DOCSLIB.ORG

Wheat Production and Regional Food Security in CIS: the Case of Belarus, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Wheat Production and Regional Food Security in CIS: the Case of Belarus, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan FAO Regional Office for Europe and Central Asia Policy Studies on Rural Transition No. 2016-1 Wheat production and regional food security in CIS: The case of Belarus, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan Zvi Lerman, David Sedik Yuliy Yusupov, Ivan Stanchin and Irina Kazakevich April 2016 The Regional Office for Europe and Central Asia of the Food and Agriculture Organization distributes this policy study to disseminate findings of work in progress and to encourage the exchange of ideas within FAO and all others interested in development issues. This paper carries the name of the authors and should be used and cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations and conclusions are the authors’ own and should not be attributed to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN, its management, or any member countries. Zvi Lerman is Sir Henry d’Avigdor Goldsmid Professor of Agricultural Economics, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel. David Sedik is the Senior Agricultural Policy Officer in the FAO Regional Office for Europe and Central Asia. Yulii Yusupov is the Director of the Center for Economic Development in Tashkent, Uzbekistan. Ivan Stanchin is Professor of Financial Economics and Accounting at the Voronezh Economic-Legal Institute in Voronezh, Russia. Irina Kazakevich is a Senior Economist at the Institute of System Research of the Agro- industrial Complex, National Academy of Science of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus. 2 Contents Figures ........................................................................................................................................ 5 Tables ......................................................................................................................................... 8 Boxes ........................................................................................................................................ 10 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 11 2. Farming Structure for Wheat Production in Belarus, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan ...... 15 Importance of the agricultural sector in Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Belarus ............... 15 Legislative framework for agricultural reforms in Belarus, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan 18 Private landownership .......................................................................................................... 18 Individualization of farming structure .................................................................................. 19 Land and crops ..................................................................................................................... 25 Changes in land use .............................................................................................................. 25 Cropping structure ................................................................................................................ 29 Crop production and yields .................................................................................................. 36 Gross returns per ha in Belarus, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan and crop areas .................. 44 Livestock production ............................................................................................................ 47 Changes in livestock inventories and ownership structure .................................................. 48 Milk production .................................................................................................................... 52 Milk yields ............................................................................................................................ 54 Outcomes of reform .............................................................................................................. 59 Changing shares of production in farms of different types .................................................. 61 Changes in productivity ........................................................................................................ 64 3. Wheat Utilization and Medium-Term Outlook for Demand ............................................ 68 Food wheat utilization and forecasts .................................................................................... 68 Feed wheat utilization and demand ...................................................................................... 71 Livestock production history and forecasts, 1992-2024 ...................................................... 72 Estimation of feed wheat demand from livestock product production ................................ 74 Wheat demand medium term outlook .................................................................................. 79 4. Wheat Supply Medium-Term Outlook: Policies .............................................................. 82 Food security policies ........................................................................................................... 85 Partial planning system for wheat and its implications for wheat markets .......................... 86 The state order system in Belarus, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan ....................................... 92 Support and tax policies for wheat ....................................................................................... 93 Agricultural finance in Belarus, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan .......................................... 93 3 State taxation and support for wheat production through the price system ......................... 95 The implications of this system for farm incentives and wheat yields .............................. 100 5. Wheat Supply Medium Term Outlook: Resource and Labor Constraints ..................... 104 Climate and climate change ............................................................................................... 104 Land issues ......................................................................................................................... 109 Water resources and irrigation ........................................................................................... 111 Soil damage from irrigation: salinization and waterlogging .............................................. 115 Rural population and agricultural employment .................................................................. 116 Assessment: Evaluation of natural resource constraints for wheat production .................. 119 Wheat yield, area and production forecasts for Belarus, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan ... 120 6. Conclusions: Wheat Demand, Supply and Trade Forecasts to 2024 and Beyond ......... 124 Annex 1. Legislation on land reform and farm restructuring in Turkmenistan .................... 128 Annex 2. Legislation on land reform and farm restructuring in Uzbekistan .......................... 130 Annex 3. Legislation on land reform and farm restructuring in Belarus ............................... 132 References .............................................................................................................................. 134 4 Figures Figure 1.1. Net wheat exports from the NIS countries, average 2008-11 ................................ 11 Figure 1.2. Wheat import dependency ratios for Belarus, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan, 1987- 2014 .......................................................................................................................................... 12 Figure 2.1. Evolution of agricultural land in the NIS 1980-2008 ............................................ 17 Figure 2.2. Development of peasant farms in Belarus 1990-2012 (number and average size in ha) ............................................................................................................................................. 21 Figure 2.3. Development of peasant farms in Uzbekistan 1991-2011 (number and average size in ha) ......................................................................................................................................... 23 Figure 2.4. Uzbekistan: use of arable land by farms of different organizational forms 1991- 2012 .......................................................................................................................................... 26 Figure 2.5. Uzbekistan: use of agricultural land by farms of different organizational forms 1991-2012 ................................................................................................................................. 26 Figure 2.6. Belarus: structure of agricultural land in the individual sector (household plots and peasant farms), in percent ......................................................................................................... 27 Figure 2.7. Turkmenistan: structure of cultivable land in the individual sector 1983-2013 (household plots and peasant farms), in percent ...................................................................... 28 Figure 2.8. Belarus: cropping pattern, averaged for 1980-1995 and 1996-2010 (in percent of total sown area; cereals excluding wheat) ................................................................................ 29 Figure 2.9. Belarus: share of sown area in wheat and barley, 1980-2013 (in percent) ............ 30 Figure 2.10. Uzbekistan: cropping pattern, percent of total sown area (averages for 1980-1995 and 1996-2012) ......................................................................................................................... 31 Figure 2.11. Uzbekistan: area in wheat and cotton, 1980-2012 (‘000
Load more

Recommended publications
  • CENTRAL EURASIAN STUDIES REVIEW (CESR) Is a Publication of the Central Eurasian Studies Society (CESS)
    The CENTRAL EURASIAN STUDIES REVIEW (CESR) is a publication of the Central Eurasian Studies Society (CESS). CESR is a scholarly review of research, resources, events, publications and developments in scholarship and teaching on Central Eurasia. The Review appears two times annually (Winter and Summer) beginning with Volume 4 (2005) and is distributed free of charge to dues paying members of CESS. It is available by subscription at a rate of $50 per year to institutions within North America and $65 outside North America. The Review is also available to all interested readers via the web. Guidelines for Contributors are available via the web at http://www.cesr-cess.org/CESR_contribution.html. As of issue 6-1, CESS will move to an all on-line format. For more information, see the above-mentioned website. CENTRAL EURASIAN STUDIES REVIEW Editorial Board Chief Editor: Marianne Kamp (Laramie, WY, USA) Section Editors: Perspectives: Robert M. Cutler (Ottawa/Montreal, Canada) Research Reports: Jamilya Ukudeeva (Aptos, CA, USA) Reviews: Shoshana Keller (Clinton, NY, USA) Conferences and Lecture Series: Payam Foroughi (Salt Lake City, UT, USA) Editors-at-Large: Ali İğmen (Long Beach, CA, USA), Morgan Liu (Columbus, OH, USA), Sébastien Peyrouse (Washington, DC, USA) Production Editor: Sada Aksartova (Tokyo, Japan) Web Editor: Paola Raffetta (Buenos Aires, Argentina) Editorial and Production Consultant: John Schoeberlein (Cambridge, MA, USA) Manuscripts and other editorial correspondence (letters to the editors, formal responses to CESR articles, etc.) and inquiries about advertising in CESR should be addressed to: Dr. Virginia Martin, [email protected]. Please consult our new website at http://www.cesr-cess.org for other information, including new contact addresses and guidelines for contributors.
    [Show full text]
  • Uzbekistan's Closure of the Airbase at Karshi-Khanabad
    Order Code RS22295 October 7, 2005 CRS Report for Congress Received through the CRS Web Uzbekistan’s Closure of the Airbase at Karshi-Khanabad: Context and Implications Jim Nichol Specialist in Russian and Eurasian Affairs Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Summary In late July 2005, Uzbekistan terminated an agreement permitting U.S. forces to use the Karshi-Khanabad (K2) airbase in the southern part of the country to support coalition military operations in Afghanistan. U.S. forces are moving to other airstrips, including those in Kyrgyzstan and Afghanistan. Major concerns include whether cooler security ties with Uzbekistan will set back the U.S.-led Global War on Terrorism and other U.S. interests in Central Asia. This report may be updated. Related products include CRS Report RS22161, Unrest in Uzbekistan, by Jim Nichol. Introduction: The U.S. Basing Agreement with Uzbekistan After the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, the United States negotiated status of forces agreements (SOFA) and other security accords with several Central Asian states in order to use their airstrips for what became the U.S.-led Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) in Afghanistan. The negotiations with Uzbekistan reportedly were drawn out by a number of requests by the Uzbeks, including for U.S. security and assistance pledges and for a primary focus on humanitarian and search-and-rescue missions rather than air attack or air refueling (although the Uzbeks allowed some special operations missions). The U.S.-Uzbek SOFA was signed on October 7, and the air campaign against Afghanistan began an hour later.1 The U.S.-Uzbek SOFA provided for use of Uzbek airspace and for up to 1,500 U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Revisiting the Geo-Political Thinking of Sir Halford John Mackinder: United States—Uzbekistan Relations 1991—2005
    Revisiting the Geo-Political Thinking Of Sir Halford John Mackinder: United States—Uzbekistan Relations 1991—2005 A thesis Presented to the Faculty of The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy by Chris Seiple In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy 27 November 2006 Dissertation Committee Andrew C. Hess, Chair William Martel Sung-Yoon Lee Chris Seiple—Curriculum Vitae Education 1999 to Present: The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University: PhD Candidate 1994 to 1995: Naval Postgraduate School: M.A. in National Security Affairs 1986 to 1990: Stanford University: B.A. in International Relations Professional Experience 2003 to Present President, the Institute for Global Engagement (IGE) 2001 to 2003 Executive Vice President, IGE 1996 to 1999 National Security Analyst, Strategic Initiatives Group, Headquarters, United States Marine Corps 1997 National Security Affairs Specialist, National Defense Panel 1996 Liaison Officer, Chemical-Biological Incidence Response Force 1990 to 1994 Infantry Officer, United States Marine Corps Publications • Numerous website articles on Christian living, religious freedom, religion & security, engaging Islam, just war, and Uzbekistan (please see the website: www.globalengagement.org) • “America’s Greatest Story.” The Review of Faith & International Affairs. 4, no. 2 (Fall 2006): 53-56. • “Uzbekistan and the Bush Doctrine.” The Review of Faith & International Affairs. 3, no. 2 (Fall 2005): 19-24. • “Realist Religious Freedom: An Uzbek Perspective.” Fides et Libertas (Fall 2005). • “Understanding Uzbekistan,” an Enote publication distributed by the Foreign Policy Research Institute (1 June 2005). • “Uzbekistan: Civil Society in the Heartland.” Orbis (Spring, 2005): 245-259. • “Religion & Realpolitik,” St. Paul Pioneer Press, 12 November 2004.
    [Show full text]
  • Coversheet for Thesis in Sussex Research Online
    A University of Sussex DPhil thesis Available online via Sussex Research Online: http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/ This thesis is protected by copyright which belongs to the author. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Please visit Sussex Research Online for more information and further details CHINA’S FOREIGN POLICY TOWARDS CENTRAL ASIA Expanding the Concepts of National Interest and National Security Zille Huma PhD Thesis University of Sussex May 2014 Summary The present study provides an analysis of China’s foreign policy towards Central Asia to trace ‘culture of China’s foreign policy’. The culture of China’s foreign policy approach deals with China as an identity and process rather than being static or within boundaries. The present research highlights China’s multilateral and cooperative policies in Central Asia and with Russia as an outcome of evolutionary process of construction of China’s identity. The complex process of building relations with Central Asian region although within a short period of time (in post-Soviet context) are analysed to make a case for China’s innovative (partially) political processes of dealing with frontier security and embracing multilateralism. This is explained by studying the evolution of China’s identity and interests and the role of significant events that affect its perceptions of self and that are a prescription for its policy orientations as observed in case of foreign policy towards Central Asia.
    [Show full text]
  • The China and Eurasia Forum Quartery Vol 5 No 2
    THE CHINA AND EURASIA FORUM QUARTERLY Central Asia-Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies Program Volume 5, No. 2 May 2007 The China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly is a Central Asia-Caucasus & Silk Road Studies Program publication. The Central Asia-Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies Program is a joint transatlantic independent and externally funded research and policy center. The Joint Center has offices in Washington and Uppsala, and is affiliated with the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies of Johns Hopkins University and the Department of Eurasian Studies of Uppsala University. It is the first Institution of its kind in Europe and North America, and is today firmly established as a leading center for research and policy worldwide, serving a large and diverse community of analysts, scholars, policy-watchers, business leaders and journalists. The Joint Center aims to be at the forefront of research on issues of conflict, security and development in the region; and to function as a focal point for academic, policy, and public discussion of the region through its applied research, its publications, teaching, research cooperation, public lectures and seminars. The China and Eurasia Forum is an independent forum which seeks to bring together regional experts, academics, government policy makers, and business leaders with an interest in the growing relationship between China and Eurasia. Focusing primarily on Sino-Central Asian, Sino-Russian, and Sino-Caucasian relations, the aim of China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly is to foster discussion and information sharing between a geographically distant community that recognizes the significance of China's emergence in this important part of the world.
    [Show full text]
  • Locating Russia in the Emerging Geopolitics of Central Asia: Mapping India’S Options
    LOCATING RUSSIA IN THE EMERGING GEOPOLITICS OF CENTRAL ASIA: MAPPING INDIA’S OPTIONS Thesis submitted to the Central University of Punjab For the award of Doctor of Philosophy In South and Central Asian Studies BY Mudasir Mubarik Supervisor Dr. Bawa Singh Centre for South and Central Asian Studies School of Global Relations Central University of Punjab, Bathinda August, 2019 i CERTIFICATE I declare that the thesis entitled, “Locating Russia in the Emerging Geopolitics of Central Asia: Mapping India’s Options” has been prepared by me under the guidance of Dr. Bawa Singh, Assistant Professor, Central for South and Central Asian Studies, School of Global Relations, Central University of Punjab. No part of this thesis has formed the basis for the award of any degree or fellowship previously. Name and signature of candidate Centre for South and Central Asia, School of Global Relations, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda ‐ 151001. Date: ii CERTIFICATE I certify that Mudasir Mubarik has prepared his thesis entitled, “Locating Russia in the Emerging Geopolitics of Central Asia: Mapping India’s Options”, for the award of Ph.D. degree of the Central University of Punjab, under my guidance. He has carried out this work at the Centre for South and Central Asian Studies, School of Global Relations, Central University of Punjab. Dr. Bawa Singh Centre for South and Central Asian Studies School of Global Relations Central University of Punjab, Bathinda‐151001. Date: iii ABSTRACT Locating Russia in the Emerging Geopolitics of Central Asia: Mapping India’s Options Name of student: Mudasir Mubarik Registration number: CUP/MPhil-Ph.D/SGR/SCA/2011-12/05 Degree for which submitted: Doctor of Philosophy Name of Supervisor: Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Report from the Osce/Odihr Trial Monitoring in Uzbekistan – September/October 2005
    Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights REPORT FROM THE OSCE/ODIHR TRIAL MONITORING IN UZBEKISTAN – SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2005 Warsaw 21 April 2006 I. Executive Summary 3 II. The Andijan Events 5 III. Monitoring of the Andijan Trial by the OSCE/ODIHR 6 Background: ODIHR Human Rights Monitoring Programme ..................................6 Trial monitoring as reflected in OSCE commitments................................................7 ODIHR access to monitor the Andijan trial process..................................................8 Lack of access in the pre-trial stage.......................................................................8 Invitation from Uzbekistan and commencement of ODIHR monitoring ..............8 Access to the courtroom.........................................................................................9 Access to trial protagonists and materials............................................................11 IV. OSCE/ODIHR Findings on the Andijan Trial 12 The Indictment.........................................................................................................12 Contents of the indictment...................................................................................13 Publicly-available information on the defendants ...............................................17 The Trial ..............................................................................................................20 Arrangements in the courtroom ...........................................................................20
    [Show full text]
  • How Authoritarian Rulers Seek to Legitimise Repression: Framing Mass Killings in Egypt and Uzbekistan
    Inclusion of a paper in the Working Papers series does not constitute publication and should limit in any other venue. Copyright remains with the authors. Inclusion of a paper in the Working Papers serve to disseminate the research results of work in progress prior publicaton encourage exchange ideas and academic debate. Working GIGA GIGA Research Programme: Accountability and Participation ___________________________ How Authoritarian Rulers Seek to Legitimise Repression: Framing Mass Killings in Egypt and Uzbekistan Mirjam Edel and Maria Josua No 299 March 2017 www.giga-hamburg.de/workingpapers GIGA Working Papers 299/2017 Edited by the GIGA German Institute of Global and Area Studies Leibniz‐Institut für Globale und Regionale Studien The GIGA Working Papers series serves to disseminate the research results of work in progress prior to publication in order to encourage the exchange of ideas and academic debate. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presenta‐ tions are less than fully polished. Inclusion of a paper in the GIGA Working Papers series does not constitute publication and should not limit publication in any other venue. Copy‐ right remains with the authors. GIGA Research Programme “Accountability and Participation” Copyright for this issue: © Mirjam Edel and Maria Josua WP Coordination and English‐language Copyediting: Melissa Nelson Editorial Assistance and Production: Silvia Bücke All GIGA Working Papers are available online and free of charge on the website <www.giga‐hamburg.de/workingpapers>. For any requests please contact: <workingpapers@giga‐hamburg.de> The GIGA German Institute of Global and Area Studies cannot be held responsible for errors or any consequences arising from the use of information contained in this Working Paper; the views and opinions expressed are solely those of the author or authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Institute.
    [Show full text]
  • Uzbekistan Land Reform Assessment Final Report
    UZBEKISTAN UZBEKISTAN LAND REFORM ASSESSMENT FINAL REPORT MAY4, 2005 This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared by ARD, Inc. Cover photo courtesy of ARD, Inc. UZBEKISTAN LAND REFORM ASSESSMENT FINAL REPORT DISCLAIMER The author’s views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government. CONTENTS Acronyms and Abbreviations........................................................................................................................ ii Executive Summary...................................................................................................................................... iii 1.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 5 2.0 Background .............................................................................................................................................. 7 3.0 Findings and Conclusions...................................................................................................................... 10 3.1 EXISTING LEGAL FOUNDATION: LAND TENURE AND LAND RIGHTS ...........................................................10 3.2 KEY LAWS AND PROCEDURES IMPACTING LAND TENURE AND LAND RIGHTS ...........................................20 3.3 LAND POLICY CONSIDERATIONS.................................................................................................................26
    [Show full text]
  • Consultant Reports
    Technical Assistance Consultant’s Report Project Number: 37743 October 2008 Regional: Ninth Agriculture and Natural Resources Research at International Agricultural Research Centers Financed by the ADB’s Technical Assistance Funding Program Prepared by International Water Management Institute Battaramulla, Sri Lanka For Asian Development Bank Agriculture Environment and Natural Resources Division, Central Asia Department This consultant’s report does not necessarily reflect the views of ADB or the Government concerned, and ADB and the Government cannot be held liable for its contents. (For project preparatory technical assistance: All the views expressed herein may not be incorporated into the proposed project’s design. FINAL REPORT Project Implementation Team IARC Center Project Staff IWMI Dr. Andrew Noble, Project Leader Dr. Asad Sarwar Qureshi Project Manager (April 1, 2007 to June 30, 2008) Dr. Iskandar Abdullaev Project Manager (August 1, 2005 to March 31, 2007) Dr. Akmal Karimov, Project Technical Coordinator Dr. Mehmood Ul-Hassan ( Socio-economist) Mr. Alexander Platonov, GIS specialist Mrs. Ikbal Yusupova, Project Assistant/Translator ICARDA Dr. Manzoor Qadir (Marginal Water Management Specialist) Dr. Theib Oweis (Irrigation Management Scientist) Dr. M. Suleimenov (Agronomist) Dr. Aden Aw-Hassan (Socio-economist) Mr. Tulkin Yuldashev (Irrigation Scientist) Mr. Ikrom Khudoibergenov (Soil Scientist) Mr. Alisher Mirzabaev (Socio-economist) ICBA Dr. Shoaib Ismail( Plant specialist) Dr. Kristina Toderich (Plant Specialist) National Teams National teams Project Staff Uzbekistan Dr. German Bezborodov, National Coordinator Dr. Toshbekov Uktam- soil scientist Dr. Kuliev Tajidin- agronomist Dr. Dusmatov Alisher-biologist Dr. Shurova Lyudmila- Irrigation specialist Dr. Koshekov Rashid -Irrigation specialist Dr. Mirhoshimov Rakhmankul- Irrigation Specialist Dr. Kushiev Habibjon– biologist Dr. Sadulla Avezbaev – Socio-economist Kazakhstan Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • The May 2005 Andijan Uprising: What We Know
    The May 2005 Andijan Uprising: What We Know Jeffry W. Hartman SILK ROAD PAPER May 2016 The May 2005 Andijan Uprising: What We Know Jeffry W. Hartman The views expressed in this paper are those of the author and not the official policy or position of the Department of the Army, Department of Defense or the U.S. Government. © Central Asia-Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies Program— A Joint Transatlantic Research and Policy Center Johns Hopkins University-SAIS, 1619 Massachusetts Ave. NW, Washington, D.C. 20036 Institute for Security and Development Policy, V. Finnbodavägen 2, Stockholm-Nacka 13130, Sweden www.silkroadstudies.org “The May 2005 Andijan Uprising: What We Know” is a Silk Road Paper published by the Central Asia-Caucasus Institute and Silk Road Studies Program, Joint Center. The Silk Road Papers Series is the Occasional Paper series of the Joint Center, and addresses topical and timely subjects. The Joint Center is a transatlantic independent and non-profit research and policy center. It has offices in Washington and Stockholm and is affiliated with the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies of Johns Hopkins University and the Stock- holm-based Institute for Security and Development Policy. It is the first institution of its kind in Europe and North America, and is firmly established as a leading research and policy center, serving a large and diverse community of analysts, scholars, policy-watchers, busi- ness leaders, and journalists. The Joint Center is at the forefront of research on issues of con- flict, security, and development in the region. Through its applied research, publications, research cooperation, public lectures, and seminars, it functions as a focal point for academic, policy, and public discussion regarding the region.
    [Show full text]
  • “We Will Find You, Anywhere” the Global Shadow of Uzbekistani Surveillance
    “WE WILL FIND YOU, ANYWHERE” THE GLOBAL SHADOW OF UZBEKISTANI SURVEILLANCE Amnesty International is a global movement of more than 7 million people who campaign for a world where human rights are enjoyed by all. Our vision is for every person to enjoy all the rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international human rights standards. We are independent of any government, political ideology, economic interest or religion and are funded mainly by our membership and public donations. Cover photo: A picture of a map of Uzbekistan. sevenMaps7/Shutterstock.comA © Amnesty International 2017 Except where otherwise noted, content in this document is licensed under a Creative Commons (attribution, non-commercial, no derivatives, international 4.0) licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode For more information please visit the permissions page on our website: www.amnesty.org Where material is attributed to a copyright owner other than Amnesty International this material is not subject to the Creative Commons licence. First published in 2017 by Amnesty International Ltd Peter Benenson House, 1 Easton Street London WC1X 0DW, UK Index: EUR 62/5974/2017 Original language: English amnesty.org CONTENTS 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 5 2. BACKGROUND 6 2.1 SORM AND SURVEILLANCE IN UZBEKISTAN 6 2.2 THE ROLE OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMPANIES 7 2.3 HUMAN RIGHTS IN UZBEKISTAN: A CLIMATE OF FEAR 8 3. DMITRY TIKHONOV: FORCED TO FLEE THE COUNTRY BECAUSE OF AN E-MAIL HACK 10 4. DON’T PHONE HOME: SURVEILLANCE KEEPS REFUGEES FROM THEIR FAMILIES 14 “DILSHOD” 14 NADEJDA ATAYEVA 16 GULASAL KAMOLOVA 16 5.
    [Show full text]