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Invasive Species: a Challenge to the Environment, Economy, and Society

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Invasive Species: a Challenge to the Environment, Economy, and Society Invasive Species: A challenge to the environment, economy, and society 2016 Manitoba Envirothon 2016 MANITOBA ENVIROTHON STUDY GUIDE 2 Acknowledgments The primary author, Manitoba Forestry Association, and Manitoba Envirothon would like to thank all the contributors and editors to the 2016 theme document. Specifically, I would like to thank Robert Gigliotti for all his feedback, editing, and endless support. Thanks to the theme test writing subcommittee, Kyla Maslaniec, Lee Hrenchuk, Amie Peterson, Jennifer Bryson, and Lindsey Andronak, for all their case studies, feedback, editing, and advice. I would like to thank Jacqueline Montieth for her assistance with theme learning objectives and comments on the document. I would like to thank the Ontario Envirothon team (S. Dabrowski, R. Van Zeumeren, J. McFarlane, and J. Shaddock) for the preparation of their document, as it provided a great launch point for the Manitoba and resources on invasive species management. Finally, I would like to thank Barbara Fuller, for all her organization, advice, editing, contributions, and assistance in the preparation of this document. Olwyn Friesen, BSc (hons), MSc PhD Student, University of Otago January 2016 2016 MANITOBA ENVIROTHON STUDY GUIDE 3 Forward to Advisors The 2016 North American Envirothon theme is Invasive Species: A challenge to the environment, economy, and society. Using the key objectives and theme statement provided by the North American Envirothon and the Ontario Envirothon, the Manitoba Envirothon (a core program of Think Trees – Manitoba Forestry Association) developed a set of learning outcomes in the Manitoba context for the theme. This document provides Manitoba Envirothon participants with information on the 2016 theme. It focuses on the questions what invasive species are, how they are introduced and spread, their management, and how they can impact the environment, economy, and society. It also pays special attention to invasive species specific to Manitoba. While it is not comprehensive, the document discusses the major concepts, and provides resources and examples from Manitoba. There are many other examples from Manitoba that could have been used. The authors, editors, and reviewers imply no favouritism by the choices included here. How to use this document with students Our document and its Companion Documents form the core resources for the 2016 Manitoba Envirothon Theme. To master the theme outcomes, students need to read this document. The document is split up into sections following the theme topics. Each section contains subsections covering a more detailed overview of the topic. Students are not responsible for the references cited nor the definitions found in the glossary alone. Students are also not responsible for the entirety of the list of invasive species of Manitoba. However, they should be able to use four or five examples from the list to demonstrate different aspects of invasive species and their impacts in Manitoba. Definitions for words and phrases that are bold can be found in the glossary. 2016 MANITOBA ENVIROTHON STUDY GUIDE 4 Table of Contents Acknowledgments ....................................................................................................... 3 Forward to Advisors .................................................................................................... 4 How to use this document with students ..................................................................... 4 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 7 1. Invasive species and their impacts ........................................................................... 8 1.1 What is an invasive species? ........................................................................................... 8 1.2 Invasive species characteristics ....................................................................................... 8 1.2.1 Disturbed versus undisturbed environments ........................................................................ 10 1.3 Economic, social, and environmental impacts of invasive species ................................. 10 1.3.1 Economic ............................................................................................................................ 10 1.3.2 Social .................................................................................................................................. 11 1.3.3 Environment ....................................................................................................................... 12 1.3.4 Canadian Impacts ............................................................................................................... 14 1.3.5 Global Impacts ................................................................................................................... 15 1.4 Invasive Species in the Ecosystem ................................................................................ 15 1.4.1 Aquatics example ............................................................................................................... 16 1.4.2 Forestry example ................................................................................................................. 16 1.4.3 Soils example ...................................................................................................................... 17 1.4.4 Wildlife example ................................................................................................................ 17 1.5 Invasive species of Manitoba ........................................................................................ 17 2. Pathways of introduction and spread .................................................................... 18 2.1 Invasive Species Establishment ..................................................................................... 18 2.2 Invasive Species Spread ............................................................................................... 18 2.3 Impact of Invasive Species ........................................................................................... 20 2.3.1 Aquatic Invasive Species ..................................................................................................... 20 2.3.2 Forestry Invasive Species ..................................................................................................... 21 2.3.3 Soil Invasive Species ........................................................................................................... 24 2.3.4 Wildlife Invasive Species .................................................................................................... 24 3. The invasive species management cycle ................................................................ 26 3.1 Preventing invasive species .......................................................................................... 26 3.2 Detecting invasive species ............................................................................................ 27 3.3 Responding to and controlling invasive species ............................................................ 27 3.3.1 Biological control ............................................................................................................... 28 3.4.2 Chemical control ................................................................................................................ 28 3.4.3 Mechanical control ............................................................................................................. 29 3.4.4 Best Management Practices ................................................................................................. 29 3.5 Long-term Management ............................................................................................... 29 3.5.1 Site Prioritization ................................................................................................................ 29 3.5.2 Management Costs .............................................................................................................. 30 4. Roles and responsibilities ...................................................................................... 31 4.1 Role and responsibilities of governments ...................................................................... 31 4.1.1 International ....................................................................................................................... 31 4.1.2 Canada ............................................................................................................................... 32 4.1.3 United States ....................................................................................................................... 34 2016 MANITOBA ENVIROTHON STUDY GUIDE 5 4.1.4 Canada-United States Relations ........................................................................................... 35 4.1.5 Provincial ............................................................................................................................ 35 4.1.6 Municipal ............................................................................................................................ 36 4.2 Role of Non-governmental organizations ..................................................................... 36 4.3 Role of the Individual ................................................................................................... 36 5. Tools in the toolbox .............................................................................................
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