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·Bulletin Ti-Iirteen ·BULLETIN TI-IIRTEEN Affiliated with the American Association for the Advancement of Science IN TI-IIS ISSUE ... Accurate and informative articles on caves including TECHNIQUES FOR DATING CAVE DEPOSITS CAVES AND ROCKSHELTERS IN SOUTHWESTERN ASIA THE CAVE SALAMANDERS OF CALIFORNIA MECHANICS OF CAVERN BREAKDOWN WYANDOTTE CAVERN AN ENGINEER INSPECTS THE RIGGING REPORT ON THE TITUS CANYON EXPEDITION SOUTHWESTERN CAVES AS BOOKS OF HISTORY AND OTHERS DECEMBER 9 5 I BULLETIN THIRTEEN Published by THE NATIONAL SPELEOLOGICAL SOCIETY To stimulate interest in caves and to record the findings of explorers and scientists within and outside the Society THE NATIONAL SPELEOLOGICAL SOCIETY was organized in 1940. It now has mem­ bers scattered throughout the United IN THIS ISSUE, December, 1951 States, and also has many members in foreign countries. P REFACE .......................................................................................... 1 T HE SOCIETY is a non-profit organiza­ tion of men and women interested in the study and exploration of caves and allied FRONTISPIECE ......... : ........................................................................ 2 phenomena. It is chartered under the law of the District of Columbia. Its energies are devoted to the unlocking of the secrelS TECHNIQUES FOR DATING CAVE DEPOSITs .. lyan T. Sanderson 3 of the world underground. T HE SOCIETY serves as a central agency SOUTHWESTERN CAVES AS BOOKS OF HISTORY for the collection, preservation and publi­ M. R. Harrington 10 cation of scientific, historical and legend­ ary information relating to Speleology. It arouses interest in the discovery of new CAVES AND RQCKSHELTERS IN SOUTHWESTERN ASIA caves and encourages the preservation of Henry Field 14 the natural beauty of all caverns. THE AFFAIRS of the Society are con­ trolled by a Board of Governors. The CAVE EXPLORATION ON JEBEL BARADQST, IRAQ Board appoinlS the national officers. The Dennis J . Batten 19 Board also approves committee chairmen - who are chosen not only for their prov­ ed ability in a particular field, but also AN ENGINEER INSPECTS THE RIGGING fo r their activity in the work of the So­ G . Alexander Robertson 22 ciety. OFFICERS FOR 1951 -1952: Charles E. Mohr, President; William E. Davies, Vice­ ORIGIN AND D EVELOPMENT OF " POSITIVE" WATER President (Science); Burton S. Faust, Vice­ C ATCHMENT B ASINS, CARLSBAD CAVERNS, President (Administration); Jerome M. N EW M EXICO ......................................... Donald M. Black 27 Ludlow, Vice-President (Publications); Ivan T . Sanderson, Vice-President (Public R elations); Lewis C. Kibbee, Treasurer; WYANDOTTE CAVERN ...................................... Clyde A . Malott 30 Chrissy V. Mansfield , Secretary to the Board of Governors. M ECHANICS OF CAVERN BREAKDOWN ......... William E. Davies 36 BOARD OF DIRECTORS : Ernest Ackerly, James E. Comer, Jr., James W . Dyer, Duane Featherstonhaugh, James A. Fow­ IDYLL OF THE ENNESSBEE ........................................... Jay Espee 44 ler, Emmons Graham, William S. Hill, George F. Jackson, Richard F. Logan, J . S. Petrie, G. Alexander Robertson, Nancy THE CAVE SALAMANDERS OF CALIFORNIA Rogers, Howard N. Sloane, William J . John W . Funkhouser 46 Stephenson, Ralph W. Stone. OFFICE SECRETARY : Mrs. Ellen Mofletr. REpORT ON THE M INERALOGY OF NEW RIVER CAVE LOCAL SECTIONS of the Society are called John W. Murray 50 Grottoes. They serve to stimulate and co­ ordinate activity and increase the interest, enjoyment and productiveness of caving. REpORT ON THE TITUS CANYON EXPEDITION LIBRARY: An excellent speleological Richard F. Logan 55 library is owned by the Society and is being constantly enlarged. Items on h~d may be borrowed by NSS members. Ex­ CAVE IN ROCK ......................................... ..... George F. Jackson 59 tensive collections of cave maps, photo­ graphs and slides are being gathered and are available on a loan basis. WHO'S WHO IN BULLETIN THIRTEEN ................ ....................... 64 Membership helps to support the pub­ lications, special investigations, and the operation of the Society. PUBLISHED intermittently, at least once a year; EDITOR: Jerome M. Ludlow, 1l0B West State St., Trenton B, N. J . Associate .. .. ........ .$ 5 Institutional ......$10 Regular ............. .$ 5 Life .. .................... $75 Inquiries relating to the publication of manuscriplS in the BULLETIN Sustaining .. ........ $10 should be addressed to the Editor; those relating to the distribution of the BULLETIN should be addressed to the National Speleological Society, 1770 PUBLICATIONS include the BULLETIN pub­ Columbia Road, N.W., Washington 9, D. C. lished at least once a year, and the NEWS appearing monthly. All members receive COPYRIGHT, 1951 by The National Speleological Society. the BULLETIN and the NEWS, Preface to Bulletin Thirteen The editor of this BULLETIN and the Society R eaders of the BULLETI N should not over· may well be proud of it. It shows unmistakably look the interesting and valuable articles which the broadening scope of the National Speleo­ appear in the monthly NEWS. In the last four logical Society. Its publicati ons logically have years, a total of 278 pages have appeared. Due become the clearing house for American speleo­ to the larger and more condensed nature of the logical activities whether carried ou t at home or NEWS page a great amount of copy can be abroad. handled-the equivalent of a 200-page bulletin each year. While much of this material admit­ As significant as the reports herein on cave tedly is of temporary interest, an impressive pro­ studies in Iraq and Sou thwes t Asia is the de­ portion of the articles is of las ting value. An scription of an expedition by NSS members to index to these major articles and reports is Titus Canyon. This is the first published report planned. of a well organized, official activity. vVe hope that it will become the pattern for many more. At the las t annual meeting the growing IIn ­ portance of the Society'S publication program The Society's effort to keep its members in­ was recognized by the electi on of a vice-president formed of the la tes t scientific advances is ex­ in charge of publica tions. In addi tion to the emplified in an up-to-the-minute review of the BULLETIN and the NEWS, the Society this year current work on dating cave deposits. published " Palaces Under the Earth," a direc­ Vital informa tion from the fi eld of engineer­ tory of commercial caves. Underway are two ex­ ing is applied to speleological problems in two tremely ambitious projects, a " Handbook of articles designed to increase both the safety Speleology" and a " Bibliography of Speleology, factor and the enjoyment of cave exploring. 1750 - 1950." Both are in relatively advanced Other articles of high caliber round out the stages of preparation. BULLETIN, making it one of the most important The Society expresses its gratitude to its edi­ ye t published. The next BULLETIN, already un­ tors and contributors. denvay, is expected in mid-1 952. Considerable CHARLES E. :\·fO HR, progress is being made also on the next regional bulletin, due in 1953. President December I , 1951 Greenwich, Conn. I-V z ;> ::J o z ;> t'" CJl "0 t'=l t'" t'=l o t'" o C') Ci ;> t'" CJl o Photo by Gustav A bel, Sa/zbw-g, Ausl1-ia £3 Eisr"iesenwelt, Das EistOl"; at the 'l'ennengebirg-e in Austria" The I ce Gate of the E is I"i esenwelt C1Lve" This beautiful photogl"U,ph was t'=l..., chosen fOI" our" rr"ontispiece fr"om It /:'I"OUp of 14 entries of Gustav Abel of Salzburg-, Austr"ia., submitted to the 1951 Photographic Salon -< of the National Speleolog-ical Society" Techniques for Dating Cave Deposits By IVAN T. SANDERSON All/Jhotos by Ame!-ican MuseulII of Natural Histo!y, New York Zoologist The coming of man to N01- th Ame1-ica, long believed to have taken piace a meTe 35,000 years ago, has jJwbably bFen jJUsh ed back into time fm- beyond that figuTe by new discove-ries and advcl1I cfS in the techniques of dating clTc hae­ ological finds_ The methods for elating a-rtifacts aTe desnibed herein in a 1I1anner which makes complicated technical jJ1"Q ceeltl1"cs easily grasjJed by th e average reade1- _ T here are several well-establi shed methods captured by the nitrogen. The resultant nucleus for dating geological and archaeological speci­ immediately disintegrates, throwing out a pro­ mens; among which fiv e are of outstanding sig­ ton, which res ults in the formation of a carbon nificance to speleolog-y - namely, the statistical a tom of a tomic weigh t 14. These carbon atoms analysis of radioactive ca rbon H content, fiour­ happen to be radioactive. T hey are ultimately ine-analys is, varve-clay layer counts, tree-ring again reduced to ordinary nitrogen of a tomic counts, and spore-analysis_ Each may be applied weight 14- by the expulsion of an electron. either in general or in special cases to the dating In the meantime, however, the radioactive of cave deposits_ The extent to which these tech­ carbon atoms enter into the carbon-dioxide con­ niques h ave been applied to cave material is as tent of the atmosphere and are absorbed by yet regrettably small, and an endless task awaits plant life along with their sister isotopes Carbon speleologists in this fi eld. Before reviewing what 12 and 13. As a result they become transferred has been attempted or accomplished, it would to _all terrestrial animal life because this is ulti­ be well to describe briefly the bases upon which mately dependent upon plants for its growth the fiv e specific techniques mentioned above
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