National Operational Wave Observation Plan

A National Operational Wave Observation Plan

An Integrated Ocean Observing System plan for a comprehensive, high quality surface-wave monitoring network for the United States, which addresses the requirements of the maritime user community.

Prepared for the Interagency Working Group on Ocean Observations

March 2009 2 A National Operational Wave Observation Plan Development Data CollectionProgram and developedbytheNOAA National DataBuoyCenterandUSACEEngineeringResearch and This report wasfundedbythe NOAA IntegratedOceanObserving System(IOOS Center, with supportfromthe Alliance forCostalTechnologies (ACT) andthewaveobservingcommunity ® ) Program andtheUSACECoastal Field . A National Operational Wave Observation Plan 3 gap analysis. This assessment included the use of the included the This assessment gap analysis. 2007 inven- the Ocean.US Registry, IOOS Observations Systems and surveys Ocean Observing tory of US An Expert (RA). Associations of the IOOS Regional 20-22, 2007 to August convened Review Panel was and to identify roles the draft plan critique and review amended, The draft plan was and responsibilities. Panel. and endorsed by the Expert Review refined, Federation by the National The plan was reviewed Councils Associations (NFRA), NOAA’s of Regional document is a other panels. This final and numerous comments and suggestions. synthesis of over 500 like to acknowledge the support of The panel would Char- IOOS Program, of the NOAA Zdenka Willis of NDBC, ley Chesnutt of USACE, Paul Moersdorf Coastal Services Davidson of NOAA’s and Margaret would also like to Center (CSC). In addition the panel Boyd (CSC); Sher- thank Lorrie Easterling (NDBC); Jim Ali Hudon, and Sue ryl Gilbert, Michelle McIntyre, work in facilitating Sligh (ACT) for their help and hard the development of the plan.

Review Panel & Marine International Robert Cohen, Aerospace Marshall Earle, Planning Systems, Inc. University of Miami Hans Graber, IOOS Program Jack Harlan, NOAA Brian Haus, University of Miami Ocean.US Mike Hemsley, Guy Meadows, University of Michigan Service National Weather Nicolini, NOAA Troy Laboratory Erick Rogers, Naval Research W. Service National Weather Joseph Sienkiewicz, NOAA Commission for Oceanography and Marine Meteorology Swail, Joint Technical Val Julie Thomas, Scripps Institution of Oceanography Landry Bernard, NOAA National Data Buoy Center Landry Bernard, NOAA US Army Corps of Engineers Bill Birkemeier, National Data Buoy Center Richard Bouchard, NOAA State University / North Carolina ACT Earle Buckley, National Data Buoy Center Bill Burnett, NOAA Robert Jensen, US Army Corps of Engineers ACT / University of South Florida Mark Luther, Institution of Oceanography Scripps Bill O’Reilly, Science ACT / University of Maryland Center for Environmental Mario Tamburri, National Data Buoy Center NOAA Chung-Chu Teng, Steering Committee

Work on the plan began in March 2007. At the core At the core 2007. on the plan began in March Work of existing of the plan is an inventory and assessment followed by a assets and community requirements Preface obser- sustainable wave accurate, and Nationwide, Army goal of the U.S. long been the vations have the National Oceanic Engineers (USACE), Corps of Administration’s and Atmospheric (NOAA) National Service and National Weather Ocean Service (NOS) other Federal and state agencies, (NWS), along with and emer- interests, universities, local/commercial a This document presents managers. gency/resource Observation Plan, which Wave National Operational coordinated an interagency effort was developed as Integrated Ocean Observing (IOOS®) by the NOAA worked in and the USACE. The USACE Program National Weather with NOAA’s close partnership Data Buoy Center (NDBC) in Service (NWS) National Alliance for Coastal Tech- developing the plan. The and facilitated nologies (ACT) contributed to the plan The plan was written by a the development process. steering committee of authors. 4 A National Operational Wave Observation Plan Appendix D: Table D-i ofExisting and NewWave Observation Locations ...... Appendix C:Requirements Matrix ...... Appendix B:Regional Association Requests ...... Appendix A: ExistingWave A-i Measurement LocationsbyRegional Association Domain ...... 8. References ...... 7. Summary CostsandSchedule ...... 6. Roles andResponsibilities ...... 5. Complementary /Pre-Operational Wave Observations ...... 4. Wave ObservingSystemDesign ...... 3. 2. Background ...... 1. Introduction ...... Executive Summary ...... List of Acronyms ...... Contents ...... Review Panel ...... Steering Committee ...... Preface Contents 3.2 Network Design ...... 3.1 Existing Network ...... Value oftheNationalOperationalWave2.1 ObservationPlan ...... 14 3.5. Operation andMaintenance ...... 3.4. Data Management ...... 3.3. Technology Testing andEvaluation ...... 3.5.e Operator SensorSystemCalibrationandTesting ...... Training3.5.d Inventoryof SensorSystems ...... 3.5.c ShipSupport ...... 3.5.b FieldServiceSupport ...... 3.5.a Data 30 Archive andMiningHistoricalWave Measurements ...... 3.4.c Standardization oftheContentandData ...... 3.4.b 3.4.a Metadata ...... 3.2.h NetworkDesignSummary ...... CaribbeanSea ...... Great Lakes 3.2.g ...... 3.2.f HawaiiandSouthPacificIslands ...... 3.2.e 3.2.d Alaska 3.2.c Pacific GulfofMexico ...... Coast 3.2.b AtlanticCoast ...... 3.2.a ...... Wave ObservationsandClimate ...... Wave ModelingandResearch2.1.g ...... 2.1.f 2.1.e Energy EconomicValue ofObservations ...... Source 2.1.d NOAA UsesofWave Data ...... 2.1.c ...... USACEUsesofWave Data ...... 2.1.b 2.1.a Maritime Safety ...... 3 ...... 4 ...... 36 ...... 3 ...... 35 ...... 9 ...... 23 ...... 5 ...... 11 ...... 29 ...... 3 ...... 26 ...... 22 ...... 7 ...... 20 ...... 31 ...... 34 ...... 26 ...... 21 ...... 15 ...... 14 ...... 32 ...... 33 ...... 31 ...... 18 ...... 19 ...... 29 ...... 27 ...... C-i ...... 31 ...... 14 ...... 14 ...... 16 ...... 31 ...... 24 ...... 15 ...... 15 ...... 15 ...... B-i ...... 32 ...... 28 ..... 30 ...... 32 A National Operational Wave Observation Plan 5

of Coastal Ocean Observing Systems Ocean Observing of Coastal istration System Broadcast Administration’s Automatic Device cations Gateway Data Access Protocol serving System tem System for Coastal Ocean Observation Networks Oceanographic Data System gram Observing System Association Observing System Regional tion on Climate Change Laboratory System NERACOOS: Northeastern Regional Association Regional Northeastern NERACOOS: Common Data Form netCDF: Network Admin- Atmospheric Oceanic & NOAA: National Atmospheric Oceanic & NOAAPort: The National Data Center NODC: National Oceanographic Meteorological NOMAD: Navy Oceanographic Service NOS: National Ocean System Spatial Reference NSRS: NOAA Service NWS: National Weather Service Telecommuni- NWSTG: National Weather a Network for Project OPeNDAP: Open Source Ocean Ob- PacIOOS: Pacific Islands Integrated Sys- Oceanographic Real-Time Physical PORTS: Budget & Execution Planning PPBES: Program Association Coordinators RACCOONS: Regional Assurance / Quality Control QA/QC: Quality Assurance of Real-Time Quality QARTOD: and Development R&D: Research Association RA: Regional RCOOS: Regional Coastal Ocean Observing Radar Aperture SAR: Synthetic Pro- SBIR: Small Business Innovation Research SCCOOS: Southern California Coastal Ocean Atlantic Coastal Ocean SECOORA: Southeast SIO: Scripps Institution of Oceanography UNFCCC: United Nations Framework Conven- UNOLS: University-National Oceanographic Corps of Engineers Army USACE: United States USGS: United States Geologic Survey Organization Meteorological WMO: World

System and Services Products of Tsunamis ing System Systems tem tion Observations ography and Marine Meteorology ing System Ocean Observing Systems List of Acronyms of List Technologies Alliance for Coastal ACT: Profiler Doppler Current Acoustic ADCP: Alaska Ocean Observing System AOOS: ASAR: Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar Spar Interaction Air-Sea ASIS: Profiler And Current Acoustic Wave AWCP: Association Regional CaRA: Caribbean Information Program CDIP: Coastal Data California Ocean Observing CeNCOOS: Central CF: Climate and Forecast Network Automated CMAN: Coastal Marine CSC: Coastal Services Center CO-OPS: Center for Operational Oceanographic Center Assembly DAC: Data Assessment and Reporting Deep-ocean DART®: DIF: Data Integration Framework DMAC: Data Management and Communications DODS: Distributed Ocean Data System FGDC: Federal Geographic Data Committee Facility FRF: Field Research Observ- GCOOS: Gulf of Mexico Coastal Ocean of GEOSS: Global Earth Observation System GOOS: Global Ocean Observing System System Lakes Observing GLOS: Great Sys- GoMOOS: Gulf of Maine Ocean Observing GPS: Global Positioning System System GTS: Global Telecommunications HF: High Frequency Ocean Commission IOC: Intergovernmental IOOS®: Integrated Ocean Observing System for Standardiza- ISO: International Organization on Ocean Group IWGOO: Interagency Working Commission for Ocean- JCOMM: Joint Technical MACOORA: Mid-Atlantic Coastal Ocean Observ- Association of Networked NANOOS: Northwest NCDC: National Climatic Data Center NDBC: National Data Buoy Center 6 A National Operational Wave Observation Plan A National Operational Wave Observation Plan 7

observe approaching waves, prior to their passage observe approaching into coastal boundary currents; deepwater edge of the continental shelf-break deep to shal- waves begin to transition from where low water behavior; and Gulf of Mexico coasts), Atlantic (notably the monitor an array of shallow water stations to and wind genera- bottom dissipation cross-shelf tion of waves; local, site-specific informa- tions, which provide tion.

in critical “gap” locations; (3) implement a continuous (3) implement a continuous “gap” locations; in critical sup- (4) program; testing and evaluation technology (QA/ Control Assurance / Quality port the Quality of wave observations from QC) and data integration (5) support the op- number of IOOS operators; a large of the system; requirements eration and maintenance and education of IOOS wave (6) include the training of new the development promote operators; and (7) techniques. sensors and measurement network is based on establishing The design of the subnets. These include: four along-coast observational • Subnet: deep ocean outpost stations that Offshore • array of stations along the Subnet: an Outer-Shelf • wide continental shelves Subnet: on Inner-Shelf • observa- Coastal Subnet: shallow coastal wave seven primary This plan divides the US coastline into Alaska, Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, Pacific, the regions: Lakes, and the Hawaii-South Pacific Islands, Great assets, Caribbean Sea. Existing wave observation the IOOS® assets from for additional and requests incorpo- Associations (and partners), were Regional in This resulted rated into the subnet design structure. a network, that when completed, will include a total 47 60 Outer-Shelf, of 296 sensors: 56 in the Offshore, Di- new. are and 133 Coastal. Of these, 115 Inner-Shelf, at 128 locations. required upgrades are rectional All observation data supported by this plan will flow Assembly Center (DAC) oper- the IOOS Data through the USACE/Coastal Data ated by NDBC and through (CDIP) data center at Scripps Information Program Institution of Oceanography (SIO), using IOOS Data Integration Framework (DIF) compliant standards with controlled and metadata. Use of DIF standards vocabulary identification and documentation will an open enable wave data to be easily found through that deployed insure To data discovery process. of the plan, sensors meet the accuracy requirements to test and evaluate existing and a significant effort

The plan is comprehensive in that it defines a level The plan is comprehensive accuracy that will serve the require- of measurement range of wave information ments of the broadest users. It identifies existing wave observation assets, design integrated system a comprehensive presents to: (1) up- and then makes specific recommendations grade existing sensors; (2) add additional observations Surface gravity waves (wave period range from 1.0 1.0 range from Surface gravity waves (wave period the nation’s to 30.0 seconds) entering and crossing Pacific storm, waters, whether generated by a distant Category 5 hurricane, have a or a local sea breeze, operations, navigation, offshore impact on profound and the economic vitality of the safety, recreation, Although nation’s maritime and coastal communities. variable and mea- a critical oceanographic waves are only 181 observation are there assets exist, surement gaps in cover- sites nationwide, leaving significant have the age. Just over half of these wave instruments waves, though their capability to estimate directional existing loca- varies. Moreover, accuracy directional result- on local requirements, placed based tions were with limited ing in a useful, but ad hoc wave network The user products. integration of the observations into the wave observation increase system will proposed the US coasts; and spatial coverage along and across will serve as a stimulus for wave modeling activities data fusion in verification/validation, improvements, and assimilation. The wave observation data and metadata will meet national and international stan- and seamless integra- interoperability to ensure dards tion of data. The design will complement existing and (land- and satellite- sensing programs remote future with and leverage based systems) and will coordinate Global Earth such as the international efforts, related Observation System of Systems (GEOSS). Executive Summary Executive is one Observing System of an Ocean The deployment of the elements science and technology central of three by the Joint Sub- Priority Plan issued Ocean Research in Janu- Science and Technology committee on Ocean of this goal, this document pres- ary 2007. In support for observing waves, one of the ents a national plan variables. The plan is part of the most important ocean Ocean Observing System (IOOS®) national Integrated coordinated effort of an interagency and is the result Army Corps and the US IOOS Program by the NOAA The USACE worked in close of Engineers (USACE). Service National Weather partnership with NOAA’s Buoy Center (NDBC) in devel- (NWS) National Data Alliance for Coastal Technolo- oping the plan. The facilitated the gies (ACT) contributed to the plan and development process. 8 A National Operational Wave Observation Plan the privatesector, Regional Associations andRegional ship betweenfederalagencies,stateandlocal efficient wavemeasurement systemrequires apartner- The establishmentandmaintenanceofaneffective and with operationandmaintenancecosts. with capitalinvestmentcostsbeinggraduallyreplaced $14M, increasing toabout$17Mperyearthereafter, The proposed Year-1 costestimateisapproximately of newwaveobservationtechnology. provisions tosupportandencouragethedevelopment new sensor/platformcombinationsisincluded,asare vation Planandtheproposed design. both theneedforaNationalOperationalWave Obser- into thisdocument,andtheyunanimouslysupport Their numerous suggestionshavebeenincorporated panel ofwavedatacollectionandapplicationexperts. In August 2007,adraftofthisplanwasreviewed bya compliance withandadoptionoftheplan. work closelywithIOOSpartneragenciestoencourage deployed instruments, theUSACEandNOAA will of thediversityobservers,fundingsources, and Coastal OceanObservingSystems(RCOOS).Because A National Operational Wave Observation Plan 9 forces (Figure 1). This National Operational Wave National Operational Wave 1). This (Figure forces focuses on wind-generated gravity Observation Plan the focus on already programs waves as other national Level National Water of tides (NOAA’s measurement Deep- and tsunamis (NOAA’s Observation Network), DART® Tsunamis, Assessment and Reporting of ocean program).

The waves entering and crossing the nation’s waters, The waves entering and crossing whether generated by a distant Pacific storm, local or a hurricane in the Gulf of Mexico, have sea breeze, opera- impact on navigation, offshore a profound and the economic vitality of safety, tions, recreation, the nation’s maritime and coastal communities. User differ: for short-term wave information requirements fisherman want the wave conditions at commercial for the as well as a forecast their fishing grounds, length of their trip; ship captains on the Columbia River want to know if they will be able to safely clear outer bar before on the dangerous the waves breaking swell while they leave port; surfers look for large waters; fisherman and divers seek calm recreational want to know if the high surf warnings lifeguards will be needed today; marine engineers of yesterday Figure 1. Approximate distribution of wave energy for various types of ocean surface waves. energy distribution of wave 1. Approximate Figure On any given day, the ocean surface is occupied by the ocean On any given day, by differ- derived that are surface wave patterns characterize one good way to A ent mechanisms. wave period another is based on the wave form from between successive wave crests). (defined as the time short capillary waves, from Kinsman (1965) identified motion in terms of their rela- waves, to long tidal their disturbing and restoring tive wave period and 1. Introduction A National Operational Wave Observation Plan Observation Wave Operational National A 10 A National Operational Wave Observation Plan benefits, wavesare specificallyimportant to: tions, analysis,andcommunications. Oftheseven supports modeling,andincludes elementsofobserva- ments; promotes standardization andinteroperability; benefits (Ocean.US,2006);servesend-userrequire- Specifically, thisplansupportsthesevenIOOSsocietal ence andTechnology inJanuary2007. Plan issuedbytheJointSubcommitteeonOceanSci- technology elementsoftheOceanResearch Priority observing system,oneofthree centralscienceand which contributestothedeploymentofanoceanwave Integrated OceanObservingSystem(IOOS®)and that directly supportsthegoalsandobjectivesof by defininganationalwavemeasurement program today. Itistheintentofthisdocumenttocorrect that additions havebeenmade,thissituationstillexists events, includingHurricaneKatrina. Although some response, andpost-stormforensic analysisofthese which adverselyaffected thepreparations, forecast, locations duringthe2004and2005hurricaneseasons, situation wasthelackofwaveobservationsincritical access, anduserproducts. Oneconsequenceofthis not wellintegratedintermsoflocation,dataformats, gaps exist.Moreover, theexistingmeasurements are line, wavesare under-sampled andsignificantspatial ing thenation’sapproximate 17,000mile-longcoast- 110 report somemeasure ofwavedirection. Consider- tions numberonly181nationwide,andofthose, The totalnumberofinsitureal-time waveobserva- facilities. for thedesignofcoastalandoffshore structures and change andthedevelopmentofclimateinformation wave records are alsoimportantforstudiesofclimate efficient shiprouting toreduce fuelusage.Long-term ship captainsrequire waveinformationforsafeand identify extreme waves;andNavycommercial require continuouswavemeasurements inorder to ments ofthewaveobservations. range ofuserapplication,andtheaccuracyrequire- changes asdoesthesophisticationofmodels, offshore tothebeach,observationaltechnology user products andrequirements. As onemovesfrom vations; toforecast future conditions;andtoaddress models thatcanbeusedtofillgapsbetweentheobser- wave conditions,andcanserveasinputtopredictive ments, theyprovide informationonpastandpresent Because observationsare necessarilypointmeasure- tions, models,andsocietalgoalsisshowninFigure 2. The relationship betweenaregion’s waveobserva- IOOS region andtowavemodelingforecasting. agencies andisoffundamentalimportancetoevery observations. Thisistheresponsibility ofthefederal backbone fordeepocean,shelf,mid-shelfandcoastal wave sensorsrequired tocreate anationalperimeter- The planfocusesonreal-time, insitu,directional an integratedvariable. Data IntegrationFramework(DIF)toincludewavesas tions (IWGOO).ThisplanextendstheNOAA IOOS of theInteragencyWorking Group onOceanObserva- (NDBC), andwithinputfrom otherinterested agencies Weather Service(NWS)NationalDataBuoyCenter worked inclosepartnershipwithNOAA’s National US Army CorpsofEngineers(USACE).TheUSACE coordinated bytheNOAA IOOSProgram andthe This planwasdevelopedasaninteragencyeffort of Systems(GEOSS). contribution totheGlobalEarthObservationSystem wmo.int/pages/prog/gcos/Publications/gcos-92_GIP_ES.pdf Programme, andInternationalCouncil forScience.http://www. mental OceanographicCommission, UnitedNationsEnvironment October 2004,World Meteorological Organization, Intergovern- ImplementationPlanfortheGlobalObservingSystem for ClimateinSupportoftheUNFCCC, WMO/TDNo.1219, * measurements Commission (IOC)foradditionaldirectional wave tion (WMO)andIntergovernmental Oceanographic requirement bytheWorld Meteorological Organiza- This planalsoaddresses thestatedinternational Reduce publichealthrisks • Ensure nationalandhomelandsecurity • Mitigate theeffects ofnaturalhazards • Conduct safeandefficient marinenavigation • Predict climatechangeandweathertheiref- • fects * andrepresents asignificantnational A National Operational Wave Observation Plan 11 the NWS. Initially, both programs collected non-direc- both programs the NWS. Initially, coastal engineering activi- tional wave data; however, wave detailed directional ties of the USACE required designs and information to support coastal project in satisfy that requirement, To operations. emergency between the the early 1990’s, cooperative agreements A variety of techniques have been used for over three variety of techniques have been used for over three A of surface gravity decades for point measurement to evolve. waves and those technologies continue accurate spatial coverage of the wave field is However, Spa- be preferable. also desirable and many cases may and present derived from tial wave observations are sensing packages and next generation satellite remote based radar systems. While implementation ground new research of this plan does not specifically require and development, the plan includes and supports technologies development of new and pre-operational capital and that would expand coverage and reduce operational costs.

ow of wave observations through models to example societal goals for each applicable region. each applicable region. models to example societal goals for observations through ow of wave fl

Federal interest in wave observations date back to the Federal interest hearings into the dev- early 1960’s when congressional Storm,” the “Ash Wednesday from astation resulting in the USACE on the East Coast in 1962 resulted Similarly, program. initiating a wave measurement NDBC started observing waves in 1973 in support of 2. Background The plan is comprehensive in that it addresses the in that it addresses The plan is comprehensive of the spatial coverage and accuracy requirements information users. It identifies range of wave broadest system a comprehensive existing wave assets, presents design, and formulates specific recommendations add additional to: (1) upgrade existing sensors; (2) (3) imple- observations in critical “gap” locations; ment a continuous technology testing and evaluation (4) support the QA/QC and data integration program; number of IOOS a large of wave observations from operators; (5) support the operation and maintenance training of the system; (6) include the requirements and education of IOOS wave operators; and (7) pro- mote the development of new sensors and measure- ment techniques. Figure 2. Diagram showing the 2. Diagram showing Figure 12 A National Operational Wave Observation Plan wind-sea, ormeasure asubtlechangeinwave direc- Other usersneedtodifferentiate incomingswellfrom for simplemeasures, e.g.,howhigh are the waves? differing results. Forexample,someusers are looking ments, sinceavailablesensor systemsoftenproduce challenge bothforusersand formeasurement instru- can bequitecomplex.Thispresents anobservation wave system,thecombinedfieldatanylocation With eachstormproducing aseparateandevolving period) are movingfrom toptobottom. Figure 3. Exampleoftheoceansurfaceshowinglong-periodswellstravelingfrom lefttorightandlocalwind-seas(ofshort However sinceNDBCdataflowdirectly totheworld’s tinely receives nearlytwo(2)millionwebhitsperday. a stormcanexceed600,000/day. TheNDBCrou- typically numberupwards of100,000/dayandduring hits forwaveobservations,justinSouthernCalifornia, waves isrelatively easytodemonstrate.Dailyweb user community. Theimportanceandinterest in coastlines provides informationtoanever-growing The growth ofwavemeasurement assetsalongtheUS waves, intothebuoynetwork. range ofoceanographicsensors,includingdirectional US, 2006)andin2005;NDBCbeganincludingabroad serving system(FirstIOOSDevelopmentplanOcean. would formthecriticaldeepwaterbackboneofob- that asignificantlyexpandednetworkofNDBCbuoys this plan. As theIOOS®developed,itwasrecognized tion continuestodayandprovides thefoundationfor tional wavesensorsonNDBCbuoys.Thatcollabora- USACE andNDBCsupportedtheadditionofdirec- directional wavespectrum quantifyingenergy levels wave properties are derived from theestimationof the firstorder approximation tothewave field.These height, periodanddirection. The three quantitiesare The basicprinciplestemsfrom the waveproperties of community becomesamulti-dimensionalproblem. ing wavesandproviding products thatsuittheuser tion thatcausesaoncestablebeachtoerode. Measur- of thefigure. the localwind-seasare movingfrom toptothebottom 3, where theswellsare movingfrom lefttorightwhile storm systems. An exampleofthisisshowninFigure moving, longerwaves,orswell,generatedbydistant tion ofthewindandcrossing, ortraveling withfaster- in periodandchoppy, movinggenerallyinthedirec- period, anddirection. Locallygeneratedseasare short wave systemsthatare distinguishedbytheir height, the oceanisacombinationofpassing“component” wave characteristics.Thefieldatanypointon based, employingtimeseriesanalysistoquantifythe (Kinsman, 1965).Thetechniquesusedare statistically tion ontheoceansurfacedatesbacktolate1930’s The conceptsdescribingawavefieldatspecificloca- best tomeetuserrequirements. users require waveinformation,butaquestionofhow much greater. Itisnotaquestionofwhetheror meteorological forecast community, actualdatauseis A National Operational Wave Observation Plan 13 an nal - h o d wave a i t l t s e r w verification, search and rescue, and hurricane research research hurricane and and rescue, search verification, etc. applications, directional While most wave instruments use in presently able to are basic resolve wave param- eters; few are capable of satisfying the First-5 stan- In general, dard. for all non-coastal applications (in wa- than ter depths greater wave 10-m) the preferred ei- These buoys are is a buoy. platform measurement or boat-shaped hull. ther spherical, discus, multi-spar, and the payload estimating the The buoy response however they can be quanti- waves vary; free-surface to as referred fied into two types: translational (also (or pitch-roll) particle-tracking) or slope-following sensor different buoys. For both types, a variety of buoy motion. Teng to measure used technologies are wave (2005) noted: “because directional and Bouchard buoy motions, the power information is derived from associated with transfer functions and phase responses systems play mooring, and measurement the buoy, This buoys.” in deriving wave data from roles crucial at low energy dependence is particularly important periods where levels and at both short and long wave is weak and potential the wave signal being measured for added signal contamination increases. water (depths less in shallow measurements Wave with buoys, bottom-mount- measured than 10-m) are instruments surface-piercing ed or less commonly, gauges). Surface-piercing (capacitance and resistance and are have to be mounted to a structure instruments platforms and tow- or on offshore used close to shore sensors ers. Bottom-mounted sensors include pressure cur- and acoustic wave sensors which also measure or All of these systems (buoys, surface-piercing, rents. estimators on the bottom-mount) base their directional time series which concurrent of three measurements can be transformed into a description of the sea sur- good integral wave face. These devices will provide parameter estimates (height, peak period and mean at the peak period). However not all sensor direction high quality systems have the capability of returning inability of First-5 estimates because of the inherent and electronic the sensor to separate wave signal from noise. buoy response wave Establishing the First-5 capability in directional is critical to the success of this plan. measurements is this impor- tant? One component could be the cannot. Why n e eroding force on force eroding r o other systems p he a a beach while the le t a apart; whereas apart; whereas o other could be the at at least 60 degrees at least 60 degrees syste esto

r restoring force. While force. restoring reque ere are are ere f frequency, if they are if they are frequency, h t there are more than more are there wave wave systems at the same five Fourier co five Fourier coefficients, the five Fourier coefficients, , for discrete direction bands. bands. direction discrete , for * used to resolve two component two used to resolve * wave period; the time interval between successive wave crests. with is the inverse of, and interchangeable frequency” “Wave at discrete frequencies at discrete First-5 variables provide the minimum level of accura- First-5 variables provide system, as it for an IOOS wave observing cy required covers both the basic information (the significant wave height, peak wave period, and the mean wave direc- de- tion at the peak wave period) along with sufficient tail of the component wave systems to be used for the widest range of activities: navigation, maritime safety, wave model development and prediction, rip current Technically, First-5 refers to 5 defining variables at a to 5 defining variables at First-5 refers Technically, The first (or wave period). particular wave frequency to the which is related energy, variable is the wave of coefficients the the other four are wave height, and distribu- the Fourier series that defines the directional band, not only At each frequency tion of that energy. (second defined but the spread is the wave direction (the moment) and kurtosis moment), skewness (third how the fourth moment). The skewness resolves is concentrated (to the left or distribution directional defines the peaked- right of the mean) and the kurtosis addi- these three ness of the distribution. Obtaining skewness and kurtosis) for tional parameters (spread, representa- yields an improved band each frequency characteristics in the wave field. tion of the directional can be For example, high quality First-5 observations Because of this complexity, the measurement of waves of waves the measurement this complexity, Because of sensor of the specific on the capabilities is dependent of the measurement unlike and is therefore being used such variables, changing oceanographic other slowly the sen- is independent of which temperature, as ocean accuracy). This for measurement sor used (excepting to serve the full range of that in order plan recognizes national wave observation network IOOS users, that a of the directional the details resolve should accurately that the this requires achieve To spectral wave field. a “First-5” standard. observations satisfy 14 A National Operational Wave Observation Plan fishing community. However, improved real-time forecast models,bettereducation of thecommercial wave observationnetwork duetoimproved wave additional liveswillbesaved byexpansionofthe mm5716a2.htm). Itisdifficult toquantifyhowmany (http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ and about40-percent resulted from large waves Of thefatalities,79-percent were theresult ofweather versus anaverageof4per100,000foralloccupations. center reported anaveragefatalityof155per100,000 most dangerous occupations.Ina2008articlethe Prevention, commercial fishingisoneofthenation’s According totheCenterforDiseaseControl and requirements (see Appendix B). directional wavemeasurement sitestosatisfytheir others) submittednearly200requests foradditional observation system.InfactRegional Associations (and to assistwithandbenefitfrom animproved wave Regional Associations, andwavemodelers,allanxious ment across thenationamongwavedatausers,IOOS development ofthisplancreated considerableexcite- opment Plan(2006).Soitisnotsurprisingthatthe Integrated OceanObservingSystem(IOOS)Devel- thymetry, andsealevelaccording totheFirst Annual very high,fifth,behindsalinity, temperature, ba- Among coastalmarineusers,wavescontinuallyrank safe transportationandoptimizemarineresources. Observing Planistosavelives,reduce costs,ensure The continuinggoalsofaNationalOperationalWave will bepresented inthissection. able anecdotalandsupportivestatisticsdoexist improving theexistingnetwork.However, consider- clearly identifytheaddedbenefitsofexpandingand sion oftheNWS.Thismakesitevenmore difficult to much ofitsupportsthecommon-good,publicmis- in supportoftheexistingwaveobservationsystemas such numberyetexists.Infactnoexists positive cost/benefitratiotothisproposed plan,no While itisdesirabletoassignaneconomicvalueor Value oftheNational 2.1 National OperationalWave ObservationPlan. putations, andistherecommended standard forthe used todrivedemandingsedimenttransportcom- This hasproven sufficient forwavemodelapplications horizontal displacements)forsurfacegravitywaves. accuracy (intermsoftheseasurfaceverticalandtwo cle-tracking) buoysystemwiththeorder ofcentimeter ter depthsgreater than10-m,isatranslational(parti- The USACEstandard forFirst-5measurements inwa- 2.1.a Maritime Safety Observation Plan Operational Wave positively impacttheCorpscostofoperations. directly addresses Corpsdatarequirements andwill navigation channels,berths,andterminals.Thisplan cubic yards ofdredged materialare removed from year. EachyearintheU.S.,approximately 400million coastal activitycostsare inthe$100’sofmillionsper across thefullrangeofwaveperiods.Corps-wide wave accuraciesofoneortwodegrees are required proportional towavedirection. As aresult, directional tional nature ofthewaves,sincesedimenttransportis dredging alldependonaccuratelyknowingthedirec- itive. Sedimentmanagement,beachnourishment,and means theproject maybeoverdesigned orcost-prohib- significant lossoflifeandproperty. An overestimation sign criteriacancompromise theproject andresult in treme stormconditions. An underestimation inthede- Projects are designed andconstructed towithstandex- in real-time fornormalandemergency operations. wave conditionsbothhistoricallyforplanningand dynamics whichrequires knowledgeofthedirectional change. All oftheseactivitiesare drivenbythehydro- construction, operationandmaintenanceclimate ping ofcoastalstructures, flooding/stormprotection, cerns, dredging, beachnourishment,design,overtop- ing answerstoquestionsregarding navigationalcon- TheUSACEisaprocess-driven organization requir- materials. One additionalfootofdraftfor ashipinto with about50-percent ofthesegoodsbeinghazardous trade movesthrough thenation’sportsandharbors, By volume,more than95-percent ofU.S.international mote safeandefficient navigation withinU.S.waters. graphic dataandothernavigation products topro- (NOS) isresponsible forproviding real-time oceano- use forforecast guidance.TheNationalOceanService offices which lackreal-time wavemeasurements to of localwaveobservations,butthere are anumber of the shore. NWSforecast offices takefulladvantage order of magnitudefinerinresolution, andcloserto with information,includingwaveforecasts, thatisan forecasting offices are beingaskedtosupplythepublic by NumericalWeather Prediction Centers.Thelocal coarse resolution (ontheorder of30-km)modelsrun tion tothepublic.Theseforecasts are derivedfrom is toprovide accurateandtimelyforecast informa- The primarymissionoftheNWSforecast offices year, justduetoripcurrents. in nationwidedrownings ofapproximately 100per and beachgoers.Infact,there shouldbeareduction ing recreational fisherman,divers,boaters,surfers, time industry, the benefitwillbeshared byall,includ- will besaved.Whilethesestatisticsare from onemari- access toinformationatsea,willmeanadditionallives .. USACEUsesofWave Data 2.1.b .. NOAA UsesofWave Data 2.1.c A National Operational Wave Observation Plan 15 Climate 2.1.g Observations and Wave 2.1.f and Research Modeling Wave Although sea level rise garners most of the coastal climate change attention, the potential for changing frequency wave climate associated with increasing and intensity of storms could have significant, and adverse economic impact. Long- immediate more the only way to term, complete wave observations are both quantify the natural variation in wave and storm climate and any climatic change. Long-term data are models to calibrate and verify climatic also required that include waves. Although additional studies should be conducted to quantify the benefits of an expanded national wave the discussion observation network, it is clear from once the above that significant benefits will be realized plan is implemented. Wave observations provide real-time information real-time observations provide Wave depend on numerical prediction while wave forecasts a national objec- models are wave models. Improved naval activi- tive as maritime operations (hurricanes, significantly ties, shipping, fishing, etc) all benefit better decisions based on being able to make from paradox, numerical lies the Here better wave forecasts. on wave measurements. wave model technologies rely wave on directional wave experts rely Ultimately, knowledge leading toward to gain measurements technologies. Historically wave modeling improving short on large-scale, have relied these improvements activities have term field experiments. These field so have model diminished over the last decade, and et al, 1994; The WISE Group (Komen improvements wave mea- number of directional the 2007). Increasing here, capabilities, as proposed with First-5 surements of modeling tech- improvements lead to will directly wave forecasts nologies and will translate into better for the user community. benefits and challenges. Since a large portion of the of the portion a large Since and challenges. benefits is there of the coast , lives in close proximity US public benefit that would segment of the population a large include ef- Problems generation. wave-energy from and which is slow wave motion ficiently converting high to date use Most generators direction. reversing tur- motion, e.g. hydroelectric speed single direction of the system in face of ocean bines. The survivability date the cost of and storms is a challenge. To corrosion of higher than some other sources the wave power is is potentially large. but the supply energy, renewable Kingdom is actively pursuing For example, the United up to 25-percent and estimates that wind-wave energy this way could be produced of their electrical power Observations 2.1.e Energy Source 2.1.e Energy 2.1.d of Value Economic There is an untapped renewable energy source in source energy is an untapped renewable There flux per unit wave wind-generated waves. The energy of square to the length (kW/m) is proportional crest the significant wave height multiplied by the wave period. Information about the significant wave height of the US would aid the and period in coastal areas private sector considering installing systems that con- of wind-waves to other forms vert the kinetic energy variety in the is great While there of useful energy. to capture systems being implemented or proposed some common are there wind-wave energy, renewable The development of the IOOS has always been based The development of the IOOS has always with access to a on the economic benefits to the nation suite of ocean observa- comprehensive more broader, have been tions including waves. Economic studies with IOOS obser- undertaken, and although they deal Kite- still of value here. vations in general, they are a solid analysis of the Powell, et al. (2004) presents the authors benefits that can be derived. For instance data used from benefits result point out that the largest including recreational groups possible by the largest number of people activities because of the “very large Lakes or in the who use beaches, boat on the Great fish- coastal ocean, or engage in marine recreational number small but the large ing.” Per use benefits are substantial potential benefits. of potential users creates of magnitude estimates of order presents The report economic benefits in the range of 10s to 100s of mil- beach lions of dollars for activities such as recreational use, fishing, marine transportation, and other activities upon which wave conditions have an impact. a port may account for between $36K and $288K of $288K $36K and between for may account a port in- wave ports require per transit. US profit increased related operation. Issues and safe for secure formation and obstructions depth, width, alignment to channel result which can under storm conditions all increase and economic of life, environmental loss in wrecks, Los example, operations at the port of For disaster. wave data for access directional Angles/Long Beach entrance. Know- the harbor safe passage through the approaches swell energy ing when long period During of Long Beach is crucial. entrance to the Port draft of the super tankers cause these events, the deep potentially strike the channel the ship to pitch and $100 can save approximately bottom. This information in operating costs. Other ports have to $200K per day benefit of this plan is that all of the similar issues. One (http:// program the NOS PORTS locations served by wave will have tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/ports.html) observation support. 16 A National Operational Wave Observation Plan denotes acurrent intothepage.Thisrepresentation istypicaloftheAtlanticandGulfMexicocoastlines. wide continentalshelf(blackarea) andnumericalmodelingrequirements. Theboundarycurrent isshowninlightblueand Figure 4. Thefourwaveobservationsubnets(coastal,innershelf,outerandoffshore) related tooceanbathymetry on a a setoffourstrategically-positionedarrays,orsubnets, and Great Lakes.Theproposed networkwillconsistof pable sensornetworkalongtheentire U.S. coastline high quality, 24/7,real-time operational,First-5ca- Wave ObservationPlanistoimplementaninsitu, The basicrequirement oftheNationalOperational Wave ObservingSystemDesign 3. entrances (Figures 4and5).Thesubnetsare: the continentalshelf,andfinallytobeachesharbor through coastalboundarycurrents andislands,across eration andevolutionofwavesfrom theopenocean, of waveobservingstationsthatwillmonitorthegen-

A National Operational Wave Observation Plan 17 The mechanisms that cause changes in surface wave The mechanisms that cause changes on spatial and temporal dependent characteristics are scales. These scales become important because point- of the technically estimates observations are source at that location. However, parameter being measured for waves because of this statement can be relaxed that affect the mechanisms and scaling relationships surface gravity waves. In the deep ocean basin, large the primary events are synoptic-scale meteorological function of a wave climate, whether they are forcing storms systems. Hence, the number local or far-field can be minimized platforms required of measurement quite large, as these spatial and temporal scales are locations Subnet. These a definition of the Offshore assess the time variation in the wave climate, and sensing data complement the point satellite remote spatial coverage over with large measurements source the ocean basin. the coast, these scales decrease. toward Progressing Relaxation times (temporal changes in the wave shoreline geographical changes (islands, spectrum), observe approaching waves prior to their pas- observe approaching (e.g., the Gulf sage into coastal boundary currents an early warning and which provide Stream), swell or developing 1-day) of large (approximately storm wave conditions (e.g., fetch generation areas the Pacific Mainland); off deepwater edge of the continental shelf-break and begin to waves exit boundary currents where deep to shallow water behavior; transition from Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts), (notably the an additional along-coast array of shallow water (20- to 30-m depth) stations designed to monitor bottom dissipation and wind genera- cross-shelf tion of waves; set of shallow coastal wave observations, which site-specific information. provide • Subnet: deep ocean outpost stations that Offshore • Subnet: an array of stations along the Outer-Shelf • Subnet: on wide continental shelves Inner-Shelf • or local need-driven Subnet: a project- Coastal Figure 5. The three wave observation subnets (coastal, outer shelf, and offshore) related to ocean bathymetry on a narrow to ocean bathymetry on a narrow related subnets (coastal, outer shelf, and offshore) wave observation 5. The three Figure Lakes, Pacific Islands) shelf (e.g., Pacific Mainland, Great 18 A National Operational Wave Observation Plan minimize short-period(high-frequency) signalloss. extreme events,yetinwaterdepths shallowenoughto sets are required tobeseaward ofthe surf-zoneduring gauges are deployedisrequired. Ingeneral,theseas- ing attheshore. Careful examinationof where these traverse complexlocalbathymetry, eventuallybreak- mation anddissipationprocesses ofwavesasthey are particularly usefulinunderstandingthetransfor- tion ofthissubnetismore restrictive. Coastalgauges harbor andestuarydomains.Thelocalspatialapplica- on theorder of20-m,andwhere applicable,into ing thesurf-zoneandextendingouttowaterdepths The CoastalSubnetisboundedbytheshoreline, cross- increasing thespatialresolutions betweenthem. thus increasing thenumberofmeasurement sites and in thecaseofOffshore andOuter-Shelf subnets, measurements cannolongerberelaxed spatiallyas in theshoreline willaffect thewavefield,point-source water depth.Sincelarge-scale geographicalvariations energy migrationare functionallydependentonthe (high-frequency) dissipation,andtherelative ratesof tion ofthewaveenergy. Growth rates,short-period velocities affecting thepropagation andtransforma- gradients causeachangeinthephaseandgroup system anddeptheffects becomeimportant.Depth wind inputcontinuestopumpenergy intothewave with theCoastalSubnet.Itisatransitionzonewhere meters widetoalmostnoshelf,andthusmerging continental shelf,extendingfrom hundreds ofkilo- subclasses. Theseare dictatedbythewidthof The Inner-Shelf Subnetcanbegeneralizedintotwo in theSouthernCaliforniaBight). islands (e.g.,theBahamasBanks,ChannelIslands Florida Current alongthe Atlantic Coast)oroffshore of anylarge-scale currents (e.g.,theGulfStream, for spatialvariations.ThisSubnethastobelandward Subnet, relative totheOffshore Subnet,tocompensate measurement stationsincreases alongtheOuter-shelf satellite basedremote sensingsystems.The densityof be usedforverificationofpre-operational, andfuture puts, forecasts) forlongcoastalreaches. Theycanalso measurement sitescanhavemultipleuses(modelin- “line ofsight”tothecoast.Inessence,offshore independent ofdepthrelated mechanismsandabroad at thiswell-definednaturalbreak willprovide data, the continentalshelf.PlacementofOuterSubnet deep toarbitrarywaterdepthispositionedseaward of periods (lowerfrequencies). A naturalbreak from capping), andthetransferofenergy tolonger wave surface, theamountofwavedissipation(e.g.,white- affects themomentumtransferofwindtofree are dependentonwaterdepth.Thisdependency gation, andtransformationofsurfacegravitywaves tant. All knownmechanismsinthegeneration,propa- configurations), anddeptheffects becomemore impor- upgrades followed byfieldtesting(Section 3.3)to not resolve directional waveswillrequire directional existing IOOSRegional Associations assetsthatdo deployed NOMADbuoys). Wave buoysoperated by a companionwaves-onlybuoy (there are presently 38 cannot measure wavedirection andtherefore requires shaped hullandisnotsymmetric. Thistypeofbuoy Meteorological Automatic Device)buoyhasaboat- As anexample,a6-mNOMAD(NavyOceanographic measurements tocomplywithFirst-5requirements. the secondwouldbetoupgradeexistingdirectional measurement platformtodirectional capabilities; above. Thefirstistotransitionanon-directional wave both whichconformtotheFirst-5standards outlined additions. Buoyupgradescancarrytwodefinitions, sets, platformupgradestoFirst-5capability, andnew for eachregion willbepresented includingexistingas- ure 11), andCaribbeanSea(Figure 12).Thesubnets Pacific Islands(Figure 10aand10b),Great Lakes(Fig- 7), Pacific(Figure 8), Alaska (Figure 9),Hawaii-South regions: the Atlantic (Figure 6),GulfofMexico(Figure This plandividestheUScoastlineintosevenprimary observations proposed here. tion Networkwillalsoaugmentthedirectional wave Services (CO-OPS)NationalWater LevelObserva- Center forOperationalOceanographicProducts and designed tomeasure waterlevelsfrom NOAA/NOS wave dataextractedfrom pressure records specifically new, real-time observations. Ancillary non-directional network designwillbepursuedandarchived with data whichwillcomplementandenhancetheplanned sors, large-scale fieldexperiments,andhistoricalwave example, activeself-recording (delayed-mode)sen- information inregions notspecifiedinthePlan.For There are othersources ofwavedataproviding key Whatchangesare required toachieveaFirst-5 • Are there gaps ineachsubnet? • Are theexistingsitesstrategicallyplaced? • Whatdevices canbeclassifiedinaparticular • vides astartingpointintheprocess ofevaluating: be foundin Appendix A. Theexistingnetworkpro- to theexistingpointsource measurement locationscan Regional mapsandadditionalinformationpertaining (GTS). fices andovertheGlobalTelecommunications System quality control anddisseminationtoNWSfieldof- 24/7 andtransferringtheinformationtoNDBCfor This isbasedonplatformsactivelymeasuringwaves 181 operationalwavemeasurement devices(Table 1). The existingwavemeasurement networkconsistsof 3.1 Existing Network standard foreachsite? subnet?

A National Operational Wave Observation Plan 19

Acoustic

Pressure

Waverider 1.1 m 1.1

gurations Shallow fi

1.7 m 1.7

1.8 m 1.8

2.0 m 2.0

Accelerometer

Strapped Down Down Strapped Magnetometer

nation, but also to take advantage of their local knowl- of their advantage to take but also nation, their user’s understanding of edge and requirements. the was to determine in the design effort The initial in sites measurements operational wave number of posi- the physical This analysis included each region. platform, sensor type and analysis tion, water depth, assessing gap analysis was performed A packages. needed to maintain significant coverage was where along the coast, and in an continuity of the subnets (the Long-term wave hindcasts direction. offshore Study http://www.frf. Information USACE Wave were usace.army.mil/cgi-bin/wis/atl/atl_main.html) along-shore of large-scale areas used to cross-reference These inflection points gener- wave height gradients. changes (e.g. capes, ally aligned with geographical islands). Loca- and offshore embayments, shoals, modified the gap analysis were tions identified from IOOS by the 11 based on suggested locations provided and the offices 47 NWS forecast Associations, Regional by the seven USACE division expressed requirements for coastal projects. responsible and 22 district offices Angular Rate Angular

3-m Discus Other Buoy Con

Hippy Hippy

6-m NOMAD 6-m

Discus 12 m & 10 m 10 & m 12 Total 13 38(4) 9 17 10 21(9) 11 12 (2) 2 30 5 13 Directional 5 2 5 4 1 5 Directional 2 6 5 2 4 1 7 Directional 3 Directional 5 8 3 21 DirectionalDirectional 2 1 5 Directional 2 4 1 Non-directional 6 Non-Directional Non-Directional 2 10(1) 7 11 3 Non-Directional 2 15(2) 2(3) Non-Directional 2 4(1) 6 1 Non-Directional 3(6) (2) Non-Directional 3 Region c Coast c Islands fi fi Paci Gulf of Mexico Atlantic Coast Table 1. Summary of Existing Wave Observation Platforms Observation Platforms of Existing Wave 1. Summary Table Paci Alaska Caribbean in the totals Note: Number of Canadian sites is given in parentheses; these are not included Great Lakes The overriding philosophy of the design is to build The overriding philosophy of the design whenever pos- the four subnets using existing assets increase sible, to upgrade assets to First-5 capabilities, time (e.g., onboard data sampling to near-continuous partners’ on regional and to rely series data recorder), and coordi- support, not only in terms of collaboration Station positioning for the existing network was essen- Station positioning on funding availability and local tially ad hoc, based op- has never been an there Until now, requirements. wave and develop an integrated portunity to reassess national requirements. network based on 3.2 Network Design 3.2 Network IOOS Regional Association (RA) input, requested input, requested Association (RA) IOOS Regional addi- this plan, provided for in preparation specifically for the coastal subnet. particularly tional requirements, Appendix B and is summarized in request Each RA Appendix C. in is provided their original submission confirm that they meet the First-5 standard. Table 1 Table standard. the First-5 meet that they confirm the for each region, the existing platforms summarizes information. directional including type of platform, 20 A National Operational Wave Observation Plan within theframeworkoffoursubnets,assen- here. Itisanticipatedthatthefinaldesignwillevolve, and reviews produced thenetworkdesignproposed The compilationofallrequests, recommendations LocationTrade-offs -Platformlocationtrade-offs • Emerging Technologies -Platformstypesthat • Meteorological Complexities-Platformtypesand • Model& RemoteSensing-Platformtypesand • Broad UserBase-Platformtypesandlocations • prioritize theinstallationofnewwaveplatforms: terests andtousethefollowingcriteriaselect asked tothinkbroadly beyondspecificagency in- the SteeringCommitteeandReviewPanelwere Steering CommitteeandExpertReviewPanel.Both The preliminary wavedesignwasreviewed bythe addressing more regionally specificissues. ing valuetoalarger area andshallowwaterbuoys and localforcing, withdeepwaterbuoysprovid- improvements toexistingtechnologies. incorporate emerging technologies,including on waves. ities, suchastheinfluenceofwindsandcurrents locations thataccountformeteorological complex- sensing prediction, validation,andassimilation. locations thatcanbeusedformodel&remote tions, includingextreme events(e.g.,hurricanes). with broadest possibleuser-base andwavecondi- ern coastofFlorida. Carolina tonearCapeFear, andtwoalongthenorth- coast, twoalongthesouthernOuterBanksofNorth Island Sound),three alongtheNewJersey-Delaware side ofLongIsland(oneintheeasternportion the newsites,twoare tobeplacedalongtheocean tion, anadditional9newsitesare recommended. Of 26 require directional upgrades. As afirstapproxima- Subnet consistsof42wavegauges;33existnowand new siteswouldcompletethissubnet.TheCoastal require upgradestoFirst-5capability. A totalofsix measurement sites;15exist;14are non-directional and First-5 capabilities.TheInnerSubnetcontains21wave and three are existingplatforms,withtwoupgradesto The OuterSubnetcontains12sites;ninewillbenew the remaining ninewillrequire directional upgrades. capabilities. Ofthe15sites,fivesiteswillbenewand to upgradethis,andotherCanadiansitesFirst-5 a collaborativeeffort withtheCanadiangovernment cause ofitslocation,itwouldbebeneficialtopromote eastern endofthe Atlantic CoastOffshore Subnet.Be- ronment Canadaisstrategicallylocatedatthenorth- will consistof15sites.OnebuoyoperatedbyEnvi- The Offshore Subnetforthe Atlantic Coast(Figure 6) analyzed. sors are deployedandresults oftheobservationsare 3.2.a Atlantic Coast A National Operational Wave Observation Plan 21 five new locations. Twenty-four locations make up the five new locations. Twenty-four 13 new an additional Coastal Subnet. This will require upgrades to First-5) along exist, all requiring sites (11 Alabama, the Florida Panhandle, and Florida’s Texas, western coast, complementing the existing sites along the Louisiana coastline. Collaboration with the oil in the distribution of industry will play a critical role new assets in this domain. 3.2.b Gulf of Mexico The Gulf of Mexico Offshore Subnet consists of six Subnet consists The Gulf of Mexico Offshore All the 7). sites, including five which exist (Figure capabilities but require existing sites have directional First-5 upgrades. The Outer Subnet will consist of one First-5), existing (all directional, nine sites; five are and four new sites. The Inner Subnet recommendation is for six sites: one existing site (upgrade to First-5) and Figure 6. Atlantic Coast Backbone design. Open symbols are non-directional sites, closed symbols are directional sites. The directional sites, closed symbols are non-directional 6. Atlantic Coast Backbone design. Open symbols are Figure designated by “N.” is in tan. Note new locations are 200-m bottom contour is in cyan, and the north wall of the Gulf Stream circle. open red Existing Canadian Buoy is indicated by the large 22 A National Operational Wave Observation Plan region betweentheOffshore andOuter Subnets(an- Conception inCaliforniaand fivewillbeplacedinthe the PacificCoast.Onewill fill thegapwestofPoint that significantlyimpactthe waveclimatealong semi-permanent meso-scale meteorological features need forsixadditionalsites toaddress theseasonal, tional upgradesshouldbeundertaken.There isa US waveobservations,andcost-sharingvitaldirec- ment Canada.TheCanadianassetscomplementthe upgrades andincludingtheoneoperatedbyEnviron- Six oftheexistingsitesare non-directional andrequire forms including1operatedbyEnvironment Canada. Subnet willhave17sites,ofwhich11 are existingplat- Figure 8 displaysthePacificCoast.TheOffshore 200-m bottomcontourisincyanandthebeginningofGulfStream isintan.Notenewlocationsare designatedby“N.” Figure 7.GulfofMexicoBackbonedesign.Opensymbolsare non-directional sites,closedsymbolsare directional sites.The 3.2.c Paci fi c Coast c Northern California, Oregon andWashington. Subnet sitesare recommended tobelocatedalong input from theregional partners,sevennewCoastal buoys; onerequires adirectional upgrade.Basedon First-5 upgrades.TheCoastal Subnethas13existing are locatedintheStraitsofJuande Fucaandrequire main, onlytwoInnerSubnet assetsare required. They Because ofthenarrow shelfalongmostofthisdo- sites, ofwhich25presently exist,sixrequire upgrades. Coast. ThedesignoftheOuterSubnetwillrequire 26 in thisregion impactalarger portionofthePacific issue ismostpronounced, andthewavesgenerated California andthesouthernhalfofOregon where this ity forfivenewsitesisgiventothenorthernhalfof Pacific Coastexperiencesthisphenomenon,prior- notated with“MESO”inFigure 8).Whiletheentire A National Operational Wave Observation Plan 23 environment, seasonal influx of pack and floating ice, environment, ice loads on the buoy contaminating the wave mea- local and redeployment, seasonal recovery surements, field support and logistics. These impediments are examined not insurmountable but have to be carefully AOOS and regional with the and closely coordinated they where wave data in areas partners to provide and to aid in the evaluation have not existed before, In that will be critical to this area. of modeling efforts Alaska, fact, because of the observation challenges in forecast wave improved this is one domain where in the num- models may ultimately allow a reduction in-situ observations. ber of required 3.2.d Alaska The Alaska Network (Figure 9) includes an Offshore 9) includes an Offshore Alaska Network (Figure The sites Subnet that is filled with eight non-directional upgrades including two Canadian buoys requiring Outer joint collaboration. The which will require Canadian) 9 ex- Subnet contains 12 sites, (plus three One new locations. and three ist, all non-directional, site exists in the Inner Subnet, and non-directional The Coastal recommended. five new locations are Cook Inlet, Subnet at this time is concentrated around Nine Anchorage proper. Sound and Prince William Alaska domain The recommended. new sites are a number of challenges because of the harsh presents Figure 8. Pacific Coast Backbone design. Open symbols are non-directional sites, closed symbols are directional sites. The directional sites, closed symbols are non-directional 8. Pacific Coast Backbone design. Open symbols are Figure designated by “N.” Existing Canadian Buoy is indicated by the 200-m bottom contour is in cyan. Note new locations are circle. open red large 24 A National Operational Wave Observation Plan nets are required. TheOffshore Subnetwillcontainsix contains anarrow shelfandonlytwoofthefoursub- Islands (Figure 10b).TheHawaiianIslanddomain Hawaiian Islands(Figure 10a)andtheSouthPacific The PacificIslandscontaintwoprimarydomains:the symbols. bottom contourisincyan.Notenewlocationsare designated“N,” CanadianBuoysare indicatedbylarge openred andblue Figure 9.AlaskaBackbonedesign.Opensymbolsare non-directional sites,closedsymbolsare directional sites.The200-m .. HawaiiandSouthPaci 3.2.e Islands fi c Subnet intheSouthPacificIslands(Figure 10b). Five newcoastallocationsare includedfortheCoastal net. All butonerequires aFirst-5directional upgrade. isting stationshavebeenidentifiedintheCoastalSub- virtually, closesthelooparound theislands.Fourex- site, whichwasrecommended bytheregional partners ities. Three require First-5upgrades.Theremaining sites; fiveexist,includingtwowithdirectional capabil- A National Operational Wave Observation Plan 25 Figure 10b. Southern Pacific Islands Backbone design. Open symbols are non-directional sites, closed symbols are directional directional are sites, closed symbols non-directional 10b. Southern Pacific Islands Backbone design. Open symbols are Figure designated by “N.” sites. Note new locations are Figure 10a. Hawaiian Islands Backbone design. Open symbols are non-directional sites, closed symbols are directional sites. sites. directional are sites, closed symbols non-directional Islands Backbone design. Open symbols are 10a. Hawaiian Figure designated by “N.” Note new locations are The 200-m bottom contour is in cyan. 26 A National Operational Wave Observation Plan two are directional butrequire First-5 upgradesand Offshore Subnetofeightsites(Figure 12).Oftheeight, The CaribbeanSeadomainhasafullyoperational new locationsare designatedby“N,”CanadianBuoysare indicatedbylarge openred symbols. Figure 11. Great LakesBackbonedesign.Opensymbolsare non-directional sites,closedsymbolsare directional sites.Note recommended thesesitesbeupgradedtodirectional tions operatedbyEnvironment Canada.Itisstrongly 12 measurement sitesinadditiontotheeightloca- asset. Recommendationforthedesignconsistsof greater than10-misdefinedasanInner-Shelf Subnet Hence, anybuoythatislocatedinwaterdepths Outer, andInnerSubnetsfallunderonedefinition. In theGreat Lakesdomain(Figure 11) theOffshore, 3.2.g Caribbean Sea 3.2.f Great Lakes of PuertoRicoandoneinthe Virgin Islands. tion identifiedjustthree Coastalsites:northandsouth First-5 capabilities.TheCaribbeanRegional Associa- the remaining sixare recommended tobeupgraded during thewinterduetoicecover. Lakes wavemeasurement buoyshavetobe removed requires twentynewsites.Similarto Alaska, Great ern LakeOntario.Therecommended CoastalSubnet central LakeMichigan,westernErie,andeast- There are three newInnerSubnetsites recommended: upgrades andtheothersixrequire First-5upgrades. ing nineoperationalsites,three require directional wave capabilitiesinacost-sharingbasis.Oftheexist-

A National Operational Wave Observation Plan 27

Upgrade

New

Exists Design

133 67 66 42 Upgrade

27 (8) New

19 Exists

28 (8) Design

47 (8) Upgrade

22 (3) New

17 curacy. This evaluation process, described in Section This evaluation process, curacy. 3.3, will be pursued as rapidly as possible and can run in parallel with normal data collection. Shelf, and 133 Coastal. Of these, 115 are new. First 5 new. are Shelf, and 133 Coastal. Of these, 115 at 128 locations. anticipated are upgrades directional and new Supporting information for each existing Appendix D. in 2 is provided locations listed in Table Exists

43 (3) Design

60 (3) Upgrade

37 (4) New

13 Exists

43 (4) Offshore Subnet Subnet Outer-Shelf Design Inner-Shelf Subnet Coastal Subnet 56 (4) Total Region c Coast c Islands 16(1) 10(1) 6 6 6(1) 26 5 25 1 1 3 6 1 2 1 2 2 20 13 7 1 9 4 5 1 fi fi 3.2.h Network Design Summary 3.2.h Network Design Summary AlaskaPaci Great LakesCaribbean 6(2) 6(2) 8 6(2) 12(3) 8 9(3) 3 9(3) 8 6 1 5 1 15 6 12(8) 9 9(8) 3 3 9(8) 20 20 3 3 Atlantic CoastGulf of MexicoPaci 14(1) 9(1) 6 5 9(1) 5 12 1 3 5 9 9 2 21 5 4 15 5 6 14 6 42 33 1 9 5 26 1 24 11 13 11 Table 2. Summary of Planned and Existing Wave Measurement Sites 2. Summary of Planned and Existing Wave Table Note: Number of Canadian sites is given in parentheses; these are not included in the totals Note: Number of Canadian sites is given in parentheses; these are not included A fundamental requirement of all network locations is fundamental requirement A for platforms and sensors to possess First-5 capabili- and platforms ties. Since a wide range of instruments their ac- in use, it is necessary to assess presently are Table 2 summarizes the existing locations and design 2 summarizes the existing locations and Table and the each of the regions for recommendations a total of 296 four Subnets. The network will include 47 Inner- 60 Outer-Shelf, sensors: 56 in the Offshore, Figure 12. Caribbean Sea Backbone design. Open symbols are non-directional sites, closed symbols are directional sites. The directional are sites, closed symbols non-directional Sea Backbone design. Open symbols are 12. Caribbean Figure designated by “N.” new locations are 200-m bottom contour is in cyan. Note 28 A National Operational Wave Observation Plan will workwith ACT inconductingtests andevalua- cation ofexistinginstrumentation. NDBC andUSACE mechanism forrigorous, unbiased performanceverifi- of ACT’s strengths isthatithasinstituted athird-party used toguidethetestingand evaluationprocess. One These andotherfindingsfrom the workshopwillbe Anindependentperformancetestingofwave • A thorough andcomprehensive understandingof • Thesuccessofadirectional (First-5)wavemea- • ing from thatworkshopwasthat: info). An overwhelmingcommunityconsensusresult- wave datausers(fullreport athttp://www.act-us. that brought togetherwavesensormanufacturers and ACT hostedaWave SensorTechnologies Workshop and evaluationcomponentofthisplan.InMarch 2007, is well-positionedtosupportthetechnologytesting ated tosupportthesensorrequirements ofIOOSand The Alliance forCoastalTechnology (ACT)wascre- new platformsystems,afresh lookisrequired. the evolutionofsensors,changesinbuoydesigns,and et al,1996;Teng andBouchard, 2005),howeverwith platform testshavebeenpursuedinthepast,(O’Reilly ment before theyare purchased anddeployed.Inter- upgraded assetsmeettheFirst-5performancerequire- in Year-1 ofthePlaninorder toinsure thatnewand new assets.Testing andevaluationshouldcommence vation Plan,equalinimportancetothedeploymentof component oftheNationalOperationalWave Obser- pre-operational measurement systemsisanessential Continuous testingandevaluationofoperational Technology Testing and 3.3. tained bytheregional partnerswhere appropriate. shore wavemeasurements willbeoperatedandmain- their region. Itisenvisionedthatthesedenser, near- support infrastructure, andtocost-share thesensorsin in assessingtheirpriorities,takeadvantageof is toworkcloselywitheachoftheregional partners particularly fortheCoastalandInner-shelf Subnets One majorstepinthebuildoutofallfoursubnets,but schedules. staged totakeadvantageofmaintenance/change-out upgrades. To becost-effective, theseupgradeswillbe that are notFirst-5capablewillalsorequire payload Existing assetsthatprovide directional waveestimates instruments isrequired. real-world conditionsiscurrently lacking,and the performanceofexistingtechnologiesunder and platforms); reliable andeffective instrumentation (e.g.,sensors surement networkisdependentinlarge parton Evaluation tions, thestandard isapressure sensorbaseddirec- validation infra-structure. ForCoastalSubnet applica- the West Coasthasappropriate localexpertiseand Institution ofOceanography (SIO)inLaJolla,CA,on Coastal DataInformationProgram (CDIP)atScripps Facility (FRF)inDuck,NC, ontheEastCoast,and of thePacificOcean.BothUSACEFieldResearch long-period swellsanddeepshelfconditionstypical Great Lakes. A West Coastlocationwouldcapture of whichare alsocommontotheGulfofMexicoand deep wateraswellshallowshelfconditions,some tropical storms,generatingsubstantialwindseas,in ing conditionsassociatedwithbothextra-tropical and Coast locationwillcapture thedynamicallyinterest- trum ofwaveregimes thatare ofinterest. TheEast of wavemeasurement systems,giventhewidespec- required toappropriately evaluatetheperformance Review thatbotheastandwestcoastlocationsare the Wave PlanSteeringCommitteeandExpertPanel present, itisclearfrom theoriginal ACT workshop, described above,where alloftherelevant playersare ducted canonlybedeterminedduringtheworkshop While manyofthedetailsforhowtestsare tobecon- Developspecificprotocols forhowthefirstsetof • Establishbasicprotocols forhowthefieldtestsof • Identifyapproaches toevaluatingtheperformance • the workshopwillbeto: USACE and ACT testingteammembers.Thegoalsof turers ofwavemeasurement systems,andtheNDBC, gether the Advisory Committee,developers/manufac- Evaluations). Thistwo-dayworkshopwillbringto- (in accordance with ACT’s establishedGuidelinesfor and conveneaWave Technology Protocol Workshop will developaWave Technical Advisory Committee work. Priortoimplementation,USACEandNDBC sus onaperformancestandard andprotocol frame- technology evaluations,istobuildcommunityconsen- The firstcriticalstep,andthebasicfoundationforall tion lead. will serveastheindependentoversightandcoordina- aiding intestdesignanddatacollection/analysis, ACT tions ofwavemeasurement systems.Inadditionto results. and qualitycontrol software anddisseminationof will includelengthoftimefortesting,analysis system testswillbeconducted.Theseguidelines and wave measurement systemswillbeconducted, gies; be appliedfordifferent measurement technolo- recognizing thatdifferent standards mayneedto operational (future initiatives)insitutechnologies, ogy/approach) ofcurrent operationalandpre- (e.g., comparisonstoapresently acceptedtechnol- A National Operational Wave Observation Plan 29 ) compliant format * 3.4.a Metadata 3.4.a Metadata * and by using vetted standard formats, wave and standards process DIF-identified standards will be submitted to the DMAC and accessed. easily discovered other IOOS data will be more A fundamental objective of this plan is the use of IOOS A Data Integration Framework (DIF by data provided for metadata. This is a requirement DAC, both IOOS wave observers, and by the IOOS for legacy data holdings and eventually for present, IOOS Program the NOAA and inventories. Presently, of the ISO (International adoption is working toward metadata standards for Standardization) Organization Use of Federal Geographic Data Committee for DIF. vocabulary identifi- (FGDC) metadata with controlled wave data to be cation and documentation will enable an open data discovery process. easily found through observation community has the wave At present, available and they limited FGDC-compliant metadata NDBC distributes the not easily discoverable. are metadata that can be accommodated in the required these formats WMO alphanumeric messages; however that ap- cannot contain the full gamut of metadata observations pear necessary to support IOOS. NDBC Centers for archive to the National forwarded that are encoded in the WMO F291 format. Implementa- are metadata tion of this waves plan will convert present metadata ISO into approved management standards Each data attribute (e.g. unit of measure, standards. definition) and code convention, precision, reporting formats in valid XML will be encoded and delivered and made available to the public for easy access via IOOS websites. Historical metadata, including sensor changes will be maintenance schedules and software ap- XML available via and made readily archived is generating The USACE/CDIP standards. proved compliant metadata; a complete list of the FGDC and metadata for all observations is available on XML (http://cdip.ucsd.edu) along with website the CDIP wave observation network. The final network design design final network The network. observation wave wave observa- over 200,000 to provide is expected Quality of 35-percent. month – an increase tions per instrumen- requires wave spectral data controlling and and tested; is accurately calibrated tation that spectral and QC the algorithms to validate automated limits of continuous confidence data. Furthermore, for the basic should be derived the measurements First-5 variables the computed from wave parameters and then annually to demonstrate on a monthly basis and to isolate potential sensor or performance fidelity can lead to Such long-term statistics station problems. useful to are or performance metrics, which skill scores and the wave modeling commu- the user community assurance. assuring maximum quality nity, The increase in the wave observation network will The increase (QC), to quality control additional resources require the information. The IOOS disseminate and archive 130,000 spec- approximately processes DAC currently the existing tral wave observations per month from A critical component of the National Operational A Observation Plan is moving data and associated Wave Observations supported sensor to user. metadata from the IOOS by this plan will primarily flow through Assembly Center (DAC) operated by NDBC and Data the neces- NDBC will provide the USACE/CDIP. wave sary assembly and timely transport of received data to NWS/GTS to support national and regional and to other and warning responsibilities, forecasting wave data users and the public. 3.4. Data Management 3.4. Data Procedures and resources will be established to will be established and resources Procedures measure- conduct “in-place” evaluations of wave moved to the ment systems that cannot easily be performance evaluation and As a system test sites. wave reference an agreed-upon calibration exercise, of known performance (e.g., instrument standard next to existing characteristics) would be deployed systems for extended periods (e.g., wave measurement season) for a 6-12 months, always including a storm type of testing is likely to be This cross-comparison. than the test and evaluation center less cost-effective in some circumstances. concept, but appropriate As mentioned above, the testing and evaluation ac- As mentioned above, immediately at the beginning of tivities should start annually with the plan implementation and continue platforms, sensor intent of testing all combinations of be for testing to payloads, and systems. The goal will investment in sensors and significant capital precede if developed or, platforms. Facilities will need to be selected, expanded (e.g., ref- the two existing sites are computing/software and spares, instruments erence for calibration and eventually lab space/equipment and training) and staffed. tional array. There is only one active directional array array directional one active is only There array. tional would serve as The FRF at the FRF. and it is located array advantage of this test site, taking the primary located there. already wave sensors and the other loca- serve as staging and SIO would also The FRF An further offshore. deep water evaluations tions for if an ocean site could be considered alternative testing were array, for mounting a pressure platform, suitable partnership an industry through to be made available frame- In this situation, the evaluation agreement. of the actual the same irrespective work would remain process, Also, as a first step in the evaluation site. will be results individual wave system testing recent on a public-access web site. compiled and placed 30 A National Operational Wave Observation Plan curacy mustalso bespecified. positioning andnavigationalactivities intheUS.Positioningac- Geo-referenced datawillbeconsistentwithNOAA’s Spatial Reference System(NSRS)whichprovides thefoundationforall * tionally through theGTS.TheWMO formatssupport NOAA Broadcast System(NOAAPort),andinterna- tions, tothepublicandcommercial enterprisesviathe to NWSactivitiesviadedicatedcommunica- Gateway (NWSTG).TheNWSTGdistributesdata real-time dataviatheNWSTelecommunications WMO alphanumericformatsare usedtodistribute NDBC’s owndata. using thesamemethodsandinformatsas dataare distributed Spectral Data,IOOSpartner’s archival inF291anddistributionofFM65Wave available inseveralstandard formats.Exceptfor NOAA datacenters(NDBCandCO-OPS)make viders andtheelevenIOOSRegional Associations. dardization ofdatacontentwithnationalpro- The NOAA IOOSProgram iscoordinating thestan- ity tomeasure suchwaves. generate flagsaccording totheindividualbuoysabil- low swells,commoninthePacificbasin,wouldalso quality resulting from difficulty ofmeasuringlong, about howtousethedata.Forexample,poordata so thattheendusercanmakeappropriate decisions information aboutdatareliability foreachinstrument data willbeusedtoprovide time-varyingqualitative to additionalnon-uniformityindataquality. Meta- Possessing different configurationsobviouslyleads true evenif theyhaveidenticalpayloadandmooring. present andlocalenvironmental conditions.Thisis Buoys mayhavedifferent error characteristicsdueto required. directly from thedatabaseorwebsitewillalsobe access anduserfriendlydisplaysofmetadataretrieved of metadatabasedonentriestouserdatabases.Easy – includingtheautomaticgenerationandmodification making waveobservationmetadataaccessibletousers unify theprocedures forgenerating,managing,and Planned NDBCimprovements tometadataare to of measure foreachvariable. metadata exceptforstationname,location variables are measured. Thefilesatpresent containno ful metadataaboutastation’sconfigurationandhow sever havethepotentialtoconveyagreat dealofuse- The netCDFfilesaccessibleviatheNDBCOPeNDAP data andproducts. maintenance schedulesandhistoricalavailabilityof .. Standardizationofthe 3.4.b Content andoftheData * ,andunit an IOOSDIFstandard. First-5 applications,and(3)promote theadoptionof can transporttheimproved resolution required for (2) standardize real-time dataexchangeformatsthat NDBC F291formatsattheLong-Term Archive Center, tions aswellthearchive ofdatatoreplace theaged promote commonformatsfortheusersofobserva- require datastandardization improvements that(1) Improvements tothewaveobservationnetworkwill series, spectralandbulkparameters). access tohistoricalandreal-time dataproducts (time CDIP websites.TheUSACE/CDIP sitealsoprovides data in ASCII formatfrom theNDBCandUSACE/ private industry, andresearchers, accessthereal-time A large varietyofusers,includingthegeneralpublic, well asthewaveandoceanmodelingcommunities. ment andcommercial meteorological community, as dard fordistributingreal-time dataamongthegovern- mats. TheWMOalphanumericformatsare thestan- at specificusersthatare wellprepared inusingthefor- All oftheaboveformatsare verymature andtargeted when itcomestoaddingnewdatatypes. defined. Theformatsare widelyusedbut not flexible instruments orprocesses usedisgenerallynotwell these codes.Informationonthequalitycontrol and of measure andparameternamesare well-definedfor WMO ManualonCodes,No.-306.Theunits WMO FM65format.Theformatsare describedinthe for buoydata.Wave spectraldataare encodedinthe ed Network(CMAN)stationsandWMOFM13format ified WMOFM12formatforCoastalMarine Automat- meteorological observationsintheUSnationally-mod- internationally. Wave observationsare encodedwith ization, andmodelverification,bothnationally real-time analysis,forecasting, warning,modelinitial- be qualitycontrolled bytheoriginatingdataprovider At intervalsof45-daysallreal-time dataproducts will follow theprocedure outlined below. measurements accessiblefrom theNDBC websitewill Climatic DataCenter(NCDC). Active real-time wave Oceanographic DataCenter, (NODC)andtheNational with thedataarchiving centers:NOAA/National detailed intheimplementationplan,andcoordinated wave measurements. Archive taskswillbefurther Observation Planincludesprovision forarchiving the etc.). To supportthis,theNationalOperationalWave storm conditions,toevaluateimproved wavemodels, tigate variationsinwaveclimates,tostudyextreme Many wavedatausersrequire longrecords (e.g.inves- 3.4.c Data Archive and Measurements Mining HistoricalWave A National Operational Wave Observation Plan 31 3.5.b Ship Support 3.5.b Ship 3.5.c of Sensor Systems Inventory 3.5.a Service Support Field Timely instrument servicing is often dependent on servicing is often instrument Timely support team, and available ship time. The weather, Sub- and Inner-Shelf Outer-Shelf enhanced Offshore, while coastal additional ship time, nets will require access to small vessels when ready gauges will require is expensive, needed. Considering that ship time of ship support coordination this plan calls for strong facilitate this aspect of the wave plan, To resources. and deployment funding and a mechanism for vessel to take advantage of schedules will be coordinated existing capabilities (NOAA, University-National and commercial Oceanographic Laboratory System, should be no impact to the vessels), although there with ship support agreement US Coast Guard current by support may be acquired Additional ship NOAA. by NDBC, or directly coordinators, NDBC’s regional ship operators. Shared CDIP by the USACE sponsored consideration will be the foremost support resources for deploying and servicing wave sensor systems. Assurance of a successful long-term operational An systems. that standardized system requires systems sensor and spare inventory of replacement repairs timely to insure will be maintained in order sensor wave These replacement and replacements. and in multiple locations ready systems will be stored calibrated for fast and easy deployment as needed. avoided except will be Unique or singular instruments for evaluation purposes. Based on NDBC and USACE After the sensors/systems are deployed, two types of deployed, two types are sensors/systems After the (1) and operate: needed to maintain are field services a sus- services. For and (2) unscheduled scheduled the sensor systems system, measurement tained, 24/7 (i.e., to be maintained regularly and platforms need until they fail), them keep running one should not let needed are and scheduled field services so routine Main- sensors/platforms. or replace to clean, repair, for each as appropriate tenance will be scheduled elements of Although type. specific sensor/platform maintained and Inner Subnets are Outer the Offshore, their normal operational routine, by NDBC during extra time and systems requires the service of wave locations. The coastal gauges as will all new resources, long- to ensure maintained also need to be regularly In addition to term and accurate wave observations. field servic- the scheduled field services, unscheduled back online to bring failed systems es will be required a cost estimate as soon as possible. This plan provides field services and for both scheduled and unscheduled investment to O&M as the capital the costs shift from network matures. Maintenance note on previous page) note on previous The plan requires Operation and Maintenance (O&M) Operation and Maintenance The plan requires tasks and funding necessary to sustain a long-term 24/7 nationwide system. Specific O&M activities are listed below. 3.5. Operation and 3.5. Operation • Measurement device • Measurement • methods Sample rate and length of record • Analysis records • Calibration control • Quality in addi- The centralization of wave data archives, tion to a data provider’s is necessary to archive, own As of all wave data. long-term preservation insure will there the implementation of the plan proceeds, of wave data to be handled. amount be an increasing with NOAA/NODC and underway Discussions are NOAA/NCDC to determine what the impact of this and compu- in data would have on the staff increase to estimate the While it is difficult tational resources. amount of historical wave data which may exist until the data discovery has been completed, one can expect and will be less that older data will not be directional modern data. accurate than more • see foot- Location, water depth (NSRS standards, Two other wave measurement data sets which are sets which are data measurement other wave Two active, self- are in this process not naturally included and presently instruments (delayed-mode) recording short from derived historical wave measurements field experiments, or deployments duration intensive local need. This plan includes fund- serving a specific them similarly data and to process ing to obtain these sets will be data. Mining for these data to real-time part- the solicitation of regional accomplished through collaboration, and the private ners, inter-governmental of to recovery sector (e.g. oil companies). In addition to be developed. these data sets, meta-data will have include: As a minimum the meta-data should according to the Quality Control Standards specified specified Standards Control Quality to the according data will then be 03-02. These Doc. Tech. in NDBC NDBC Center at Assembly to the Data transmitted specific for their coefficients the calibration along with the data consistent NDBC will reformat platform. The final wave WMO F291 standard. with existing and sent to data sets will be packaged measurement archiving. NOAA/NODC for 32 A National Operational Wave Observation Plan European ENVISAT ASAR canprovide seasurface ropean ERS-2andJapanese ALOS/PALSAR andthe SAR sensorssuchastheCanadian RadarSat-1,Eu- day andnight,inallweather conditions.Present erture Radar(ASAR)canimagethe oceansurface aperture radar(SAR)and Advanced Synthetic Ap- field directly andoverlarge areas. Satellitesynthetic situ sensors,astheyare abletoimagetheentire wave These observationshaveauniqueadvantageoverin remotely from satellitesandbyground-based radars. Directional wavemeasurements canbeestimated evaluation priortoafulloperationalimplementation. “proof of concept”stageandare awaitingfurther extensive research, havebeenfieldtestedbeyondthe technologies are thosedevicesthathaveundergone and/or maintenancecostperstation.Pre-operational accuracy andreliability, whilereducing thecapital ity oftheoperationaldatastream, andforimproved sensor platformsisnecessarytoimprove thecontinu- en. Research anddevelopmentofnewsensors adoption ofinnovativetechnologiesastheyare prov- instrumentation andtheidentification,nurturing network requires incremental upgradesofexisting Continuous improvement ofthewavemeasurement observations. technologies thatwillimprove andcomplementwave pre-operational insitu,ground-based andspace-borne Operational Wave ObservationPlanofemerging and This sectionrecognizes theimportancetoNational Complementary/Pre-OperationalWave 4. expertise through multipledeployments,including Operational successisdependentondeveloping buoys andcoastalgauges)operatedunderthisplan. wave sensorsystems(includingthoseforbothoffshore sistent, federallysupportedcalibrationandtestingof USACE present practices,thisplanprovides forcon- versely impactdataquality. FollowingtheNDBCand time consumingprocess which,ifnotdone, canad- Sensor re-calibration andtestingcanbeanexpensive, as neededtoIOOSwaveobservers. spares wouldbefederallyfundedandmadeavailable and sustainedoperations.Thesereplacements and the wavesensors/systemsisneededforuninterrupted operational experience,spares equalto30-percent of 3.5.e Operator Training SensorSystemCalibration 3.5.d Observations and Testing can provide continuousdirectional wave properties 2008, Shayetal,2008;Haus, 2007).Nauticalradars buoy measurements showedpromise (Voulgaris etal, a phased-arrayradarsystem withadirectional wave about 100-km.Preliminary inter-comparisons between dent waveobservationswith maximumrangesupto provide two-dimensionalspatialmappingofindepen- observation. Incontrast,phased-arrayHFsystems a radialringsofabout1-kmspacing)wave HF systemscanonlyprovide asingle,averaged(over ent wavemeasurement capabilities.Direction finding phased-array systems.Thesehavesignificantlydiffer- able HFradartechnologiesare direction findingand instruments. Thetwoprimarycommercially avail- ground-based highfrequency (HF)andnauticalradar Remote waveobservationsmayalsobemeasured by with repeat cyclesfrom 10hourstotwodays. rectional spectralestimatesalonglarge swathwidths, SAR systemshavethecapabilitytoprovide First-5di- JASON-2) whichprovide onlywaveheightestimates, as 1meter. Unlikealtimetersystems(e.g.Europe’s age theoceansurfaceataspatialresolution assmall Cosmo-SkyMed, andGermanTerraSAR-X canim- SAR sensorssuchastheCanadianRadarSat-2,Italy low earthorbitingsatellitepassin5minutes.New US EastCoast(about2100-km)canbecovered bya wide area strips(e.g.Pichel,2008).Nearlytheentire about 100-kmwide,or100-mresolution over500-km information with25-mresolutions overlongstrips trainings willtakeplaceasneeded. As newtechnologiesbecomeavailable,additional Regional CoastalOceanObservingSystems(RCOOSs). of thewaveplaninorder toprecede deploymentsby ers. Training willbeginearlyintheimplementation guides forbroad distributiontowavetechnology us- will alsobedocumentedintheformofbestpractices niques forspecificinstruments. Thetrainingexercises that coverallaspectsofthelatesttheoriesandtech- field demonstrations,andhands-onpracticalsessions training exercises. Thetrainingwillincludelectures, training andwillbemodeledafter ACT technology tion withregional partners,willcomplement vendor ment types.Thistrainingwillbedoneincollabora- and datahandlingstepsrequired forstandard instru- training willbeprovided intheoperationallogistics ments andthatstaff turnovercanoftenbehigh,annual experience collectingFirst-5qualitywavemeasure- regional/coastal observersmaynothaveextensive both successesandfailures. Recognizingthatsome A National Operational Wave Observation Plan 33

The USACE, NDBC and their partners will meet an- The USACE, NDBC and their partners sites, to nually to update the inventory of established and implementation progress, the design and review fiscal years. It is to establish priorities for the next two an increased envisioned that wave modeling activities, partners and regional from requirements user-base, change in the fu- other US Government agencies will Oversight Committee will meet Hence, a Waves ture. wave system design, assess any the annually to review evaluate suc- measurements, new input for directional prioritize system deployments, and rec- cess/failures, During ommend any changes to the overall structure. will and users wave data providers this annual review, feedback on the success of the participate and provide validation As the operational system matures, plan. of that capability will be evaluated. Metrics will be determined, some of which will include data recovery, sensor and platform survivability; specifics based on the user community; and other identifiable informa- and deploy- tion that will facilitate the procurement technologies and procedures. ment of new or refined Interaction with partners, particularly during the initial start-up of the network, will be important to re- the plan. Input will be obtained fining and improving Association meet- at Regional presentations through ings, web surveys, workshops, and questionnaires. form to measure surface fluxes and directional wave directional fluxes and surface to measure form spectra. this plan development, encourage technological To develop pre-operational funding for to help includes dem- ACT technology The efforts. wave measurement will be used to support the testing onstrations model measurement wave or emerging of pre-commercial goals of these demonstrations will technologies. The and their instrumentation refine be to help developers and capabilities of new tech- to highlight the potential and SIO test facilities will be made nologies. The FRF stan- equipment/reference available (e.g., protocols, to technology developers and technical staff) dards which will facilitate an application process, through evaluation, and infusion the continuous development, of these new capabilities. Plan also Observation The National Operational Wave and development encourages investment in research other through of critical wave observation technology as the Small Business Innovation such funding sources (SBIR) Program. Research

In general the Offshore Subnet will be the responsibil- In general the Offshore observa- ity of NDBC; the Outer and Inner Subnet by NDBC and and coordinated tions will be co-shared USACE. The USACE will oversee the Coastal Subnet. and efficient Establishing and maintaining an effective the partnership system requires wave measurement of federal agencies (NOAA, USACE), state and local Associa- Regional and agencies, the private sector, tions (RA) and Regional Coastal Observing Systems (RCOOS). Because of the diversity of observers, fund- the USACE and deployed instruments, ing sources, and NDBC will work closely with IWGOO partner agencies to encourage compliance with the plan (First-5 sensors; data handling, sensor locations). The on the oversight of USACE and NDBC will coordinate and Evalua- other aspects of the plan including Test and System Enhancements. tion, Training, This plan is an interagency effort coordinated by the coordinated This plan is an interagency effort and the USACE. Implemen- IOOS® Program NOAA cooperative tation and oversight of this plan is the USACE and NOAA-NDBC. The of the responsibility on Ocean Observations Group Interagency Working cooperation and (IWGOO) will work to facilitate the involvement of other agencies. 5. Roles and Responsibilities Another technology that falls into the pre-operational that falls into the pre-operational Another technology These sys- profilers. current category is acoustic waves, as well as currents. used to measure tems are directly profilers looking acoustic current Upward surface of the free response the pressure measure sensor), or follow the a pressure (when equipped with acoustic surface itself (using a surface-tracking free computed beam), and use sub-surface wave velocities an array of from using the Doppler shift in returns acoustic beams. Estimates of the the upward-looking these data us- from constructed waves are directional surface. to the free ing linear wave theory relationships Spar (ASIS, Interaction Air-Sea Another example is the a stable plat- Graber et al. 2000) buoy which provides Remote-sensed directional wave estimates comple- wave directional Remote-sensed obser- wave directional expand point source ment and (data of the infra-structure much Moreover, vations. data manage- generation and manipulation, product costs and increasing reducing ment) can be shared, data integration. at very high spatial resolution for ranges up to 2- to up to for ranges resolution high spatial at very 4-km. 34 A National Operational Wave Observation Plan of thecostsfordevelopingfoursubnets.Fieldser- shoreline. Inventorycostsare computedas30-percent are placed,regardless ofthedepth/distancefrom the require “wavesonly”buoys,orfornewbuoysthat nets are basedonagenericunitpriceforlocationsthat Offshore, Outer-Shelf, Inner-Shelf, andCoastalSub- of animplementationplan. Yearly andtotalcostsfor act costsare known.Thesewillbedevelopedaspart specific locationswillneedtobeperformedbefore ex- systems ortheplacementofdesired instruments in analysis ofcostsbasedonspecificupgradestowave the nextfiveyearsisprovided inTable 3. A refined sections, asimplifiedcalculationofcoststhrough Based ontheinformationprovided intheprevious CostsandSchedule 6. Data Management Test andEvaluation Operation &Maintenance Coastal Subnet Complementary Wave Observations Inner-Shelf Subnet Outer-Shelf Subnet Offshore Subnet Table 3.NationalOperationalWave ObservationPlan:CostEstimates($k)

rhvn aaDsoey20203030300 300 300 250 200 Archiving /DataDiscovery

tnadzto/AQ 05 05 50 50 50 50 50 Standardization/QA/QC il evc upr 51201001201,000 1,250 1,000 1,250 75 Field ServiceSupport etadEauto ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 1,700 1,600 1,500 1,300 1,200 Test andEvaluation esrClbain10103050500 500 300 150 100 Sensor Calibration

bevrTann 57 05 50 50 50 75 75 Observer Training ytmOesgt20202020200 200 200 200 200 System Oversight r-prtoa 0 0 0 0 400 400 400 400 200 Pre-Operational prds(2 2 2 5 2 520 520 650 520 520 Upgrades (42) prds(7 9 2 5 5 325 455 455 325 195 Upgrades (27) prds(2 0 0 0 0 300 400 500 500 500 Upgrades (22) prds(7 0 6 6 6 960 960 960 960 600 Upgrades (37) hpSpot5005005005005,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 Ship Support OSDA 0 0 5 5 250 250 250 200 200 IOOS DMAC eaaa10101010100 100 100 100 150 Metadata netr ,8 ,3 ,8 ,8 1,270 1,680 2,180 2,030 1,580 Inventory e 6)150200220130720 1,320 2,280 2,040 1,560 New (66) e 1)30606030360 360 600 600 360 New (19) e 1)90909060460 690 920 920 920 New (17) e 1)60909090600 900 900 900 600 New (13) Total 4251,7 8551,8 15,065 16,985 18,595 17,770 14,285 R1Y R3Y YR5 YR4 YR3 YR2 YR 1 increase inavailableresources wouldreduce thetime. would slowthedeploymentofnetwork,whilean and supportactivities,adecrease inavailabledollars ers aseriesofinvestments,deployments,upgrades, the successofsystem.Sincecostestimatecov- dramatically reduce overallcostsandreduce risksto ments andleveragingofavailableresources thatwill account existinginfrastructures, signedagencyagree- However, thisplanandtheassociatedcoststakeinto tion toexistingfundedNDBCandUSACEprograms. line. Notethatthesecostsandactivitiesare inaddi- similar networkofbuoysoperatingalongthecoast- vice supportiscalculatedusingcurrent coststokeepa

A National Operational Wave Observation Plan 35

will begin to be evaluated using “in-place” testing. testing. “in-place” using evaluated begin to be will and the Mexico, Pacific, (Atlantic, Gulf of Four sites and based on operation will be selected, Lakes) Great costs. to minimize order schedules in maintenance the to realize is to begin objective Year-1 The second design by focusing on filling benefits of the network Coastal Subnets with known First-5 out the Outer and the The Outer Subnet will provide compliant devices. shallow conditions for improved deepwater boundary the most where The Coastal Subnet is wave forecasts. and provide observations reside, users of real-time Also during sites for model verification. point-source will begin on the data formats, the initial years, work necessary to achieve wave and protocols standards, the IOOS. data integration across Wave Full deployment of the National Operational and Year-3 in Observation Plan will begin starting completed. continuing until the design has been spans just five Although the costs and scheduling the sys- years, after that activities shift to sustaining sensor tem: operation and maintenance, inventory, replacement calibration, field service support, sensor to equal the and data management. This is anticipated to the rate annually according cost and increase Year-5 of inflation. Lakes, and the Hawaii-South Pacific Islands, Great were region Caribbean Sea. The subnets for each assets and first defined by incorporating existing of wave then expanded based on physical principles Associa- Regional the from mechanisms, and requests tions. When completed, the observation network will 60 include a total of 296 sensors: 56 in the Offshore, Of these, and 133 Coastal. 47 Inner-Shelf, Outer-Shelf, upgrades are will be new locations. Directional 115 anticipated at 128 locations. This design has for years been used successfully along the California coast to in- with modeling in order corporate wave measurements user community for both to fulfill the needs of a large conditions. wave observations and forecast real-time Multiple tasks will be undertaken during the imple- including testing existing di- mentation process platforms to determine First-5 capability; rectional technologies field evaluation of pre-emerging rigorous costs; procurement that could substantially reduce and deployment of new assets. The plan will sup- and flow wave port IOOS® DMAC data requirements Assembly Centers and to IOOS Data the data through An integral part of this plan permanent data archives. 7. Summary In Year-1 there are two primary objectives. The first two primary objectives. are there Year-1 In and evaluating existing assets, a is to begin testing substantial capital invest- prior to making requirement First-5 provide that they to insure ments in new assets wave at least thirteen different are capabilities. There wave char- buoys and gauging methods that estimate evalu- acteristics and most have not been rigorously partners begin to pur- ated. In addition, as regional will be a need chase and deploy wave sensors, there on the performance of various guidance to provide devices. Meeting this wave measurement directional test sites, metrics, and opera- challenge will require would capabilities. Testing to First-5 tional standards Year-2. and at the SIO in Year-1 begin at the FRF in assets Subnet directional the Outer-Shelf Year-1 Also in With the growth of deployed wave observing system system wave observing of deployed the growth With Most of the deployed time will increase. assets, ship US by time provided have used ship wave systems or through fleet partnerships, NOAA’s Coast Guard few years, Over the past external partnerships. regular have risen, and fluctuating for ship time the demands to the uncertainty of ship con- fuel prices have added cost for ship of magnitude order rough A tract costs. existing and new platforms in the time to support the is about Subnet Outer-Shelf Subnet and the Offshore partnerships ship time from $5M per year - assuming continues. The plan divides the US coastline into seven primary Alaska, Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, Pacific, regions: For the first time, experts in the wave community For the first time, experts in the wave meets the nation’s have designed a wave network that of this needs. The development and implementation will pro- Observation Plan National Operational Wave First-5 direction- vide a consistent network of accurate deep along the US coast from al wave measurements is based on four subnets The design to shallow water. which acknowledge the natural scaling of the genera- and transformation of directional tion, propagation waves. The underlying motivation of this schema is to align the observation system with wave model- ing activities with the goal of significantly improving et al. 1994; et al., 1994; Komen (Cardone wave forecasts 2007). First-5 quality directional The WISE Group, of verification will not only provide measurements they will also lead to improvements modeling efforts, in technological advancements, useful in data fusion and extend a and assimilation techniques, improve and wide range of wave observation-based products for the next generation of wave truth serve as ground sensing systems. models and satellite based remote 36 A National Operational Wave Observation Plan The WISEGroup, (2007).Wave modeling–Thestateofthe art,Progress inOceanog.75,603-674. within SEACOOS,Marine Technology SocietyJournal, Vol 42,No. 3,68-80. Voulgaris, G.,B.K.Haus,P.Work, L.K.Shay, H.E.Seim,R.H.Weisberg, andJ.R.Nelson,(2008).Waves Initiative in SEACOOS:2002-2007lessonslearned,MarineTechnology SocietyJournal, Vol 42,No.3,55-67. Shay, L.K.,H.E.Seim,D.Savidge,R.Styles,andR.H.Weisberg, (2008).Highfrequency radarobserving systems and ModellingofOceanWaves, CambridgeUniversityPress, 532pp. Komen, G.J.,L.Cavaleri,M.Donelan,K.Hasselmann, S.Hasselmann,andP.A.E..M. Janssen,(1994).Dynamics 150., field inSWADE IOP-1:Oceanwavemodellingperspective.TheGlobal Atmosphere andOceanSystem,3,107- Cardone, V. J.,H.C.Graber, R.E.Jensen,S.Hasselmann,M.J.Caruso. (1994) Insearch ofthetrue surfacewind sea interactionsparbuoy:designandperformanceat sea,J. Atm. andOceanicTech., Vol. 17,Issue5,701-720. Graber, H.C.,E.A.Terrary, M.A.Donelan,W.M. Drennan, J.C.Van LeerandD.A.Peters,(2000). ASIS – A newair- te_Workshop) Satellite Workshop, Fairbanks, AK, (http://www.gina.alaska.edu/page.xml?group=groundstation&page=Satelli Pichel, W., (2008).OperationalimplementationofSARforU.S.governmentapplications, Alaska Environmental Vol. 112, C03003,15pp. Haus, B.K.,(2007).Surfacecurrent effects onthefetch-limitedgrowth ofwaveenergy. J.GeophysicalResearch, platform measurements ofPacificSwell,J. Atm. andOceanicTech., Vol 13,231-238. O’Reilly, W.A., T.H.C. Herbers,R.J.Seymour, andR.T. Guza,(1996). A comparisonofdirectional buoysandfixed 2006, and2007editions. National Vital StatisticsReport,Vol. 50No.15,Sep.,2002,andInjuryFacts,NationalSafetyCouncil,2004,2005, and magnetometers,”OceanWave Measurements and Analysis 5thWaves 2005, ASCE, July2005,Madrid,Spain Teng, C.C.andR.Bouchard, (2005).“Directional wavedatameasured formdatabouysusingangularratesensors the NationalOceanographicPartnershipProgram. MarinePolicy Center, Woods HoleOceanographicInstitution. K. Wieand. (2004).Estimatingtheeconomicbenefitsofregional oceanobservingsystems. A report prepared for Kite-Powell, H.L.,C.S.Colgan,M.J.Kaiser, M.Luger, T. Pelsoci,L. Pendleton, A.G. Pulsipher, K.F. Wellman, and “First Annual IntegratedOceanObservingSystem(IOOS) DevelopmentPlan”,(2006),Ocean.US,ReportNo.9. Kinsman, B.(1965)“Wind Waves.” Prentice-Hall, NJ 8. References IOOS userswillbesignificant.Theplan,whenimple- The benefitstothelarge anddiversecommunityof the existingnetwork. sensors, andare inadditiontothecostsof maintaining represent theincreased costsforupgradesandnew operation andmaintenancecosts.Thesenumbers capital investmentcostsbeinggraduallyreplaced with $14M, andthenincreases toabout$17Mperyear, with The proposed costestimatestartsin Year-1 atabout wave assets. and toaddormodifytheplacementofnewdirectional is tocontinuouslyreview thedeploymentprogress hurricanes, andtouristseasons. the heavilypopulatedUScoastlinesduringstorms, Guard intheirsearch andrescue mission,andserve property through improved forecasts, aidtheUSCoast and recreational boating;minimizeloss-of-lifeand will provide timelyinformationtocommercial, Naval, tionwide availabilityofreal-time directional wavedata highly accuratedirectional waveinformation.Thena- direction. Itwillalsoserveusersrequiring detailed, wave informationintheformofheight,period,and mented willequallyserverequirements forgeneral A National Operational Wave Observation Plan A-i A13, which show the array regionally, better illustrates better illustrates regionally, show the array A13, which the existing network for the nation’s the sparseness of coastlines. and maintained by operated are Of the 181 sites, 111 sites funded by government and NDBC (including eight new sites scheduled for fu- private sectors); plus supported are deployment. Thirty-four of the 181 ture of Engineers Army Corps the US or co-supported by Department of Boating and and the State of California supported by vari- 28 are The remaining Waterways. wave than half of the Associations. More ous Regional have the capability to estimate directional instruments waves, though their accuracy varies. Locations by Regional Association Domain Association Regional by Locations

Figure A1. Location of existing, and scheduled deployment of wave measurement devices approximate location of Gulf location devices approximate A1. Location of existing, and scheduled deployment of wave measurement Figure cyan line. tan line, and 200-m depth contour, Stream,

As of August, 2007, the existing national wave net- national wave 2007, the existing August, As of devices occu- wave measurement work consists of 181 waters. The count is and offshore pying the US coastal actively measuring waves 24/7 based on the platforms to NDBC for information directly and transferring the historical sites posting. This does not include routine and post- monitoring sites that are no longer active, or These web sites. sponsored from ing wave conditions which is decep- A1, displayed in Figure locations are of the existing network since the tive in its depiction gives one-degree) (approximately size of the symbols by coastline is covered that the entire the impression A2 – of Figures wave observations. Closer inspection Appendix A: Existing Wave Measurement Measurement Wave A: Existing Appendix A-ii A National Operational Wave Observation Plan contour, cyanline. Figure A2. ExistingwavesensorsfortheNortheasternRegionalAssociationofCoastalObservingSystems200-mdepth pressure sensor(s), Acoustic DopplerCurrent Pro- sensor package.Thelattercasewouldeitherbea is eitherabuoy(hullsizedefined)orbottommounted based ontheplatformandregion. Inmostcasesthis Figures A2-A13 sievethewavemeasurement locations to establishaseamlessboundary. assets (15identified)are crucial totheoffshore subnet the Atlantic, PacificandGreat Lakes.Someofthese buoys maintainedbyEnvironment Canadacovering It isalsoworthytonotethere are 36additionalwave Pacific Islands. into twoparts:theHawaiianIslands,andSouth NOOS, AOOS, GLOS).ThePacIOOSfigure isdivided are plottedinagivenRA domain(NERACOOS, NA- polygons. InsomecasesEnvironment Canadabuoys Associations isapproximate andare definedasclosed The geographicalarea covered byeachoftheRegional (AWCP). filer (ADCP),an Acoustic Wave andCurrent Profiler A National Operational Wave Observation Plan A-iii Figure A3. Existing wave sensors for the Mid Atlantic Coastal Ocean Observing Regional Association approximate location approximate sensors for the Mid Atlantic Coastal Ocean Observing Regional Association A3. Existing wave Figure line. cyan and 200-m depth contour, tan line, of Gulf Stream, A-iv A National Operational Wave Observation Plan Gulf Stream, tanline,and200-mdepthcontour, cyanline. Figure A4. ExistingwavesensorsfortheSoutheastCoastalOceanObservingRegionalAssociationapproximate locationof A National Operational Wave Observation Plan A-v Figure A5. Existing wave sensors for the Gulf of Mexico Coastal Ocean Observing System Regional Association 200-m Figure cyan line. depth contour, A-vi A National Operational Wave Observation Plan line. Figure A7.Existingwavesensorsfor theSouthernCaliforniaCoastalOceanObservingSystem 200-mdepthcontour, cyan Figure A6.ExistingwavesensorsfortheCaribbeanRegionalAssociation 200-mdepthcontour, cyanline. A National Operational Wave Observation Plan A-vii Figure A8. Existing wave sensors for the Central and Northern California Coastal Ocean Observing System 200-m depth sensors for the Central and Northern California Coastal Ocean Observing A8. Existing wave Figure cyan line. contour, A-viii A National Operational Wave Observation Plan Canada platformsare included,200-mdepthcontour, cyanline. Figure A9.ExistingwavesensorsfortheNorthwestAssociation of NetworkedOceanObservingSystems,Environment A National Operational Wave Observation Plan A-ix Figure A10. Existing wave sensors for the Alaska Ocean Observing System, Environment Canada platforms are included Canada platforms are wave sensors for the Alaska Ocean Observing System, Environment A10. Existing Figure cyan line. 200-m depth contour, A-x A National Operational Wave Observation Plan depth contour, cyanline). Figure A11. ExistingwavesensorsforthePacificIslandsIntegratedOceanObservingSystem,Hawaiian(200-m A National Operational Wave Observation Plan A-xi Figure A13. Existing wave sensors for the Great Lakes Observing System, Environment Canada platforms are included, are Canada platforms Lakes Observing System, Environment A13. Existing wave sensors for the Great Figure 45100 series. Figure A12. Existing wave sensors for the Pacific Islands Integrated Ocean Observing System, South Pacific Islands. wave sensors for the Pacific Islands Integrated Ocean Observing System, South A12. Existing Figure A-xii A National Operational Wave Observation Plan A National Operational Wave Observation Plan B-i 9* 13 New Wave Sites New Wave 1 5*** requested. Most RAs provided detailed responses detailed responses Most RAs provided requested. or existing NDBC buoy using to wave observations iden- sites were New measurement CMAN platforms. locations. In some tified with fixed longitude/latitude mentioned. For locations were cases, only general of what spe- was no mention there these specific sites, not reviewed The locations were cific device needed. (e.g., the on physical restrictions or eliminated based harbor entrances). very shallow water, Gulf Stream, also contacted. The USACE field were Other groups Alaska Districts Mobile and Detroit, York, New offices: locations are input. In general, their selected provided National Ocean Service, NOAA’s very near the coast. System (PORTS) Physical Oceanographic Real-Time sites. near PORTS measurements wave also requested of requested The panel anticipates that the number The informa- sites will increase. wave measurement B1 and to date is summarized in Table tion received Associa- for individual Regional B1. Graphics Figure B2-B13. The RA shown in Figures are tion requests Appendix C. included in are original responses Directional Upgrades CMAN Buoy ed, remainder not plotted ed, remainder fi TOTAL 5 20 145

Regional Association

*Includes USACE Input from New York, Detroit, and Mobile Districts York, *Includes USACE Input from New **Counted but not plotted (only general information) identi ***Two SCCOOSCenCOOSNANOOSACOOSPacIOOSGLOSCaRA NOAA-PORTS 1 2 1 1 2 0 5 2 2 1 6 11 10 16** 22* GOMOOSMACOORASECOORAGCOOS 1 3 2 2 7 19* 26* Table B1. Regional Association Wave Measurement Site Request Wave Association B1. Regional Table Since the time frame to obtain the RA requirements requirements Since the time frame to obtain the RA months, the information was short, less than three and by system varies by RA included in the report To better understand the RA requirements for waves requirements better understand the RA To Association the NDBC Regional to this plan, relative Ocean Observation Networks for Coastal Coordinators in May 2007 (RACCOONS) again solicited the RAs directional including for specific wave requirements new wave observa- upgrades to existing NDBC assets, tion sites. Appendix B: Regional Association Requests Association Regional B: Appendix funds to add oceano- IOOS® received In 2005, NDBC buoy fleet. NDBC to the weather graphic sensors Associations (RA) to out to the IOOS Regional reached as they requirements understand their oceanographic and Coastal to the NDBC platforms (both buoy related stations). Each Automated Network or CMAN Marine for ocean cur- with recommendations responded RA and wave observations for salinity temperature, rents, the RAs Almost unanimously, the NDBC platforms. and CMAN waves for the buoys asked for directional stations. B-ii A National Operational Wave Observation Plan mate locationofGulfStream, tanlineand200-mdepthcontourplotted incyan. Figure B1.LocationofRegionalAssociationrequests (70000seriesstationnumbers)forwavemeasurement devices,approxi- A National Operational Wave Observation Plan B-iii Figure B3. Upgrades to existing and new (70000 series station numbers) wave measurement sites for the Mid-Atlantic B3. Upgrades to existing and new (70000 series station numbers) wave measurement Figure tan line, and 200-m bottom location of the Gulf Stream, Coastal Ocean Observing System Regional Association, approximate contour plotted in cyan. Figure B2. Upgrades to existing and new (70000 series station numbers) wave measurement sites for the Northeastern Re- to existing and new (70000 series station numbers) wave measurement B2. Upgrades Figure Systems, and 200-m bottom contour plotted in cyan. gional Association of Coastal Ocean Observing B-iv A National Operational Wave Observation Plan in cyan. Ocean ObservingRegionalAssociation,approximate locationoftheGulfStream, tanline,and200-mbottomcontourplotted Figure B4. Upgradestoexistingandnew(70000seriesstationnumbers)wavemeasurement sitesfortheSoutheastCoastal A National Operational Wave Observation Plan B-v Figure B5. Upgrades to existing and new (70000 series station numbers) wave measurement sites for the Gulf of Mexico to existing and new (70000 series station numbers) wave measurement B5. Upgrades Figure tan line, and 200-m bottom location of the Gulf Stream, Association, approximate Coastal Ocean Observing System-Regional contour plotted in cyan. B-vi A National Operational Wave Observation Plan nia CoastalOceanObserving System,200-mbottomcontourplottedincyan. Figure B7.Upgradestoexistingand new(70000seriesstationnumbers)wavemeasurement sitesforthe SouthernCalifor- al Association,approximate locationoftheGulfStream, tanline,and200-mbottomcontourplottedincyan. Figure B6.Upgradestoexistingandnew(70000seriesstationnumbers) wavemeasurement sitesfortheCaribbeanRegion- A National Operational Wave Observation Plan B-vii Figure B8. Upgrades to existing and new (70000 series station numbers) wave measurement sites for the Central and North- to existing and new (70000 series station numbers) wave measurement B8. Upgrades Figure 200-m bottom contour plotted in cyan. ern California Ocean Observing System, B-viii A National Operational Wave Observation Plan sociation ofNetworkedOceanObservingSystems,200-mbottomcontourplottedincyan. Figure B9.Upgradestoexistingandnew(70000seriesstationnumbers) wavemeasurement sitesfortheNorthwestAs- A National Operational Wave Observation Plan B-ix Figure B10. Upgrades to existing and new (70000 series station numbers) wave measurement sites for the Alaska Ocean to existing and new (70000 series station numbers) wave measurement B10. Upgrades Figure plotted in cyan. Observing System, 200-m bottom contour B-x A National Operational Wave Observation Plan Integrated Ocean ObservingSystem,forthe SouthPacificIslands. Figure B12.Upgradestoexistingand new(70000seriesstationnumbers)wavemeasurement sitesfor thePacificIslands Integrated OceanObservingSystem,HawaiianIslands,200-mbottomcontourplottedincyan. Figure B11. Upgradestoexistingandnew(70000seriesstationnumbers)wavemeasurement sitesforthePacificIslands A National Operational Wave Observation Plan B-xi this region. The interaction of the Gulf Stream is also a of the Gulf Stream The interaction this region. Also, the wave environment. major influence affecting in width making the the continental shelf increases highly vari- spatial variation in the wave environment these processes. sites to capture more able, requiring The Gulf of Mexico Coastal Ocean Observing System Association (GCOOS-RA) has focused on Regional building the observing system by integrating observa- contributions These include many sources. tions from agencies and the activities of the state resource from of NDBC and their Alliance. The role Gulf of Mexico operational buoy network in the Gulf of Mexico is also a critical element. These assets have directional has been an influx wave capabilities. In addition there derived measurements and current of meteorological coast alone contains The Texas the oil industry. from in Corpus Christi, Galves- offices, NWS forecast three have the USACE district offices ton and Brownsville; coastline. It is a along the Texas multiple projects systems, justify- susceptible to tropical reach shoreline ing additional wave measurements. The Southeast Coastal Ocean Observing Regional As- The Southeast Coastal Ocean Observing Regional in sociation (SECOORA), made a very concerted effort the evaluation of their existing wave sites and the pro- systems tend to track in Tropical cesses of this region. Alternately, the Mid-Atlantic (MACOORA) is much Alternately, are to NERACOOS, there smaller in size compared for new assets is few existing sites, so the request again the majority of However, substantially larger. designated as coastal, and exemplifies a the sites are wave information in Long Island critical need for more Sound. The Northeastern Regional Association of Coastal The Northeastern Regional have only Ocean Observing Systems (NERACOOS) existing NDBC buoys to be upgraded three requested capabilities, and seven new sites along to directional has been of Massachusetts. This area the south shore the existing Gulf of Maine heavily gauged through Ocean Observing System, (GoMOOS) and the need balanced by the existing are for wave measurements array. Figure B13. Upgrades to existing and new (70000 series station numbers) wave measurement sites for the Great Lakes sites for the Great to existing and new (70000 series station numbers) wave measurement B13. Upgrades Figure Observing System. B-xii A National Operational Wave Observation Plan the Outer-Shelf Subnet.In Alaska, AOOS, requires Observing Systems’(NANOOS)priorityistoexpand The Northwest Association ofNetworkedOcean US PacificMainlandcoast. location completestheexistingNDBCarrayalong coverage ofthisdomain.TheoneOffshore Subnet ing efforts embeddedinCDIP thatprovide nearfull Coastal Subnetsiteswere addedbecauseofthemodel- have existingCDIP buoysthatcouldbeused).No Long BeachHarborandSanFrancisco(twositesthat PORTS program requires wavesforbothLos Angles/ to completetheexistingarray, whiletheNOAA/NOS site. TheCeNCOOShasrequested fournewlocations tions. Theyrequested onlyoneupgradeand onenew Data InformationProgram (CDIP)andNDBCsta- have considerablecoveragethrough existingCoastal Northern CaliforniaOceanObservingSystem)already ing System(SCCOOS)andCeNCOOS(Central The SouthernCaliforniaCoastalOceanObserv- shore ofPuertoRico. Amalie) andintheshallow-waterreefs alongthesouth fined atharborentrances,(SanJuan,Ponce,Charlotte, a wavemodeloutput.Fourotherlocationsare de- Center forEnvironmental Prediction virtualbuoys, south ofPuertoRicoreplace existingNOAA’s National more ontheCoastalSubnet.Thetwositesnorthand The CaribbeanRegional Association (CaRA)focused Canada assets. integrate andupgradetodirectional, theEnvironment District). OneadditionalassessmentoftheGLOSisto three alongtheChicagoshoreline (USACE-Chicago additions, andtennewCoastalsites,where there are existing NDBCplatforms,three Inner-Shelf Subnet Association requested twodirectional upgradesto The Great LakesObservingSystem(GLOS)Regional requested fordirectional upgrades. One site,northwestoftheHawaiianIslandchain,was were identifiedascritical,tobemaintainedatallcosts. Palau. Two existingNDBCsites(51001and51028), the RepublicofMarshallIslands, Islands, theFederatedStatesofMicronesia, Guam, Samoa, theCommonwealthofNorthernMariana were requested fortheseareas including American by large expansesofopen-ocean.Twenty new sites of challenges,smallislandswithfringingreefs isolated The PacificIslands,PacIOOS,hasitsownuniqueset ments oftheUSACE Alaska district. to commercial fishingindustries,butalsoforrequire- a criticalarea fordirectional waveupgradesnotonly fishing. ThetwoNDBCsitesintheBeringSearemain areas toaidincommercial shiptraffic andrecreational cally intheSeward, Valdez andCookInlet/Anchorage directional wavedataintheCoastalSubnet,specifi-

A National Operational Wave Observation Plan C-i

quirements including directional upgrades to existing upgrades including directional quirements appen- sites. This new wave observation NDBC assets, Appendix B. to supporting information dix provides Appendix C: Requirements Matrix Requirements C: Appendix the Regional input from includes the This appendix from May 2007 request to the in response Associations for Coastal Association Coordinators NDBC Regional Networks for specific wave re- Ocean Observation C-ii A National Operational Wave Observation Plan Association Regional System Observing Ocean Coastal Atlantic Southeast RequirementsTable byRegional ofWave Association Northeastern (NERACOOS) (MACOORA) (SECOORA) Mid-Atlantic Association Association Observing Observing of Coastal Regional Regional Coastal System System Ocean Ocean

Installed NDBCBuoys–NeedsDirectionalWaves Installed NDBCBuoys–NeedsDirectionalWaves New BuoyLocations Installed NDBCBuoys–NeedsDirectionalWaves New BuoyLocations aiueLniue Location Latitude Longitude aiueLniue Location Latitude Longitude M Location WMO # M Location WMO # M Location WMO # 8.7 7.7 DelawareBayEntrance -74.97 38 .77 41004 Edisto 41025 Diamond Shoals 44009 Delaware Bay 44013 Boston 44011 Georges 44027 Jonesport, Bank Maine 04 -25 OffMiddleLongIsland OffBarnegatInletNJ -72.50 -73.26 HudsonCanyon@Shelf 40.47 -72.13 39.62 SSEofBlockIsland EasternLongIslandSound 39.39 -71.42 -72.27 41.08 41.20 39.50 -72.50 Shelf Break 46 -58 Eof Cape Lookout -75.80 Eof Miami 34.62 35.59 -75.46 -79.88 Pea 34.34 -76.42 Lookout 35.91 -75.59 Jennette's 25.56 Island 36.21 -75.69 Shoals Duck 27.33 -82.64 Pier C15 20m 83 7.0 BtwnBalt.AndEl.Trunk -74.00 38.3 ManasquanInlet, NJ MontaukPoint,NY LongBranch,NJ ChesBayEntrance Lynnhaven Anchorage aeoy1 ordBos Category2:WaveProfilers Category 1:MooredBuoys Canyons Break Raritan Bay Staten Island,NY Long IslandSound East Central Jones Inlet Long Beach,NY Shinnacock Inlet Westhampton, NY Curve atCapeHenlopen Between 12and24fathom Curve nearDuck,NC Between 12and24fathom the riverentrance York RiverbetweentheElbow

A National Operational Wave Observation Plan C-iii WMO # Location SGOF1 Tyndall AFB SGOF1 Tyndall Around Reef Shallows Latitude Longitude Location New Stations

Waves Installed C-MAN Stations – Needs Directional

Category 1: Moored Buoys Category 1: 2: Wave Profilers Category Charlotte Amalie Amalie Charlotte Harbor Entrance San Juan Ponce Harbor Entrance 32.51 -78.16 E of Charleston, SC 17.50 19.00 -66.50 -66.50 PR Virtual Buoy #1 #2 PR Virtual Buoy 30.08 -85.73 Panama City Panama 30.08 -85.73 Pensacola 30.29 -87.28 27.40 26.00 27.50 -83.70 25.30 -83.00 No S. Florida Buoys -80.20 No S. Florida Buoys -80.20 No S. Florida Buoys No S. Florida Buoys 28.80 28.15 -93.60 -90.20 Gulf Gap Region Gulf Gap Region 24.63 -80.55 Florida Straits 29.00 26.83 Florida 24.63 -80.55 -76.00 Key 27.98 -79.50 26.99 E of New Smyrna Beach West 25.44 E of West Palm Beach Cedar -85.76 29.08 -83.08 Daytona -85.00 29.24 -80.97 West Florida Shelf 1 Key -84.55 24.52 -81.77 West Florida Shelf 2 Miami 25.77 -80.10 West Florida Shelf 3 Naples 26.14 -81.84 41043 Hurricane Buoy 41043 Hurricane 46054 Santa Barbara 46054 Santa 46025 Santa Monica Basin WMO # Location WMO # Location Latitude Longitude Location Latitude Longitude Location New Buoy Locations (continued) (continued) New Buoy Locations

New Buoy Locations

Installed NDBC Buoys – Needs Directional Waves Installed NDBC Buoys – Needs Directional Waves Installed NDBC Buoys – Needs Directional Waves New Buoy Locations

Ocean Ocean Gulf of (CaRA) Mexico System System Coastal Coastal Regional Regional Southern (GCOOS) California Caribbean Observing Observing (SCCOOS) SECOORA (continued) Association Association Association Table of Wave Requirements by Regional Association Association Wave of by Regional Table Requirements C-iv A National Operational Wave Observation Plan Table of Wave RequirementsTable byRegional ofWave Association of Networked Association Association (CeNCOOS) (NANOOS) Observing Observing Observing Northwest California Regional Systems (AOOS) System System Central Alaska Ocean Ocean Ocean

Installed NDBCBuoys–NeedsDirectionalWaves Installed NDBCBuoys–NeedsDirectionalWaves Installed NDBCBuoys–NeedsDirectionalWaves New BuoyLocations New BuoyLocations New BuoyLocations aiueLniue Location Latitude Longitude Location Latitude Longitude aiueLniue Location Latitude Longitude M Location WMO # M Location WMO # 46076 Cape WestOrcaBay 46061 Seal Cleare 46060 Rocks 46023 Pt. 46014 Pt. Arquello Arena 83 -2.4 JuandeFucaEddy 43.40 -124.43 Coos -126.24 44.62 -124.11 Yaquina 46.15 -124.82 Astoria Bay 48.31 InteriorSt.SanJuandeFuca Bay 48.74 -123.11 HecetaBank(Mid-Shelf) Boundary -124.03 Canyon 47.85 -122.44 Puget -124.80 45.37 -124.47 Washington Pass 48.30 Sound 44.20 Shelf 36.60 -125.70 36.17 -122.09 38.65 -123.71 39.85 -124.14 41.25 -124.43 M Location WMO # 54.16 -164.43 56.88 -135.70 Unimak 59.39 -140.06 Sitka 57.92 -152.00 Yakutat Pass 59.55 -149.87 Kodiak Resurrection Bay 55.95 -134.58 57.93 -136.71 Near 56.89 -170.36 Near 58.46 -158.43 St. Wrangell Bristol Juneau Paul Bay 46050 Stonewall Banks aeoy1 ordBos Category2:WaveProfilers Category 1:MooredBuoys

Installed C-MANStations–NeedsDirectionalWaves Installed C-MANStations–NeedsDirectionalWaves

DMNO3 Desdemona Sands M Location WMO # M Location WMO # RA DriftRiverTerminal,AK DRFA2 LA BlighReefLight,AK BLIA2 A National Operational Wave Observation Plan C-v

Kewaunee, WI Presque Isle, PA Guam, T.T, Pac NW Buoys Guam, T.T, Pac NW Buoys (16) Category 1: Moored Buoys Category 1: 2: Wave Profilers Category Sea Launch terminate sponsorship) to meet Sea Launch terminate sponsorship) southerly swell 24 requirements to detect hours before arrival

America Samoa Buoys (4) 46.82 -89.28 Ontonagon MI MI 47.29 47.97 Ontonagon 46.82 -89.28 -91.26 WI 47.25 -89.69 46.65 Bay MN Silver 45.90 Grand Portage MN Manitowauk -88.63 Betise 44.15 -87.57 -86.40 43.39 Keweenaw Upper Light MI -85.56 40.42 Grand Marais MN Port 44.63 -86.23 Lansing Shoal Light MI -87.88 41.51 -80.22 42.16 Port Washington WI 43.26 IL Chicago Upper Intake -81.72 44.13 -80.07 44.48 West Phead OH Cleveland -77.60 Pierhead PA Erie -76.33 Rochester Harbor NY -73.30 Cape Vincent NY Champlain, NY Lake 44.90 44.55 -87.13 42.36 -86.82 NE of Whitefish Point, WI 43.52 Between Frankfort, MI and -80.07 Btwn Long Point, ON and -78.71 North of Olcott, NY 45002 N. Michigan 45004 Marquette 45002 N. 51002 51001 winter swells from the west. Detect 51028 Directional Waves Maintain Christmas Island (should Boeing Maintain WMO # Location WMO # Location Latitude Longitude Location Latitude Longitude Location New Buoy Locations

New Buoy Locations Installed NDBC Buoys – Needs Directional Waves Installed NDBC Buoys – Needs Directional Waves Installed NDBC Buoys – Needs Directional Waves Buoys – Needs Directional Installed NDBC

Ocean Pacific Islands (GLOS) System System Regional Integrated (PacIOOS) Observing Observing Association Association Great Lakes Table of Wave Requirements by Regional Association Association Wave of by Regional Table Requirements C-vi A National Operational Wave Observation Plan A National Operational Wave Observation Plan D-i or not (1D). Wave instruments which are not included are which instruments Wave or not (1D). too shallow and because they are in the plan, either zone during storms, owned by would be in the surf of an adjacent Canada, a near duplicate Environment indicated by a useful location are or not in instrument, column. in the Subnet “omitted” being entered

Observation Locations Observation

This appendix includes detailed information for each information includes detailed This appendix site, orga- wave measurement existing and proposed four subnets. These and regions nized into the seven 1 and for Tables the supporting details tables provide location, identification number, 2 including: an NDBC gauge/buoy type, hull diameter and depth (if known), waves (2D) directional measures whether the sensor Appendix D: Table of Existing and New Wave Wave and New Existing of Table D: Appendix D-ii A National Operational Wave Observation Plan

Table of Existing and New Wave Observation Locations Latitude Longitude Wave Directional NDBC No. Local Station Number Owner Depth (m) Subnet Gauge Type Hull (m) Measurement Device (degrees) (degrees) Spectra Upgrade

Atlantic Coast

41024 SUN2 Sunset Nearshore Caro-COOPS 33.848 -78.489 10 Coastal ADCP Bottom Mount RDI ADCP 2D yes 41029 CAP 2 Capers Nearshore Caro-COOPS 32.810 -79.630 11 Coastal ADCP Bottom Mount RDI ADCP 2D yes 41033 FRP 2 Fripp Nearshore Caro-COOPS 32.280 -80.410 10 Coastal ADCP Bottom Mount RDI ADCP 2D yes 41035 Onslow Bay, NC NDBC 34.476 -77.279 10 Coastal Discus 3 Angular Rate Sensor 1D yes 41080 Atlantic, Near LKWF1 (TO BE DEPLOYED) NDBC 26.609 -79.992 Coastal Discus-F 1.8 MicroStrain 3DM-G 2D yes 41081 Florida Strait, Near FWYF1 (TO BE DEPLOYED) NDBC 25.581 -80.081 Coastal Discus-F 1.8 MicroStrain 3DM-G 2D yes 41112 132 Fernandina Beach, FL CDIP 30.719 -81.293 16 Coastal Waverider 0.9 Datawell Hippy 2D 41113 143 Cape Canaveral nearshore, FL CDIP 28.400 -80.533 10 Coastal Waverider 0.9 Datawell Hippy 2D 41114 134 Fort Pierce, FL CDIP 27.562 -80.220 16 Coastal Waverider 0.9 Datawell Hippy 2D 44007 Portland 12 NM SE Portland, ME NDBC 43.531 -70.144 22 Coastal Discus-F 2.4 MicroStrain 3DM-G 2D yes 44013 Boston 16NM E Boston, MA NDBC 42.354 -70.691 55 Coastal Discus 3 Schaevitz LSOC_30 inclinometer 1D yes 44029 A0102 GoMOOS 42.520 -70.570 65 Coastal Discus-F 2 Strapped-down Summit Accelerometer 1D yes 44030 B0102 GoMOOS 43.183 -70.418 62 Coastal Discus-F 2 Strapped-down Summit Accelerometer 1D yes 44031 CO201 GoMOOS 43.570 -70.060 46 Coastal Discus-F 2 Strapped-down Summit Accelerometer 1D yes 44032 E0104 GoMOOS 43.720 -69.360 100 Coastal Discus-F 2 Strapped-down Summit Accelerometer 1D yes 44033 F0103 GoMOOS 44.060 -69.000 110 Coastal Discus-F 2 Strapped-down Summit Accelerometer 1D yes 44034 I0103 GoMOOS 44.110 -68.110 100 Coastal Discus-F 2 Strapped-down Summit Accelerometer 1D yes 44035 J0201 GoMOOS 44.891 -67.017 35 Coastal Discus-F 2 Strapped-down Summit Accelerometer 1D yes 44039 Central Long Island Sound UConnDMS 41.138 -72.655 27 Coastal Discus-F 2.4 TRIAXYS 2D yes 44040 Western Long Island UConnDMS 40.956 -73.580 18 Coastal Discus-F 2 TRIAXYS 1D yes 44052 Goodwin Islands VECOS 37.217 -76.389 Coastal AWAC Bottom Mount Nortek AWAC to NOMAD surface buoy 2D 44053 Gloucester Pt, VA VIMS 37.248 -76.497 2 Coastal ADCP Bottom Mount RDI ADCP to surface buoy 2D yes 44054 Lower Delaware Bay DCMP 38.883 -75.183 8 Coastal TRIAXYS 1.1 TRIAXYS 2D yes 44055 Central Delaware Bay DCMP 39.122 -75.256 Coastal TRIAXYS 1.1 TRIAXYS 2D yes 44070 Buzzards Bay MA. Offshore NDBC 41.393 -71.004 33 Coastal Discus-F 1.8 MicroStrain 3DM-G 2D yes 44071 CHLV2 - Chesaopeake Light,VA (TO BE DEPLOYED) NDBC 36.910 -75.710 12 Coastal CMAN/Discus-F 1.8 MicroStrain 3DM-G 2D yes 69123 New 29.198 -80.851 Coastal 2D 69124 New 34.528 -76.433 Coastal 2D 69125 New 34.932 -76.077 Coastal 2D 69126 New 37.197 -75.846 Coastal 2D 69127 New 39.129 -74.598 Coastal 2D 69128 New 40.084 -73.993 Coastal 2D 69129 New 40.573 -73.083 Coastal 2D 69130 New 41.060 -71.856 Coastal 2D 69162 New 29.198 -80.851 Coastal 2D AVAN4 Avalon, NJ Stevens Inst 39.090 -74.731 5 Coastal Pressure Bottom Mount 1D yes DE002 Coast Del DE002 USACE 38.540 -75.040 10 Coastal Pressure Bottom Mount 2D FBPS1 Folly Beach Pier, SC U of SC 32.652 -79.938 4 Coastal ADCP Bottom Mount 2D yes FRFLA 111 FRF - Linear Array, Duck, NC USACE 36.187 -75.743 9 Coastal Pressure Bottom Mount 2D 44056 630 FRF Waverider, Duck, NC USACE 36.199 -75.721 17 Coastal Waverider 0.9 Datawell Hippy 2D MD002 Ocean City, MD MD002 USACE 38.340 -75.070 9 Coastal Pressure Bottom Mount 2D OCPN7 OCP1 CORMP 33.908 -78.148 6 Coastal ADCP Bottom Mount 2D yes 41004 EDISTO-41 NM SE Charleston, SC NDBC 32.501 -79.099 34 Inner-Shelf Discus 3 Schaevitz LSOC_30 inclinometer 1D yes 41008 Grays Reef 40NM SE Savannah, GA NDBC 31.402 -80.871 18 Inner-Shelf Discus 3 Angular Rate Sensor 2D yes 41009 Canaveral 20NM E Cape Canaveral, FL NDBC 28.501 -80.165 42 Inner-Shelf NOMAD 6 Schaevitz LSOC_30 inclinometer 1D yes 41012 ST Augustine, FL 40NM ENE St Augustine, FL NDBC 30.041 -80.533 37 Inner-Shelf Discus 3 Angular Rate Sensor 2D yes 41013 Frying Pan Shoals, NC NDBC 33.436 -77.743 24 Inner-Shelf Discus 3 Angular Rate Sensor 2D yes 41025 Diamond Shoals NDBC 35.006 -75.402 68 Inner-Shelf Discus 3 Schaevitz LSOC_30 inclinometer 1D yes 41036 Onslow Bay, NC NDBC 34.211 -76.953 31 Inner-Shelf Discus 3 Angular Rate Sensor 2D yes 44005 Gulf of Main 28NM Portsmouth, NH NDBC 43.169 -69.149 201 Inner-Shelf NOMAD 6 Schaevitz LSOC_30 inclinometer 1D yes 44009 Delaware Bay 26NM SE Cape May, NJ NDBC 38.464 -74.702 24 Inner-Shelf Discus 3 Schaevitz LSOC_30 inclinometer 1D yes 44017 23NM SW Montauk Point, NY NDBC 40.692 -72.048 45 Inner-Shelf Discus 3 Schaevitz LSOC_30 inclinometer 1D yes 44018 SE Cape Cod 30NM E Nantucket, MA NDBC 41.259 -69.294 74 Inner-Shelf Discus 3 Schaevitz LSOC_30 inclinometer 1D yes 44025 Long Island 33NM S Islip, NY NDBC 40.250 -73.166 36 Inner-Shelf Discus 3 Datawell Hippy 2D

A National Operational Wave Observation Plan D-iii

PG SNv oe ASO 135-0572-5OitdAC otmMutRIAC 2D ADCP RDI Mount Bottom ADCP Omitted 25-45 -80.567 31.375 SABSOON Tower Navy US SPAG1

mte rsueBto on 1D Mount Bottom Pressure Omitted 2 -75.749 36.183 USACE NC Duck, Gauge, Pressure 641-FRF FRFB2

RB 2-R alr16,Dc,N SC 614-5758 -75.745 36.184 USACE NC Duck, 1860, Baylor 625-FRF FRFB1 mte tf ag irMut1D Mount Pier Gauge Staff Omitted

LN mrs ih oe DC4.5 7.0 29 -73.800 40.450 NDBC Tower Light Ambrose ALSN6 mte MN0AA 2D AWAC 0 CMAN Omitted

45 aia abu n.Cnd 450-340180 -63.400 44.500 Canada Env. Harbour Halifax 44258 mte ics31D 3 Discus Omitted

45 EugoakEv aaa4.6 5.5 185 -57.353 47.269 Canada Env. NEBurgeoBank 44255 mte OA 1D 6 NOMAD Omitted

45 ikro akEv aaa4.5 5.8 69 -53.384 46.450 Canada Env. Bank Nickerson 44251 mte OA 1D 6 NOMAD Omitted

44 arninFnEv aaa4.0 5.0 4,527 -58.000 43.000 Canada Env. Fan Laurentian 44141 OitdNMD61D 6 NOMAD Omitted

44 alo h akEv aaa4.6 5.6 1,300 -51.467 42.868 Canada Env. Bank the of Tail 44140 OitdNMD61D 6 NOMAD Omitted

43 aqra ak n.Cnd 427-7041,500 -57.084 44.267 Canada Env. Bank Banqureau 44139 OitdNMD61D 6 NOMAD Omitted

43 WGadBnsEv aaa4.6 5.3 1,470 -58.633 44.267 Canada Env. Banks Grand SW 44138 OitdNMD61D 6 NOMAD Omitted

43 atSoi lp n.Cnd 228-200180 -62.000 42.268 Canada Env. Slope Scotia East 44137 mte OA 1D 6 NOMAD Omitted

13 A aesMdSefCr-OP 256-93830 -79.328 32.506 Caro-COOPS Shelf Mid Capers 3 CAP 41030 mte DPBto on D DP2D ADCP RDI Mount Bottom ADCP Omitted

12 U3Sne i-hl aoCOS3.0 7.3 30 -78.137 33.302 Caro-COOPS Mid-Shelf Sunset SUN3 41027 mte DPBto on D DP2D ADCP RDI Mount Bottom ADCP Omitted

71 e 858-324Outer-Shelf -73.284 38.588 New 67115 2D

71 e 968-165Outer-Shelf -71.655 39.688 New 67114 2D

70 e 464-077Outer-Shelf -80.757 24.614 New 67109 2D

70 e 537-507Outer-Shelf -75.017 35.367 New 67106 2D

70 e 418-621Outer-Shelf -76.221 34.118 New 67105 2D

70 e 238-866Outer-Shelf -78.646 32.378 New 67104 2D

70 e 156-973Outer-Shelf -79.783 31.536 New 67103 2D

70 e 971-007Outer-Shelf -80.027 29.711 New 67102 2D

70 e 770-994Outer-Shelf -79.904 27.740 New 67101 2D

41 ignaBah6N ignaBah ANB 661-48654 -74.836 36.611 NDBC VA Beach, Virginia E 64NM Beach Virginia 44014 ue-hl ics3Dtwl ip 2D Hippy Datawell 3 Discus Outer-Shelf

41 ere ak10MEHansM DC4.1 6.8 87 -66.580 41.111 NDBC MA Hyannis E 170NM Bank Georges 44011 ue-hl OA cavt SC3 nlnmtr1 yes 1D inclinometer LSOC_30 Schaevitz 6 NOMAD Outer-Shelf

40 atce 4MS atce,M DC4.0 6.3 59 -69.431 40.500 NDBC MA Nantucket, SE 54NM Nantucket 44008 ue-hl ics3AglrRt esr2 yes 2D Sensor Rate Angular 3 Discus Outer-Shelf

60 e 280-480Offshore -64.880 32.820 New 66104 2D

60 e 080-660Offshore -76.650 30.830 New 66103 2D

60 e 980-600Offshore -66.000 39.800 New 66102 2D

60 e 690-930Offshore -69.330 36.940 New 66101 2D

60 e 658-903Offshore -79.043 26.508 New 66100 2D

45 aaeBn n.Cnd 255-4081,300 -64.018 42.505 Canada Env. Bank LaHave 44150 Ofhr OA Dyes 1D 6 NOMAD Offshore

42 uyNNrhatCanlGMO 232-597225 -65.927 42.312 GoMOOS Channel N-Northeast Buoy 44024 fsoeDsu- tapddw umtAclrmtr1 yes 1D Accelerometer Summit Strapped-down 2 Discus-F Offshore

40 OE 0 MECp a,N DC3.8 7.3 3,182 -70.433 38.484 NDBC NJ May, Cape E NM 200 HOTEL 44004 Ofhr OA cavt SC3 nlnmtr1 yes 1D inclinometer LSOC_30 Schaevitz 6 NOMAD Offshore

14 E urcn uy(OB ELYD DC2.0 6.0 fsoeNMD6SheizLO_0icioee Dyes 1D inclinometer LSOC_30 Schaevitz 6 NOMAD Offshore -63.000 27.500 NDBC DEPLOYED) BE (TO Buoy Hurricane NEW 41049

14 emd DC3.7 6.4 5,261 -69.649 31.978 NDBC Bermuda W 41048 Ofhr ics1 nua aeSno Dyes 2D Sensor Rate Angular 12 Discus Offshore

14 EBhms DC2.6 7.9 5,231 -71.491 27.469 NDBC Bahamas NE 41047 Ofhr ics1 nua aeSno Dyes 2D Sensor Rate Angular 12 Discus Offshore

14 aaa DC2.9 0945,500 70.994 23.999 NDBC Bahamas E 41046 Ofhr OA cavt SC3 nlnmtr1 yes 1D inclinometer LSOC_30 Schaevitz 6 NOMAD Offshore

11 aaea 2N aeCnvrl LNB 893-849873 -78.479 28.953 NDBC FL Canaveral, Cape E 120NM E Canaveral 41010 fsoeNMD6SheizLO_0icioee Dyes 1D inclinometer LSOC_30 Schaevitz 6 NOMAD Offshore

10 atrs20N hretn CNB 239-5303,316 -75.360 32.319 NDBC SC Charleston, E NM 250 Hatteras S 41002 Ofhr OA cavt SC3 nlnmtr1 yes 1D inclinometer LSOC_30 Schaevitz 6 NOMAD Offshore

10 5 MEs fCp atrs CNB 479-2684,426 -72.678 34.729 NDBC NC Hatteras, Cape of East NM 150 41001 Ofhr OA cavt SC3 nlnmtr1 yes 1D inclinometer LSOC_30 Schaevitz 6 NOMAD Offshore

81 e 870-450Inner-Shelf -74.500 38.700 New 68114 2D

80 e 587-535Inner-Shelf -75.385 35.877 New 68104 2D

80 e 730-523Inner-Shelf -75.263 37.340 New 68103 2D

80 e 953-366Inner-Shelf -73.626 39.503 New 68102 2D

80 e 054-082Inner-Shelf -70.862 40.594 New 68101 2D

80 e 223-962Inner-Shelf -69.622 42.203 New 68100 2D

43 00 oOS4.3 6.5 98 -66.550 43.633 GoMOOS L0102 44038 ne-hl icsF2Srpe-onSmi ceeoee Dyes 1D Accelerometer Summit Strapped-down 2 Discus-F Inner-Shelf

43 00 oOS4.8 6.8 285 -67.883 43.484 GoMOOS M0102 44037 ne-hl icsF2Srpe-onSmi ceeoee Dyes 1D Accelerometer Summit Strapped-down 2 Discus-F Inner-Shelf

42 oepr,M DC4.7 6.1 189 -67.314 44.273 NDBC ME Jonesport, 44027 ne-hl ics3SheizLO_0icioee Dyes 1D inclinometer LSOC_30 Schaevitz 3 Discus Inner-Shelf

Atlantic Coast (continued) Coast Atlantic

Spectra Upgrade (degrees) (degrees)

Depth (m) Subnet Gauge Type Hull (m) Measurement Device Measurement (m) Hull Type Gauge Subnet (m) Depth DCN.LclSainNme Owner Number Station Local No. NDBC

Wave Directional Latitude Longitude Table of Existing and New Wave Observation Locations Observation Wave New and Existing of Table D-iv A National Operational Wave Observation Plan

Table of Existing and New Wave Observation Locations Latitude Longitude Wave Directional NDBC No. Local Station Number Owner Depth (m) Subnet Gauge Type Hull (m) Measurement Device (degrees) (degrees) Spectra Upgrade

Gulf of Mexico 42007 Biloxi 22NM SSE Biloxi MX NDBC 30.090 -88.769 15 Coastal Discus 3 Magenotometer Only 2D yes 42035 Balveston 22NM E Galveston TX NDBC 29.232 -94.413 14 Coastal Discus 3 Magenotometer Only 2D yes 42080 Florida Strait, Near SANF1 NDBC 24.388 -81.947 Coastal Discus-F 1.8 MicroStrain 3DM-G 2D yes 42082 NEW Near GDIL1 (TO BE DEPLOYED) NDBC 29.197 -89.964 Coastal Discus-F 1.8 MicroStrain 3DM-G 2D yes 42083 NEW BURL1 (TO BE DEPLOYED) NDBC 28.892 -89.297 Coastal Discus-F 1.8 MicroStrain 3DM-G 2D yes 69148 New 26.228 -82.176 Coastal 2D 69149 New 28.253 -82.920 Coastal 2D 69150 New 28.924 -83.295 Coastal 2D 69151 New 29.704 -83.876 Coastal 2D 69152 New 29.962 -85.780 Coastal 2D 69153 New 30.055 -87.958 Coastal 2D 69154 New 29.370 -92.764 Coastal 2D 69155 New 28.893 -95.065 Coastal 2D 69157 New 27.730 -96.875 Coastal 2D 69158 New 27.100 -97.238 Coastal 2D 69159 New 29.592 -93.807 Coastal 2D 69166 New 28.500 -96.167 Coastal 2D 69167 New 30.167 -87.000 Coastal 2D ILDL1 CSI-05 CSI-LSU 29.053 -90.533 7 Coastal ADCP Bottom Mount 2D yes MRSL1 CSI-03 CSI-LSU 29.440 -92.061 6 Coastal ADCP Bottom Mount 2D yes SIPM6 CSI-13 CSI-LSU 30.266 -89.008 7 Coastal ADCP Bottom Mount 2D yes SLPL1 CSI-14 CSI-LSU 29.517 -91.550 3 Coastal ADCP Bottom Mount 2D yes SPLL1 CSI-06 CSI-LSU 28.867 -90.483 21 Coastal ADCP Bottom Mount 2D yes 42036 West Tampa 106NM WNW Tampa FL NDBC 28.500 -84.517 55 Inner-Shelf Discus 3 Angular Rate Sensor 2D yes 68107 New 27.793 -96.392 Inner-Shelf 2D 68108 New 28.943 -93.531 Inner-Shelf 2D 68109 New 28.572 -91.615 Inner-Shelf 2D 68110 New 29.490 -86.236 Inner-Shelf 2D 68164 New 26.250 -83.700 Inner-Shelf 2D 42001 Middle GoM 180NM S Southwest Pass LA NDBC 25.900 -89.667 3,274 Offshore Discus 12 HIPPY / Angular Rate Sensor 2D 42002 West GoM 240NM SSE Sabine TX NDBC 25.167 -94.417 3,200 Offshore Discus 10 Datawell Hippy / MO 2D 42003 E GoM 262NM S Panama City FL NDBC 26.033 -85.892 3,233 Offshore Discus 10 Angular Rate Sensor 2D yes 42055 Bay of Campeche NDBC 22.017 -94.046 3,381 Offshore Discus 12 Angular Rate Sensor 2D yes 42056 Yucatan Basin NDBC 19.874 -85.059 4,446 Offshore Discus 12 Angular Rate Sensor 2D yes 66123 New 23.419 -87.062 Offshore 2D 42019 Freeport TX 60NM S Freeport TX NDBC 27.913 -95.360 84 Outer-Shelf Discus 3 Magenotometer Only 2D yes 42020 Corpus Chirsti TX 50NM SE Corpus Christi TX NDBC 26.944 -96.696 88 Outer-Shelf Discus 3 Magenotometer Only 2D yes 42039 Pensacola 115 ESE Pensacola FL NDBC 28.794 -86.021 291 Outer-Shelf Discus 3 Angular Rate Sensor 2D yes 42040 Mobile South 64NM S Dauphine Island AL NDBC 29.185 -88.214 274 Outer-Shelf Discus 3 Magenotometer Only 2D yes 42099 144 ST. Petersburg, offshore, FL CDIP 27.340 -84.275 94 Outer-Shelf Waverider 0.9 Datawell Hippy 2D yes 67107 New 24.914 -83.690 Outer-Shelf 2D 67110 New 27.913 -92.655 Outer-Shelf 2D 67111 New 28.150 -90.200 Outer-Shelf 2D 67121 New 26.295 -96.225 Outer-Shelf 2D

A National Operational Wave Observation Plan D-v

ue-hl ics3SheizLO_0icioee Dyes 1D inclinometer LSOC_30 Schaevitz 3 Discus Outer-Shelf 118 -124.503 44.627 NDBC OR Newport W 20NM Banks Stonewall 46050

OtrSefDsu aaelHpy2D Hippy Datawell 3 Discus Outer-Shelf 2,115 -122.423 36.753 NDBC CA Bay Monterey W 27NM Monterey 46042

ue-hl ics3Dtwl ip 2D Hippy Datawell 3 Discus Outer-Shelf 115 -124.714 47.341 NDBC WA Aberdeen NW 450NM Elizabeth Cape 46041

ue-hl ics3Dtwl ip 2D Hippy Datawell 3 Discus Outer-Shelf 135 -124.512 46.144 NDBC WA Aberdeen SSW 78NM Bar River Columbia 46029

62 aeSnMri 5MWWMroByC DC3.3 11891,112 -121.889 35.737 NDBC CA Bay Morro WNW 55NM Martin San Cape 46028 OtrSefDsu nua aeSno Dyes 2D Sensor Rate Angular 3 Discus Outer-Shelf

62 tGogs8MWWCeetCt ANB 180-2.8 48 -124.381 41.850 NDBC CA City Cresent WNW 8NM Georges St 46027 ue-hl ics3AglrRt esr2 yes 2D Sensor Rate Angular 3 Discus Outer-Shelf

62 a rnic 8MWSnFacsoC DC3.5 128355 -122.833 37.759 NDBC CA Francisco San W 18NM Francisco San 46026 ue-hl ics3AglrRt esr2 yes 2D Sensor Rate Angular 3 Discus Outer-Shelf

62 tAgel 7MWWPitAgel ANB 473-2.5 393 -120.957 34.703 NDBC CA Arguello Point WNW 17NM Arguello Pt 46023 ue-hl ics1 cavt SC3 nlnmtr1 yes 1D inclinometer LSOC_30 Schaevitz 10 Discus Outer-Shelf

62 e ie 7MWWErk ANB 071-2.4 509 -124.542 40.781 NDBC CA Eureka WSW 17NM river Eel 46022 ue-hl ics3SheizLO_0icioee Dyes 1D inclinometer LSOC_30 Schaevitz 3 Discus Outer-Shelf

61 otOfr 6MWPitOfr RNB 277-2.4 424 -124.847 42.747 NDBC OR Orford Point W 16NM Orford Port 46015 ue-hl ics3SheizLO_0icioee Dyes 1D inclinometer LSOC_30 Schaevitz 3 Discus Outer-Shelf

61 tAea1N on rn ANB 916-2.6 284 -123.969 39.196 NDBC CA Arena Point N 19NM Arena Pt 46014 ue-hl ics3SheizLO_0icioee Dyes 1D inclinometer LSOC_30 Schaevitz 3 Discus Outer-Shelf

61 oeaBy4N N a rnic ANB 825-2.1 127 -123.317 38.225 NDBC CA Francisco San NNW 48NM Bay Bodega 46013 ue-hl ics3SheizLO_0icioee Dyes 1D inclinometer LSOC_30 Schaevitz 3 Discus Outer-Shelf

61 afMo a 4MSWSnFacsoC DC3.5 1281213 -122.881 37.357 NDBC CA Francisco San SSW 24NM Bay Moon Half 46012 ue-hl ics3SheizLO_0icioee Dyes 1D inclinometer LSOC_30 Schaevitz 3 Discus Outer-Shelf

61 at ai 1N WPitAgel ANB 480-2.6 188 -120.869 34.880 NDBC CA Arguello Point NW NM 21 Maria Santa 46011 ue-hl ics3AglrRt esr2 yes 2D Sensor Rate Angular 3 Discus Outer-Shelf

60 e eoSaeOfhr 510-2.8 Offshore -122.480 35.120 Offshore Meso-Scale New 66505 2D

60 e eoSaeOfhr 750-2.2 Offshore -124.120 37.510 Offshore Meso-Scale New 66504 2D

60 e eoSaeOfhr 150-2.5 Offshore -125.150 41.540 Offshore Meso-Scale New 66503 2D

60 e eoSaeOfhr 480-2.0 Offshore -126.500 44.830 Offshore Meso-Scale New 66502 2D

60 e eoSaeOfhr 800-2.0 Offshore -126.500 48.000 Offshore Meso-Scale New 66501 2D

62 e 330-2.9 Offshore -123.090 33.330 New 66122 2D

61 7 a ioa sad ACI 321-1.8 335 -119.882 33.221 CDIP CA Island, Nicolas San 67 46219 fsoeWvrdr09Dtwl ip 2D Hippy Datawell 0.9 Waverider Offshore

68 ilmo RNB 581-2.6 2,230 -125.766 45.881 NDBC OR Tillamook 46089 Ofhr ics3AglrRt esr2 yes 2D Sensor Rate Angular 3 Discus Offshore

68 a lmt ai DC3.9 17991,856 -117.999 32.498 NDBC Basin Clemete San 46086 Ofhr ics3Dtwl ip 2D Hippy Datawell 3 Discus Offshore

66 ot at oaIln ANB 360-2.0 1,005 -120.200 33.650 NDBC CA Island Rosa Santa South 46069 Ofhr ics3Dtwl ip 2D Hippy Datawell 3 Discus Offshore

65 aiona37MWSnFacsoC DC3.3 10004,717 -130.000 38.033 NDBC CA Francisco San W 357NM California 46059 Ofhr OA cavt SC3 nlnmtr1 yes 1D inclinometer LSOC_30 Schaevitz 6 NOMAD Offshore

64 anrBns11MWSnDeoC DC3.3 19531,394 -119.533 32.433 NDBC CA Diego San W 121NM Banks Tanner 46047 Ofhr ics3SheizLO_0icioee Dyes 2D inclinometer LSOC_30 Schaevitz 3 Discus Offshore

63 otNmdEv aaa4.5 14173,500 -134.117 48.353 Canada Env. SouthNomad 46036 Ofhr OA Dyes 1D 6 NOMAD Offshore

62 at oiaBsn3N S,C DC3.4 1906860 -119.076 33.746 NDBC CA WSW, 33NM Basin Monica Santa 46025 fsoeDsu cavt SC3 nlnmtr1 yes 1D inclinometer LSOC_30 Schaevitz 3 Discus Offshore

60 EPP 0N ueaC DC4.0 17494,023 -137.479 40.800 NDBC CA Eureka W 600NM PAPA SE 46006 Ofhr OA cavt SC3 nlnmtr1 yes 1D inclinometer LSOC_30 Schaevitz 6 NOMAD Offshore

60 ahntn35MWAede ANB 608-3.6 2,780 -130.968 46.008 NDBC WA Aberdeen W 315NM Washington 46005 Ofhr OA cavt SC3 nlnmtr1 yes 1D inclinometer LSOC_30 Schaevitz 6 NOMAD Offshore

60 rgn25MWCo a RNB 259-3.7 3,374 -130.272 42.599 NDBC OR Bay Coos W 275NM Oregon 46002 Ofhr OA cavt SC3 nlnmtr1 yes 1D inclinometer LSOC_30 Schaevitz 6 NOMAD Offshore

68 e ugns-Hi akW NB 833-2.6 106 -123.166 48.333 NDBC WA Bank Hein Dungeness- New 46088 ne-hl ics3AglrRt esr2 yes 2D Sensor Rate Angular 3 Discus Inner-Shelf

68 ehByW DC4.9 1477261 -124.727 48.494 NDBC WA Bay Neah 46087 ne-hl ics3AglrRt esr2 yes 2D Sensor Rate Angular 3 Discus Inner-Shelf

JC 3 cip ir aJla ACI 287-1.5 6 -117.257 32.867 CDIP CA Jolla, La Pier, Scripps 73 LJPC1 osa rsuePe on rsue1D Pressure mount Pier Pressure Coastal

92 e 177-2.0 Coastal -124.307 41.797 New 69122 2D

92 e 602-2.0 Coastal -121.807 36.052 New 69121 2D

92 e 287-2.6 Coastal -124.569 42.867 New 69120 2D

91 e 463-2.1 Coastal -124.114 44.623 New 69119 2D

91 e 619-2.4 Coastal -124.041 46.139 New 69118 2D

91 e 645-2.1 Coastal -124.115 46.495 New 69117 2D

91 e 791-2.6 Coastal -124.667 47.901 New 69116 2D

63 4 SnFacsobr ACI 771-2.9 15 -122.599 37.781 CDIP CA bar, Francisco San 142 46237 osa aeie . aaelHpy2D Hippy Datawell 0.9 Waverider Coastal

63 5 Mnee ayn ue,C DP3.6 1197168 -121.947 36.761 CDIP CA outer, Canyon, Monterey 156 46236 osa aeie . aaelHpy2D Hippy Datawell 0.9 Waverider Coastal

63 5 Ipra ec,nasoe ACI 250-1.6 18 -117.167 32.570 CDIP CA nearshore, Beach, Imperial 155 46235 osa aeie . aaelHpy2D Hippy Datawell 0.9 Waverider Coastal

63 4 Pr unm erhr,C DP3.0 191721 -119.167 34.100 CDIP CA nearshore, Hueneme Port 141 46234 osa aeie . aaelHpy2D Hippy Datawell 0.9 Waverider Coastal

63 3 Crnd sad,Mxc DP3.2 1733180 -117.323 32.426 CDIP Mexico Islands, Coronado 133 46232 osa aeie . aaelHpy2D Hippy Datawell 0.9 Waverider Coastal

62 0 Tre ie,otr ACI 290-1.9 549 -117.392 32.930 CDIP CA outer, Pines, Torrey 100 46225 osa aeie . aaelHpy2D Hippy Datawell 0.9 Waverider Coastal

62 5 casd fsoe ACI 319-1.7 223 -117.471 33.179 CDIP CA offshore, Oceanside 45 46224 osa aeie . aaelHpy2D Hippy Datawell 0.9 Waverider Coastal

62 6 aaPit ACI 349-1.6 370 -117.768 33.459 CDIP CA Point, Dana 96 46223 osa aeie . aaelHpy2D Hippy Datawell 0.9 Waverider Coastal

61 0 Glt on,C DP3.3 1983183 -119.803 34.333 CDIP CA Point, Goleta 107 46216 osa aeie . aaelHpy2D Hippy Datawell 0.9 Waverider Coastal

61 6 iboCno,C DP3.0 108923 -120.859 35.204 CDIP CA Canyon, Diablo 76 46215 osa aeie . aaelHpy2D Hippy Datawell 0.9 Waverider Coastal

61 2 HmotBy ot pt ACI 073-2.1 40 -124.313 40.753 CDIP CA Spit, South Bay, Humbolt 128 46212 osa aeie . aaelHpy2D Hippy Datawell 0.9 Waverider Coastal

61 6 ry abr ACI 680-2.4 40 -124.245 46.860 CDIP WA Harbor, Grays 36 46211 osa aeie . aaelHpy2D Hippy Datawell 0.9 Waverider Coastal

Pacific Coast Pacific

Upgrade Spectra (degrees) (degrees)

Depth (m) Subnet Gauge Type Hull (m) Measurement Device Measurement (m) Hull Type Gauge Subnet (m) Depth DCN.LclSainNme Owner Number Station Local No. NDBC

Directional Wave Longitude Latitude Table of Existing and New Wave Observation Locations Observation Wave New and Existing of Table D-vi A National Operational Wave Observation Plan

Table of Existing and New Wave Observation Locations Latitude Longitude Wave Directional NDBC No. Local Station Number Owner Depth (m) Subnet Gauge Type Hull (m) Measurement Device (degrees) (degrees) Spectra Upgrade

Pacific Coast (continued) 46054 Santa Barbara West 38NM W, CA NDBC 34.267 -120.438 447 Outer-Shelf Discus 10 Schaevitz LSOC_30 inclinometer 1D yes 46063 Pt Conception CA 50NM W Santa Barbara CA NDBC 34.273 -120.699 632 Outer-Shelf Discus 3 Angular Rate Sensor 2D yes 46213 94 Cape Mendocino, CA CDIP 40.293 -124.739 319 Outer-Shelf Waverider 0.9 Datawell Hippy 2D 46214 29 Point Reyes, CA CDIP 37.946 -123.470 550 Outer-Shelf Waverider 0.9 Datawell Hippy 2D 46217 111 Anacapa Passage, CA CDIP 34.170 -119.436 105 Outer-Shelf Waverider 0.9 Datawell Hippy 2D 46218 71 Harvest, CA CDIP 34.454 -120.782 549 Outer-Shelf Waverider 0.9 Datawell Hippy 2D 46221 28 Santa Monica Bay, CA CDIP 33.855 -118.633 363 Outer-Shelf Waverider 0.9 Datawell Hippy 2D 46222 92 San Pedro, CA CDIP 33.618 -118.317 457 Outer-Shelf Waverider 0.9 Datawell Hippy 2D 46229 139 Umpqua offshore, OR CDIP 43.770 -124.549 187 Outer-Shelf Waverider 0.9 Datawell Hippy 2D 46231 93 Mission Bay offshore, CA CDIP 32.747 -117.369 200 Outer-Shelf Waverider 0.9 Datawell Hippy 2D 67120 New 48.427 -125.755 Outer-Shelf 2D 46134 PatBay Env. Canada 48.667 -123.467 68 Omitted Discus 3 1D 46206 LaPerouseBank Env. Canada 48.834 -126.000 73 Omitted Discus 3 1D Alaskan Coast 46060 West Orca Bay 36NM SSW Valdez AK NDBC 60.588 -146.833 457 Coastal Discus 3 Schaevitz LSOC_30 inclinometer 1D yes 46077 Shelikof Strait, AK NDBC 57.920 -154.254 213 Coastal NOMAD 6 Schaevitz LSOC_30 inclinometer 1D yes 46081 Western Prince William Sound, AK NDBC 60.796 -148.281 396 Coastal Discus 3 Schaevitz LSOC_30 inclinometer 1D yes 46105 Cook Inlet AK NDBC 59.050 -152.230 Coastal Discus-F 1.8 MicroStrain 3DM-G 2D yes 46106 Cook Inlet AK NDBC 59.800 -152.300 Coastal Discus-F 1.8 MicroStrain 3DM-G 2D yes 46107 Montague Strait NDBC 60.840 -146.919 Coastal Discus-F 1.8 MicroStrain 3DM-G 2D yes 46061 Seal Rocks 55NM S Valdez AK NDBC 60.233 -146.834 219 Inner-Shelf NOMAD 6 Schaevitz LSOC_30 inclinometer 1D yes 46001 Gulf of Alaska 88NM S Kodiak, AK NDBC 56.296 -148.172 4,206 Offshore NOMAD 6 Schaevitz LSOC_30 inclinometer 1D yes 46004 Middle Nomad Env. Canada 50.933 -136.100 3,600 Offshore NOMAD 6 1D yes 46066 S Aleutians 380NM SW Kodiak, AK NDBC 52.696 -154.984 5,000 Offshore NOMAD 6 Schaevitz LSOC_30 inclinometer 1D yes 46070 SW Bering Sea, AK NDBC 55.003 175.284 3,804 Offshore NOMAD 6 Schaevitz LSOC_30 inclinometer 1D yes 46071 Western Aleutians, AK NDBC 51.157 179.050 1,269 Offshore NOMAD 6 Schaevitz LSOC_30 inclinometer 1D yes 46072 Central Aleutians 230NM Southwest of Dutch Harbor NDBC 51.625 172.167 3,641 Offshore NOMAD 6 Schaevitz LSOC_30 inclinometer 1D yes 46085 Central Gulf of Alaska Buoy, AK NDBC 55.855 -142.559 3,722 Offshore NOMAD 6 Schaevitz LSOC_30 inclinometer 1D yes 46035 Bering Sea 310NM N Adak, AK NDBC 57.051 -177.576 3,717 Outer-Shelf Discus 12 Schaevitz LSOC_30 inclinometer 1D yes 46073 Southeast Bering Sea NDBC 54.942 -172.029 4,184 Outer-Shelf Discus 12 Schaevitz LSOC_30 inclinometer 1D yes 46075 Shumagin Islands, AK NDBC 53.926 -160.806 2,345 Outer-Shelf NOMAD 6 Schaevitz LSOC_30 inclinometer 1D yes 46076 Cape Cleare AK NDBC 59.499 -148.000 201 Outer-Shelf NOMAD 6 Schaevitz LSOC_30 inclinometer 1D yes 46078 Albatross Banks, AK NDBC 56.054 -152.451 4,206 Outer-Shelf NOMAD 6 Schaevitz LSOC_30 inclinometer 1D yes 46080 Northwest Gulf 57NM E Kodiak AK NDBC 58.013 -150.092 274 Outer-Shelf NOMAD 6 Schaevitz LSOC_30 inclinometer 1D yes 46082 Sape Suckling 84NM SE Cordova, AK NDBC 59.685 -143.421 317 Outer-Shelf NOMAD 6 Schaevitz LSOC_30 inclinometer 1D yes 46083 Fairweather Grounds 92NM SE Yakutat, AK NDBC 58.249 -137.993 137 Outer-Shelf NOMAD 6 Schaevitz LSOC_30 inclinometer 1D yes 46084 Cape Edgecumbe, AK NDBC 56.593 -136.162 1,280 Outer-Shelf NOMAD 6 Schaevitz LSOC_30 inclinometer 1D yes 46147 South Moresby Env. Canada 51.833 -131.233 2,000 Outer-Shelf Discus 3 1D yes 46205 West Dixon Entrance Env. Canada 54.167 -134.269 2,675 Outer-Shelf Discus 3 1D yes 46208 West Moresby Env. Canada 52.517 -132.668 2,950 Outer-Shelf Discus 3 1D yes 67122 New 55.633 -135.099 Outer-Shelf 2D 67123 New 54.500 -166.500 Outer-Shelf 2D 67124 New 70.878 -165.244 Outer-Shelf 2D 68111 New 57.072 -161.609 Inner-Shelf 2D 68112 New 63.937 -164.534 Inner-Shelf 2D 68113 New 61.857 -167.158 Inner-Shelf 2D 68118 New 56.886 -170.356 Inner-Shelf 2D 68119 New 65.806 -168.726 Inner-Shelf 2D 69172 New 57.917 -152.001 Coastal 2D 69173 New 59.389 -140.062 Coastal 2D 69174 New 58.463 -158.433 Coastal 2D 69175 New 57.926 -136.707 Coastal 2D 69176 New 66.346 -166.410 Coastal 2D

A National Operational Wave Observation Plan D-vii

97 e 758-785Coastal -87.885 47.568 New 69171 2D

97 e 478-620Coastal -86.210 44.798 New 69170 2D

96 e 246-646Coastal -86.406 42.406 New 69169 2D

96 e 318-249Coastal -82.459 43.128 New 69168 2D

94 e 335-757Coastal -77.537 43.325 New 69146 2D

94 e 284-896Coastal -78.916 42.854 New 69145 2D

94 e 213-017Coastal -80.127 42.153 New 69144 2D

94 e 141-276Coastal -82.706 41.491 New 69143 2D

94 e 154-174Coastal -81.754 41.594 New 69142 2D

94 e 182-313Coastal -83.113 41.852 New 69141 2D

94 e 389-369Coastal -83.669 43.819 New 69140 2D

93 e 427-317Coastal -83.117 44.207 New 69139 2D

93 e 506-545Coastal -85.495 45.096 New 69138 2D

93 e 320-655Coastal -86.505 43.250 New 69137 2D

93 e 202-749Coastal -87.409 42.042 New 69136 2D

93 e 306-763Coastal -87.633 43.026 New 69135 2D

93 e 400-754Coastal -87.514 44.040 New 69134 2D

93 e 526-723Coastal -87.283 45.256 New 69133 2D

93 e 686-506Coastal -85.066 46.856 New 69132 2D

93 e 682-158Coastal -91.598 46.852 New 69131 2D

Great Lakes Great

20 2 Ia,Ga DP1.5 4.8 200 144.788 13.354 CDIP Guam Ipan, 121 52200 ue-hl aeie . aaelHpy2 yes 2D Hippy Datawell 0.9 Waverider Outer-Shelf

62 e 400-5.0 (1) -156.000 24.000 New 66121 Offshore 2D

12 hita sadDANB .2 0.8 4,572 206.087 0.020 NDBC DWA Island Christmas 51028 Ofhr ics3Dtwl ip 2D Hippy Datawell 3 Discus Offshore

10 EHwi 8N EHl,H DC1.2 12414,901 -152.481 17.523 NDBC HI Hilo, SE 185NM Hawaii SE 51004 Ofhr OA cavt SC3 nlnmtr1 yes 1D inclinometer LSOC_30 Schaevitz 6 NOMAD Offshore

10 aai25MS oouu INB 921-6.2 4,920 -160.821 19.221 NDBC HI Honolulu, SW 205NM Hawaii W 51003 Ofhr OA cavt SC3 nlnmtr1 yes 1D inclinometer LSOC_30 Schaevitz 6 NOMAD Offshore

10 WHwi 1N S io INB 711-5.8 5,002 -157.781 17.191 NDBC HI Hilo, SSE 215NM Hawaii SW 51002 Ofhr OA cavt SC3 nlnmtr1 yes 1D inclinometer LSOC_30 Schaevitz 6 NOMAD Offshore

10 WHwi 7N N aa,H DC2.3 12283,252 -162.208 23.432 NDBC HI Kauai, WNW 170NM Hawaii NW 51001 Ofhr ics3Dtwl ip 2D Hippy Datawell 3 Discus Offshore

NR ioNl bevtr,Oh,H aIO 129-5.6 10 -157.865 21.289 PacIOOS HI Oahu, Observatory, Nalu Kilo KNORO osa DPBto on D DP2 yes 2D ADCP RDI Mount Bottom ADCP Coastal

97 e otenMraaIlns1.3 4.8 Coastal 145.483 17.133 Islands Mariana Northern - New 69176 2D

97 e eeae ttso irnsa7901097Coastal 150.967 7.950 Micronesia of States Federated - New 69175 2D

97 e aa 7171510Coastal 135.150 7.117 Palau - New 69174 2D

97 e um1.1 4.3 Coastal 144.737 13.617 Guam - New 69173 2D

97 e mrcnSma 1.0 1206Coastal -172.036 -12.500 Samoa American - New 69172 2D

10 4 Kuaaa,Lni ICI 078-5.1 201 -157.010 20.788 CDIP HI Lanai, Kaumalapau, 146 51203 osa aeie . aaelHpy2D Hippy Datawell 0.9 Waverider Coastal

10 8 oauPit ICI 145-5.7 100 -157.678 21.415 CDIP HI Point, Mokapu 98 51202 osa aeie . aaelHpy2D Hippy Datawell 0.9 Waverider Coastal

10 0 Wie a,H DP2.7 1816200 -158.116 21.673 CDIP HI Bay, Waimea 106 51201 osa aeie . aaelHpy2D Hippy Datawell 0.9 Waverider Coastal

Hawaii & Pacific Islands Pacific & Hawaii

60 atDlwo n.Cnd 083-2.3 2,125 -129.933 50.883 Canada Env. Dellwood East 46207 OitdDsu Dyes 1D 3 Discus Omitted

60 etSaOtrEv aaa5.8 1870224 -128.750 51.383 Canada Env. Otter Sea West 46204 mte ics31 yes 1D 3 Discus Omitted

68 otHctS n.Cnd 247-2.0 230 -129.800 52.417 Canada Env. SouthHecateSt 46185 mte ics31 yes 1D 3 Discus Omitted

68 ot et tatEv aaa5.0 111062 -131.100 53.600 Canada Env. Strait Hecta North 46183 mte ics31 yes 1D 3 Discus Omitted

68 aawSolEv aaa5.3 188921 -128.819 53.833 Canada Env. NanakwaShoal 46181 mte ics31 yes 1D 3 Discus Omitted

64 aiu akEv aaa4.3 137740 -123.717 49.334 Canada Env. Bank Halibut 46146 mte ics31 yes 1D 3 Discus Omitted

64 etioEtEv aaa5.6 1240257 -132.450 54.367 Canada Env. CentDixonEnt 46145 mte ics31 yes 1D 3 Discus Omitted

63 otBok n.Cnd 974-2.1 2,040 -127.918 49.734 Canada Env. SouthBrooks 46132 OitdDsu Dyes 1D 3 Discus Omitted

63 etySolEv aaa4.1 150018 -125.000 49.917 Canada Env. Shoal Sentry 46131 mte OA Dyes 1D 6 NOMAD Omitted

68 ot oa n.Cnd 397-3.5 3,600 -138.850 53.917 Canada Env. Nomad North 46184 Ofhr OA Dyes 1D 6 NOMAD Offshore

98 e 697-6.3 Coastal -162.837 66.907 New 69180 2D

97 e 400-6.5 Coastal -161.750 64.000 New 69179 2D

97 e 750-6.0 Coastal -165.000 67.500 New 69178 2D

97 e 131-5.0 Coastal -157.002 71.321 New 69177 2D

Alaskan Coast (continued) Coast Alaskan

Upgrade Spectra (degrees) (degrees)

Depth (m) Subnet Gauge Type Hull (m) Measurement Device Measurement (m) Hull Type Gauge Subnet (m) Depth DCN.LclSainNme Owner Number Station Local No. NDBC

Directional Wave Longitude Latitude Table of Existing and New Wave Observation Locations Observation Wave New and Existing of Table D-viii A National Operational Wave Observation Plan

Table of Existing and New Wave Observation Locations Latitude Longitude Wave Directional NDBC No. Local Station Number Owner Depth (m) Subnet Gauge Type Hull (m) Measurement Device (degrees) (degrees) Spectra Upgrade

Great Lakes (continued) 45001 Mid Superior 60NM NNE Hancock MI NDBC 48.064 -87.777 262 Inner-Shelf Discus 3 Magenotometer Only 2D yes 45002 N Michigan N Manitou Washington Islands NDBC 45.329 -86.417 181 Inner-Shelf Discus 3 Schaevitz LSOC_30 inclinometer 1D yes 45003 N Hurion 37NM NE Alpena MI NDBC 45.350 -82.838 146 Inner-Shelf Discus 3 Magenotometer Only 2D yes 45004 78NM EW Marquette MI NDBC 47.572 -86.550 212 Inner-Shelf Discus 3 Schaevitz LSOC_30 inclinometer 1D yes 45005 W Erie 28NM NW Cleveland, OH NDBC 41.677 -82.398 13 Inner-Shelf Discus 3 Magenotometer Only 2D yes 45006 W Superior 48NM N Ironwood MI NDBC 47.348 -89.825 178 Inner-Shelf Discus 3 Schaevitz LSOC_30 inclinometer 1D yes 45007 S Michigan 43NM SE Milwaukee, WI NDBC 42.676 -87.025 165 Inner-Shelf Discus 3 Magenotometer Only 2D yes 45008 S Huron 43NM E Oscoda MI NDBC 44.289 -82.415 58 Inner-Shelf Discus 3 Angular Rate Sensor 2D yes 45012 L Ontario 20NM NNE Rochester NY NDBC 43.621 -77.406 145 Inner-Shelf Discus 3 Magenotometer Only 2D yes 45132 Port Stanley Env. Canada 42.483 -81.233 21 Inner-Shelf Discus 3 1D yes 45135 Prince Edward Pt Env. Canada 43.800 -76.868 68 Inner-Shelf Discus 3 1D yes 45137 Georgian Bay Env. Canada 45.550 -81.001 55 Inner-Shelf Discus 3 1D yes 45139 West Lake Ontario Env. Canada 43.277 -79.540 35 Inner-Shelf Discus 3 1D yes 45142 Port Colborne Env. Canada 42.734 -79.350 27 Inner-Shelf Discus 3 1D yes 45143 South Georgian Bay Env. Canada 44.950 -80.633 37 Inner-Shelf Discus 3 1D yes 45147 Lake St. Clair Env. Canada 42.417 -82.668 6 Inner-Shelf WaveKeeper 1.7 TRIAXYS 1D yes 45149 Southern Lake Huron Env. Canada 43.550 -82.083 58 Inner-Shelf WaveKeeper 1.7 TRIAXYS 1D yes 68115 New 42.465 -79.961 Inner-Shelf 2D 68116 New 43.543 -78.891 Inner-Shelf 2D 68117 New 44.425 -86.928 Inner-Shelf 2D Carribean Sea 69114 New - Ponce, Puerto Rico 17.500 -66.500 Coastal 2D 69115 New - San Juan, Puerto Rico 19.000 -66.500 Coastal 2D 69165 New - St Thomas, Virgin Islands 18.300 -64.927 Coastal 2D 41040 Western Atlantic NDBC 14.480 -53.039 4,801 Offshore NOMAD 6 Schaevitz LSOC_30 inclinometer 1D yes 41041 Middle Atlantic NDBC 14.507 -45.997 3,353 Offshore NOMAD 6 Schaevitz LSOC_30 inclinometer 1D yes 41043 Southwest Atlantic NDBC 21.989 -65.014 5,259 Offshore NOMAD 6 Schaevitz LSOC_30 inclinometer 1D yes 41044 NEW Hurricane Buoy (TO BE DEPLOYED) NDBC 21.200 -58.000 Offshore NOMAD 6 1D yes 42057 Western Caribbean NDBC 16.834 -81.501 293 Offshore Discus 10 Angular Rate Sensor 2D yes 42058 Central Caribbean NDBC 15.093 -75.064 4,042 Offshore Discus 10 Angular Rate Sensor 2D yes 42059 Eastern Caribbean NDBC 15.006 -67.496 4,900 Offshore NOMAD 6 Schaevitz LSOC_30 inclinometer 1D yes 42060 NEW Hurricane Buoy (TO BE DEPLOYED) NDBC 16.500 -63.500 Offshore NOMAD 6 1D yes A National Operational Wave Observation Plan D-ix ALLIANCE FORCOASTAL TECHNOLOGIES www.act-us.info