 Mined leaves Eastern Tent Caterpillar - 48, Fall Webworm - 52

Beech Leaf Mining Weevil - 40, Birch Leaf Mining Sawfly - 42 how to use how to use how to

Leaves yellowing and/or Aphids - 100, Woolly Alder Aphid - 110 wilt of new shoots Sap feeding Severe bark deformity insects Beech Scale - 106

10 11 bark and wood- boring INSECTS

13 14 birch borer Bronze

bark & wood-boring adult Bronze birch borer andgalleries larva • Adult beetle • Mature larva DESCRIPTION • HOST Agrilus anxiusGory Borer Bronze Birch   copper-brown incolour 6–13 mm;slender, flattenedbody, olive to head andtinydarkmouthparts 35 mm;whitishyellow withabroad flattened Birches Bronze birch borer pupa ...LARVAE • • DAMAGE Adults: earlysummerto latesummer Pupae: earlyspringto midsummer to fall;overwinters forasecondseason spring (overwinters); resumes feeding inspring midsummertoLarvae: fall(feeds); fallto early Eggs: earlysummerto latesummer LIFE CYCLE: 2-year • • CONTROL WINTER     pecker activity, anddieback exit holes,increased wood- severity and suspecttrees cut downandremove infested of stemsandbranches Symptoms includeD-shaped depending oninfestation and eventual tree mortality, bark results instemdie-back feedingLarval underthe No chemicalcontrol available; predators and diseases Naturally occurringparasites, SPRING LARVAE PUPAE SUMMER ADULTS

EGGS

bronze birch borer damage Dieback associatedwith FALL WINTER

LARVAE...

15 bark & wood-boring 16 longhorn spruce Brown beetle bark & wood-boring adult Brown sprucelonghornbeetle larva • Mature larva DESCRIPTION • HOST • • • BACKGOUND INVASIVE ALIENSPECIES Tetropium fuscum(Fabricus) Longhorn Beetle Brown Spruce     reddish-brown head;bodyslightlyflattened 14–28 mm,yellow-white, withawidened Spruces aboard acontainership Believed to have arrived inwoodpackaging andcentral EuropeNative to northern considered establishedsinceatleast1990 First discovered inHalifax1999but Resinosis resulting from brown Resinosis resulting from brown spruce longhornbeetleattack

...LARVAE • DAMAGE • Adult beetle • NOTE Adults: earlyto midsummer Pupae: earlyspringto earlysummer fall to earlyspring(overwinters) earlysummertoLarvae: fall(feeds), Eggs: earlysummerto midsummer LIFE CYCLE • • CONTROL • contact a local CFIA office or visit the CFIA website. office orvisitthe CFIA contact alocalCFIA For more information onthe regulations, please WINTER     2 or3faintlongitudinalstripes brown, orreddish brown, with brown to black;wingcovers tan, trees to slow thespread ofthispest predators and diseases exit holes 4mm ovalstem (sapweeping), resin ofthe downthelength leading to tree mortality the tree; thisweakens thetree, into sapwood,eventually girdling feedLarvae underthebarkand 8–17 mm;headandneckare dark introduction andspread federal PlantProtection Act,inorder to prevent Food underthe InspectionAgency(CFIA) This forest pestis regulated by theCanadian Cut downandremove infested orsuspect Naturally occurringparasites, Symptoms includeexcessive PUPAE SPRING ADULTS EGGS SUMMER LARVAE

longhorn beetledamage Brown spruce FALL WINTER

LARVAE...

17 bark & wood-boring 18 Carpenter bark & wood-boring ant adult Wingedcarpenterant • Adult ant DESCRIPTION • HOST Camponotus spp. Ants Carpenter   brown andblackto reddish brown amongspecies;fromcan vary uniformdark 6–12 mm;queensupto 20mm;size andcolour nesting sites structures; theseantsprefer decayed woodfor Weakened, dying,ordead trees andtimbersin Carpenter antlarvae

• • DAMAGE • • • • LIFE CYCLE • CONTROL        sawdust around baseof woodpecker activity, excess round exitholes,increased as to lumberwithinstructures and stemsoftrees, aswell extensive damageto trunks for colonyspace,causing but workers excavate wood will becomeadultworkers and beginnewcoloniesby laying eggswhich colony islocated to eliminatetheantsonce according to labelinstructions standing tree Symptoms includelarge Carpenter antsdonoteatwood, who willleave to beginnewcolonies begins to produce wingedmalesandfemales stable colony. After2ormore years, thequeen It takes 3– Fertilized queensfindasuitablenestingsite females shedtheirwingsandthemalesdie colony andmateinspring.Soonaftermating, Winged malesandfemales swarmfrom the males andfemales, andatleast1queen hundreds ofworker ants,afew reproductive They live ingroups orcoloniesconsistingof Apply registered insecticide ­6 years to establishalarge and

Carpenter antdamage

19 bark & wood-boring 20 Metallic boring wood- beetle bark & wood-boring adult mature larva Metallic wood-boringbeetle • Adult beetle • Mature larva DESCRIPTION • HOST Many Species FAMILY: Boring Beetles Wood- Metallic    and sometimesontop iridescent ormetalliclookingunderneath 10–30 mm;oval or“bullet shaped”body, head andtinydarkmouthparts 7–30 mm;whitish yellow withabroad flattened Various trees andshrubs Buprestidae

Metallic wood-boringbeetleadult

• • • DAMAGE Adults: earlyspringto latesummer Pupae: earlyspringto midsummer pupating (overwinters); cangrow for1–2 years before springtoLarvae: fall(feeds), fallto spring Eggs: mid-springto midsummer 1–2 year cycle dependingonspecies LIFECYCLETYPICAL • • CONTROL • WINTER      and suspecttrees predators and diseases pecker activity exit holes,increased wood- and oftenlethalfungi entrance pointsofharmful Boring holescanbecome infestation severe enough eventual if tree mortality results instemdie-backand feedingLarva underthebark Adult beetlefeeds onleaves Cut downandremove infested Naturally occurringparasites, Symptoms includeD-shaped SPRING PUPAE ADULTS EGGS SUMMER LARVAE

damage onsugarmaple beetle andsapsucker Metallic wood-boring FALL WINTER

21 bark & wood-boring 22 of theadult bark beetle Native elm side view 2.5 mm) bark & wood-boring (length: tunnels onanelmtrunk maternal tunnelsandlarval Native elmbarkbeetle • Adult beetle • Mature larva DESCRIPTION • HOST Hylurgopinus rufipes(Eichhoff) Bark Beetle Native Elm   surface with short, stiff,yellow hairs withshort, surface 2–3.5 mm;darkbrown to black;rough body brown head 3–5 mm;C-shaped, leglessgrubs,whitewitha Elms

adult initsv-shapedtunnel Native elmbarkbeetle

...ADULTS • • DAMAGE fall to mid-spring(overwinters) Adults: latesummerto fall(feeds); Pupae: midsummerto latesummer latespringtoLarvae: midsummer Eggs: mid-springto earlysummer LIFE CYCLE • CONTROL WINTER    on theirbodies spores ofDutchelmdisease branches under thebarkofweakened Adults carry thefungalAdults carry feedBoth adultsandlarvae adults emerge weakened branchesbefore the and destroy infested trees and To reduce populations,remove SPRING EGGS LARVAE SUMMER

PUPAE

by thenative elmbarkbeetle caused by afunguscarried Brown vascular staining FALL WINTER ADULTS...

23 bark & wood-boring 24 Spruce beetle bark & wood-boring adult a result ofsprucebeetleattack Pitch tubesonspruce, • Adult beetle • Mature larva DESCRIPTION • HOST Dendroctonus rufipennis(Kirby) Beetle Spruce    wing coverings 4–6 mm;blackordarkbrown headwithreddish 4–7 mm;whitegrubwithasmallblackhead Spruces; prefers whitespruce

Spruce beetlelarvae • • DAMAGE in thefallandoverwinter atthebaseoftrees Adults: secondgenerationadultsemerge Pupae: earlysummerto earlyfall late spring/earlysummeroffollowingyear overwinter underbark,resume feeding earlysummertoLarvae: mid-fall(feeds), Eggs: latespringto earlysummer Adults: emerge latespringto earlysummer LIFE CYCLE • • CONTROL WINTER     woodpecker activity, andblobs reddening offoliage,increased exit holes,yellowing and within 2–3 years ofattack heavily infested tree candie the bark,girdling thetree; a or infested trees tubes) ontrunkofthetree of driedsaporpitch(pitch Symptoms includenumerous feedAdults andlarvae under Cut downandremove dead predators and diseases Naturally occurringparasites, SPRING ADULTS EGGS SUMMER LARVAE PUPAE

severely affected spruce Spruce beetledamage-

FALL WINTER

ADULTS...

25 bark & wood-boring 26 maple Sugar borer bark & wood-boring adult

Sugar mapleborer adults • Adult beetle • Mature larva DESCRIPTION • HOST Glycobius speciosus(Say) Borer Sugar Maple   shaped somewhatlike a“W” yellow widthsand bandsontheback,ofvarying 20–25 mm;black bodymarked withbright 50 mm;robust, beige withbrownish mouthparts Maples sugar mapleborer crown, five years afterattack by Appearance ofasugarmaple ...LARVAE • • • DAMAGE Adults: earlyto latesummer Pupae: mid-to latespring (overwinters) (overwinters), summerto fall(feeds), fallto spring midsummertoLarvae: fall(feeds), fallto spring Eggs: midto latesummer LIFE CYCLE • • • CONTROL WINTER       bark; barkmay break off galleries, tree may die lower 6metres ofthetrunk bark by beetle;usuallyonthe sound sugarmaplemanagement sugar maples;burninfested trees low-vigour, andheavily infested feeding galleries and exposethelarva Dead, cracked orswollen Dead branches;ifmany Holes chewedthrough the Maintain well-stocked stands Promote standvigourthrough Remove overmature, SPRING PUPAE SUMMER

ADULTS LARVAE

EGGS

on live standingtree Sugar mapleborer damage FALL WINTER LARVAE... PUPAE

27 bark & wood-boring 28 spotted sawyer white bark & wood-boring Adult

young stemofeasternwhitepine seeking tenderbarkona Whitespotted sawyer adult • Adult beetle • Mature larva DESCRIPTION • HOST Monochamus s.scutellatus(Say) Sawyer Whitespotted    on wingcovers somewhat flattened brown headandsharpmouthparts; prefers whitepine 13–27 mm;black,withsmallwhitedots 35–50 mm;whitish, withadarkreddish- Dead anddyingsoftwoodtrees;

longitudinal cut through a larval tunnel longitudinal cut through tunnel a larval Whitespotted sawyer larva–

• • DAMAGE Adults: latespringto latesummer Pupae: springto midsummer (overwinters forsecondseason) (overwinters), springto fall(feeds), fallto spring earlysummertoLarvae: fall(feeds), fallto spring Eggs: earlysummerto latesummer LIFE CYCLE: 2-year • • CONTROL • WINTER     dying ordeadtrees the trunksofweakened, pest,attackingsecondary usually considered a the tipsto dieandturnred and dyingtrees predators and diseases the wood chewing noisescomingfrom tunneling, aswellactual of trees where have larvae been may bepresent nearthebase Otherwise, thebeetleisOtherwise, underside oftwigs,causing Adults feed onbarkthe Cut downandremove dead Naturally occurringparasites, holes, smallpilesofsawdust Symptoms includelarge exit SPRING PUPAE ADULTS SUMMER

LARVAE EGGS

adult attackonthetwig after whitespottedsawyer Dead foliageofbalsamfir FALL WINTER

29 bark & wood-boring 30 noctilio (Sirex wood wasp Sirex bark & wood-boring adult )

Adult woodwasp • Adult • Mature larva DESCRIPTION • HOST Many Species FAMILY: (Horntails) Wood Wasps    dying trees metallic blue,to yellow andblack variable coloursdependingonspecies-black, ovipositor) atthetipoffemale abdomen; Up to 50mm,withlarge sharpspine(a.k.a at tailend Up to 40mm;large whitegrubwithsharpspine shrubs; theseinsectsprefer unhealthyor Various hardwood andsoftwoodtrees and Siricidae Wood wasppupa

...LARVAE • • DAMAGE Adults: latespringto latesummer Pupae: mid-springto midsummer years before developing into pupae (overwinters); canremain stagefor1–3 inlarval earlysummertoLarvae: fall(feeds) fallto spring Eggs: throughout summer LIFECYCLE TYPICAL • • CONTROL • WINTER      and oftenlethalfungi and tree mortality result instemdie-back and into sapwoodmay and suspecttrees cut downandremove infested predators and diseases woodpecker activity round exitholes,increased entrance pointsofharmful Boring holescanbecome feedingLarval underbark No chemicalcontrol available; Naturally occurringparasites, Symptoms includelarge SPRING PUPAE ADULTS SUMMER LARVAE EGGS

– exitholes Wood waspdamage FALL WINTER

LARVAE...

31 bark & wood-boring foliage feeding INSECTS

33 34 beetle Alder adult

foliage feeding flea

Alder fleabeetlelarvae • Adult beetle • Mature larva DESCRIPTION • HOST Macrohaltica ambiens(LeConte) Flea Beetle Alder    underside isyellow 5 mm;metallicgreenish blue 8 mm;backisbrown to black, Primarily alder;rarely willowandpoplar

Alder fleabeetleadult

...ADULTS • • • • DAMAGE summer (feeds) emerge followingmid-springto early of plantslatesummerto mid-spring; Adults: overwinter induffatthebase Pupae: latesummerto fall summer Larvae: Eggs: earlyspringto midsummer LIFE CYCLE • CONTROL WINTER      in mid-to latesummer insecticide use insect doesnotrequire growth but mortality israregrowth butmortality Trees may experiencereduced Their feeding ismostevident skeletonize theleaves feedLarvae ingroups and Adults chewholesintheleaves Damage causedby this SPRING EGGS SUMMER LARVAE

PUPAE leaf dueto feeding damage –skeletonized Alder fleabeetle

FALL WINTER

ADULTS...

35 foliage feeding 36 woolly sawfly Alder foliage feeding larva Alder woollysawflylarva • Adult sawfly • Mature larva DESCRIPTION • HOST NON-NATIVE SPECIES Eriocampa ovata (Linnaeus) Woolly Sawfly Alder   a red pronotum a white,waxy, hair-like covering 6–7 mminlength;blackbodywith 13–16 mm;palegreen bodywith Alders

Alder woollysawflylarva

...PUPAE • • DAMAGE Adults: latespringto midsummer Pupae: midsummerto latespring(overwinters) summer Larvae: Eggs: LIFE CYCLE • • CONTROL • WINTER      veins whole leafexcept the main a “shotgun” appearance feed,larvae givingtheleaf in theleaves asthesmall repeat asnecessary or spray withastrong jetofwater; does notrequire insecticideuse branch dieback growth lossandpossibly Older larvae consumetheOlder larvae Numerous smallholesappear Hand-pick larvae fromHand-pick larvae theleaves Damage causedby thisinsect Damage may result in early summerto midsummer SPRING ADULTS EGGS SUMMER LARVAE

Alder woollysawflydamage

FALL WINTER PUPAE...

37 foliage feeding 38 fir sawfly Balsam

foliage feeding larva respective cocoons and male(right)adultsneartheir Balsam firsawfly female (left) • Adult sawfly • Cocoon • Mature larva DESCRIPTION • HOST Neodiprion abietis(Harris) Sawfly Balsam Fir     and 4–5mm,respectively are brown, malesare black;6–8 mm dark-tan coloured down theback;headblack on whiteandblackspruce Resembles asmallwasp;females Encloses pupa;6–9 mm;oval-shaped, 20 mm;green bodywithdarkstripes Prefers balsamfirandoccasionally Balsam firsawflyeggniches

...EGGS • CONTROL • DAMAGE Adults: midsummerto fall Pupae: midto latesummer latespringtoLarvae: midsummer (overwinters) Eggs: earlyfallto latespring LIFE CYCLE • WINTER    predators and diseases Naturally occurringparasites, occasionally tree mortality reduced vigourandgrowth and feedLarvae onneedles;causes according to labelinstructions Apply registered insecticides SPRING LARVAE SUMMER PUPAE ADULTS

disappeared 3) 2-year-old needleshave chewed andreddened; and 2) 1-year-old needlesare year’s foliageisintact; balsam firtwig:1)current Balsam firsawflydefoliated FALL WINTER EGGS...

39 foliage feeding 40 mining weevil Beech adult

foliage feeding leaf

Beech leafminingweevil larva • Mature larva DESCRIPTION • HOST • • • BACKGROUND INVASIVE ALIENSPECIES Orchestes fagi(Linnaeus) Mining Weevil Beech Leaf     Cape Breton Island 5 mm;shinywhitewithablackhead Beech Native to Europe Believed to have beenhere since2006 looking beechtrees nearHalifaxandon ofdiseasedordistressed-In 2011,reports Beech leafminingweevil damage

...ADULTS • DAMAGE • Adult weevil • NOTE early springto earlysummer(feeds) Adults: fallto earlyspring(overwinters); Pupae: earlyto midsummer latespringtoLarvae: earlysummer (oviposit withinbeechleaftissueinMay-June) Eggs: mid-springto earlysummer LIFE CYCLE • contact a local CFIA office or visit the CFIA website. office orvisittheCFIA contact alocal CFIA For more information WINTER     expanding beechleaves in is disturbed ending inasmallbrown blotch the midribto theedgeofleaf, damaging themidrib small holes,sometimes spring, pepperingthemwith Adults feed onnewly jumps like afleawhenfoliage golden hair;large backlegs; 2–3 mm;blackbeetlewithshort introduction andspread. federal PlantProtection Act,inorder to prevent Food underthe InspectionAgency(CFIA) This forest pestisregulated by theCanadian creating anarrow minefrom feedLarvae withintheleaf, SPRING EGGS LARVAE PUPAE ontheregulations, please SUMMER

weevil damage Beech leafmining FALL WINTER

ADULTS...

41 foliage feeding 42 nemoratus Birch leaf (Heter arthrus arthrus mining sawfly foliage feeding adult - )

( Birch leafminingsawfly • Adult sawfly • Mature larva DESCRIPTION • HOST NON-NATIVE SPECIES or Fenusa pusilla (Lepeletier) nemoratus (Fallén)Heterarthrus Mining Sawfly Birch Leaf Heterarthrus nemoratus ) adult Heterarthrus   black orandyellow body Resembles asmallwasp;3–5mmlong; 6–8 mm;somewhatflattened,whitish Birches

( Birch leafminingsawfly Heterarthrus nemoratus ) larva Heterarthrus

...LARVAE • • DAMAGE (late May andearlyJune) Adults: mid-springto latespring Pupae: earlyspringto mid-spring midsummer to earlyspring(overwinters) earlysummertoLarvae: midsummer(feeds), Eggs: latespring LIFE CYCLE • CONTROL WINTER    and merge together patches increase insize on theedgeofleaf; as smallbrown patches the leaf of lightto moderateattack can withstandmanyyears Mined areas firstappear minethroughoutLarvae unwarranted; ahealthytree Control measures usually PUPAE SPRING ADULTS EGGS SUMMER

damage by larva ( Birch leafminingsawfly Heterarthrus nemoratus) Heterarthrus FALL WINTER LARVAE...

43 foliage feeding 44 sawfly Dusky adult foliage feeding birch

Dusky birch sawflycocoon • Adult sawfly • Mature larva DESCRIPTION • HOST Croesus latitarsusNorton Sawfly Dusky Birch   body darkincolour on theirsidesandablackhead Resembles asmallwasp;12mmlong; 24 mm;yellow-green, withblackblotches Birches Dusky birch sawflylarvae

...LARVAE CONTROL • • DAMAGE Adults: latespringto earlysummer Pupae: earlyspringto latespring within acocoon Note: theoverwinter but aslarvae fall to earlyspring(overwinters). earlysummertoLarvae: fall(feeds), Eggs: latespringto earlysummer LIFE CYCLE • • • WINTER      according to labelinstructions but heavy defoliationisrare Small trees may bedefoliated, leaf isconsumed edges ofleaves untiltheentire feedLarvae ingroups onthe Apply registered insecticides populations by hand Remove anddestroy small defoliated whenheavily infested trees, whichcanbecompletely necessary, except onyoung Control ofthispestisrarely PUPAE SPRING EGGS ADULTS SUMMER

Dusky birch sawflydamage FALL WINTER LARVAE...

45 foliage feeding 46 budworm on white Eastern headed mature spruce black- foliage feeding larva, Eastern blackheadedbudwormadult • Adult moth • Mature larva DESCRIPTION • HOST Acleris variana (Fernald) Budworm headed Eastern Black-    patterns onwings no distinctmarkingsbutablackhead 15 mm;mottledgrey andbrown 16 mm;green to yellowish green, with Balsam fir, whiteandblackspruce budworm forewing patterns Eastern blackheaded

...EGGS • CONTROL • DAMAGE Adults: midsummerto latesummer Pupae: midsummerto latesummer latespringtoLarvae: midsummer (overwinters) Eggs: midsummerto spring LIFE CYCLE • WINTER    growth, andtree mortality cause reduced vigourand predators and diseases Naturally occurringparasites, feedLarvae onneedles; according to labelinstructions Apply registered insecticides SPRING LARVAE SUMMER

ADULTS PUPAE balsam fir budworm damageon Eastern blackheaded FALL WINTER EGGS...

47 foliage feeding 48 caterpillar Eastern larva

foliage feeding tent

Eastern tentcaterpillareggs • Egg mass • Adult moth • Mature larva DESCRIPTION • HOST Malacosoma americanum(Fabricius) Tent Caterpillar Eastern    smaller indiameter;150–400 eggs encircles branchesthatare aboutpencil-size or covered withashiny, black,varnish-like material; running diagonallyacross eachforewing 23–37 mm;reddish brown with2palestripes brown andyellow linesdownitsbackandsides andblack,withbluespots 40–50mm; hairy Numerous hardwood tree species

Eastern tentcaterpillaradult ...EGGS • • DAMAGE Adults: earlyto latesummer Pupae: earlysummerto midsummer mid-springtoLarvae: earlysummer Eggs: midsummerto spring(overwinters) LIFE CYCLE • • • • • CONTROL WINTER      and donotencloseleaves forks orcrotches ofbranches tree. Tents are oftenlocatedin on 1ormore branchesofa They constructsilken “tents” and diseases damage from otherinsects making itmore susceptibleto infestation canweaken thetree this insect.However, repeated tolerate occasionalfeeding by Healthy trees cangenerally trees, causingdefoliation. Caterpillars feed ondeciduous web nest instructions, withenoughforce to penetrate the Apply registered insecticidesaccording to label help to keep caterpillarpopulationsincheck as ground beetlesandpredaceous waspsalso Birds, rodents and beneficial garden insects such mass withaknife Eggs canalsoberemoved by scrapingtheegg cut thetentopenandhandpickcaterpillars On larger branchesorwhere pruningisimpractical, Prune outanddestroy thetents SPRING LARVAE PUPAE SUMMER ADULTS

Eastern tentcaterpillar FALL WINTER EGGS...

49 foliage feeding 50 canker- worm larva

foliage feeding Fall

Fall cankerworm adult • Adult moth • Mature larva DESCRIPTION • HOST Alsophila pometaria(Harris) Cankerworm Fall    10–12 mm;brownish-grey white bandsFemales: wingless forewings crossed withirregular and darkbrownish-green Males: 25–35mm;brown glossy betweenlightgreen25 mm;vary Numerous hardwood trees larvae (darkform)onmaple larvae Fall cankerworm

...EGGS • • DAMAGE Adults: fallto earlywinter Pupae: earlysummerto fall earlyspringtoLarvae: earlysummer Eggs: fallto spring LIFE CYCLE • • • CONTROL WINTER      tree candie major veins leaving onlythemidriband after budbreak according to labelinstructions, capture females asthey climb to trunksofhosttrees to several years inarow, the If heavy defoliationoccurs consume theleafentirely areOnce larvae mature, they Apply registered insecticides In thefall,applystickybands predators and diseases Naturally occurringparasites, LARVAE SPRING SUMMER PUPAE

Fall cankerworm damage FALL WINTER ADULTS EGGS...

51 foliage feeding 52 webworm larva

foliage feeding Fall

Colony of fall webworm larvae inweb Colony offallwebwormlarvae • Adult moth • Mature larva DESCRIPTION • HOST Hyphantria cunea(Drury) Webworm Fall    with blackspots and manyblackorangespots prefers alders 30–40 mm;white wings,often 25 mm;covered withlonggrey hairs Numerous hardwood trees andshrubs;

Fall webworm adult

...PUPAE • • DAMAGE Adults: earlysummerto latesummer Pupae: fallto spring(overwinters) midsummertoLarvae: earlyfall Eggs: earlysummerto latesummer LIFE CYCLE • • • • CONTROL WINTER       growth hasceased of theseason,whenannual foliage occursattheend tree, becausethelossof effect onthevitalityof a tent-like web to penetratethewebnest to labelinstructions,withenoughforce caterpillar populationsincheck predaceous waspsalsohelpto keep insects suchasground beetlesand open andhandpickthecaterpillars pruning isimpractical,cutthetent Damage generallyhaslittle leaves insidetheprotection of skeletonizeLarvae andconsume Apply registered insecticidesaccording Birds, rodents, andbeneficialgarden On larger branchesorwhere Prune outanddestroy thetents SPRING SUMMER ADULTS EGGS

LARVAE

Fall webwormdamage

FALL WINTER

PUPAE...

53 foliage feeding 54 caterpillar Forest larva

foliage feeding tent

Forest tentcaterpillareggmass • Adult moth • Mature larva • Egg mass DESCRIPTION • HOST Malacosoma disstriaHübner Tent Caterpillar Forest    white patches with 2rows ofpaired whitedotsonback 150–400 eggs about pencil-size orsmallerindiameter; material; encircles branchesthatare 20 mm;grey-brown wingswithsilvery 20–30 mm;dark greenish-brown body Covered withashiny, black,varnish-like Numerous hardwood trees, prefers aspen

Forest tentcaterpillaradult

...EGGS • CONTROL • • DAMAGE Adults: earlyto latesummer Pupae: earlysummerto midsummer mid-springtoLarvae: earlysummer (overwinters) Eggs: midsummerto spring LIFE CYCLE WINTER    egg bandsinthefall For ornamentaltrees, remove heavy defoliation cancausewidespreadlarvae Masses ofmigratingmature feedLarvae onleaves SPRING LARVAE PUPAE SUMMER ADULTS caterpillar damage Forest tent FALL WINTER

EGGS...

55 foliage feeding 56 female Gypsy moth foliage feeding adult

Gypsy mothlarva • • Adult moth • Mature larva DESCRIPTION • HOST INVASIVE ALIENSPECIES Lymantria dispar(Linnaeus) Moth Gypsy     with blackmarkings does notfly dark markings;fullyformedwingsbut Male: 30–40 mm; brown incolour Female: 55–70 mm;off-whitecolourwith hairy, withred andbluespotsontheback Up to 65mmlong,bodyisdark-coloured and softwoods Numerous hardwood trees, occasionally

Gypsy mothadultmale

...EGGS DAMAGE • Egg mass • NOTE Adults: midsummerto earlyfall Pupae: midto latesummer mid-springtoLarvae: midsummer Eggs: latesummerto spring(overwinters) LIFE CYCLE • • • CONTROL • contact a local CFIA office or visit the CFIA website. officeorvisit theCFIA contact alocalCFIA For more information WINTER       or otherdebrisontheground loose bark,crevices, underrocks underside ofbranches,under hairs; foundatthebaseoftrees, according to labelinstructions limit thepopulationinspring predators and diseases defoliated over large areas shrubs are completely severe outbreaks, trees and feedLarvae onfoliage;during Up to 30mm;covered withtan-coloured introduction andspread. federal PlantProtection Act,inorder to prevent Food underthe InspectionAgency(CFIA) This forest pestis regulated by theCanadian Apply registered insecticides Remove eggmassesinthefallto Naturally occurringparasites, SPRING LARVAE ontheregulations, please SUMMER

PUPAE ADULTS

Gypsy mothdamageonoak FALL WINTER

EGGS...

57 foliage feeding 58 Hemlock looper foliage feeding larva Hemlock looperadultatrest • Adult moth • Mature larva DESCRIPTION • HOST f. fiscellaria Lambdina Looper Hemlock    or hairs;grey to brown withdark markings white andblackspruce lines, hindwingsby singleline forewings crossed by 2darker brown broken 30–45 mm;beige to brownish grey moths; 32 mm;cylindrical,shape,nobristles Balsam fir, Easternhemlock, and ventral viewsofpupa Hemlock looper dorsal

(Guenée)

...EGGS • CONTROL • DAMAGE Adults: latesummerto latefall Pupae: latesummer earlytoLarvae: latesummer ineggstage Overwinters Eggs: fallto midsummer. LIFE CYCLE • • WINTER     large areas predators and diseases Naturally occurringparasites, completely defoliatedover severe outbreaks, trees are feedLarvae onneedles;during according to labelinstructions Apply registered insecticides overmatureHarvest trees SPRING SUMMER LARVAE

PUPAE

defoliated balsamfirs damage -severely Hemlock looper ADULTS FALL WINTER

EGGS...

59 foliage feeding 60 Jack pine budworm jack pine on male bearing flower shoot foliage feeding larva

natural position near its last larval molt natural positionnearitslastlarval Jack pinebudwormpupainits • Adult moth • Mature larva DESCRIPTION • HOST Choristoneura p.pinusFreeman Budworm Jack Pine    white patches white dotsalongback 15–24 mm;reddish-brown withsilvery reddish-brown bodywithyellow sidesand 20–22 mm;shinylightbrown to blackhead; Pines; prefers whitepineinNova Scotia

Jack pinebudwormadult

...LARVAE • CONTROL • DAMAGE Adults: midsummerto latesummer Pupae: earlysummer (overwinters); mid-to latespring(feeds) latesummertoLarvae: mid-spring Eggs: midsummerto latesummer LIFE CYCLE • WINTER    predators and diseases Naturally occurringparasites, and tree mortality defoliation, growth loss,top kill, feedsLarva onneedles,causing according to labelinstructions Apply registered insecticides SPRING PUPAE SUMMER ADULTS EGGS

defoliation onjackpinetree Jack pinebudwormsevere FALL WINTER LARVAE...

61 foliage feeding 62 casebearer of case inside Larch foliage feeding larva

to twigafterneedledrop infall Larch casebearer casesfastened • Adult moth • Mature larva DESCRIPTION • HOST NON-NATIVE SPECIES Coleophora laricella(Hübner) Casebearer Larch   fringe oflonghairs straw-coloured rectangular casings juniper (notatruejuniper) Other commonnames:tamarack,hackmatack, 9 mm;silvery-grey, narrow wingswith 6 mm;lightgrey, remain insidetheir Larches

case asitappearsinJune Larch casebearer first

...LARVAE • • DAMAGE Adults: earlysummerto latesummer Pupae: latespringto midsummer fall to spring(overwinters), spring(feeds) midsummertoLarvae: fall(feeds), Eggs: earlysummerto latesummer LIFE CYCLE • • CONTROL WINTER     reduced; rare tree mortality growth may beseriously is causedinspring on theneedles;mostdamage After severe defoliation, feedLarvae withintheircases according to labelinstructions Apply registered insecticides predators and diseases Naturally occurringparasites, SPRING PUPAE SUMMER ADULTS EGGS

Larch casebearer damage FALL WINTER LARVAE...

63 foliage feeding 64 mature sawfly larvae foliage feeding Larch

adult duringegglaying following woundsinflictedby shoot curledinto aquestionmark Larch sawflydamage–newlarch • Adult sawfly • Mature larva DESCRIPTION • HOST NON-NATIVE SPECIES Pristiphora erichsonii(Hartig) Sawfly Larch   the abdomen black bodywithanorangebandaround with whiteundersides juniper (notatruejuniper) Other commonnames:tamarack,hackmatack, Resembles asmallwasp;7–10 mmlong; 16 mm;blackheads,grey to green Larches

Larch sawflyadultfemale

...LARVAE • • DAMAGE Adults: latespringto latesummer Pupae: earlyspringto earlysummer early fallto spring(overwinters) earlysummertoLarvae: earlyfall(feeds), Eggs: earlysummerto midsummer LIFE CYCLE • • CONTROL WINTER     mortality branch mortality, andtree growth reduction, tipdieback, over manyyears may result in Repeated severe infestation feedLarvae onneedles according to labelinstructions Apply registered insecticides predators and diseases Naturally occurringparasites, PUPAE SPRING ADULTS SUMMER EGGS

partially defoliatedlarch stand partially Larch sawflydamage- FALL WINTER

LARVAE...

65 foliage feeding 66 adult atrest solandriana leafroller (Epinotia

foliage feeding Birch )

( Birch leafroller • Adult moth • Mature larva • DESCRIPTION • HOST Many Species FAMILY: and Leaftiers Leafrollers Epinotia solandriana)damage     vary withspecies vary together withsilkto make afeeding shelter with species;rolls, folds,ortiesleaves willow leaftier, etc. 16–21 mm;exactsizes andcolours 12–16 mm;exactsizes andcoloursvary leafroller, fruitree leafroller, oakleaftier, including thegreen aspenleafroller, dusky There are avariety ofleafrollers andleaftiers, Various hardwood trees

Tortricidae ( Birch leafroller Epinotia solandriana)larva

CONTROL • • DAMAGE and theoakleafshredder see themapletrumpetskeletonizer For examplesofspecificlife cycles LIFE CYCLE • •     of theleaf others consumelarge parts do notfeed ingroups be handpicked anddestroyed Some larvae skeletonize;Some larvae feedLarvae onleaves; usually Ornamental trees: can larvae measures are unwarranted durationandcontrolof short Local epidemicsare usually

larva wrappedupinleaf larva Leafroller damage–

67 foliage feeding 68 trumpet damage tonizer skele- foliage feeding Maple

Maple trumpetskeletonizer larva • Adult moth • Mature larva DESCRIPTION • HOST Epinotia aceriella(Clemens) Skeletonizer Maple Trumpet   15 mm;grey moth 14 mm;lightgreen withayellowish head Maples Maple trumpetskeletonizer adult ...PUPAE • CONTROL • DAMAGE Adults: latespringto midsummer Pupae: fallto spring(overwinters) earlysummertoLarvae: fall Eggs: latespringto midsummer LIFE CYCLE • WINTER    the leaves inthefall tube ofsilkandfrass leaf withinatrumpet-like population, rake anddestroy To lessentheoverwintering feedsLarva insideafolded during growth ofnewleaves according to labelinstructions, Apply registered insecticides SPRING ADULTS

EGGS SUMMER LARVAE

of frassandsilk damage trumpetlike tubes Maple trumpetskeletonizer FALL WINTER PUPAE...

69 foliage feeding 70 ash sawfly Mountain

foliage feeding larvae Mountain ashsawflyeggs • Adult sawfly • Mature larva DESCRIPTION • HOST NON-NATIVE SPECIES Pristiphora geniculata(Hartig) Sawfly Mountain Ash    black body with blackspots;headororange Resembles asmallwasp;9mmlong; 16–20 mm;pale greenish yellow Mountain ash Mountain ashsawflyadult

...LARVAE • CONTROL • • DAMAGE Adults: mid-springto earlysummer Pupae: earlyspringto earlysummer midsummer to earlyspring(overwinters) latespringtoLarvae: midsummer(feeds), Eggs: latespringto earlysummer There may be2generationsperyear LIFE CYCLE • • WINTER      especially trees thathave except fortheveins andstem and destroy previous season been attacked inthe Inspect trees regularly, Complete defoliationcanoccur eattheentireLarvae leaf according to labelinstructions Apply registered insecticides Prune outgroups oflarvae PUPAE SPRING ADULTS EGGS SUMMER

damage andlarvae Mountain ashsawfly FALL WINTER LARVAE...

71 foliage feeding 72 pinkstriped oakworm Northern Northern

foliage feeding larva

Northern pinkstripedoakwormlarva Northern • Adult moth • Mature larva DESCRIPTION • HOST Anisota v. virginiensis (Drury) striped Oakworm Pink- Northern    spot ontheforewing on theforewing; bothsexes have asmallwhite on thehindwingandalarge translucentpatch wing edges;malesdarkbrown withsomered 40–65 mm;females orangewithpalepurple at horns with short blackspines;head reddish brownsparse, short the back,covered withfinewhitegranulesand 50 mm;dullreddish anddarkgrey bandsdown Hardwoods; prefers red oak Northern pinkstripedoakwormadult Northern ...PUPAE • CONTROL • • DAMAGE Adults: latespringto midsummer Pupae: latesummerto latespring(overwinters) earlysummertoLarvae: latesummer Eggs: latespringto midsummer LIFE CYCLE • • WINTER      if infestation issmall predators and diseases Naturally occurringparasites, thinning oftree crowns Loss ofgrowth, dieback,or Young skeletonize larvae leaves according to labelinstructions Apply registered insecticides Handpick anddestroy larvae SPRING EGGS ADULTS SUMMER LARVAE

oakworm larvae pinkstriped Northern FALL WINTER PUPAE...

73 foliage feeding 74 leafshredder leafshredder larvae

foliage feeding Oak

Oak leafshredder adult • Adult moth • Mature larva DESCRIPTION • HOST Croesia semipurpurana(Kearfott) Leafshredder Oak    brown markings shiny blackhead 15 mm;sulphuryellow with 12 mm;paleyellowish brown with Red oak Oak leafshredder pupa out of its Oak leafshredder pupaoutofits silk cocoon.

...EGGS • • • DAMAGE Adults: earlysummerto midsummer Pupae: latespringto earlysummer mid-springtoLarvae: earlysummer Eggs: earlysummerto mid-spring(overwinters) LIFE CYCLE • • CONTROL WINTER      at budbreak are whenlarvae young according to labelinstructions, mortality defoliation may result intree growth loss;several years of infestations causesignificant in thintree crowns; severe Leaves turnbrown, resulting with smallholes Leaves are minedandriddled tied withsilk feedLarvae withinfoldedleaves Apply registered insecticides Large-scale control isdifficult SPRING LARVAE PUPAE ADULTS SUMMER

Oak leafshredder damage FALL WINTER EGGS...

75 foliage feeding 76 winged larva Pale foliage feeding grey

Pale wingedgrey egg • Adult moth • Mature larva DESCRIPTION • HOST Iridopsis ephyraria(Walker) Grey Pale Winged    silver, andblack overlaying oflightbrown, darkgrey, to light-brown 23–28 mm;whitishgrey with variable 22–26 mm;mottledgrey-brown Eastern hemlockinNova Scotia Pale wingedgrey adult

...EGGS • • DAMAGE Adults: midsummerto latesummer Pupae: earlysummerto midsummer latespringtoLarvae: earlysummer Eggs: latesummerto latespring(overwinters) LIFE CYCLE • CONTROL WINTER    on olderneedles season; laterstagesfeed ofthe during theearlypart pest atthistime control products forthis branches oflarger trees understory trees orlower needles, especiallyonthe Symptoms: missingorred feedLarva onnewshoots There are noregistered SPRING LARVAE SUMMER PUPAE

ADULTS

Pale wingedgrey damage FALL WINTER EGGS...

77 foliage feeding 78 tussock Rusty moth foliage feeding larva

Rusty tussockmothlarva • Adult moth • Mature larva DESCRIPTION • HOST Orgyia antiqua(Linnaeus) Tussock Moth Rusty    prefers fir, spruces,larches, birches covering thebody. flightless, sedentary, withlighttanhairs 22–30 mm;male orange-brown; female pencil tuftsbehindheadand1onthetail from orangebumpsontheback,2longblack yellowish-white haircomingof dense,short, backs, andyellow bellies;bodieshave 4–7 tufts hairy,30 mm;very withblackheads,darkgrey Hardwood andsoftwoodtrees;

Rusty tussockmothadultmale

...EGGS CONTROL • • DAMAGE Adults: midsummerto earlyfall Pupae: earlysummerto latesummer latespringtoLarvae: midsummer Eggs: latesummerto latespring(overwinters) LIFE CYCLE • • WINTER     feed onfoliageofanyage turns brown year foliage,whichquickly no control measures to report small-scale andshort-lived Later intheseason,larvae firstattackcurrent-Larvae Damage usuallyinsignificant; Outbreaks are usually SPRING

LARVAE SUMMER PUPAE

ADULTS

Rusty tussockmothdamage FALL WINTER EGGS...

79 foliage feeding 80 side view of adult at rest Satin foliage feeding moth

Satin mothadultandopenchrysalis • Adult moth • Mature larva DESCRIPTION • HOST NON-NATIVE SPECIES Leucoma salicis(Linnaeus) Moth Satin    the densecovering ofwhitehairs prefers ornamentalpoplars markings; stout, blackbodies showthrough 24–47 mm;satinywhitewingswithno tufts oflongbrownish hairsattached to them lines onthesides;4rows oforangebumpshave down themiddleofback,and2yellowish back, 1row ofwhiteorpale-yellow patches 35–45 mm;greyish-brown body, darkheadand Aspens, poplarsandwillows;

Satin moth larva Satin mothlarva

...LARVAE CONTROL • • DAMAGE Adults: earlyto latesummer Pupae: latespringto earlysummer mid-spring to earlysummer(finishes feeding) early fallto mid-spring(overwinters), midsummertoLarvae: earlyfall(feeds), Eggs: midsummerto latesummer LIFE CYCLE • • WINTER     the leaves inlatesummer resumes inspring major veins whenfeeding Consume wholeleaves except Young skeletonize larvae when larvae arewhen larvae inearlyinstars according to labelinstructions, Apply registered insecticides predators and diseases Naturally occurringparasites, SPRING

PUPAE SUMMER ADULTS

EGGS Satin moth damaged leaves Satin mothdamagedleaves

FALL WINTER

LARVAE...

81 foliage feeding 82 budworm Spruce

foliage feeding larva Spruce budwormadults • Adult moth • Mature larva DESCRIPTION • HOST Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens) Budworm Spruce    white patches with 2rows ofpaired whitedotsonback 20 mm;grey-brown withsilvery 20–30 mm;darkgreenish-brown body Fir andspruces Spruce budwormdamage

...LARVAE • CONTROL • DAMAGE Adults: midto latesummer Pupae: earlyto midsummer mid-spring to earlysummer(feeds) midsummertoLarvae: mid-spring(overwinter), Eggs: mid-to latesummer LIFE CYCLE • WINTER    and branchtips dead budsseenontree tops predators and diseases Naturally occurringparasites, chewedneedlesand Partly after budbreak according to labelinstructions, Apply registered insecticides SPRING PUPAE SUMMER ADULTS EGGS

damage onspruce Spruce budworm FALL WINTER

LARVAE...

83 foliage feeding 84 spinning Spruce sawfly web- foliage feeding larva Spruce webspinningsawflylarva • Adult sawfly • Mature larva DESCRIPTION • HOST Cephalcia fascipennis(Cresson) spinning Sawfly Spruce Web-

  red pine,larch Spruces; sometimesbalsamfir, Resembles asmallwasp;small;blackbody constructs sheltersfrom silkandfrass with reddish stripesonbackandsides; 20 mm;light-tan head,bodyyellowish brown Spruce webspinningsawflylarva

...LARVAE • CONTROL • DAMAGE Adults: midspringto earlysummer Pupae: earlyto latespring fall to spring(overwinters) summertoLarvae: fall(feeds), Eggs: latespringto earlysummer LIFE CYCLE • WINTER    and destroyed manually removed by hand maycontaining larvae be On ornamentals,shelters Feeds ontheneedles the nest with enoughforce to penetrate according to labelinstructions, Apply registered insecticides PUPAE SPRING ADULTS EGGS SUMMER

sawfly damage Spruce webspinning FALL WINTER

LARVAE...

85 foliage feeding 86 sawfly White larva foliage feeding pine

White pinesawflyadult • Adult sawfly • Mature larva DESCRIPTION • HOST Neodiprion pinetum(Norton) Sawfly White Pine    4 rows ofblackspotsfrom headto tail Resembles asmallwasp;8–10 mmlong 25 mm;paleyellow withblackheadand White andred pine

White pinesawflylarvae

...PUPAE • • DAMAGE Adults: midspringto earlysummer Pupae: midsummerto mid-spring(overwinters) latespringtoLarvae: midsummer Eggs: midto latespring LIFE CYCLE • • CONTROL WINTER     the tree on to thenext one branchbefore moving generally feeding on a powerwaterspray that are accessiblewith Larvae feedingLarvae may kill feedLarvae onneedles, according to labelinstructions Apply registered insecticides Remove ordislodgelarvae SPRING EGGS ADULTS LARVAE

SUMMER

White pinesawflylarva FALL WINTER PUPAE...

87 foliage feeding 88 tussock marked White- moth adult foliage feeding male

Whitemarked tussockmothcocoon • • Adult moth • Mature larva DESCRIPTION • HOST Orgyia leucostigma (J.E.Smith) Tussock Moth Whitemarked     on itsback 4 greyish brush-like tufts and2brightred spots on eachsideofheadand1nearitshindend; (fir, spruces,larch) female 13 mm,offwhite,hairy, wingless Male 26–30 mm, ashgrey; 38 mm;red head;2longblacktuftsofhair Primarily hardwood trees; alsosoftwoods Whitemarked tussock moth Whitemarked tussockmoth adult female witheggmass

...EGGS CONTROL • DAMAGE Adults: latesummerto earlyfall Pupae: midsummerto latesummer earlytoLarvae: latesummer Eggs: earlyfallto latespring(overwinters) LIFE CYCLE • • WINTER    whole needlesconsumed veins andstem;onsoftwoods, entire leafexcept forthemain leaves; consume olderlarvae predators and diseases Naturally occurringparasites, Young skeletonize larvae according to labelinstructions Apply registered insecticides SPRING SUMMER LARVAE PUPAE

ADULTS moth larva Whitemarked tussock FALL WINTER EGGS...

89 foliage feeding 90 Willow weevil adult

foliage feeding flea

Willow fleaweevil anddamage larva • Adult beetle • Mature larva DESCRIPTION • HOST Isochnus rufipes(LeConte) Flea Weevil Willow    head andspotsonbodydarkbrown 2 mm;black,orangelegs,oval-shaped 3 mm;dirty, off-white;legless,flattened, Willows andpoplars

...ADULTS • • DAMAGE late springto earlysummer(feeds) Adults: latesummerto latespring(overwinters), Pupae: midto latesummer earlysummertoLarvae: latesummer Eggs: latespringto earlysummer LIFE CYCLE • CONTROL WINTER    appearance trees have ascorched August, hedgesand in leaves create circular holes mines inleaves; beetles small irregular blotch begin to feed in earlyJunewhentheadults Brown leaves; inearly feedingLarvae causes according to labelinstructions, Apply registered insecticides SPRING

EGGS

SUMMER

LARVAE

PUPAE

Willow fleaweevil damage FALL WINTER ADULTS...

91 foliage feeding gall making INSECTS

93 94 gall midge Balsam gall making adults above andfallbelow balsam firneedlessummer Balsam gallmidgegalled • Adult midge • Mature larva DESCRIPTION • HOST Paradiplosis tumifex Gagné Gall Midge Balsam    1–3 mm;tiny, delicate,orange-coloured fly needle galls 1–3 mm;tinyyellowish-orange maggotinside Balsam fir

eggs onnewly-emerging needles Balsam gallmidgeadultlaying

...LARVAE • • • DAMAGE Adults: latespringto earlysummer Pupae: midspringto earlysummer fall to earlyspring(overwinters) latespringtoLarvae: fall(feeds); Eggs: latespringto earlysummer LIFE CYCLE • • CONTROL WINTER      ground infall out,droppingand dry to the needles at thebaseofcurrent-year 20 percentflushed when budsare atleast according to labelinstructions, does notresult inmortality can causetree growth lossbut Repeated severe infestations Galled needlesturnyellow Swollen growth(s), orgalls, Apply registered insecticides midge Key control agentisapredator SPRING PUPAE EGGS ADULTS SUMMER

Balsam gallmidgedamage FALL WINTER LARVAE...

95 gall making 96 spruce gall (Adelges Eastern abietis) adelgid winged gall making adults abietis) oldgallinitsnaturalstate Eastern sprucegalladelgid(Adelges • Adult adelgid DESCRIPTION • HOST Adelges Gall Adelgids Spruce   2–3mm, tinyaphid-like insect,bluish-grey All spruces spp. andPineus

adelgid emergence old gallonasprucehost,after Pine leafadelgid(Pineuspinifoliae) • • DAMAGE • • LIFE CYCLE • CONTROL •       valuable ornamentaltrees infestations, candisfigure or killtwigs,andinsevere after theadultshave emerged host tree throughout theyear even include more than1typeofhosttree out andadultsemerge they are stillgreen, before they dry out dry other diseasesandpests susceptibility to attackby can increase thetree’s Continuous infestations tips. Thesegallscanstunt galls to formatornearbranch pineapple shapedgrowths or Feeding causescharacteristic The galledstemscanremain onthe involves manygenerations,andcan The life cycle oftheseinsectsiscomplex, Cut offgallsanddestroy themwhile summer andturnbrown and Galls forminspringorearly

red spruce ( Ragged sprucegalladelgid ) damage on Pineus similis)damageon

97 gall making sap feeding INSECTS

99 100 conifer Aphids on a sap feeding tree

Aphids onaconifer tree • Adult aphid • Nymph DESCRIPTION • HOST Many Species FAMILY: Aphids   nearly black. nearly black. variable –rangingfrom paleyellow very to dark, body. Mostare winglessandcolours are widely called cornicles,emerge from thebackofits insect withlongantennae.Two tubularstructures, Small (2–10 mmlong),softbodiedpear-shaped Resemble adultsbutare smallerandwingless both softwoodandhardwood trees Attack nearlyallspeciesofplants,including Aphididae Female wingedadult

...EGGS • • • DAMAGE Adults: springto fall(multiple generations) Nymphs: earlyto latespring Eggs: fallto spring(overwinters) LIFE CYCLE • • • CONTROL • • WINTER         deformed leaves curled,oror distorted, and wilt to labelinstructions with steadystream ofwater that occurnaturally in thesecretion called sootymoldoftengrows the honeydew andafungus such asantsare attractedto called honeydew; otherinsects a clear, sticky, sweetsubstance kills theplant leaf fall,ortwigmortality cause stuntedgrowth, early Aphids onstemsortwigsmay Some aphidscausegalls Leaves turnyellow, out, dry Apply registered insecticidesaccording aphids from plant,orknockingoffaphids Physical control by rubbingorhandpicking Various parasiticandpredatory insects During feeding, aphidssecret rarelyAphid damagevery NYMPHS SPRING ADULTS SUMMER

( Aphids onFalse Sunflower Heliopsis helianthoides) FALL WINTER

EGGS... 101 sap feeding 102 Balsam aphid adult sap feeding twig

Balsam twigaphiddamage • Adult aphid • Nymph DESCRIPTION • HOST Mindarus abietinusKoch Twig Aphid Balsam    of apaleyellowish-green body 3 mm;palebluishgreen; wingedorwingless of stickyhoneydew may bevisibleonsurface 1–3 mm;soft-bodied;woollywaxanddroplets Balsam fir

damage ofannualshootattack Balsam twigaphidcharacteristic

...EGGS • • DAMAGE Adults: mid-to latesummer Nymphs: midspringto midsummer Eggs: midsummerto latespring(overwinters) LIFE CYCLE • CONTROL WINTER    bees may alsobepresent black sootymold.Antsand year’s growth can support thegrowth of can support considerable honeydew which Twig aphidsproduce needles from thecurrent Twisted, anddeformed short, according to labelinstructions Apply registered insecticides SPRING NYMPHS SUMMER ADULTS

honeydew secretion colony ofaphidsand shoot infested by a Balsam twigaphid FALL WINTER

EGGS... 103 sap feeding 104 damage (insert) (insert) Balsam Balsam adelgid adelgid woolly woolly sap feeding adults • CONTROL • • • • DAMAGE • Adult adelgid • Nymph DESCRIPTION • HOST INVASIVE ALIENSPECIES Adelges piceae(Ratz.) Woolly Adelgid Balsam        to reduce adelgidpopulations and damage of management techniquescanbeused In forest situations,silvicultural and reduction ingrowth and eventual mortality Feeding onthemainstemmay result in May causedeadtops ordrooping branchtips causing needlesto drop andbranchesto die Gouting (swelling)alongbudsandbranchnodes, toInjury stems andtwigs covered inwoollatewinterto earlyspring 1 mm;darkpurpleto black;appearswhitewhen Less than1mm;black Balsam fir current year’s growth

...NYMPHS ...PUPAE LIFE CYCLE • • start thecycle againthefollowing springstart hatch into crawlers.Thecrawlersoverwinter and midsummer, theseadultslay eggs,whichagain moult several timesbefore becomingadults.In not ableto move. crawlerswill Thesestationary the barkto thenymphis feed, butonce inserted, into their mouthparts settle. Thesenymphsinsert break. Crawlers emerge, andsearch for aplaceto hatch inaboutamonth,around thetimeofbud under thewoollymasssurrounding herbody. Eggs covering. Eachfemale produces aclusterofeggs Females cover themselves withwaxy, wool-like mature andthefemale adelgidsare present. branches, andaround buds.Inearlyspring,they Immature nymphsoverwinter onthetrunk,larger Nymphs: midsummerto mid-spring(overwinters) Eggs: midsummer Adults: earlysummer summer Nymphs: latespringto early Eggs: mid-spring Adults: mid-spring mid-spring (overwinters) Nymphs: midsummerto WINTER   may benecessary spread, chemicaltreatment If theinfestation ismore wide cut anddestroy infested trees. if onlyafew trees are infested according to labelinstructions Apply registered insecticides In Christmastree plantations, ADULTS EGGS SPRING NYMPHS ADULTS SUMMER EGGS

Balsam woollyadelgidnymph FALL WINTER NYMPHS... PUPAE... 105 sap feeding 106 crevice in bark scales sap feeding Beech causes beechbarkdisease. Fruiting bodiesofthe fungusthat • Adult scale • Nymph DESCRIPTION • HOST INVASIVE ALIENSPECIES Cryptococcus fagisuga Lindinger Scale Beech   with aprotective white,waxy“wool” white, waxy“wool” oval inshape,covered withaprotective 0.5–1 mm;yellow, sphericalbodycovered Less than0.5mm;soft-bodied,yellow, Beech

Beech scalesinbarkcrevice

...NYMPHS • • DAMAGE Adults: earlyspringto midsummer fall to earlyspring(overwinters) and covered withwoollike wax); Nymphs: secondstage(withoutlegs and antennae);midsummerto fall wingless withwell-developed legs Nymphs: firststage(a.k.acrawlers; Eggs: latespringto midsummer LIFE CYCLE: 2-year • • CONTROL WINTER     causing mortality the bark,girdling thetree, infect thesewounds or yard trees high-value ornamental may beusedonindividual suffocates scaleinsects, oil, whichcovers and or by applyinghorticultural by usinghigh-pressure water, insects by scrubbingtrees, trees Fungus spreads beneath allowing Nectriafungusto Feeding causesbarkto crack, Physical removal ofscale Thin andremove infected SPRING ADULTS EGGS SUMMER

NYMPHS

cankers to form. can enterthetree causing through whichthefungus creates woundsinthebark Feeding by thebeechscale Beech barkdiseasedamage.

FALL WINTER NYMPHS... 107 sap feeding 108 adults with Hemlock hemlock eggs on adelgid sap feeding woolly

• Adult adelgid • • Nymph DESCRIPTION • HOST • • • • • BACKGROUND INVASIVE ALIENSPECIES Adelges tsugae (Annand) Woolly Adelgid Hemlock        to spring appears white whencovered inwool fall 1.5 mm;dark reddish brown to purplish black; Nymph stageistheonlymobile stage Less than1.5mminlength; brownish orange hemlock Eastern stocknursery and woodproducts Spread assistedby movement offirewood, Spread by birds, animalsandwind Americasince1950s Eastern North Causing extensive damageto hemlockin Native to Asia(China, India,Japan,Taiwan) First discovered inNova Scotiain2017

NYMPHS-2 ADULTS-2 Adults: latewinterto earlyspring Nymphs: midsummerto latewinter(overwinters) Eggs: earlyto midsummer • • DAMAGE • NOTE 1 LIFE CYCLE: 2Generationsperyear • WHAT TO LOOK FOR contact a local CFIA office or visit the CFIA website. officeor visit theCFIA contact alocal CFIA For more informationontheregulations, please 2 Adults: latespringto earlysummer Nymphs: midspringto earlysummer(feeds) Eggs: earlyto midspring WINTER st nd     GENERATION: four years death canoccurwithin complete defoliationand creates diebackpotential; to dieandfalloff growth, fallto spring ontheyoungerparticularly at thebaseofneedles, Impedes newgrowth and Feeding causesneedles introduction andspread federal PlantProtection Act,inorder to prevent Food underthe InspectionAgency(CFIA) This forest pestis regulated by theCanadian Adult adelgid:whitewool GENERATION: EGGS-1 SPRING NYMPHS-1 ADULTS-1 EGGS-2 SUMMER

woolly adelgidadults Hemlock FALL WINTER

NYMPHS...

109 sap feeding 110 Woolly aphids sap feeding alder Woolly alderaphids • Adult aphid • Nymph DESCRIPTION • HOST Prociphilus tessellates(Fitch) Aphid Woolly Alder    waxy, woollystrands;wingedorwingless 2 mm;grey, usuallycovered by dense,white, Less than2mm;grey Alders andmaples Woolly alderaphids ...EGGS • • DAMAGE to fall(flybackto mapletrees to mate) Adults: latesummer(flyto branchesofalder); (feed onmaples,have multiplegenerations) Nymphs: springto latesummer the barkoffmaples) Eggs: fallto spring(overwinter on LIFE CYCLE • • CONTROL WINTER     sooty moldfungi aphid iscolonized by woolly material leaves withlotsofwhite Honeydew secreted by curled Minimal; partially according to labelinstructions Apply registered insecticides predators and diseases Naturally occurringparasites, SPRING NYMPHS SUMMER

ADULTS

Woolly alderaphids FALL WINTER

EGGS... 111 sap feeding terminal, shoot, twig, and root INSECTS

113 114 balsam fir adult on Balsam shoot- sawfly shoot twig root boring

on damagedannualshoot view from above ofthelarva Balsam shootboringsawfly • Adult sawfly • Mature larva DESCRIPTION • HOST Pleroneura brunneicornisRohwer boring Sawfly Balsam Shoot-    black andwhitestripesontheabdomen Resembles asmallwasp;5–6mmlong; 6 mm,yellowish-white Balsam fir

mature larva Balsam shootboringsawfly

...LARVAE CONTROL • • DAMAGE Adults: earlyto midspring Pupae: earlyto midspring early summerto earlyspring(overwinters) mid-springtoLarvae: earlysummer(feeds); Eggs: earlyto mid-spring LIFE CYCLE • WINTER    turning red anddying flattened, withthecentre lasting effect ontree health Mostly aestheticdamage,no New shoottipsappear pertaining to flyingadults pertaining according to labelinstructions Apply registered insecticides ADULTS PUPAE EGGS SPRING SUMMER

sawfly damage Balsam shootboring FALL WINTER

LARVAE... 115 shoot twig root 116 debarking Seedling weevil shoot twig root adult

weevil adultanddamage Seedling debarking • Adult beetle • Mature larva DESCRIPTION • HOST DallaTorre, Schenkling,Marshall Hylobius congener Debarking Weevil Seedling    with tinywhitespotsonwingcoverings to darkbrown head 6–8 mm;darkreddish brown to black, 5–9 mm;whitishgrubwithlight Softwood seedlings

...LARVAE PUPAE ...ADULTS • • DAMAGE (overwinters) Adults secondgeneration:fallto midspring Pupae: latefallto earlysummer to earlysummer(overwinters), midsummertoLarvae: fall(feeds), latefall Eggs: earlyto midsummer overwintering sites,feed, mate,andlay eggs) Adults: midspringto earlysummer(emerge from LIFE CYCLE: 2-year • • CONTROL WINTER     the tree more ofthebarkisremoved the seedlingif50 percentor scars alongthestem,killing creating irregular shaped by 50 percent sites to reduce weevil feeding plant theseedlingsinscarified scrape backtheduff-layer or treesafter harvesting allowing diseaseto enter Feeding creates awound, Beetles feed onthebark, If plantingonrecently cutsite, Delay plantingfor2years SPRING ADULTS EGGS SUMMER

weevil damage Seedling debarking FALL WINTER

ADULTS...

LARVAE... PUPAE 117 shoot twig root 118 weevil White adult shoot twig root pine

natural positioninto aterminalshoot White pineweevil eggsintheir • Adult beetle • Mature larva DESCRIPTION: • HOST(S): Pissodes strobi (Peck) Weevil White Pine    snout withsmallantennae and brown patches;longhooked and slightlyC-shaped 4–7 mm;rust-coloured withwhite 7 mm;whitewithabrown head;legless, Pines andspruces;mainlywhitepine hole ofitschamber White pineweevil adultneartheexit

...ADULTS • • DAMAGE: Adults: latesummerto latespring(overwinter) Pupae: latespringto latesummer midspringtoLarvae: mid-summer Eggs: midspringto latespring LIFE CYCLE • • • CONTROL: WINTER      may becomeforked seldom killed;tree permanently crooked of ashepherd’s crook; trees undercanopy are lessvenerable exceed 10 minheight at 3–4year untiltrees intervals according to labelinstructions it early-midJuly infested leaderanddestroy during spring;handprune small holesonleaders Infested trees are eventually die;takes shape the shootto wilt,droop and Where feeding, causes larvae Open grown trees are more susceptible, Apply registered insecticides Watch forpitchflowfrom SPRING EGGS LARVAE

PUPAE SUMMER

White pineweevil damage FALL WINTER

ADULTS...

119 shoot twig root invasive alien species (IAS) not currently in Nova Scotia 121 122 longhorned longhorned (insert) beetle beetle Asian Asian adult not yet arrived larva

• Adult beetle • Mature larva DESCRIPTION • HOST • • • BACKGROUND INVASIVE ALIENSPECIES (Motschulsky) Anoplophora glabripennis Beetle Asian Longhorned      NativeofAsia to Chinaandotherparts long, segmented antennae up to 20 whitespotson itswingcovers; with darkbrown mouthparts the border ofToronto andVaughan, Ontario 25–35 mm;shiny, blackbodywith 50mm; leglessgrub;cream coloured Numerous hardwood trees; prefers maples packing material inwoodpalletsor Likely transported First discovered inCanada in2003 near

• • DAMAGE • NOTE Adults: earlysummerto earlyfall Pupae: latespringto midsummer winter asaprepupae) season); fallto springoverwinters forsecond (overwinters); springto fall(feeds forsecond latesummertoLarvae: fall(feeds); fallto spring Eggs: midsummerto earlyfall LIFE CYCLE • • WHAT TO WATCH FOR contact a local CFIA office or visit the CFIA website. website. officeor visit theCFIA contact alocal CFIA For more informationontheregulations, please WINTER      and girdle stemsandbranches structurally weaken thetree wood; chewingtunnelsthat into thesapwoodandheart- and trunk As the larva maturesAs thelarva itbores pits inthebarkonbranches Adult females chewegg-laying introduction andspread federal PlantProtection Act,inorder to prevent Food InspectionAgency(CFIS) underthe This forest pestis regulated by theCanadian through large, round Exit holes:Adultsemerge summer to fall Adult beetle:Active from exit holes,mid-to latesummer SPRING PUPAE

SUMMER LARVAE ADULTS EGGS

damage –exithole Asian longhornedbeetle FALL WINTER

123 not yet arrived 124 ash borer Emerald

not yet arrived adult Emerald ashborer larva • Adult beetle • Mature larva DESCRIPTION • HOST • • BACKGOUND INVASIVE ALIENSPECIES Agrilus planipennisFairmaire Borer Emerald Ash     7–14 mm;bodynarrow, elongate,metallicgreen 26–32 mm;bodyflat,broad, creamy-white Ash Korea, Mongolia, Russia,andTaiwan Korea,Native to China,Japan,North South First detectedin2002 inWindsor, Ontario Emerald ashborer adult • • DAMAGE • NOTE Adults: latespringto latesummer Pupae: earlyspringto earlysummer overwinters forsecondwinterasaprepupae) (feeds forsecondseason);fallto spring fall to spring(overwinters); springto fall earlysummertoLarvae: fall(feeds); Eggs: latespringto latesummer LIFE CYCLE • • WHAT TO LOOK FOR contact a local CFIA office or visit the CFIA website. officeor visit theCFIA contact alocal CFIA For more information ontheregulations, please WINTER      tree after2–3 years and eventually deathofthe of branches,crown dieback, thinning ofthefoliage,dying general yellowing and of infestation Feeding damagecauses galleries into thesapwood makeLarvae longS-shaped introduction andspread federal PlantProtection Act,inorder to prevent Food underthe InspectionAgency(CFIA) This forest pestis regulated by theCanadian Exit holes:3–4mm,D-shaped spring to latesummer Adult beetle:flying,active late PUPAE SPRING EGGS ADULTS

SUMMER LARVAE

borer infestation. from anemeraldash shoots whenunderstress send outtheseepicormic stress. Ashtrees will sign thatatree isunder suckers, are atypical Epicormic shoots,or FALL WINTER

125 not yet arrived APPENDIX A Crown: the live branches and foliage at the top of a tree Deciduous: commonly known as broadleaved or GLOSSARY hardwood trees; generally lose their leaves during the fall Abdomen: in insects, the posterior or hind part of the body Defoliation: loss of leaves, as occurs in natural shedding or from the feeding activities of insects Abiotic: nonliving features of an ecosystem and other plant feeders such as climate, light, soil chemistry, and water availability Duff-layer: organic matter in various stages of decomposition on the floor of the forest Aesthetic injury: visually displeasing damage to plants or structures that does not necessarily Ecosystem: a group/community of organisms adversely affect plant health interacting with their environment Alien species: plants, animals and Elytra: the hard, thickened forewings of beetles microorganisms from one part of the world that act as wing covers for the hindwings that are transported beyond their natural range and become established in a new area; they are Epidemic: a widespread and unusually high level sometimes also called “exotic,” “introduced,” “non- of incidence of a disease or insect pest; generally native,” “non-indigenous,” or “invasive” species preceded by a rapid increase in population size Bark: protective covering of trees and shrubs Exit hole: a hole through the bark or wood that is created by an emerging insect Borer: general term describing insects that excavate wood for food and shelter Forewing: the first pair of insect wings Bud: a “condensed” shoot; stem very short and Frass: solid excrement of insects, particularly larvae leaves are so close that they overlap, each one Fungus (plural fungi): a group of lower organisms glossary wrapping round the next above it that usually reproduce by spores and are glossary Bud break: the opening of bud scales in spring, composed of cellular filaments (hyphae). Fungi followed by elongation of new shoots obtain their nutrients from other organisms. Most conifer diseases are caused by fungi Bud scales: the outermost leaves of a bud are often thicker and tougher, and sometimes black or Gall: an abnormal swelling of plant tissue caused brown. These are the bud scales and they protect by insects, microorganisms, or external injury the more delicate, inner foliage leaves from drying Galleries: excavated spaces in wood, soil, etc., up, from damage by birds, insects, fungi, etc., and, made by organisms such as beetles and ants to some extent, from extremes of temperature in which to live and reproduce Canopy: the leafy parts of vines or trees Girdle: damage that completely encircles a stem Cocoon: silken case spun by an insect larva, inside or root, often resulting in death of plant parts which the pupa is formed above or below the girdle Conifer: cone-bearing trees having needles or Gouting: excessive swelling of a branch or shoot; scale-like leaves, usually evergreen, and producing often accompanied by misshapen needles and buds wood known commercially as “softwoods” 126 127 Grub: typically, the larva of a beetle, or of some flies Major veins: the major, large veins of a leaf, which are attached to the midrib or the petiole Hardwood: trees that are generally deciduous, broad-leafed species such as oak, birch, alder Metamorphosis: the change in form that takes or maple place as insects grow from immatures to adults Heartwood: the inner core of a woody stem Midrib: the large, central vein of a leaf composed of nonliving cells and usually Mines: tunnels or blotches excavated by a larva differentiated from the outer wood layer as it feeds on the tissue between the upper and (sapwood) by its darker colour lower surfaces of a leaf Hindwings: the second pair of wings of an insect Mycelium (plural: mycelia): the vegetative Honeydew: the sugary liquid discharge from feeding structure of a fungus; composed of certain insects such as aphids and scales; interwoven hyphae and considered distinct provides a growing media for sooty mold from the fruiting body Horticultural oils: highly refined petroleum Non-quarantine pest: pest that is not a (or seed-derived) oils that are manufactured quarantine pest for an area specifically to control pests on plants Nymph: the immature form of certain insects, Host: a plant or animal that provides usually resembling the adult form but smaller nourishment for another organism and lacking fully developed wings Hypha (plural hyphae): a fine, usually branched, Open grown trees: trees or shrubs with crowns threadlike filament of the vegetative body of a receiving full light from above and from all sides fungus that grows on or within the host; a bundle Outbreak: a large-scale temporary increase in of hyphae is termed a mycelium a population causing severe damage over a large Instar: a stage in the development of an insect geographic area larva between periods when the larva sheds its

glossary Overmature: a quality exhibited by trees that glossary skin in order to grow have declined in growth rate because of old age Invasive species: an alien (or non-native) species and loss of vigour whose introduction does, or is likely to cause Overwinter: a period of rest or hibernation by economic or environmental harm or harm to which insects survive the winter human health; only a small portion of non-native species are invasive Ovipositor: a tube that is used for laying eggs Larva (plural larvae): the immature form of Parasite: an organism that derives its food from insects that develop through the process of the body of another organism, the host, without complete metamorphosis, which includes eggs, killing the host directly; also, an insect that spends several larval stages, pupa, and adult its immature stages in the body of a host that dies just before the parasite emerges (this type is also Leader: the main shoot that develops from the called a parasitoid) terminal bud at the top of a tree each year Pest: any organism considered detrimental Maggot: a fly larva to effective forest management

128 129 Phloem: the food-conducting tissue of a plant Regulated non-quarantine pest: a non-quarantine pest whose presence in plants for planting Phytosanitary measure: any legislation, affects the intended use of those plants with an regulation or official procedure having the purpose economically unacceptable impact and which to prevent the introduction and/or spread of is therefore regulated within the territory of the quarantine pests, or to limit the economic impact importing contracting party of regulated non-quarantine pests Resinosis: an abnormal flow of resin or pitch from Pitch: tree resin or sap a conifer usually in response to infection, insect Pitch tube: Small blobs of pitch secreted by activity, or wounding the host tree in its efforts to trap and prevent Sapwood: the wood found closest to the bark an insect from entering the stem and usually distinguished from heartwood by Plants for planting: plants intended to remain being lighter in colour; consists of xylem (provides planted, to be planted or replanted structural support, transports water, etc.) Predator: any animal that kills other animals Scarification: the removal of the top litter layer (prey) and feeds on them of an area (usually in strips) for site preparation Pronotum: a plate-like cover of the first segment Shepherd’s crook: a leader or branch with a of the thorax down-curved tip in the shape of a shepherd’s crook, characteristic of attack by certain insects Pupa (plural pupae): the non-feeding, inactive or diseases stage between larva and adult in insects, during which the larva typically undergoes complete Skeletonize: to remove soft tissue leaving harder transformation within a protective cocoon or structures such as leaf veins in place hardened case Sign: parts of the pest itself or other evidence Quarantine: official confinement of regulated of their presence e.g. frass articles for observation and research or for further Softwood: cone-bearing trees with needle or glossary inspection, testing and/or treatment glossary scale-like leaves, such as balsam fir, eastern white Quarantine pest: a pest of potential economic cedar, and jack pine importance to the area endangered thereby and Sooty Mold: a dark fungal growth that develops not yet present there, or present but not widely on foliage covered with honeydew secretions distributed and being official control from insects Queen: the reproductive female within a colony Species: a genetic subdivision whose numbers are of social insects such as ants capable of mating and producing fertile offspring Regulated article: any plant, plant product, Spore: a reproductive body produced by certain storage place, packaging, conveyance, container, fungi and other organisms, capable of growing soil and any other organism, object or material into a new individual under proper conditions capable of harbouring or spreading pests, deemed to require phytosanitary measures, particularly Stand: a group of forest trees of sufficiently where international transportation is involved uniform species composition, age, and condition to be considered a homogeneous unit for management purposes 130 131 Susceptible: the likelihood of an infestation APPENDIX B as based on key stand characteristics (species composition, tree density, etc.) Symptom: visible reaction of a host to abiotic REFERENCES injuries or pest attack including insect feeding indicators, or discoloration from diseases Alder Flea Beetle – Macrohaltica ambiens (LeConte) Randall, C.B. (2010, July) United States Forest Service. Terminal: the growing tip of a stem, especially Management Guide for Alder Flea Beetle. Retrieved from http://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/ the main stem stelprdb5186816.pdf Thorax: that middle portion of an insect’s body Alder Wooly Sawfly – Eriocampa ovata (Linnaeus) that bears the legs and wings British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Lands and Natural Resource Operations. (2002, February 19). Woolly Alder Vascular system: the system of plant tissues that Sawfly, Eriocampa ovata. Retrieved from http://www.for.gov. conducts water, mineral nutrients, and products of bc.ca/hfp/publications/00198/woolly_alder_sawfly.htm photosynthesis through the plant, consisting of the Kruse, J., Zogas, K., Lisuzzo, N., and Swenson, S. United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Alaska xylem and phloem Region, State and Private Forestry. (2012). Alder-feeding Sawflies of Alaska (Leaflet R10-TP-154). Retrieved from Vascular tissue: plant tissue that carries water http://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/ and nutrients throughout the plant stelprdb5430500.pdf Vigour: the health and vitality of a tree; most Aphids – Family: Aphididae accurately assessed by observing foliage Nova Scotia Department of Environment and Labour. (2001, April). Garden Aphid Prevention and Control. (density, width, and colour) and per cent of Retrieved from https://www.novascotia.ca/nse/pests/ live crown docs/aphid.pdf Vulnerable: the likelihood of tree or stand damage Asian Longhorned Beetle resulting from an infestation or infection – Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky) Canadian Food Inspection Agency. (2014, February 8). Wood: the hard fibrous substance beneath the Asian Longhorned Beetle Preferred Host Trees. Retrieved bark in the stems and branches of trees and from http://www.inspection.gc.ca/plants/plant- protection/insects/asian-long-horned-beetle/host-trees/ shrubs; xylem eng/1337878437101/1337878521504

references Worker: females within social insect colonies European and Mediterranean Plant Protection references Organization. [Date unknown]. EPPO Data Sheets on (e.g., ants) that are not able to reproduce Quarantine Pests Anoplophora glabripennis. Retrieved from https://www.eppo.int/QUARANTINE/insects/ Xylem: the principal strengthening and water Anoplophora_glabripennis/ANOLGL_ds.pdf conducting tissue in most plants Morisawa, T. The Nature Conservancy Wildland Invasive Species Program. (2000, June 22). Asian Longhorned Beetle: Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky). Retrieved from http://www.invasive.org/gist/moredocs/anogla01.pdf Ric, J. et al. (2006).Detecting Signs and Symptoms of Asian Longhorned Beetle Injury: Training Guide. Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario: Natural Resources Canada Canadian Forest Service. http://www.glfc.forestry.ca/VLF/invasives/ alhbdetecguide_e.pdf

132 133 Balsam Fir Sawfly – Neodiprion abietis (Harris) Sweeney, J. et al. First Records of Orchestes fagi (L.) Parsons, K., et al. (2005). Relationship between Balsam (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Curculioninae) in North America, Fir Sawfly Density and Defoliation in Balsam Fir. Forest with a Checklist of the North American Rhamphini. 2012. Ecology and Management 205:325-331. The Coleopterists Bulletin, 66(4): 297-304. Iqbal, J., et al. (2011). Balsam Fir Sawfly Defoliation Effects Beech Scale – Cryptococcus fagisuga Lindinger on Survival and Growth Quantified from Permanent Plots CABI. (2013, July 24). Invasive Species Compendium: and Dendrochronology. Forestry, 84(4): 349-362. Cryptococcus fagisuga. Retrieved from http://www.cabi. Natural Resources Canada. 2008. Impact Note No. 46 – org/isc/datasheet/15802 Controlling the Balsam Fir Sawfly. Retrieved from http:// Houston, D.R and O’Brien, J.T. United States Department of cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/pubwarehouse/pdfs/28265.pdf Agriculture. Forest Service (1983, February). Forest Insect Natural Resources Canada. (2011, June 10). Balsam and Disease Leaflet 75 Beech Bark Disease. Retrieved Fir Sawfly. Retrieved from http://tidcf.nrcan.gc.ca/en/ from http://na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/fidls/beechbark/fidl- insects/factsheet/6564 beech.htm National Biological Information Infrastructure and Balsam Gall Midge – Paradiplosis tumifex Gagné Invasive Species Specialist Group. (2011, March 23). Natural Resources Canada. (2011, November 15). Balsam Global Invasive Species Database: Cryptococcus Gall Midge. Retrieved from http://tidcf.nrcan.gc.ca/en/ fagisuga. Retrieved from http://interface.creative. insects/factsheet/3708 auckland.ac.nz/database/species/management_info. asp?si=1695&fr=1&sts=&lang=EN Balsam Shoot-boring Sawfly – Pleroneura brunneicornis Rohwer Birch Leaf Miner – Fenusa pusilla (Lepeletier) Kelley. R. Vermont Department of Forests, Parks & Natural Resources Canada. (2013, November 14). Birch Recreation. (2002, January). 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Retrieved from http://tidcf.nrcan.gc.ca/en/ Technical Bulletin No. 1420, Agricultural Research Service, insects/factsheet/5549 United States Department of Agriculture. Pgs. 31-32. Balsam Woolly Adelgid – Adelges piceae (Ratz) Bronze Birch Borer – Agrilus anxius Gory references Natural Resources Canada. (2013, December 11). Balsam Bright, D.E. 1987. The Metallic Wood-Boring Beetles of references Woolly Adelgid. Retrieved from http://www.exoticpests. Canada and Alaska: Coleoptera: Buprestidae, Insects and gc.ca/es-details/insect/5314 Arachnids of Canada Handbook Series, Part 15, 335. Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources. Forest Johnson, W.T. and Lyon, H.H. 1994. Insects that Feed on Protection Division. (2013, February 14). Balsam Woolly Trees and Shrubs, Second Edition. Cornell University Press. Adelgid. Retrieved from http://novascotia.ca/natr/ p 212-213. forestprotection/foresthealth/sheets/Bwa.asp Rose, A.H. and Lindquist, O.H. 1997. 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Whitespotted Sawyer Brown Spruce Longhorn Beetle – Monochamus s. scutellatus (Say) - Tetropium fuscum Yanega, D. 1996. Field Guide to the Northeastern Brown spruce longhorn beetle (Tetropium fuscum) adult. Jon Sweeney, Longhomed Beetles (Coleóptera: Cerambycidae). Illinois Natural Resources Canada, Bugwood.org Natural History Survey Manual 6. Illinois Natural History Brown spruce longhorn beetle (Tetropium fuscum) damage. Survey, Urbana-Champaign, IL. 184 p. Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources Forest Protection Willow Flea Weevil – Isochnus rufipes(LeConte) Brown spruce longhorn beetle (Tetropium fuscum) larva. Natural Resources Canada. (2011, November 17). Willow Stephanie Sopow, Natural Resources Canada, Bugwood.org Flea Beetle. Retrieved from http://tidcf.nrcan.gc.ca/en/ Resinosis resulting from brown spruce longhorn beetle (Tetropium insects/factsheet/1736 fuscum) attack. Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources Forest Protection. Rose, A.H. and Lindquist, O.H. 1997. Insects of Eastern Hardwood Trees. Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Carpenter Ants Service, Headquarters, Science Branch, Ottawa. 304 p. - Camponotus spp. Carpenter ant (Camponotus spp.) adult. David Cappaert, Michigan Wooly Alder Aphid – Prociphilus tessellates (Fitch) State University, Bugwood.org Anonymous. Woolly alder aphid Prociphilus tessellates, p 223 in: Krischik, V., and Davidson, J. (eds.). 2004. Carpenter ant (Camponotus spp.) damage. Natural Resources Canada, Integrated Pest Management of Midwest Landscapes. Canadian Forest Service Cooperative Project of NCR-193, North Central Committee Winged carpenter ant (Camponotus spp.). Mardon Erbland, Logy Bay, on Landscape IPM, Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Newfoundland, Canada. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc- references Station SB-07645. Retrieved from http://cues.cfans.umn. sa/2.5/ca/ edu/old/Web/223WoollyAlderAphid.pdf Carpenter ant (Camponotus spp.) larvae. Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org

Metallic Wood-Boring Beetles - Buprestidae credits photo Metallic wood-boring beetle adult. Bob Oakes, United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Bugwood.org Metallic wood-boring beetle and sap sucker damage on sugar maple. Randy Cyr, Greentree, Bugwood.org Metallic wood-boring beetle mature larva. William M. Ciesla, Forest Health Management International, Bugwood.org Metallic wood-boring beetle adult. Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources Forest Protection

144 145 Native Elm Bark Beetle Wood wasp damage - exit holes. - Hylurgopinus rufipes Louis-Michel Nageleisen, Département de la Santé des Forêts, Bugwood.org Native elm bark beetle (Hylurgopinus rufipes) side view of the adult (length: 2.5 mm). Adult wood wasp. Edward H. Holsten, United States Department of Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service Agriculture Forest Service, Bugwood.org Brown vascular staining caused by a fungus carried by the native elm Wood wasp pupa. Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources bark beetle (Hylurgopinus rufipes). Andrew Williams, Town of Truro, Forest Protection Nova Scotia Alder Flea Beetle Native elm bark beetle (Hylurgopinus rufipes) maternal tunnels and - Macrohaltica ambiens larval tunnels on an elm trunk. Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service Alder flea beetle (Macrohaltica ambiens) adult. Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org Native elm bark beetle (Hylurgopinus rufipes) adult in its v-shaped tunnel. Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service Alder flea beetle (Macrohaltica ambiens) damage – skeletonized leaf due to feeding. Scott Tunnock, United States Department of Agriculture Spruce Beetle Forest Service, Bugwood.org - Dendroctonus rufipennis Alder flea beetle (Macrohaltica ambiens) larvae. Nova Scotia Spruce beetle (Dendroctonus rufipennis) adult. Steven Valley, Oregon Department of Natural Resources Forest Protection Department of Agriculture, Bugwood.org Alder flea beetle (Macrohaltica ambiens) adult. Nova Scotia Spruce beetle (Dendroctonus rufipennis) damage - severely affected Department of Natural Resources Forest Protection spruce. Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service Alder Woolly Sawfly Pitch tubes on spruce, a result of spruce beetle (Dendroctonus - Eriocampa ovata rufipennis) attack. Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources Forest Protection Alder woolly sawfly (Eriocampa ovata) larva. Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources Forest Protection Spruce beetle (Dendroctonus rufipennis) larvae. Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources Forest Protection Alder woolly sawfly (Eriocampa ovata) damage. Natural Resources Canadian Forest Service Pacific Forestry Centre, Forest Health Network Sugar Maple Borer Alder woolly sawfly (Eriocampa ovata) larva. Natural Resources - Glycobius speciosus Canadian Forest Service Pacific Forestry Centre, Forest Health Network Sugar maple borer (Glycobius speciosus) adult. Ronald S. Kelley, Vermont Alder woolly sawfly (Eriocampa ovata) larvae. Nova Scotia Department Department of Forests, Parks and Recreation, Bugwood.org of Natural Resources Forest Protection Sugar maple borer (Glycobius speciosus) damage on live standing tree. Steven Katovich, United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Balsam Fir Sawfly Bugwood.org - Neodiprion abietis Sugar maple borer (Glycobius speciosus) adults. Natural Resources Balsam fir sawfly (Neodiprion abietis) larva. Nova Scotia Department Canada, Canadian Forest Service of Natural Resources Forest Protection Appearance of a sugar maple crown, five years after attack by sugar Balsam fir sawfly (Neodiprion abietis) defoliated balsam fir twig: maple borer (Glycobius speciosus). Natural Resources Canada, 1) current year’s foliage is intact; 2) 1-year-old needles are chewed Canadian Forest Service and reddened; and 3) 2-year-old needles have disappeared. Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service Whitespotted Sawyer Balsam fir sawfly (Neodiprion abietis) female (left) and male (right) - Monochamus s. scutellatus adults near their respective cocoons. Natural Resources Canada, Whitespotted sawyer (Monochamus s. scutellatus) adult. Natural Canadian Forest Service Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service

photo credits photo Balsam fir sawfly (Neodiprion abietis) egg niches. Nova Scotia credits photo Dead foliage of balsam fir after whitespotted sawyer (Monochamus Department of Natural Resources Forest Protection s. scutellatus) adult attack on the twig. Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service Beech Leaf Mining Weevil - Orchestes fagi Whitespotted sawyer (Monochamus s. scutellatus) adult seeking for tender bark on a young stem of eastern white pine. Beech leaf mining weevil (Orchestes fagi) adult. Nova Scotia Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service Department of Natural Resources Forest Protection Whitespotted sawyer (Monochamus s. scutellatus) larva - Beech leaf mining weevil (Orchestes fagi) damage. Milan Zubrik, Forest longitudinal cut through a larval tunnel. Natural Resources Canada, Research Institute - Slovakia, Bugwood.org Canadian Forest Service Beech leaf mining weevil (Orchestes fagi) larva. Gyorgy Csoka, Hungary Forest Research Institute, Bugwood.org Woodwasps (Horntails) - Siricidae Beech leaf mining weevil (Orchestes fagi) damage. Gyorgy Csoka, Hungary Forest Research Institute, Bugwood.org Sirex woodwasp (Sirex noctilio) adult. Gyorgy Csoka, Hungary Forest Research Institute, Bugwood.org 146 147 Birch Leaf Mining Sawflies Fall cankerworm (Alsophila pometaria) adult. William M. Ciesla, Forest - Heterarthrus nemoratus (Fallén) or Fenusa pusilla Health Management International, Bugwood.org Birch Leaf Mining Sawfly (Heterarthrus nemoratus) adult. Fall cankerworm (Alsophila pometaria) larvae (dark form) on maple. E. Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service Bradford Walker, Vermont Department of Forests, Parks and Recreation, Bugwood.org Birch Leaf Mining Sawfly (Heterarthrus nemoratus) damage by larva. Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service Fall Webworm Birch Leaf Mining Sawfly (Heterarthrus nemoratus) adult. - Hyphantria cunea Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service Fall webworm (Hyphantria cunea) larva. Natural Resources Canada, Birch Leaf Mining Sawfly (Heterarthrus nemoratus) larva. Canadian Forest Service Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service Fall webworm (Hyphantria cunea) damage. Lacy L. Hyche, Auburn University, Bugwood.org Dusky Birch Sawfly - Croesus latitarsus Colony of fall webworm (Hyphantria cunea) larvae in web. Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service. Dusky birch sawfly (Croesus latitarsus) adult. Lacy L. Hyche, Auburn University, Bugwood.org Fall webworm (Hyphantria cunea) adult. Gyorgy Csoka, Hungary Forest Research Institute, Bugwood.org Dusky birch sawfly (Croesus latitarsus) damage. Lacy L. Hyche, Auburn University, Bugwood.org Forest Tent Caterpillar Dusky birch sawfly (Croesus latitarsus) cocoon. Lacy L. Hyche, Auburn - Malacosoma disstria University, Bugwood.org Forest tent caterpillar (Malacosoma disstria) larva. William M. Ciesla, Forest Dusky birch sawfly (Croesus latitarsus) larvae. Lacy L. Hyche, Auburn Health Management International, Bugwood.org University, Bugwood.org Forest tent caterpillar (Malacosoma disstria) damage. Minnesota Department of Natural Resources Archive, Minnesota Department of Eastern Blackheaded Budworm - Acleris variana Natural Resources, Bugwood.org Eastern blackheaded budworm (Acleris variana) mature larva, on white Forest tent caterpillar (Malacosoma disstria) egg mass. spruce. Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service Steven Katovich, United States Department of Agriculture Forest Eastern blackheaded budworm (Acleris variana) damage on balsam fir. Service Forest Service, Bugwood.org Rick West, Canadian Forest Service, Bugwood.org Forest tent caterpillar (Malacosoma disstria) adult. Mark Dreiling, Retired, Eastern blackheaded budworm (Acleris variana) adult. Todd M. Gilligan Bugwood.org and Marc E. Epstein, TortAI: Tortricids of Agricultural Importance, United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Gypsy Moth Inspection Service Identification Technology Program, Bugwood.org - Lymantria dispar Eastern blackheaded budworm (Acleris variana) forewing patterns. Gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) adult female. Natural Resources Todd M. Gilligan and Marc E. Epstein, TortAI: Tortricids of Agricultural Canada, Canadian Forest Service Importance, United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) damage on oak. Louis-Michel Plant Health Inspection Service Identification Technology Program, Nageleisen, Département de la Santé des Forêts, Bugwood.org Bugwood.org Gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) larva. Natural Resources Canada, Eastern Tent Caterpillar Canadian Forest Service - Malacosoma americanum Gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) adult male. Nova Scotia Department of Eastern tent caterpillar (Malacosoma americanum) larva. Natural Resources Forest Protection William M. Ciesla, Forest Health Management International, Bugwood.org Hemlock Looper Eastern tent caterpillar (Malacosoma americanum) tent. - Lambdina f. fiscellaria

photo credits photo William M. Ciesla, Forest Health Management International, Bugwood.org credits photo Hemlock looper (Lambdina f. fiscellaria) larva. Pennsylvania Eastern tent caterpillar (Malacosoma americanum) eggs. Department of Conservation and Natural Resources - Forestry Archive, Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org Bugwood.org Eastern tent caterpillar (Malacosoma americanum) adult. Hemlock looper (Lambdina f. fiscellaria) damage - severely defoliated Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources - balsam firs. Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service Forestry Archive, Bugwood.org Hemlock looper (Lambdina f. fiscellaria) adult at rest. Fall Cankerworm Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service - Alsophila pometaria Hemlock looper (Lambdina f. fiscellaria) dorsal and ventral views of Fall cankerworm (Alsophila pometaria) larva. Joseph Berger, pupa. Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service Bugwood.org Fall cankerworm (Alsophila pometaria) damage. United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service - Ogden Archive, United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Bugwood.org 148 149 Jack Pine Budworm Maple trumpet skeletonizer (Epinotia aceriella) larva. Agriculture and - Choristoneura p. pinus Agri-Food Canada Jack pine budworm (Choristoneura p. pinus) larva on male flower Maple trumpet skeletonizer (Epinotia aceriella) adult. John Lee, bearing jack pine shoot. Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Scarborough, Ontario, Canada Service Mountain Ash Sawfly Jack pine budworm (Choristoneura p. pinus) severe defoliation on jack - Pristiphora geniculata pine tree. Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service Mountain ash sawfly (Pristiphora geniculata) larvae. E. Bradford Walker, Vermont Department of Forests, Parks and Recreation, Jack pine budworm (Choristoneura p. pinus) pupa in its natural Bugwood.org position near its last larval molt. Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service Mountain ash sawfly (Pristiphora geniculata) damage and larvae. Joseph O’Brien, United States Department of Agriculture Forest Jack pine budworm (Choristoneura p. pinus) adult. Nova Scotia Service, Bugwood.org Department of Natural Resources Forest Protection Mountain ash sawfly Larch Casebearer (Pristiphora geniculata) eggs. - Coleophora laricella L.J. Lipovsky, Maine Forest Service, Bugwood.org Larch casebearer (Coleophora laricella) larva inside of case. Mountain ash sawfly (Pristiphora geniculata) adult. James Lindsey, Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service Bugwood.org Larch casebearer (Coleophora laricella) damage. Nova Scotia Northern Pinkstriped Oakworm Department of Natural Resources Forest Protection - Anisota v. virginiensis Larch casebearer (Coleophora laricella) cases fastened to twig after Northern pinkstriped oakworm (Anisota v. virginiensis) larva. Aaron needle drop in fall. Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service Goodwin, Bartlesville, Oklahoma. Larch casebearer (Coleophora laricella) first case as it appears in June. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd-nc/1.0/ Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service Northern pinkstriped oakworm (Anisota v. virginiensis) larvae. Jo Ann Poe-McGavin, Jim Thorpe, Pensylvania Larch Sawfly - Pristiphora erichsonii Northern pinkstriped oakworm (Anisota v. virginiensis) larva. Lynette Schimming, Thompson Falls, Montana. http:// Larch sawfly (Pristiphora erichsonii) mature larvae. creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd-nc/1.0/ Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service Northern pinkstriped oakworm (Anisota v. virginiensis) adult. Larch sawfly (Pristiphora erichsonii) damage - partially defoliated larch Siobhan Basile, Epping, New Hampshire stand. Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service Oak Leafshredder Larch sawfly (Pristiphora erichsonii) damage - new larch shoot curled - Croesia semipurpurana into a question mark following wounds inflicted by adult during egg Oak leafshredder (Croesia semipurpurana) larvae. Natural Resources laying. Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service Canada, Canadian Forest Service Larch sawfly (Pristiphora erichsonii) adult female. Oak leafshredder (Croesia semipurpurana) damage. Natural Resources Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service Canada, Canadian Forest Service Leafrollers and Leaftiers Oak leafshredder (Croesia semipurpurana) adult. James B. Hanson, - Tortricidae United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Bugwood.org Birch leafroller (Epinotia solandriana) adult. Natural Resources Canada, Oak leafshredder (Croesia semipurpurana) pupa out of its silk cocoon. Canadian Forest Service Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service

photo credits photo Leafroller damage – larva wrapped up in leaf. Nova Scotia Department credits photo Pale Winged Grey of Natural Resources Forest Protection - Iridopsis ephyraria Birch leafroller (Epinotia solandriana) damage. Nova Scotia Pale winged grey (Iridopsis ephyraria) larva. Agriculture and Agri-Food Department of Natural Resources Forest Protection Canada Birch leafroller (Epinotia solandriana) larva. Natural Resources Canada, Pale winged grey (Iridopsis ephyraria) damage. Nova Scotia Canadian Forest Service Department of Natural Resources Forest Protection Maple Trumpet Skeletionizer Pale winged grey (Iridopsis ephyraria) egg. Nova Scotia Department of - Epinotia aceriella Natural Resources Forest Protection Maple trumpet skeletonizer (Epinotia aceriella) damage. Pale winged grey (Iridopsis ephyraria) adult. Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources Forest Protection Maple trumpet skeletonizer (Epinotia aceriella) damage trumpetlike tubes of frass and silk. E. Bradford Walker, Vermont Department of Forests, Parks and Recreation, Bugwood.org 150 151 Rusty Tussock Moth White pine sawfly (Neodiprion pinetum) adult. United States Department - Orgyia antiqua of Agriculture Forest Service - Region 8 - Southern Archive, United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Bugwood.org Rusty tussock moth (Orgyia antiqua) larva. Jerald E. Dewey, United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Bugwood.org White pine sawfly (Neodiprion pinetum) larvae. Allison Kanoti, Maine Forest Service, Forest Health and Monitoring, Rusty tussock moth (Orgyia antiqua) damage. Evgeny Akulov, Russian Augusta, Maine Research Institute of Plant Quarantine, Bugwood.org Rusty tussock moth (Orgyia antiqua) larva. Connecticut Agricultural Whitemarked Tussock Moth Experiment Station Archive, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, - Orgyia leucostigma Bugwood.org Whitemarked tussock moth (Orgyia leucostigma) adult male. Rusty tussock moth (Orgyia antiqua) adult male. United States James Solomon, United States Department of Agriculture Forest Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Northern and Intermountain Service, Bugwood.org Region Archive, United States Department of Agriculture Forest Whitemarked tussock moth (Orgyia leucostigma) larva. Service, Bugwood.org Daniel Herms, The Ohio State University, Bugwood.org Satin Moth Whitemarked tussock moth (Orgyia leucostigma) cocoon. - Leucoma salicis Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources Forest Protection Satin moth (Leucoma salicis) side view of adult at rest. Whitemarked tussock moth (Orgyia leucostigma) adult female with Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service egg mass. John L. Foltz, University of Florida, Bugwood.org Satin moth (Leucoma salicis) damaged leaves. Jan Liska, Forestry and Willow Flea Weevil Game Management Research Institute, Bugwood.org - Isochnus rufipes Satin moth (Leucoma salicis) adult and open chrysalis. Willow flea weevil (Isochnus rufipes) adult. Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service Natural Resources Forest Protection Satin moth (Leucoma salicis) larva. Natural Resources Canada, Willow flea weevil (Isochnus rufipes) damage. Nova Scotia Department Canadian Forest Service of Natural Resources Forest Protection Spruce Budworm Willow flea weevil (Isochnus rufipes) larva and damage. Claude - Choristoneura fumiferana Gélinas, PHYTO Ressources Inc., Québec Spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana) larva. Natural Resources Balsam Gall Midge Canada, Canadian Forest Service - Paradiplosis tumifex Spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana) damage on spruce. Balsam gall midge (Paradiplosis tumifex) adults. Scott McEwan, Nova Joseph O’Brien, United States Department of Agriculture Forest Scotia Department of Natural Resources Service, Bugwood.org Balsam gall midge (Paradiplosis tumifex) damage. Nova Scotia Spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana) adults. K.B. Jamieson, Department of Natural Resources Forest Protection Canadian Forest Service, Bugwood.org Balsam gall midge (Paradiplosis tumifex) galled balsam fir needles Spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana) damage. Nova Scotia summer above and fall below. Department of Natural Resources Forest Protection Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service Spruce Webspinning Sawfly Balsam gall midge (Paradiplosis tumifex) adult laying eggs on newly- - Cephalcia fascipennis emerging needles. Ronald S. Kelley, Vermont Department of Forests, Parks and Recreation, Bugwood.org Spruce webspinning sawfly (Cephalcia fascipennis) larva. Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service Spruce Gall Adelgids Spruce webspinning sawfly (Cephalcia fascipennis) - Adelges spp. and Pineus spp.

photo credits photo damage. Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources Forest credits photo Eastern spruce gall adelgid (Adelges abietis) winged adults. Protection Stanislaw Kinelski, Bugwood.org Spruce webspinning sawfly (Cephalcia fascipennis) larva. Ragged spruce gall adelgid (Pineus similis) damage on red spruce. Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service Ronald S. Kelley, Vermont Department of Forests, Parks and Spruce webspinning sawfly (Cephalcia fascipennis) larva. Recreation, Bugwood.org Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service Eastern spruce gall adelgid (Adelges abietis) old gall in its natural state. Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service White Pine Sawfly - Neodiprion pinetum Pine leaf adelgid (Pineus pinifoliae) old gall on a spruce host, after adelgid emergence. White pine sawfly (Neodiprion pinetum) larva. James B. Hanson, Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Bugwood.org White pine sawfly (Neodiprion pinetum) larva. E. Bradford Walker, Vermont Department of Forests, Parks and Recreation, Bugwood.org 152 153 Aphids Balsam Shootboring Sawfly - Aphididae - Pleroneura brunneicornis Aphids on a conifer tree. Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources Balsam shootboring sawfly (Pleroneura brunneicornis) Forest Protection adult on balsam fir. Ronald S. Kelley, Vermont Department of Forests, Parks and Recreation, Bugwood.org Aphids on False Sunflower (Heliopsis helianthoides). Ilona Loser, Cross Plains, Wisconsin. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd-nc/1.0/ Balsam shootboring sawfly (Pleroneura brunneicornis) damage. Trish Hanson, Vermont Forestry Division, Bugwood.org Aphids on a conifer tree. Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources Forest Protection Balsam shootboring sawfly (Pleroneura brunneicornis) view from above of the larva on damaged annual shoot. Natural Resources Female winged adult. Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service Canada, Canadian Forest Service Balsam Twig Aphid Balsam shootboring sawfly (Pleroneura brunneicornis) mature larva. - Mindarus abietinus Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service Balsam twig aphid (Mindarus abietinus) adult. Natural Resources Seedling Debarking Weevil Canada, Canadian Forest Service - Hylobius congener Balsam twig aphid (Mindarus abietinus) shoot infested by a colony of Seedling debarking weevil (Hylobius congener) adult. aphids and honeydew secretion. Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Christopher Adam, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada Forest Service Seedling debarking weevil (Hylobius congener) damage. Balsam twig aphid (Mindarus abietinus) damage. Nova Scotia Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources Forest Protection Department of Natural Resources Forest Protection Seedling debarking weevil (Hylobius congener) adult and damage. Balsam twig aphid (Mindarus abietinus) characteristic damage of annual Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources Forest Protection shoot attack. Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service White Pine Weevil Balsam Woolly Adelgid - Pissodes strobi - Adelges piceae White pine weevil (Pissodes strobi) adult. Natural Resources Canada, Balsam woolly adelgid (Adelges piceae) adults. North Carolina Forest Canadian Forest Service Service Archive, Bugwood.org White pine weevil (Pissodes strobi) damage. Nova Scotia Department Balsam woolly adelgid (Adelges piceae) damage. Nova Scotia of Natural Resources Forest Protection Department of Natural Resources Forest Protection White pine weevil (Pissodes strobi) eggs in their natural position into a Balsam woolly adelgid (Adelges piceae) nymph. United States terminal shoot. Department of Agriculture Forest Service - Ashville Archive, United Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Bugwood.org White pine weevil (Pissodes strobi) adult near the exit hole of its Beech Scale chamber. Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service - Cryptococcus fagisuga Asian Longhorned Beetle Beech scale (Cryptococcus fagisuga) adults. Chris Malumphy, The Food - Anoplophora glabripennis and Environment Research Agency, Bugwood.org Asian longhorned beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis) adult. Michael Beech bark disease damage. Feeding by the beech scale

Bohne, Bugwood.org field guide (Cryptococcus fagisuga) creates wounds in the bark through which the fungus can enter the tree causing cankers to form. Nova Scotia Asian longhorned beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis) damage – exit Department of Natural Resources Forest Protection hole. Dan Herms, The Ohio State University, Bugwood.org Fruiting bodies of the fungus that causes beech bark disease. Asian longhorned beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis) larva. Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service Thomas B. Denholm, New Jersey Department of Agriculture,

photo credits photo Bugwood.org Beech scale (Cryptococcus fagisuga) in bark crevice. Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service Emerald Ash Borer - Agrilus planipennis Woolly Alder Aphid - Prociphilus tessellates Emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis) adult. Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service Woolly alder aphids (Prociphilus tessellates). Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources Forest Protection Epicormic shoots, or suckers, are a typical sign that a tree is under stress. Ash trees will send out these epicormic shoots when under Woolly alder aphids (Prociphilus tessellates). Jim Baker, North Carolina stress from an emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis) infestation. State University, Bugwood.org Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources Forest Protection Woolly alder aphids (Prociphilus tessellates). Jim Baker, North Carolina Emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis) larva. Natural Resources State University, Bugwood.org Canada, Canadian Forest Service Woolly alder aphids (Prociphilus tessellates). William M. Ciesla, Forest Emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis) adult. Natural Resources Health Management International, Bugwood.org Canada, Canadian Forest Service 154 155 156 field guide Polytechnic InstituteandStateUniversity, Bugwood.org Hemlock woollyadelgid(Adelgestsugae)adults.Ashley Lamb,Virginia Forest SouthernResearch Station,Bugwood.org Service, Research ofAgriculture StationArchive, UnitedStates.Department ofAgriculture ForestUnited StatesDepartment Southern Service Hemlock woollyadelgid(Adelgestsugae)eggsacsonhemlock. - Adelgestsugae Hemlock Woolly Adelgid

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