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Research Article Hydrodynamic Conditions Effects on Soft-Bottom Subtidal Nearshore Benthic Community Structure and Distribution

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Research Article Hydrodynamic Conditions Effects on Soft-Bottom Subtidal Nearshore Benthic Community Structure and Distribution Hindawi Journal of Marine Sciences Volume 2020, Article ID 4674580, 16 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4674580 Research Article Hydrodynamic Conditions Effects on Soft-Bottom Subtidal Nearshore Benthic Community Structure and Distribution Clémence Foulquier ,1,2 Julien Baills,1 Alison Arraud,1 Frank D’Amico,2 Hugues Blanchet,3 Didier Rihouey,1 and Noëlle Bru2 1Casagec Ingenierie, 18 rue Maryse Bastié, 64600 Anglet, France 2CNRS/UNIV Pau & Pays Adour/E2S UPPA, Laboratoire de Mathématiques et de Leurs Applications de Pau, UMR 5142 64600, Anglet, France 3Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5805 EPOC, Station Marine d’Arcachon, 2 Rue du Professeur Jolyet, 33120 Arcachon, France Correspondence should be addressed to Clémence Foulquier; [email protected] Received 22 May 2019; Revised 30 August 2019; Accepted 15 October 2019; Published 30 January 2020 Academic Editor: Garth L. Fletcher Copyright © 2020 Clémence Foulquier et al. is is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. is study assesses the impacts of wave action and freshwater outflow on so-bottom benthic macrofauna spatial distribution and temporal stability along the highly exposed French Basque coast. Sediment characteristics and macrofauna abundance have been seasonally investigated during two years for nine stations located at the same (6 m) depth and spread over three subtidal sites showing distinct exposure levels. Wave climate has been determined through an operational numerical model. A total of 121 taxa were recorded, gathered in three main faunal assemblages, as revealed by classification and ordination methods. Non- parametric multivariate multiple regression (distance-based linear model) showed that the variations in macrofaunal distribution can be explained by hydrodynamic conditions. Wave exposure strongly linked to estuarine inputs were the most relevant abiotic factors influencing distributional patterns and functional structure as described by biological traits analysis. Despite the influence of these abiotic variables affecting sedimentary dynamics, seasonal stability was observed in macrobenthic assemblages composition suggesting an ability to recover from natural disturbances such as (e.g.) winter storms. In this way, these results provide baseline knowledge for future ecosystem and resource management in shallow subtidal areas strongly exposed to swell and freshwater outflow where so-bottom macrozoobenthic communities are less frequently studied. 1. Introduction intermediate trophic level positions, and close association with the substrate, benthic macrofauna integrates effects of envi- With the European Directives (Water Framework and Marine ronmental variations and provides a relatively clear signal, Strategy) adoption, ambitious objectives for the conservation susceptible to detect a disturbance on the ecosystem [5–9]. and the restoration of the state of water bodies have been fixed. Assessing variability in biodiversity along environmental In order to establish the ecological quality of European coastal gradients and identifying factors responsible for spatial pat- and estuarine waters, the Water Framework Directive empha- terns in macrofaunal assemblages are a central theme in sizes the importance of biological indicators, such as phyto- marine benthic ecology [10, 11]. Since Petersen’s study [12], plankton, macroalgae, benthos and fishes [1, 2]. More studies conducted worldwide consider sediment characteris- particularly, macrobenthic fauna is an important component tics as a major explanatory factor of benthic macrofauna dis- of marine ecological systems being involved in nutrients tribution [13–18]. Moreover, at broader spatial scales, other cycling, pollutant metabolism and constituting a food source natural environmental factors such as the hydrodynamic con- for higher trophic levels [3, 4]. Macrobenthos are also known ditions (including freshwater outflow and wave action) seems to be an effective indicator. Due to their longevity, sedentary to directly or indirectly control the presence and abundance nature, different tolerances to environmental stress, of macrobenthos [19, 20]. Water movements through 2 Journal of Marine Sciences transport of sediment and organic material, strongly affect so-bottom community by smothering immobile forms or forcing mobile forms to migrate, altering grain size distribu- tion, impacting light penetration and primary productivity, alternating episodic erosion and deposition processes [21–23]. ese natural physical disturbances impact the structure of macrobenthic communities and also their functional responses to important ecosystem processes, such as resource usage (nutrients recycling), feeding interactions (trophic structure), habitat building organisms (ecosystem engineering, biogenic structures), bioaccumulation (body size, growth rate, longev- ity) and sediment properties (tube-building, burrowing activ- ities) [24–28]. erefore, hydrodynamic conditions, as natural physical disturbances, determine the colonization of a given habitat [22], they alter interactions between individuals [29] and consequently shape macrobenthic community [21, 23, 28, F 1: Geographical location of the sampling sites along the 30, 31]. French Basque Coast. Acting within a different scale of time, from daily to sea- sonal variations, natural physical factors such as hydrody- namic conditions and their associated sedimentological in the current knowledge of natural patterns of variability of processes may cause both press and pulse types of disturbance their assemblages, which are intrinsically variable [20, 57, 58]. [32]. Press-disturbance process causes troubles by acting over Moreover, assessing the main natural environmental factors a prolonged period of time that is intolerable to benthos.e that shape spatial patterns of macrobenthic assemblages and intermediate frequency and persistence of the disturbance their temporal stability will help to discriminate between nat- pressure are higher than the endurance and rate of ecological ural and anthropogenic changes [11, 59] and to appreciate succession of the biota. On the other hand, pulse process their resilience in a context of applied ecological research causes a disturbance by exceeding a threshold above which expansion on the macrobenthic communities residing in benthos are unable to remain attached to the seabed or are coastal and estuarine areas [58, 60–62]. erefore, the aims of buried under rapidly deposited sediment. On the continental this study were to characterize the ecotonal macrobenthic shelf, press-type disturbances include the sustained period of nearshore so-bottom communities in an area strongly elevated turbidity that follows a storm or a flood event [33–35], exposed to wave and estuarine inputs, to determine natural and pulse-type processes include the mobilization of bottom environmental factors that shape spatial patterns and discuss sediments by storms [36, 37]. Ecosystems with strong physical their temporal stability. To achieve these aims, first spatial constraints (i.e. estuaries, shallow habitats) are characterized patterns of sediment features, wave climate, estuarine inputs by low diversity (e.g. species richness) and species with an and macrobenthic assemblages were described within three inherent ecological plasticity allowing them to sustain their sites located at the same depth and showing distinct hydrody- domain of stability when facing external disturbances [38–41]. namic conditions (exposed coast: Anglet coast, semi-enclosed us, they are also expected to recover quickly following a bay: Saint-Jean-de-Luz Bay, opened bay: Hendaye Bay). en disturbance than communities in more stable environments the relationship between spatial distribution patterns of mac- such as deep habitats [42]. robenthos and those of environmental factors were investi- e Basque country is exposed to strong swell because of gated using multivariate statistical approaches. is will allow its location in the innermost part of the Bay of Biscay and the identification of useful predictor variables and relating them small width of the continental shelf. is coast is additionally to biological traits along shallow strongly exposed sandy sub- bordered by the estuary of Adour in the North and many small tidal coasts, such as the French Basque coast. Finally, the tem- mountainous coastal rivers in the South contributing to a huge poral patterns of macrobenthic assemblages were evaluated proportion of the sediment fluxes into the Bay of Biscay [43]. through time for the whole nearshore area from 2014 to 2016. Numerous studies of so-bottom macrobenthic community have been conducted along the estuaries and the continental shelf of the Spanish coast [44–53]. ese communities have 2. Material and Methods been surveyed less frequently for coastal sandy beaches [54]. In these nearshore areas, rocky substrates are indeed more 2.1. Study Area. is study was conducted along the French documented than so-substratum [55]. Regarding the high Basque coast, located at the south western part of the French level of anthropogenic threats and disturbance within these atlantic coast (Figure 1). In this area, tide is semi-diurnal and ecotonal zones, and the requirements of EU directives, studies mesotidal, ranging from 1.85 to 3.85 m. Waves predominantly such as the current one are essential to provide baseline knowl- come from the West-North West direction with
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