UNITY JOURNAL Volume II, February 2021

Key Security Challenges of the Third World

Sasmita Gautam

Abstract building and fi nally increased international collaboration eff orts with indigenous While shaping an impression of the Third technical knowledge for resilient climate World from post-colonial, non-aligned strategy Drawing on quantitative data from to less developed states today, security recognized platforms, elite interviews on concerns over the region, more or less, security dialogues, reputed newspapers, remained a status quo in a handful of e-books, and journal articles, this article international security scholars. This article confronts us with the necessity to fertilize explores various security challenges, fragile nations of the Third World against including internal, regional, transnational the backdrop of economic, social, political, and international of Asia, Africa and Latin cultural, and environmental origins. American countries, the then considered Third World. Military interventions, illegal Keywords: confl ict, fragile nations, peace, migration and narco-terrorism of Latin security dimensions, the third world America; Demographic derivatives, ethnical confl icts and transnational organized crimes Introduction in Africa; Terrorism, failing states and climate In retrospect, the so-called unipolar world security issues of Asia are considered to be upended after the deadliest Cold War. A key security concerns hereunder. This article dotting political dogma of US and their allies aims to contribute towards building collective v/s Soviet Union and their allies. Such a fi erce action for stabilizing and sustaining the confl ict in the world resulted in an upsurge of world peace. It seeks to off er an alternative economic disparities among countries that understanding of constantly evolving prepared a precondition for sowing synthetic security dimensions. Some of those enshrined three world seeds. The third world seed sown alternative practical approaches include by French demographer Alfred Sauvy in confi nement of military to external defense, 1952, has now taken its roots of stratifi cation Cartegena Declaration implementation for already driven with deepening inequalities, illegal migrants, Custom controls in drug exacerbating vulnerabilities and jeopardizing trade, turning youth bulge to demographic the existence of those countries hereunder. dividend, inclusive participation of ethnic In the meantime, the fi rst cotyledonary groups, technology enforced crime patrol, security system sprung up from the plumule scooping out Islamism from terrorism, active of the post-cold war period that characterized participation of non-state actors in nation

229 UNITY JOURNAL Volume II, February 2021 traditional security system approach of Latin America’s military intervention, illegal defi ning and fencing national boundaries, migration and narco-terrorism are discussed. experimenting military strategy options for Secondly, confl icts, demographic factors and preventing as well as suppressing intra- and transnational organized crime are dealt in the interstate confl icts. The rapid but impromptu African continent. Thirdly, more prominent democratization process, subsequent matters, including failing states, terrorism decolonization of previously colonized states, and climate security are discoursed for Asia. and a paranoid whim of amateur leaders These boom stages of each security threats further aggravated security conditions. Thus search for their relevant bust stages later on. Asia, Africa and Latin America, the then considered Third World turned over a new Methodology: Security concerns over the leaf with respect to abruptive mitotic security third world region, more or less, remained divisions. a status quo in a handful of international scholars. Drawing on quantitative data from Various forms of security, such as recognized platforms, elite interviews on international security, akin to global security security dialogues, reputed newspapers, deal primarily with the use of both coercion journal articles, and e-books, this article was and diplomatic measures in compliance with prepared. strategic interdependence (Thomas, 2003, pp. 205-232). When these defense capabilities Boom Stage : Latin America and policies of states are undermined by an Military Interventions ongoing threat at a specifi c geography, are the The long-standing military dictatorships of subjects of regional security. Transnational the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s in Latin America security transcends over the political map seemed to reconcile during early in the of the nations, continents. Rampant illegal 1920sfollowing the wave of democracy. But production of and international trade of Hurrel argues that the domestic authorities drugs, terrorism, cyber warfare, succumbed always had an eagle eye on its neighbors as environmental destructions, palpable human potential enemies (Hurrell, 1998, pp. 529- rights violations are some of its illustrations 546). The nascent civil institutions already (Singer, 2002, pp. 145-158). Internal security beset with many challenges like weak is bogged down in reiterating intrastate infrastructure, diminutive fi nancial aid could confl icts- civil wars, ethnic separatism and not grapple with erstwhile burnished military political edesalination. The aforementioned foundation. While parochial security genius forms of security do not have a specifi c only mustered military intervention as a taxonomic classifi cation and hence are national defense mechanism, the misbalance interlinked with one or the other. To top it is thus inevitable. This results in defective off , Third World Security Challenges are a democracy, a tutelary democracy, where telling symptom of various internal, regional, elections be held freely and fairly but the transnational and international security military has the fi nal say (Merkel, 2004, pp. threats against the backdrop of social, 33-58). With backing of the army, Presidents political, cultural and environmental origins. of Honduras and Guatemala disentangled Considering diagnostic security threats, this international anticorruption commission article tends to partisan third world. First, (Guerrero, 2020). El Salvador is an epitome

230 UNITY JOURNAL Volume II, February 2021 for staging an attempted military coup by After the Lima Declaration on 8th August President Nayid Bukule on the legislative 2017, representatives of 12 countries assembly (BBC News Web Site, 2020). formed Lima Group in warding off crisis in As per the survey by David and Berlin, 94 Venezuela. However, the group members are percentages of Latin American countries not always in agreement (Janetsky, 2020). deliberately employ armed forces to perform Likewise, undocumented migrations from regular public security activities. Also 76 the Northern Triangle Countries (Guatemala, percentages of them function in combating Honduras and El Salvador) through Mexico organized crime or drug traffi cking on a to America face mass victimization in transit periodic basis (David & Berlin, 2017). routes giving rise to humanitarian emergency Amid the COVID-19 pandemic, military (Dyke, 2020). This article foresees illegal units have been placed in populated areas migration in Latin America as its key regional of Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, security challenge. Chile, Ecuador, El Salvador, Honduras, Mexico, Peru, and Venezuela to contain Narcoterrorism virus (Guerrero, 2020). To cope up, combat Transnational narcoterrorism, a “lethal and contain unprecedented natural disasters, triangle” of narcotraffi ckers, terrorists and hazardous health emergencies in large scale, weapon smugglers (Pulido, 2005) is emerging is only possible through deployment of new security threat not only to Latin America armies and security forces. But the intended but the whole world. It is best described by use of military on every internal state aff air Professor Krizova as “the use of excessive will have more infl uence in those countries violence as an indispensable business (Mani, 2011). The Venezuela case, where tactic to secure operational environment political opponents, journalists, even human for profi t-seeking illicit drug smuggling rights defenders were held in captivity citing enterprise” (Kristlik, 2019). Geo-strategic the pandemic (HRW News, 2020). Military placement of Columbia, between the coca- intimidation to impede anti-government growing nations of Peru and Bolivia, roads protests in La Paz, Cohamby and El Alto through the Caribbean and Central America against the de-facto government of Jeanine that lead to profi table North America and Anez (Wadhwa, 2020). To conclude, European Markets (Mac Doald, 1988). intervention of military in internal aff airs Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia is emerging internal security challenge of (FARC) dissidents, The National Liberation Latin America and hence should be swiftly Army (ELN) guerillas, and other violent addressed. non-state actors confi gured narcoterrorism as their principal economic activity. This is Illegal Migration crystal clear from the US moves as it charged The Venezuelan emigration which began Venezuela’s President Nicolas Maduro in 2016 entails the largest displacement of and 14 others for fueling FARC rivals and people in Latin American History (Tharoor, fl ooding drugs to the US (BBC News, 2020). 2018). Political and humanitarian crisis; Also Former US President Donald Trump spillover eff ects of the Maduro regime; and denounced Mexican cartels terrorist groups acute food insecurity for ages (Freier & for escalating violence of narcoterrorism Parent, 2019) resulted in massive exodus. (Teiner, 2020).

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Boom Stage : Africa showered mobilization of ethnic identities resulting civil war (Justin & Vries, 2017, pp. Internal and Regional Confl icts 31-46). Non-state confl ict in Central African Africa is a living history of wrangling civil Republic primarily between Seleka forces and wars. Nigerian Biafran War in the 1960’s and anti-Balaka is another armed ethnic confl ict 70’s, the Congo Wars, Rwanda genocide, (Denisova & Kostelyanets, nd, pp. 24-31). Ethiopian and Eritrean war of 1999-2000 Deducing confl icts in Africa, the major tool (Wikipedia, n.d.) But the spillover eff ects are for confl ict is ethnic diff erences. stern. And, what is worse, myriad of confl icts still harbors the continent. The state-based Demographic Factor confl icts where the state government is at I recall Famous Blunder of George W. least one actor; non state confl icts fought Bush, “Africa is a nation”. Those in the between non-governmental organizing know invoke it as Africa is not a country; it groups and one-sided violence (either involve is the continent of 54 diff erent nations with state or non-state actors) are upped. In 2017, geographical disparity and cultural diversity. Africa alone experienced 18 state-based In a similar sequence, Africa is often confl icts and 50 non-state confl icts (Bakken regarded as the youngest continent. Not only & Rustad, 2018). There is surge in one sided because it was lately discovered, it is also violence since 2011. Boko Haram insurgency because the continent muster over 60% of its in Nigeriahas claimed over thousands of population under the age of 25 (Gates, 2018). citizens and displaced millions; recently Abound young generations in developing held a heart wrenching and callous attack countries is both challenge and opportunities. on civilians in rice fi eld at Zabarmari (BBC Commendable in a way that it is a driver of News, 2020). Menace in Mali, Niger, Burkina robust economy, whereas same dent when it Faso caused by Al-Quaeda, IS-affi liate, becomes under or over exploited. The study Islamic State in Greater Sahara (ISGS) by Boateng alluded demographic youth severely strained public security systems bulge and poor economic growth to be the creating humanitarian emergencies (LE contributor of youth unemployment in Africa Roux, 2019). State based confl icts between (Boateng, 2016). Large unemployed youth the Ethiopia’s federal government and hostile population scourges greater risk of security TPFP (Tigrayan People’s Liberation Front) challenges including internal armed confl icts albeit internal confl ict could completely (Sachs, 2008). The claim is attested by destabilize the entire horn of Africa (Mutahi, another journal article of Urdal that envisage 2020). Misinterpretation of the Ethiopian the risk of civil war is 150% higher when the constitution and dominance of Oromo youth population represents more than 35% descent in Ethiopia has resulted in unbridled of the total adult population (Urdal, 2006, pp. confl icts between the two (Davis, 2020). 607-629). Youth, Peace and Security come Recently ended civil war of South Sudan hand in hand; jobless youth consequently (15 December 2013- 22 February 2020) is ramifi es security challenges and ossify peace yet to show its ripple eff ects. The political and development (UNFPA, 2020). struggle between President Salva Kiir and opposition leader, Former Vice President Transnational Organized Crime Riek Machar from diff erent ethnic groups Here, a close group of people is involved in tactical operation of illegal activities

232 UNITY JOURNAL Volume II, February 2021 over time to generate profi t. The supply corruption, clustered society, agitating public and demand curve is regulated by criminal and weak government structured legacy was markets. Organized crime groups in Africa left to Central Asian region by the former recognize three types of markets. Provision Soviet Union (Hassan, 2020). 70 years of of illicit goods; provision of illicit services; the Soviet experience followed by 20 years and infi ltration of business or government of sovereign experience turned into a hodge- (Albanese, 2020). Transnational organized podge of various ethnicities, breeding serious crime is a result of Africa’s weak system disputes between newly independent states. structure of state and governance (Shaw Envision of the state failure rings true, as & Reitano, 2019). The rife accessibility the region is prone to instability and state and aff ordability of small arms and light weakness, ineff ective judiciary and low weapons (SALW) synergize the growth and rule of life. As per the Fragile State Index, diff usion of transnational organized crimes 2019, all the countries have ‘warning’ in Africa (James, 2020). Uganda could not and ‘elevated warning’ level of instability encumber the complex chain of illegal ivory (Fragile States Index, 2019). The Tazikistan traders ranging from middleman to border civil war of May 1992, Andijan massacre on town (Titeca, 2018). Moreover, separate 13th May 2005 in Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan’s organizational groups like that of Al Shabaab two coup d’états in 2005 and 2010, Tulip access fi nancial funds through illicit trade in Revolution were all results of incomplete sugar and charcoal (Global Initiative, 2018). state structures (Taukebayeva et.al, 2020, pp. The fi rst ever Organized Crime Index Africa, 180-187). The deprivation to the fundamental 2019 labelled human traffi cking and human needs of the people not only led to Andijan smuggling, arms traffi cking and cannabis massacre in Uzbekistan but also infl uenced trade as most prevalent organized crimes spread of Islamic radicals and ammunition in almost every country on the continent against regional leaders. (“Central Asia: (Conference, 2020). The employment and Decay and Decline”, 2011). Recent socio- economic benefi ts lure breadwinner Africans political unrest in Kyrgyzstan, annulling insofar these organized crimes disenfranchise parliamentary elections of October 4 by their human rights, bloom violence, drug street protests and resignation of President uptake among poor and marginalized, and Sooronbai Jeenbekov triggered as the result introduce economic distortions (Shaw & of systemic corruption, falsifi ed election Reitano, 2019). The Covid-19 pandemic results, and the state’s reliance on criminal relief package has forsaken vulnerable representatives and actors (Otorbaev, 2020). communities, taken into confi dence by Therefore, incomplete state foundation is the organized crime groups recruiting more key security challenge of Central Asia. children and teenagers into the drug trade. Terrorism in Western Asia Boom Phase : Asia Since the September 11 attacks by Al-Qaeda in New York, Islamic extremist violence Central Asia: Failed or Failing States and terrorism has been a hot debate in The previous geostrategic and economically international security dialogues, IEP (Institute vibrant countries of Central Asia is faltering for Economics and Peace) think tanks, policy today, acquiring the new defi nition of The Third makers and law enforcements (Koehler, World. Sluggish economic growth, endemic 2019). The Houthis group from Yemen, Al-

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Qaeda, Jihadist groups, Islamic separatist vulnerable state that it accounted for 40% of Iraq and Syria, render West Africa as the of all recorded global disasters from 2005- growing hotbed of terrorism. A conceptual 2014 alone (UN, 2016, p. 143). In agrarian shift from Arab Spring in 2011 to fl ourishing countries like Nepal, Bhutan, Timor-Leste; terrorism in more populous Arab countries is food and water insecurity is ramping up. raising grave concerns. Maritime terrorism in Monoculture of Maize (exhaustive crop) in West Asia is intensifying. From Al-Qaeda’s large scale in Nepal made food insecurity fi rst attack on USS cole in Yemen’s Aden in status more unstable (Bocchiola et.al, 2019). October 2000 (“The investigation into the Drying of irrigation sources due to extreme attack on the USS cole”, 2001). Houthi rebels weather events in Bhutan led to decrease in attack Saudi and Emeriti forces in Red Sea crop productivity (Chhogyel et.al, 2020). are all inspired by these groups. The drone Problems of malnutrition, low agricultural boat attacks on Saudi Navy in 2017 shows production, slow dietary and nutritional group’s technological prowess (Aljazeera, progress, high weather vulnerability have 2019). The criminalization of terrorism of propounded food scarcity condition in Timor- jihadi group has expanded even in Southern Leste (Profumo et.al, 2019, pp. 97-132). Laos and Western Europe (Brisard, 2015). IS an constitute 23.2% of the population below operation in Iraq, Syria, Saudi, Azerbaijan national poverty line. Its land tenure system and Turkey engage in criminal activities such is viewed ironically. The coastal countries of as kidnapping, robbery, smuggling of stolen the Asia Pacifi c region face multiple threats antiques to overcome the fi nancial crunch from weather extremes, ocean acidifi cation, (Micallef, 2020). Yemen has been stadium of resource-use confl icts, rising sea level of the violence from 2015, when Houthis overran Pacifi c Ocean to changing El Nano and La even the capital Sanaa (Aljazeera N., 2020). Nina climate patterns (Andriesse et.al, 2020). Confl ict, the main driver of terrorism is being Cambodia, one of the most climate vulnerable replaced by far-right terror in West in the new countries in South East Asia, and Vietnam’s decade. It is the terrorism motivated by the productive fi sheries (especially snakehead right-wing or far right ideologies, favoring culture) has become susceptible to impacts of particularly ethno nationalism, in West Asia. climate change (Navy et. al, 2016). Migration Thus, it is the rising security challenge in is maladaptive to changing climate. Making Western Asia. matters worse, fl ed 700,000 Rohingya refugees from Myanmar to Kutupalong camp Climate Change in Asia Pacifi c in Bangladesh caused heavy deforestation in Asia pacifi c region lies along the arena of nearby forest areas (Gaynor, 2020). A survey potent hydro-meteorological hazards. The in Cambodia reported that among 45% of least developed countries that fall in this Asia emigrants, over half of migration was climate Pacifi c has been bearing brunt of those hazards related (Jacobson et.al, 2018). Busby, in his enhanced by climate change (Dastagir, article concluded Bangladesh, South and 2015, pp. 49-60). Vulnerable communities Western Myanmar, and parts of Pakistan were residing there are already experiencing most vulnerable location in climate security undesired climate impacts on Food, Water, vulnerability (Busby et.al, 2018, pp. 88- Land, Energy and other ecosystem services 188). It is even evident that climate change (Miyan et.al, 2017). The region is at such a is changing politics. The issue is not only

234 UNITY JOURNAL Volume II, February 2021 environmental anymore; it is becoming more Illegal Migration geopolitical in the near future. The politics of The economic, social and political climate change have triggered land grabbing destabilization of Venezuela during Maduro process in Myanmar (Borras et.al, 2020). regime led Venezuelan diaspora to transform Climate change, a non-traditional security into refugees, illegal migrants in its concern is ultimately a Human Security neighboring countries. This type of migratory Challenge, which should be hastily addressed crisis not only alters the social structure and by this generation. condition of a given country, but also those of recipient host countries. Implementation of Combating Third World Key Security the regional Cartegena Declaration through Challenges its accord on national law should be declared Strategies for Bust Phase by governments at fi rst. The regional unions, cooperation should pressurize Maduro to Military Intervention adopt the declaration (Patel, 2019). During Prevention, containment and responding the Venezuelan displacement crisis a lot of to both Covid-19 pandemic and series of humanitarian support is needed. Though military coup are the main ingredients of the these aids are temporary; can signifi cantly road towards internal peace in Latin America. address ongoing human security issues. The most potent weapon against military While other more sustainable solutions like infi ltration in politics is strengthening of civil building resilient communities, should be institutions and good governance (Onuoha focused. The migrants receiving countries et.al, 2020). The issues of transparency, should provide humanitarian visa to promote accountability, rule of law, tackling of orderly and safe migration. This has been endemic corruption, strong judicial system instigated in Peru (America Economia, 2019). should be the mirror of the countries to face It is commendable that Venezuelan embassies any possible security dilemmas. Confi nement are fi nancing fl ights back to Venezuela for of military to external defense, eff ective immigrants (BBC, 2019). An emigrant from implementation of peace accord provisions, the northern triangle countries to United especially in Guatemala aimed to reduce States of America is intensifying despite military size and budget, will curb the declining homicide rates and improvement military’s political power (Isaacs & Schwartz, in economic growth (Pineo, 2020). Northern 2020). A very good example comes from our Triangle, Mexico and USA should show own neighbors. Latin American countries: regional solidarity to eff ectively cope this Ecuador, Peru, Mexico and Bolivia have migratory crisis. manuals on the use of internal military force. Those manuals adhere to the principles of Narcoterrorism the United Nations and International Law The principle of war on drugs and war on focused on the use of military as the last terror has been viewed separately by diff erent resort, exploration of non-violent options international scholars and policy makers. and operation of minimum level of force for While illicit drug trade and terrorism has achieving objectives. been mixed at best in a new decade and remain a headline not only in Latin America, but on global stage, it is past time to be

235 UNITY JOURNAL Volume II, February 2021 nimble. Reinforcement of boundaries, and vanquish it. Resolving these issues in a less custom control could at least break the chain belligerent manner by addressing perceived of terrorism (Bjornehed, 2004, pp. 305-324). inequalities, tackling grievances, meeting Only when members of producing countries needs and demands of ethnic groups and and aff ected countries address the threat of balancing competing interests is that small narcoterrorism, is there a hope of combating act of kindness. it. Individual awareness of its future drawbacks should be at community level. The Demography government can legitimize specifi ed medical Thanks to preventable vaccines, sophisticated drugs and scrap any illegal transactions antibiotics and medical advancements in the (Meierrieks & Schneider, 2016, pp. 1274- First World, this present world is ageing with 1277). Terrors like this are being politicized older populations in the near future. In contrast, as opposed to prioritized. It is a humanitarian Africa with abound young population is the norm of every individual to detest every form youngest continent of the whole world. In the of violence. The gender role is inevitable light of the United Nations Population Fund, in deterring or shaping crime (Kruttschnitt, ‘Youth Bulges’ turn into a ‘demographic 2013, pp. 291-308). Thus, adequate research dividend’ if managed accordingly. Under works on Gender-Crime nexus must be management of oversized youth population carried out. in Africa could be overcome by Youth Ethnical Confl ict empowerment and employment (Hagerty, 2017). Discarding of one-size-fi ts-all policies Aforementioned state-based confl icts, non- and scaling up investments in formal and state confl icts and one-sided confl icts in non-formal education is the doorstep. Africa, all have one thing in common: Formation of umbrella national youth “Ethnicity”. But it is commonly misinterpreted council, the proportionate inclusion of young as the driving force for African confl icts, the leaders in policy making, provision of ample heat of battle. Ethnicity is not the driver for income generation opportunities through confl ict. Aapenguo argues it as the lever used various fi nancial aid from the government is by political leaders to mobilize followers imperative for youth development. Further, in pursuit of wealth, resources and power awareness programs, training and capacity (Aapenguo, 2010). Shift from authoritarian building workshops and conferences build to democratic regime in the region up peace and scrape up non-violent motives. expanded ethnic cleavages (Posner, 2007, As we all accord, durable peace can and will pp. 1302-1327). African countries require only be attained “with youth and by youth”. a more inclusive approach of governance: The regional cooperation agencies like that of equitable participation, quota system for ECCAS (Economic Community of Central underprivileged ethnic groups, reallocation African States) Central Africa, AU (African of resources and access to power positions, Union)’s principles, policies and programs equity with equality and strong judicial aimed at fostering youth inclusion should be systems (Chiamogu & Chiamogu, 2020). adopted, domesticated and implemented at Ethnic confl icts, here, are often portrayed the grassroots level. Only then, the African as age old confl icts. Even so, a simple act continent will fl ourish with its youth as its of kindness by respective government could right hand.

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Transnational Organized Crime become failed states. Tajikistan exhibit a Intra-regional fl ow of terrorists from Al- certain level of resistance to state failure as Qaeda and IS (Islamic States) affi liate in it can spend decades showing the symptoms North-West Africa (Maghreb), or Al-Shabaab yet never quite arrive (Kendzior, 2013). in East Africa or Boko Haram in West Africa, Kyrgyzstan has been labeled as a ‘faltering all together have designated Africa as their state’ by International Crisis Group, and breeding ground. These terrorists’ access given as a caveat that nation will wail in funds through network of organized crimes. front of permanent low-level violence and We can combat transnational organized crime irreversible criminality (ICG, 2005). These and terrorism by squeezing their resource states have potential for countering obstacles. funds and through regional cooperation in Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan are rich in water law enforcement to some extent. The Afripol resources. Abound natural gas and favorable Cooperation agreement is the most promising cotton production areas are characteristics to one (INTERPOL, 2018). Appropriate Uzbekistan. Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan responses should be designed only after dive in huge deposits of oil and gas understanding criminalized power structure, (Taukebayeva et.al, 2020, pp. 180-187). focusing on techno-oriented aid than troops The key is to trigger them in developmental or police (Mazzitelli, 2007, pp. 1071-1090). headway through mobilization of human At the governmental level, establishment and capital with adoption of sophisticated management of incorruptible law enforcement technologies. Regional cooperation, rational agencies could be appreciated if they can dialogue encompassing agriculture, water effi ciently arrest, investigate and prosecute and energy nexus is substantial. Legitimacy/ culprits preventing further organized crimes. rule of law, corruption stigmatization and Reorganization, modernization of Nigerian rational citizens is prerequisites for combating security agencies i.e. police forces have been corruption from zero level. Brooks considers given insights to squarely face challenges living indefi nitely in a “non-state” society of new trends in Transnational organized might be benefi tted than in a dysfunctional crimes. Profuse international organizations state. He further argues “failed states’ never like World Customs Organization, United were successful state (Brooks, 2005, pp. 1159- Nation Convention on Crime Prevention 1196). Non-state actors should also play its and Criminal Justice, International Criminal part in nation rebuilding through negotiated Police Organization must be exploited to deal agreements with weak state (Samuel, 2020). this security threat. Hopefully, sustained economic growth, autonomous citizens, nationalistic non-state Failed/Failing States actors and cooperation among the countries Gaining independence from Soviet Union could turn fragile states into eff orts of nation has revealed sad reality in Central Asian building. region. Conspicuous consistent level of Terrorism in West Asia corruption, crippling poverty, ingrained th sultanistic regimes and serious interstate Islam, originated in the 7 century in Mecca confl icts over water resources have rendered of Western Asia is spreading its branches the states fragile (Kazantsey, 2016). Defunct in every nook and corner of the world. fragile states remain pipeline to ultimately The stereotype is an old cliché “Radical

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Islamism”, used by many to divert attention be landmark step ahead (Mihnar, 2019). We from actual terrorism. Terror started its need an interdisciplinary understanding of footsteps in Western Asia after Arab Muslims the challenges we face and the solutions we began control over Palestine in their bid to seek, based on multi-faceted institutional uproot Jews (Tripathi, 2017, pp. 39-45). approaches. “If you do not stabilize climate, Palestine’s confl uence of three: Christians, you will actually destroy the good prospects Muslims and Jews; Muslim’s overarching for development” (Schellnhuber, 2017), a bond of cultural and religious strength and famous quote denotes wake up call to address rising Jews perceived as cultural and social- climate issues. religious threat by Muslims hedge-podge religion and terrorism. The then backward Discussions on the underlying boom and Muslim communities- mustered frustration, bust stages of key security challenges have deprivation and helplessness in a form that led to a symphony towards adopting various exploded into uncontrolled form of violence. strategic measures for containing them. The longer the countries tend to suppress Good governance featured nations with these rebels without addressing their grave international support and collaboration is a concerns, use them against their own rivals; must. While every continent should play its the crisis and terror will continue in the near own part, a durable, holistic organization future (Kolahchian & Lord, 2017, pp. 61- sharing mutual responsibilities, facilitating 88). Scooping out Islamism from terrorism, cordial cooperation and balancing dynamic provision of basic facilities and fundamental equilibrium between states, nations and rights to those far-right groups, especially continents are visualized. With this note, freedom of expression is es sential for the United Nations was established on 1945 combating radical Islamism. For littorals, AD to strengthen global security system. th unless business changes from their as-usual It is overwhelming that even after its 75 approach aimed at keeping cost low and Anniversary in 2020, the core team: Security turnover high, terrorism opportunities will Council doesn’t include any participants from roar and soar up. The main issue should be nations of the Third world. The voices of poor, safety than only profi t. powerless can be sidelined by just one veto power of the developed countries; cultures of Climate Security silences for generations in the UN General Climate change a “wicked problem”, is Assembly; creed that less developed and characterized by many underlying strata developing countries are always behind even of nested, intertwined and unforeseen in UN and sectarian strife of individual small predicaments. Given that the interlinkages nations has become a barrier for international between and among these many predicaments cooperation and collaboration. It is pivotal to are non-linear and complex, the solution to revise the UN Charter adhering to evolving this problem lies beyond the comfort zone of security scenarios, providing powers to third our conventional knowledge systems. Right world countries for using their indigenous mix of young people to drive local projects, knowledge along with technological and prudent utilization of available resources, and fi nancial support from developed countries in then build achievable projects, which are in building resilient grassroots communities and line with the regional and global targets could sustainable world peace.

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Conclusion and Recommendations Albanese, J. (2020). Retrieved from http://doi. org/10.1007/978-3-030-46327-4_2 The article is strictly focused on identifying, Aljazeera. (2019, September 20). Saudi-led assessing and providing mitigation measures coalition intercepts explosive fi lled boat by for aforementioned key security challenges Houthis. Retrieved from Al Jazeera: https:// faced by The Third World. At the time when www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/09/saudi- developed-developing countries’ share a coalition-explosive-filled-boat-houthis- friendship of weal and woe, it is a sign intercepted-190971404855.html of pessimism that leaders of third world Aljazeera, N. (2020, November 30). Yemen: countries are behaving as ivory towers, Houthis claim killing of several Saudi remain shrouded in culture of silence, soldiers in Marib. Retrieved from Aljazeera: failed or stalled diplomacy, and continuing https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/11/30/ sectarian strife. The perceived traditional and houthis-claim-killing-of-several-saudi- non-traditional security challenges call for soldiers-in-marib more collaboration, not less. The umbrella America Economia. (2019, September). Peru organization: United Nations allots higher will increase border control to prevent illegal absolute powers to the Security Council, in entry of Venezuelans. Retrieved from America which third countries have no participation. Economia: https://www.americaeconomia. com Redefi ning principles of UN charter to provide inclusive participation of far-fl ung Andriesse et.al. (2020, November 25). Building and underdeveloped countries is a must resilient coastal communities in the Asia Pacidic. Retrieved from East Asia Forum: otherwise a new international organization http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2020/11/25/ working for developing states would be a building-resilient-coastal-communities-in- pipeline to fertilize fragile nations of the the-asia-pacifi c/ Third World. Bakken, I. & Rustad, S. (2018). reliefweb.int. References Retrieved from https://reliefweb.int/report/ world/confl ict-trends-africa-1989-2018 “Central Asia: Decay and Decline”. (2011, February 3). International Crisis Group. BBC. (2019, December 31). Venezuela, the country from which 5,000 people leave a day (2001). “The investigation into the attack on the (and why the exodus may continue in 2019). USS cole”. United States: Report of the House Retrieved from BBC: http://www.bbc.com/ Amred Services. mundo/noticias-america-latina-46715015 (2020, February 11). Retrieved from BBC News Bjornehed, E. (2004). Narco-Terrorism: The Web Site: http://www.bbc.com/news/world- Merger of the War on Drugs and the War on latin-america-51458947/ Terror. Global Crime, pp. 305-324. (2020, March 26). Retrieved from BBC News: Boateng, W. B. (2016, May 11). The youth https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin- unemployment challenge in Africa: What america-52053799 are the drivers ? The Economic and Labour (2020, November 29). Retrieved from BBC Relations Review. News: http://www.bbc.com/news/world- Bocchiola et.al. (2019). Impact of Climate Change africa-55120638/ on Agricultural Productivity and Food Security Aapenguo, C. (2010, April 30). Misinterpreting in the Himalayas: A case study in Nepal. http:// Ethnic Confl icts in Africa. Africa Securtiy doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2019.01.008. Brief.

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