Argo Program: Present and Future
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BIOGRAPHRIES and ABSTRACTS from HMS Challenger to Argo And
BIOGRAPHRIES AND ABSTRACTS From HMS Challenger to Argo and Beyond - Introduction Prof Chris Folland, Met Office Abstract | The purpose of this introductory talk is first to welcome all speakers and participants followed by a brief mention of the backgrounds of the organisers, and how they relate to the topic of the meeting. The revolutionary nature of the ARGO program for oceanography, and climate applications in particular, will be emphasised helped by selected update to date information from the ARGO web site. Finally, the structure of the meeting will be summarised. I will then introduce the next speaker, John Gould. Biography | Professor Chris Folland headed the Met Office Hadley Centre’s Climate Variability and Seasonal Forecasting Group (1990-2008), retiring as a Research Fellow in 2017. Chris was a Lead Author for four reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) where, like other Lead Authors, he shared in the Nobel Peace Prize awarded to IPCC in 2007. He has several fellowships and has won a number of national and international awards. Chris remains Honorary Professor at the University of East Anglia, Guest Professor of Climatology at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden and Adjunct Professor at the University of Southern Queensland, Australia. From thermometers to Robots - evolution and revolution Dr W John Gould, National Oceanography Centre Abstract | The talk will show how our ability to collect temperature and salinity profiles from the open ocean has developed starting with the early voyages of HMS Challenger and SMS Gazelle in the1870s, through the 1920s and 30s (Discovery Investigations and Meteor Expedition) to the 1940s and the invention of the bathythermograph. -
Sea-Level Rise for the Coasts of California, Oregon, and Washington: Past, Present, and Future
Sea-Level Rise for the Coasts of California, Oregon, and Washington: Past, Present, and Future As more and more states are incorporating projections of sea-level rise into coastal planning efforts, the states of California, Oregon, and Washington asked the National Research Council to project sea-level rise along their coasts for the years 2030, 2050, and 2100, taking into account the many factors that affect sea-level rise on a local scale. The projections show a sharp distinction at Cape Mendocino in northern California. South of that point, sea-level rise is expected to be very close to global projections; north of that point, sea-level rise is projected to be less than global projections because seismic strain is pushing the land upward. ny significant sea-level In compliance with a rise will pose enor- 2008 executive order, mous risks to the California state agencies have A been incorporating projec- valuable infrastructure, devel- opment, and wetlands that line tions of sea-level rise into much of the 1,600 mile shore- their coastal planning. This line of California, Oregon, and study provides the first Washington. For example, in comprehensive regional San Francisco Bay, two inter- projections of the changes in national airports, the ports of sea level expected in San Francisco and Oakland, a California, Oregon, and naval air station, freeways, Washington. housing developments, and sports stadiums have been Global Sea-Level Rise built on fill that raised the land Following a few thousand level only a few feet above the years of relative stability, highest tides. The San Francisco International Airport (center) global sea level has been Sea-level change is linked and surrounding areas will begin to flood with as rising since the late 19th or to changes in the Earth’s little as 40 cm (16 inches) of sea-level rise, a early 20th century, when climate. -
Significant Dissipation of Tidal Energy in the Deep Ocean Inferred from Satellite Altimeter Data
letters to nature 3. Rein, M. Phenomena of liquid drop impact on solid and liquid surfaces. Fluid Dynamics Res. 12, 61± water is created at high latitudes12. It has thus been suggested that 93 (1993). much of the mixing required to maintain the abyssal strati®cation, 4. Fukai, J. et al. Wetting effects on the spreading of a liquid droplet colliding with a ¯at surface: experiment and modeling. Phys. Fluids 7, 236±247 (1995). and hence the large-scale meridional overturning, occurs at 5. Bennett, T. & Poulikakos, D. Splat±quench solidi®cation: estimating the maximum spreading of a localized `hotspots' near areas of rough topography4,16,17. Numerical droplet impacting a solid surface. J. Mater. Sci. 28, 963±970 (1993). modelling studies further suggest that the ocean circulation is 6. Scheller, B. L. & Bous®eld, D. W. Newtonian drop impact with a solid surface. Am. Inst. Chem. Eng. J. 18 41, 1357±1367 (1995). sensitive to the spatial distribution of vertical mixing . Thus, 7. Mao, T., Kuhn, D. & Tran, H. Spread and rebound of liquid droplets upon impact on ¯at surfaces. Am. clarifying the physical mechanisms responsible for this mixing is Inst. Chem. Eng. J. 43, 2169±2179, (1997). important, both for numerical ocean modelling and for general 8. de Gennes, P. G. Wetting: statics and dynamics. Rev. Mod. Phys. 57, 827±863 (1985). understanding of how the ocean works. One signi®cant energy 9. Hayes, R. A. & Ralston, J. Forced liquid movement on low energy surfaces. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 159, 429±438 (1993). source for mixing may be barotropic tidal currents. -
Sustained Global Ocean Observing Systems
Introduction Goal The ocean, which covers 71 percent of the Earth’s surface, The goal of the Climate Observation Division’s Ocean Climate exerts profound influence on the Earth’s climate system by Observation Program2 is to build and sustain the in situ moderating and modulating climate variability and altering ocean component of a global climate observing system that the rate of long-term climate change. The ocean’s enormous will respond to the long-term observational requirements of heat capacity and volume provide the potential to store 1,000 operational forecast centers, international research programs, times more heat than the atmosphere. The ocean also serves and major scientific assessments. The Division works toward as a large reservoir for carbon dioxide, currently storing 50 achieving this goal by providing funding to implementing times more carbon than the atmosphere. Eighty-five percent institutions across the nation, promoting cooperation of the rain and snow that water the Earth comes directly from with partner institutions in other countries, continuously the ocean, while prolonged drought is influenced by global monitoring the status and effectiveness of the observing patterns of ocean temperatures. Coupled ocean-atmosphere system, and providing overall programmatic oversight for interactions such as the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) system development and sustained operations. influence weather and storm patterns around the globe. Sea level rise and coastal inundation are among the Importance of Ocean Observations most significant impacts of climate change, and abrupt Ocean observations are critical to climate and weather climate change may occur as a consequence of altered applications of societal value, including forecasts of droughts, ocean circulation. -
Causes of Sea Level Rise
FACT SHEET Causes of Sea OUR COASTAL COMMUNITIES AT RISK Level Rise What the Science Tells Us HIGHLIGHTS From the rocky shoreline of Maine to the busy trading port of New Orleans, from Roughly a third of the nation’s population historic Golden Gate Park in San Francisco to the golden sands of Miami Beach, lives in coastal counties. Several million our coasts are an integral part of American life. Where the sea meets land sit some of our most densely populated cities, most popular tourist destinations, bountiful of those live at elevations that could be fisheries, unique natural landscapes, strategic military bases, financial centers, and flooded by rising seas this century, scientific beaches and boardwalks where memories are created. Yet many of these iconic projections show. These cities and towns— places face a growing risk from sea level rise. home to tourist destinations, fisheries, Global sea level is rising—and at an accelerating rate—largely in response to natural landscapes, military bases, financial global warming. The global average rise has been about eight inches since the centers, and beaches and boardwalks— Industrial Revolution. However, many U.S. cities have seen much higher increases in sea level (NOAA 2012a; NOAA 2012b). Portions of the East and Gulf coasts face a growing risk from sea level rise. have faced some of the world’s fastest rates of sea level rise (NOAA 2012b). These trends have contributed to loss of life, billions of dollars in damage to coastal The choices we make today are critical property and infrastructure, massive taxpayer funding for recovery and rebuild- to protecting coastal communities. -
Chapter 2: Ocean Observations
Chapter 2. Ocean observations 2.1 Observational methods With the rapid advancement in technology, the instruments and methods for measuring oceanic circulation and properties have been quickly evolving. Nevertheless, it is useful to understand what types of instruments have been available at different points in oceanographic development and their resolution, precision, and accuracy. The majority of oceanographic measurements so far have been made from research vessels, with auxiliary measurements from merchant ships and coastal stations. Fig. 2.1 Research vessel. Accuracy: The difference between a result obtained and the true value. Precision: Ability to measure consistently within a given data set (variance in the measurement itself due to instrument noise). Generally the precision of oceanographic measurements is better than the accuracy. 2.1.1 Measurements of depth. Each oceanographic variable, such as temperature (T), salinity (S), density , and current , is a function of space and time, and therefore a function of depth. In order to determine to which depth an instrument has been deployed, we need to measure ``depth''. Depth measurements are often made with the measurements of other properties, such as temperature, salinity and current. Meter wheel. The wire is passed over a meter wheel, which is simply a pulley of known circumference with a counter attached to the pulley to count the number of turns, thus giving the depth the instrument is lowered. This method is accurate when the sea is calm with negligible currents. In reality, research vessels are moving and currents might be strong, and thus the wire is not straight. The real depth is shorter than the distance the wire paid out. -
Cumulative CO2 , PPM, and Temperature
Ocean-based Climate Solutions, Inc. www.ocean-based.com Santa Fe, NM 87501 505-231-7508 [email protected] All-Natural Biogeochemical CO2 Sequestration In Deep Ocean. Summary of Scientific Findings. Pump Design. Upwelling modeling, testing, data, and efficiency. Upwelling/Downwelling Estimated Annual Volumes. Downwelling Mechanics and Efficiencies. Nutrient Conversion and Net Carbon Sequestration From Upwelling. Dissolved Organic Carbon. Optimization: Projected Net CO2 Sequestered For Different Pumping Depths. Microbial Carbon Pump and Redfield Ratio. Safety Strategy. Environmental risk. CO2 Sequestration Estimate, Data Acquisition and Verification. Long-term Impact on Cumulative CO2 and Temperature Rise. Phased Installation and Cost Per Ton. Conclusion. References. Summary of Scientific Findings. • “…a new study from Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) shows that the efficiency of the ocean's "biological carbon pump" has been drastically underestimated, with implications for future climate assessments. By taking account of the depth of the euphotic, or sunlit zone, the authors found that about twice as much carbon sinks into the ocean per year than previously estimated.” [1] • Mathematical analysis and fluid dynamic modeling concludes that upwelled deep water quickly mixes and remains in the sunlit zone above the thermocline where the nutrients accumulate to trigger a bloom. [2] • Modeling also demonstrates when the warm, salty surface water is pumped down the tube, it cools and becomes denser below 300m, then sinking by gravity as it mixes into the deeper ocean. [3] • Deep water contains more nutrients as well as higher levels of dissolved CO2 compared to the surface ocean. Water upwelled from below about 300m contains surplus phosphate, enabling a second phytoplankton bloom that absorbs more CO2 than originally contained in the upwelled seawater. -
Importance of Argo in Mediterranean Operational Oceanography Network (MOON)
Importance of Argo in Mediterranean Operational Oceanography Network (MOON) Srdjan Dobricic Centro Euro-Mediterraneo per i Cambiamenti Climatici and Nadia Pinardi Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia Italy OutlineOutline • The Operational Oceanographic Service in the Mediterranean Sea: products, core services and applications (downstream services) • Use of Argo floats in MOON TheThe OperationalOperational OceanographyOceanography approachapproach Numerical Multidisciplinary Data assimilation models of Multi-platform for optimal field hydrodynamics Observing estimates and ecosystem, system and coupled (permanent uncertainty a/synchronously and estimates relocatable) to atmospheric forecast Continuos production of nowcasts/forecasts of relevant environmental state variables The operational approach: from large to coastal space scales (NESTING), weekly to monthly time scales EuropeanEuropean OPERATIONALOPERATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHY:OCEANOGRAPHY: thethe GlobalGlobal MonitoringMonitoring ofof EnvironmentEnvironment andand SecuritySecurity (GMES)(GMES) conceptconcept The Marine Core Service will deliver regular and systematic reference information on the state of the oceans and regional seas of known quality and accuracy TheThe implementationimplementation ofof operationaloperational oceanographyoceanography inin thethe MediterraneanMediterranean Sea:Sea: 1995-today1995-today Numerical models of RT Observing System hydrodynamics satellite SST, SLA, and VOS-XBT, moored biochemistry multiparametric buoys, at basin scale ARGO and gliders -
The Contribution of Wind-Generated Waves to Coastal Sea-Level Changes
1 Surveys in Geophysics Archimer November 2011, Volume 40, Issue 6, Pages 1563-1601 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-019-09557-5 https://archimer.ifremer.fr https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00509/62046/ The Contribution of Wind-Generated Waves to Coastal Sea-Level Changes Dodet Guillaume 1, *, Melet Angélique 2, Ardhuin Fabrice 6, Bertin Xavier 3, Idier Déborah 4, Almar Rafael 5 1 UMR 6253 LOPSCNRS-Ifremer-IRD-Univiversity of Brest BrestPlouzané, France 2 Mercator OceanRamonville Saint Agne, France 3 UMR 7266 LIENSs, CNRS - La Rochelle UniversityLa Rochelle, France 4 BRGMOrléans Cédex, France 5 UMR 5566 LEGOSToulouse Cédex 9, France *Corresponding author : Guillaume Dodet, email address : [email protected] Abstract : Surface gravity waves generated by winds are ubiquitous on our oceans and play a primordial role in the dynamics of the ocean–land–atmosphere interfaces. In particular, wind-generated waves cause fluctuations of the sea level at the coast over timescales from a few seconds (individual wave runup) to a few hours (wave-induced setup). These wave-induced processes are of major importance for coastal management as they add up to tides and atmospheric surges during storm events and enhance coastal flooding and erosion. Changes in the atmospheric circulation associated with natural climate cycles or caused by increasing greenhouse gas emissions affect the wave conditions worldwide, which may drive significant changes in the wave-induced coastal hydrodynamics. Since sea-level rise represents a major challenge for sustainable coastal management, particularly in low-lying coastal areas and/or along densely urbanized coastlines, understanding the contribution of wind-generated waves to the long-term budget of coastal sea-level changes is therefore of major importance. -
Rapid and Significant Sea-Level Rise Expected If Global Warming Exceeds 2 °C, with Global Variation
Rapid and significant sea-level rise expected if global warming exceeds 2 °C, with global variation 06 April 2017 Issue 486 The world could experience the highest ever global sea-level rise in the Subscribe to free history of human civilisation if global temperature rises exceed 2 °C, predicts weekly News Alert a new study. Under current carbon-emission rates, this temperature rise will occur around the middle of this century, with damaging effects on coastal businesses and Source: Jevrejeva, S., ecosystems, while also triggering major human migration from low-lying areas. Global Jackson, L.P., Riva, R.E.M., sea-level rise will not be uniform, and will differ for different points of the globe. Grinsted, A. and Moore, J.C. (2016). Coastal sea level Sea-level rise is one of the biggest hazards of climate change. It threatens coastal rise with warming above populations, economic activity in maritime cities and fragile ecosystems. Because sea-level 2 °C. Proceedings of the rise is a delayed and complex response to past temperatures, sea levels will continue to National Academy of climb for centuries into the future, even after concentrations of greenhouse gases in the Sciences, 113(47): 13342– atmosphere have been stabilised. 13347. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1605312113. This study, partly conducted under the EU RISES-AM project1, projected sea-level rise Contact: around the world under global warming of 2 °C (widely considered to be the threshold for [email protected] or john.m dangerous climate change), 4 °C, and 5 °C, compared with pre-industrial temperatures. This [email protected] was achieved by combining the results of 5 000 simulations of future sea level at each point on the globe, using 33 different climate models. -
Analyses of Altimetry Errors Using Argo and GRACE Data
1 Analyses of altimetry errors using Argo and GRACE data 2 J.-F. Legeais1, P. Prandi1, S. Guinehut1 3 1 Collecte Localisation Satellites, Parc Technologique du canal, 8-10 rue Hermès, 31520 Ramonville 4 Saint-Agne, France 5 Correspondence to : J.-F. Legeais ([email protected]) 6 Abstract. 7 This study presents the evaluation of the performances of satellite altimeter missions by comparing the altimeter 8 sea surface heights with in-situ dynamic heights derived from vertical temperature and salinity profiles measured 9 by Argo floats. The two objectives of this approach are the detection of altimeter drift and the estimation of the 10 impact of new altimeter standards that requires an independent reference. This external assessment method 11 contributes to altimeter Cal/Val analyses that cover a wide range of activities. Among them, several examples 12 are given to illustrate the usefulness of this approach, separating the analyses of the long-term evolution of the 13 mean sea level and its variability, at global and regional scales and results obtained via relative and absolute 14 comparisons. The latter requires the use of the ocean mass contribution to the sea level derived from GRACE 15 measurements. Our analyses cover the estimation of the global mean sea level trend, the validation of multi- 16 missions altimeter products as well as the assessment of orbit solutions. 17 Even if this approach contributes to the altimeter quality assessment, the differences between two versions of 18 altimeter standards are getting smaller and smaller and it is thus more difficult to detect their impact. It is 19 therefore essential to characterize the errors of the method, which is illustrated with the results of sensitivity 20 analyses to different parameters. -
Guidelines Towards an Integrated Ocean Observation System for Ecosystems and Biogeochemical Cycles
GUIDELINES TOWARDS AN INTEGRATED OCEAN OBSERVATION SYSTEM FOR ECOSYSTEMS AND BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES Hervé Claustre(1), David Antoine(1), Lars Boehme(2), Emmanuel Boss(3), Fabrizio D’Ortenzio(1), Odile Fanton D’Andon(4), Christophe Guinet(5), Nicolas Gruber(6), Nils Olav Handegard(7), Maria Hood(8), Ken Johnson(9), Arne Körtzinger(10), Richard Lampitt(11), Pierre-Yves LeTraon(12), Corinne Lequéré(13), Marlon Lewis(14), Mary-Jane Perry(15), Trevor Platt(16), Dean Roemmich(17), Shubha Sathyendranath(16), Uwe Send(17), Pierre Testor(18), Jim Yoder(19) (1) CNRS and University P. & M. Curie, Laboratoire d’Océanographie de Villefranche, 06230 Villefranche-sur-mer, France, Email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] (2) NERC Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 8LB, Scotland, UK, Email: [email protected] (3) University of Maine, School of Marine Science, Orono, ME 04469 USA, Email: [email protected] (4) ACRI-ST, 260, route du Pin Montard - B.P. 234, 06904 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France, Email: [email protected] (5) CNRS, Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, Villiers-en-Bois, 79360 Beauvoir-sur-niort , France, [email protected] (6) Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, Universitatstrasse 16, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland, Email: [email protected] (7) Institute of Marine Research, Postboks 1870 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway, Email: [email protected] (8) UNESCO-IOC, 1 Rue Miollis, 75732 Paris cedex 15, France, Email: [email protected] (9) Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute 7700 Sandholdt Road Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA, Email: [email protected] (10) Leibniz-Institut für Meereswissenschaften (IFM-GEOMAR) Chemische Ozeanographie Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany.