The designation employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the publishers concerning the legal status of any country or territory, or of its authorities or concerning the frontiers of any country or territory. The opinions expressed in this publicaton are those of the individual writers and do not necessarily represent the views of the GEF, UNDP or UNOPS. Copyright © 1999. Published by the United Nations Office for Project Services in the context of a project funded by the Global Environment Facility (GEF) implemented by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission of the Publisher. BLACK SEA RED DATA BOOK Edited by Henri J. Dumont (Ghent, Belgium) Website Editor: V.O. Mamaev (Istanbul, Turkey) Scientific Coordinator: Y.P. Zaitsev (Odessa, Ukraine) EDITOR'S PREFACE This "paper form" of the Black Sea Red Data book is not an exact copy of its predecessor, the Black Sea Red Data web site. In addition to polishing the language and style, I added a number of illustrations, and some distribution maps were also redrawn. Contentwise, I was struck by the high level of commitment of the numerous scientists associated with this project. Inevitably, there were differences in approach and in the level of thoroughness between contributions. By far the most detailed species sheets were those contributed by the ornithologists, while some of the most synthetic ones were found among the botanical entries. I tried to conserve as much of the original flavour as I could, yet also aimed at harmonising contributions as far as feasible, and this was certainly the case for such formal aspects as styling of the references, including details of punctuation. The practice of numbering was abandoned in favour of an alphabetical system. While I welcome the initiative of including some terrestrial groups that populate the littoral fringe of the Black Sea, I did have some problems with the choice of species in certain cases. For example, it is not because a species is rare in Bulgaria or Romania, that it should also be endangered in the rest of the Black Sea fringe. In the case of the aquatic insects belonging to the Odonata, I therefore had to widen the scope of some items listed in the book to what lives along the south and east margins of the Sea, and I included a number of previously unlisted subspecies. This, the vicariance and the formation of clines with a various degree of steepness of closely related taxa around the basin, is one of the most exciting aspects of the living world of the Black Sea fringe. Even so, I regret the selection of particular species of insects and plants, and the omission of others since, in addition to the aspect I just stressed, there is a concentration of endemics in the south-east corner of the basin, where Caucasian biota with very narrow ranges occur down to sea-level. Among dragonflies, I may cite Coenagrion ponticum and Cordulegaster mzymtae as examples. I did not explicitely add them to the list, but inserted a brief note on them in the section dealing with Calopteryx virgo feminalis, which is yet another representative of this category. There are doubtlessly many plants in the same category, and hence, the contents of a future Red Data book of the Black Sea should be revised in light of this reality. Finally, I encountered some problems with the taxonomic nomenclature used. Some taxa were listed under names that are widely considered to be junior synonyms or otherwise unvalid. In all instances where I stumbled upon such a case (and without claiming to have conducted an exhaustive search), I took the responsability of replacing it by the binomen that is currently regarded as valid. For the botanical part, I was privileged to receive expert help from my colleague Prof. P. Goetghebeur, to whom I here extend my greatest thanks. Henri J. Dumont Ghent, June 1999 2 INTRODUCTION This book was created within the framework of the GEF Black Sea Environment Programme, at the Data Base Laboratory of Marine Hydrophysical Institute, Sevastopol, Ukraine, but contributors came from all Black Sea countries (for a list, see further). The GEF Black Sea Environmental Programme (BSEP) was established in June 1993 with three primary objectives: to strengthen and create regional capacities for managing the Black Sea ecosystem; to develop and implement an appropriate policy and legal framework for the assessment, control and prevention of pollution and the maintenance and enhancement of biodiversity; and to facilitate the preparation of sound environmental investments. The BSEP is to be implemented through an interactive matrix of national coordinators, thematic regional activity centers and focal point institutions targeting: emergency response, routine pollution monitoring, special monitoring, biodiversity protection, coastal zone management, environmental legislation and economics, data management and GIS, and fisheries. The overall programme coordination was conducted by a Project Coordination Unit (PCU), based in Istanbul. As described in the Strategic Action Plan for the Rehabilitation and Protection of the Black Sea: "A regional Black Sea Red Data Book (BSRDB), identifying and describing endangered species, will be developed because, at present, there are no Red Data Books or Lists which cover all the threatened and rare species of the entire Black Sea ecosystem. To date, no regional Red Data Book had been prepared for the marine environment anywhere in the world — the BSRDB is the first; the BSRDB includes Black Sea species which are already mentioned in national and international Red Data Books and Lists, plus other Black Sea threatened species which will be introduced to the BSRDB by specialists using accumulated data. The Black Sea Red Data Book includes: threatened and rare species of marine plants and animals; and, threatened and rare species of coastal organisms which are ecologically close to the marine environment The BSRDB exists in two versions: as a conventional book (this version), and as a web site and CD-ROM. Both versions include an Introduction (how to use the document.), a main text with species files, and a list of references. 3 The preparation of the Regional List, one of the most important stages in the design of the BSRDB, required multiple cross-consultations between various specialists both from within and outside the Black Sea region. The resulting Regional List is therefore not be a simple amalgamation of national lists. Key Contributors: Stanislav Volovik - Deputy Director. Research Institute of the Azov Sea Fishery Problems. Rostov-on-Don, 21/2 Beregovaya str., 344007, Russian Federation. Tel: (7-8632)-624850, Fax: (7-8632)-624742 Akaki Komakhidze - Director. The Black Sea Ecology and Fisheries Institute. 51, Rustaveli str., P.B.58, Batumi, Republic of Georgia. Tel: (7-88200)-35519,36315, Tel: (Satellite): 873-140-6444. Fax: (Satellite): 873-140-6443 Boris Alexandrov - Director. Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas. 37, Pushkinskaya str., Odessa, Ukraine. Tel: (7-0482)-250918, Fax: (7-0482)-250918. e-mail: [email protected]. Adriana Petranu. Romanian Marine Research Institute. B-dul Mamaia N.300, 8700 Constantsa 3, Romania. Tel: (40-41)-650870, Fax: (40-41)-831274 Tsonka Konsulova. Institute of Oceanology. PO Box 152,9000, Varna, Bulgaria. Tel: (359-52)-776698, Fax: (359-52)-774256 Yuvenaly Zaitsev - (Chairman and Main Editor). Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas (Odessa Branch). 37, Pushkinskaya str., Odessa, Ukraine. Tel: (7-0482)-250917, Fax: (7-0482)-250918. e-mail: [email protected]. Alexei Birkun, Jr. BREMA Laboratory. R. Luxemburg Str. 27-2a, 333720 Simferopol, Crimea, Ukraine. Tel: (380-0652)-253503, Fax: (380-0652)-253503. e- mail: [email protected]. Cem Kirac. Underwater Research Society. P.K. 420 Yenisehir, Ankara, 06444, Turkey. Tel: (90-312)-2151883, Fax: (90-312)-2151883 Bayram Oztiirk. Istanbul University, (Marine Technology School). Ordu Caddesi No. 200, Laleli, Istanbul, Turkey. Tel: (90-216)-3239050, (90-212)-5913875,3876. Fax: (90-216)-323-9050. e-mail: [email protected]. 4 Vladimir Vladimirov (Software development and Design). Marine Hydrophysical Institute. 2, Kapitanskaya str., Sevastopol, 335000, Crimea, Ukraine. Tel: (380-692)- 525276, Fax: (380-692)-444253. e-mail: [email protected]. Vladimir O. Mamaev (Overall Coordination and Design). Communications and Public Information Officer, Black Sea PCU. Dolmabahce Sarayi, U Harekat Kosku, 80680 Istanbul, Turkey. Tel: (90-212)-2279927/8/9, Fax: (90-212)-2279933. Geographical Coverage of the Black Sea Red Data Book It was decided that the geographical scope of the BSRDB should cover the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov, and also their coasts, including wetlands connected to the sea. The geographical scope of the BSRDB does not cover the entire Black Sea basin or extend to the Sea of Marmara. The geographical scope of the BSRDB is thus not identical with the scope of the GEF BSEP. International Union of Conservation of Nature Categories used in this Red DataBook. The IUCN Red List Categories of the IUCN Species Survival Commission (1994) to describe the status of each species were used, viz. -Extinct (EX) -Extinct in the Wild (EW) -Critically Endangered (CE) -Endangered (EN) -Vulnerable (VU) -Lower Risk (LR) -Data Deficient (DD) General Structure of the Black Sea Red Data Book This Book consists of: -an introduction -sheets (files) describing threatened species of plants, including Algae (part 1) and animals (part 2) -annexes (references, indexes) 5 The book was written in English. The scientific names of each species are also given in Latin and in the official languages of the Black Sea countries (Bulgarian, Romanian, Russian, Turkish and Ukrainian).