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Key Security Challenges of the Third World

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Key Security Challenges of the Third World UNITY JOURNAL Volume II, February 2021 Key Security Challenges of the Third World Sasmita Gautam Abstract building and fi nally increased international collaboration eff orts with indigenous While shaping an impression of the Third technical knowledge for resilient climate World from post-colonial, non-aligned strategy Drawing on quantitative data from to less developed states today, security recognized platforms, elite interviews on concerns over the region, more or less, security dialogues, reputed newspapers, remained a status quo in a handful of e-books, and journal articles, this article international security scholars. This article confronts us with the necessity to fertilize explores various security challenges, fragile nations of the Third World against including internal, regional, transnational the backdrop of economic, social, political, and international of Asia, Africa and Latin cultural, and environmental origins. American countries, the then considered Third World. Military interventions, illegal Keywords: confl ict, fragile nations, peace, migration and narco-terrorism of Latin security dimensions, the third world America; Demographic derivatives, ethnical confl icts and transnational organized crimes Introduction in Africa; Terrorism, failing states and climate In retrospect, the so-called unipolar world security issues of Asia are considered to be upended after the deadliest Cold War. A key security concerns hereunder. This article dotting political dogma of US and their allies aims to contribute towards building collective v/s Soviet Union and their allies. Such a fi erce action for stabilizing and sustaining the confl ict in the world resulted in an upsurge of world peace. It seeks to off er an alternative economic disparities among countries that understanding of constantly evolving prepared a precondition for sowing synthetic security dimensions. Some of those enshrined three world seeds. The third world seed sown alternative practical approaches include by French demographer Alfred Sauvy in confi nement of military to external defense, 1952, has now taken its roots of stratifi cation Cartegena Declaration implementation for already driven with deepening inequalities, illegal migrants, Custom controls in drug exacerbating vulnerabilities and jeopardizing trade, turning youth bulge to demographic the existence of those countries hereunder. dividend, inclusive participation of ethnic In the meantime, the fi rst cotyledonary groups, technology enforced crime patrol, security system sprung up from the plumule scooping out Islamism from terrorism, active of the post-cold war period that characterized participation of non-state actors in nation 229 UNITY JOURNAL Volume II, February 2021 traditional security system approach of Latin America’s military intervention, illegal defi ning and fencing national boundaries, migration and narco-terrorism are discussed. experimenting military strategy options for Secondly, confl icts, demographic factors and preventing as well as suppressing intra- and transnational organized crime are dealt in the interstate confl icts. The rapid but impromptu African continent. Thirdly, more prominent democratization process, subsequent matters, including failing states, terrorism decolonization of previously colonized states, and climate security are discoursed for Asia. and a paranoid whim of amateur leaders These boom stages of each security threats further aggravated security conditions. Thus search for their relevant bust stages later on. Asia, Africa and Latin America, the then considered Third World turned over a new Methodology: Security concerns over the leaf with respect to abruptive mitotic security third world region, more or less, remained divisions. a status quo in a handful of international scholars. Drawing on quantitative data from Various forms of security, such as recognized platforms, elite interviews on international security, akin to global security security dialogues, reputed newspapers, deal primarily with the use of both coercion journal articles, and e-books, this article was and diplomatic measures in compliance with prepared. strategic interdependence (Thomas, 2003, pp. 205-232). When these defense capabilities Boom Stage : Latin America and policies of states are undermined by an Military Interventions ongoing threat at a specifi c geography, are the The long-standing military dictatorships of subjects of regional security. Transnational the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s in Latin America security transcends over the political map seemed to reconcile during early in the of the nations, continents. Rampant illegal 1920sfollowing the wave of democracy. But production of and international trade of Hurrel argues that the domestic authorities drugs, terrorism, cyber warfare, succumbed always had an eagle eye on its neighbors as environmental destructions, palpable human potential enemies (Hurrell, 1998, pp. 529- rights violations are some of its illustrations 546). The nascent civil institutions already (Singer, 2002, pp. 145-158). Internal security beset with many challenges like weak is bogged down in reiterating intrastate infrastructure, diminutive fi nancial aid could confl icts- civil wars, ethnic separatism and not grapple with erstwhile burnished military political edesalination. The aforementioned foundation. While parochial security genius forms of security do not have a specifi c only mustered military intervention as a taxonomic classifi cation and hence are national defense mechanism, the misbalance interlinked with one or the other. To top it is thus inevitable. This results in defective off , Third World Security Challenges are a democracy, a tutelary democracy, where telling symptom of various internal, regional, elections be held freely and fairly but the transnational and international security military has the fi nal say (Merkel, 2004, pp. threats against the backdrop of social, 33-58). With backing of the army, Presidents political, cultural and environmental origins. of Honduras and Guatemala disentangled Considering diagnostic security threats, this international anticorruption commission article tends to partisan third world. First, (Guerrero, 2020). El Salvador is an epitome 230 UNITY JOURNAL Volume II, February 2021 for staging an attempted military coup by After the Lima Declaration on 8th August President Nayid Bukule on the legislative 2017, representatives of 12 countries assembly (BBC News Web Site, 2020). formed Lima Group in warding off crisis in As per the survey by David and Berlin, 94 Venezuela. However, the group members are percentages of Latin American countries not always in agreement (Janetsky, 2020). deliberately employ armed forces to perform Likewise, undocumented migrations from regular public security activities. Also 76 the Northern Triangle Countries (Guatemala, percentages of them function in combating Honduras and El Salvador) through Mexico organized crime or drug traffi cking on a to America face mass victimization in transit periodic basis (David & Berlin, 2017). routes giving rise to humanitarian emergency Amid the COVID-19 pandemic, military (Dyke, 2020). This article foresees illegal units have been placed in populated areas migration in Latin America as its key regional of Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, security challenge. Chile, Ecuador, El Salvador, Honduras, Mexico, Peru, and Venezuela to contain Narcoterrorism virus (Guerrero, 2020). To cope up, combat Transnational narcoterrorism, a “lethal and contain unprecedented natural disasters, triangle” of narcotraffi ckers, terrorists and hazardous health emergencies in large scale, weapon smugglers (Pulido, 2005) is emerging is only possible through deployment of new security threat not only to Latin America armies and security forces. But the intended but the whole world. It is best described by use of military on every internal state aff air Professor Krizova as “the use of excessive will have more infl uence in those countries violence as an indispensable business (Mani, 2011). The Venezuela case, where tactic to secure operational environment political opponents, journalists, even human for profi t-seeking illicit drug smuggling rights defenders were held in captivity citing enterprise” (Kristlik, 2019). Geo-strategic the pandemic (HRW News, 2020). Military placement of Columbia, between the coca- intimidation to impede anti-government growing nations of Peru and Bolivia, roads protests in La Paz, Cohamby and El Alto through the Caribbean and Central America against the de-facto government of Jeanine that lead to profi table North America and Anez (Wadhwa, 2020). To conclude, European Markets (Mac Doald, 1988). intervention of military in internal aff airs Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia is emerging internal security challenge of (FARC) dissidents, The National Liberation Latin America and hence should be swiftly Army (ELN) guerillas, and other violent addressed. non-state actors confi gured narcoterrorism as their principal economic activity. This is Illegal Migration crystal clear from the US moves as it charged The Venezuelan emigration which began Venezuela’s President Nicolas Maduro in 2016 entails the largest displacement of and 14 others for fueling FARC rivals and people in Latin American History (Tharoor, fl ooding drugs to the US (BBC News, 2020). 2018). Political and humanitarian crisis; Also Former US President Donald Trump spillover eff ects of the Maduro regime; and denounced Mexican cartels terrorist groups acute food insecurity for ages (Freier & for escalating
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