PBS Newshour for June 16, 2010

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29 of 1000 DOCUMENTS

The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer

June 16, 2010 Wednesday

SHOW: PBS NEWSHOUR 6:00 PM EST

PBS NewsHour For June 16, 2010

BYLINE: Emma Cott, Judy Woodruff, Jeffrey Brown, Ray Suarez, Gwen Ifill, Hari Sreenivasan

GUESTS: Robert Dudley, Ellen Fitzpatrick, Cynthia Tucker, Michael Gerson, Allert Brown-Gort, Andrew Selee, Mau- rice Hines

SECTION: NEWS; International

LENGTH: 8869 words

HIGHLIGHT: BP agrees to set aside $20 billion dollars to pay damages caused by the Gulf oil spill, following tough talk from the Obama administration about quickly responding to claims from victims. President Obama acknowledges discontent over his administration`s handling of the Gulf oil leak in his Oval Office address to the nation. As President Barack Obama stresses the need for independence from fossil fuels, filmmaker Emma Cott examines one alternative energy project that is looking to harness wind power from Mexico to help meet California`s energy demands. Mexican President Felipe Calderon appeals to the Mexican people for help as yet another spasm of drug gang violence erupts in Mexico. Thirty years after his original turn in the Duke Ellington tribute "Sophisticated Ladies," tap dance icon Maurice Hines returns to the show as dancer, choreographer and mentor in the revival at Lincoln Theatre.

GWEN IFILL: Good evening. I`m Gwen Ifill. BP agreed today to set aside at least $20 billion dollars to pay damages caused by the Gulf oil spill. JUDY WOODRUFF: And I`m Judy Woodruff. On the "NewsHour" tonight: The chairman of the company apologized to the American people for the disaster, after he and others met with the president at the White House. We interview one person who was at that meeting, BP`s managing director, Bob Dudley. GWEN IFILL: And we assess the political fallout from the continuing crisis with Cynthia Tucker, Michael Gerson, and Ellen Fitzpatrick. JUDY WOODRUFF: Then: a report about a project aimed at moving from fossil fuels to wind energy just south of the U.S.-Mexico border. MICHAEL FOLLONI, California Wind Developer: Developers are flocking to Baja California because it`s the Saudi Arabia of wind. GWEN IFILL: And a second Mexico story: an update on the drug violence which has killed hundreds in the last week and thousands in the last four years. Ray Suarez reports. JUDY WOODRUFF: Plus, Jeffrey Brown tells the story of tap dance great Maurice Hines, passing the torch and tradition to a new generation Page 2 PBS NewsHour For June 16, 2010 The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer June 16, 2010 Wednesday

JOHN MANZARI, "Sophisticated Ladies": At the end of the class, he was talking to us and everything, and he was just like, can you tap? And I was like, yes, I can tap. But he didn`t believe me. And he just kept asking me. He was like, are you sure you can tap? I was like, yes, I can tap. Finally, like, the fifth time, I was like, yes, I can tap. GWEN IFILL: That`s all ahead on tonight`s "NewsHour." (BREAK) JUDY WOODRUFF: Billions of dollars will start flowing from BP to victims of the Gulf oil spill. President Obama made the announcement today, after assuring the nation last night that the government will make BP pay. BARACK OBAMA, President of the United States: I`m pleased to announce that BP has agreed to set aside $20 billion to pay claims for damages resulting from this spill. JUDY WOODRUFF: That word came hours after BP`s top executives arrived at the White House. They met for the first time with the president and at length with his top lawyer and others. Mr. Obama said he got what he asked for. BARACK OBAMA: This $20 billion will provide substantial assurance that the claims people and businesses have will be honored. It`s also important to emphasize this is not a cap. The people of the Gulf have my commitment that BP will meet its obligations to them. JUDY WOODRUFF: Kenneth Feinberg will oversee the payments. He ran the 9/11 victims compensation fund and is currently the government`s pay czar, setting salary limits for bailed-out companies. In addition, BP will contribute $100 million to help oil industry workers who have been idled by the federal moratorium on deep-sea drilling. After today`s talks, the BP chairman, Carl-Henric Svanberg, also announced that the oil giant will suspend dividend payments to its shareholders for the rest of the year to ensure it meets commitments to the Gulf Coast. CARL-HENRIC SVANBERG, Chairman, BP: I would like to take this opportunity to apologize to the American people on behalf of all the employees in BP, many of whom are living on the Gulf Coast. I hear comments sometimes that large oil companies are -- are greedy companies or don`t care. But that is not the case in BP. We care about the small people. JUDY WOODRUFF: Since the spill began 58 days ago, BP`s stock has been hammered down to half its previous value. And, in recent days, talk of a claims fund raised new concerns in Britain. Prime Minister David Cameron warned today that BP needed a level of certainty that there won`t be claims entertained that are three or four times removed from the oil spill. But President Obama`s tough talk about BP in his televised address last night earned him plaudits from some leading Democrats, including Senator Dick Durbin of Illinois. SEN. RICHARD DURBIN (D), Illinois: This president has been very firm and resolute that British Petroleum, this oil company, is going to be held responsible for the damage that`s been done. It will be at their expense, and not at the expense of American taxpayers, that we will help the businesses that are affected and do everything within our power to restore the -- the devastation which has occurred to the environment. JUDY WOODRUFF: On the other hand, Senate Republican leader Mitch McConnell criticized the president for citing the spill in a renewed appeal for energy and climate legislation. SEN. MITCH MCCONNELL (R-KY), Minority Leader: The fact that the White House wants to use this crisis as an excuse to push more of its legislative agenda on the American people, with the same kind of arguments it used to push health care, is really nothing short of startling. JUDY WOODRUFF: Along the Gulf Coast, reaction to last night`s address was decidedly mixed, including this sampling at a marina in Southern Louisiana. MAN: In my opinion, he didn`t talk enough about stopping the oil. Page 3 PBS NewsHour For June 16, 2010 The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer June 16, 2010 Wednesday

MAN: He`s president, and there`s only so much he can do. I mean, everything really is in BP`s hands. JUDY WOODRUFF: In the Gulf today, BP cranked up a new system to burn up to 400,000 gallons of oil a day. The oil-burning is part of BP`s larger plan to capture or burn 2.2 million gallons a day by the end of the month. That would be roughly 90 percent of the estimated total flow from the damaged well. Bob Dudley is managing director of BP and one of the company`s executives who met with the president earlier today. Mr. Dudley, thank you for being with us again. ROBERT DUDLEY, Managing Director, BP: Good evening, Judy. JUDY WOODRUFF: The meeting at the White House today, the president last night used the term reckless in speaking of BP. He earlier talked about wanting to fire your CEO, Tony Hayward. What was the tone of today`s discussion? ROBERT DUDLEY: Judy, the tone today, the president was very direct, expressed his great concern for the people along the Gulf Coast and businesses operating in the Gulf Coast, wanted to make it clear his expectations were that BP would meet their obligations. We assured him that we would not only meet those obligations; we would set aside $20 billion, put assets aside to make sure that we can meet those obligations and transition the claims process we have set up to an independent claims producer. I think it was a -- it was a good meeting of the mind. It`s what people on the Gulf Coast need and want to hear. It helps us put -- provide some certainty around what we`re putting aside to move forward. And it was a -- it was very workman- like meeting that lasted for about four-and-a-half- hours. JUDY WOODRUFF: And just to be clear about this claims fund, this money is not going to be money that is capped; is that right? ROBERT DUDLEY: Well, that`s right. I mean, we have a well that continues to flow in the Gulf, and we`re doing everything we can to shut off the flow of that well, but it wouldn`t be realistic to say anything can be capped yet. We have a plan to shut that off by August and contain the flow. But what this does is, it provides real assurance for people along the Gulf Coast that the money will be there to meet these -- these claims. JUDY WOODRUFF: And give us an example of that, because we understand it doesn`t include cleanup costs. ROBERT DUDLEY: Well, the fund doesn`t, but BP will continue to fund what`s called removal costs or cleanup costs on -- on -- out of our own cash flow, in addition to the fund. But the majority of what we see as the -- the claims and the expense going forward would come out of that fund. So, we will have both. Examples out of the fund would, of course, be small businesses. And we started writing checks this week for estimated projections of small business losses, as well as the individual claims that we have had in place for some time now. It will include -- the fund would include states` claims that may also come forward. It`s a comprehensive fund. It doesn`t -- setting up this escrow account doesn`t preclude anybody else`s legal rights to also come forward as well. But it does begin to provide the certainty, both for BP, in being able to set aside these. And we made a very, very difficult decision to stop dividend payments for the rest of the year, including a payment that was to be made on Monday, to shareholders that we had already promised. So, that`s difficult, because people were expecting those payments. But we think we need to do this to ensure we have the funding, the liquidity, and the certainty for the United States and the people of the Gulf Coast that we will meet our obligations. JUDY WOODRUFF: The leak itself -- we learned yesterday that the amount of oil escaping is much more than originally thought. It`s now said to be up to 2.5 million gallons a day. That number has changed so often, Mr. Dudley, how can the American people trust what they`re hearing from BP on this? ROBERT DUDLEY: Well, as the summer has gone on, the last month-and-a- half, it`s really a government estimate. It`s a team of scientists led by Marcia McNutt of the U.S. Geological Survey. Page 4 PBS NewsHour For June 16, 2010 The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer June 16, 2010 Wednesday

And as we have continued to move forward on these containment devices, new -- new estimates come forward, new data comes forward. We`re revising our containment plans on that. It`s a range. It`s an estimate. And so we`re going to respond to that, increasing the size of the containment by the end of the month, before we eventually kill this thing in August. JUDY WOODRUFF: And -- and, just briefly, what can you tell us is the latest on how much is being siphoned off or burned off vs. how much is still flowing into the Gulf? ROBERT DUDLEY: Well, because -- we don`t know. There`s a range on the flow rates. But we have around 16,000 barrels a day coming out of the first containment flow path. And we have started up the second one yesterday that is up to about 5,000 barrels a day. Total, we believe we can capture with this system that`s in place now around 28,000 barrels a day. It`s hard to say. The ranges now are higher than that, so there will be some additional flow. By the end of the month, we`re going to build a system that has redundancy up to 80,000 barrels a day, should that be needed. JUDY WOODRUFF: Congressional hearings yesterday, I know you`re aware that there was information that came out of those hearings that indicates that BP took a number of risky shortcuts in building this Deepwater Horizon well. After seeing that information, how can the public believe anything other than that BP took risks it shouldn`t have? ROBERT DUDLEY: You know, Judy, these -- they`re -- this is an investigation of a very complicated accident. It`s been that way from the beginning. That`s lots of conflicting statements and information that comes out. There`s a tone around that implies that we have many shortcuts, that it`s somehow company policy. We have put in place over the last three years programs that focus on safety, number-one priority for the company. All of us would be deeply disturbed if that were the findings of the investigation. But it`s early. It`s too early to draw those conclusions. And I think it`s best for the investigators to work through their process. JUDY WOODRUFF: Are you saying that, based on what we have seen come out of that hearing and e-mails and so forth, that you can`t already draw a conclusion that risky shortcuts were taken? ROBERT DUDLEY: Judy, I don`t know. I`m not going to draw any conclusions from it. Circumstantial evidence, you can draw a single conclusion. I think this is a very complicated accident that happened with a series of decisions that were made and equipment fail- ures that have led to this catastrophic combination of things that led not only to a rig burning, but then, second, an oil spill, that it`s a combination of accidents here. I think we can`t draw any conclusion. It`s about as complicated an industrial investigation I think I have seen. JUDY WOODRUFF: Several other things I want to ask you about. One is, we heard President Obama say today that BP is a strong and viable company. And, yet, we also learned today that the Bank of America has now told its traders not to engage in any long-term trades with BP. Does that not suggest there is concern about the long-term viability of BP? ROBERT DUDLEY: Well, Judy, I think that`s one of the things that came out of this today. The markets don`t like uncertainty. Shareholders don`t like uncertainty. There`s been wide swings in both the share price of BP and the cost of its debt. And one of the things that should come out of it today which is good for the country and good for BP is certainty about a stream of cash flows that we will put into this escrow account. And I think that`s going to settle things down. That`s what we want. That`s what the president wants. BP is a strong company and should be able to fund and weather what will be a very large set of claims and liabilities in the U.S., but that was the outcome today. JUDY WOODRUFF: The last thing I want to ask you about are the people on the Gulf Coast. We had two officials on this program last night, one from Louisiana, one from Florida. They both were critical of BP. One said, we can`t count on BP for what we need. The other said, BP is not protecting our coasts, our shorelines. Page 5 PBS NewsHour For June 16, 2010 The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer June 16, 2010 Wednesday

What do you say to these officials? ROBERT DUDLEY: Well, I have been down there. And I have spent a lot of time on the coast. I have seen the oil on parts of the Louisiana shore. I have been in the claims centers. I think people are uncertain. They would like this well stopped. They would like it cleaned up. I think the economic concern is clearly there. We have set up 33 of these claims offices across the Gulf. This is not our core competency, and yet I think -- I have spent some time talking with Ken Feinberg -- it will form the infrastructure for the independent claims process. I absolutely understand. I grew up on the Gulf Coast. I know those beaches down there. And this is a very difficult time for people. And it`s very difficult. A lot of BP people live and their families are down there in the Gulf Coast as well. It`s very personal for all of us. JUDY WOODRUFF: Finally, your chairman, Mr. Svanberg today, at the White House, in speaking to reporters, re- ferred to the people who live in the Gulf region as small people. There`s already been reaction to that, people taking offense. How can you -- what do you have to say about that? ROBERT DUDLEY: Well, Judy, I know -- I know how he feels. I know exactly what his intent was. English is his second language. His native language is Swedish. And what he was talking about is small businesses. And he`s -- he`s absolutely understanding of the way people feel. He`s on his way to the Gulf here shortly. I think he just misspoke a little bit. But his intent was very clear. JUDY WOODRUFF: Bob Dudley, managing director of BP, we thank you very much. ROBERT DUDLEY: Thank you, Judy. GWEN IFILL: We will get an assessment on how the White House is handling the crisis later in the program. Also still to come: harnessing the wind in Baja California; cracking down on drug cartels in Mexico; and a tap dancing tradition alive and well. But, first, with the other news of the day, here is Hari Sreenivasan in our newsroom. HARI SREENIVASAN: The monthly U.S. death toll in Afghanistan reached 30 today, when two Americans died in a roadside bombing. Meanwhile, Congress scrutinized President Obama`s war strategy. Senators, like Democrat Ted Kaufman of Delaware, again pressed General David Petraeus about the withdrawal timeline of July 2011. GENERAL DAVID PETRAEUS, Commander, U.S. Central Command: That`s the point at which, again, the term responsible drawdown of the surge forces begins at a rate to be determined by the conditions. SEN. TED KAUFMAN (D), Delaware: Exactly. So, it`s not whether we`re going to draw down; it`s the rate that is determined by conditions on the ground? GENERAL DAVID PETRAEUS: That`s the policy. That`s correct. (CROSSTALK) SEN. TED KAUFMAN: And there will be no more new introduction of troops? GENERAL DAVID PETRAEUS: That is not the intention right now. I would never rule out coming back and asking for something more. I think that would be irresponsible. HARI SREENIVASAN: Also today, Defense Secretary Robert Gates cautioned against getting overly negative about the Afghan war. He said, while the current narrative among politicians and the media may be negative, that progress is being made. The military in Kyrgyzstan tried today to regain control of the southern city of Osh, after days of ethnic killing. The official death toll grew to 189, as funerals for some of the dead were held. At least 1,900 others have been wounded, but other estimates range far higher. Page 6 PBS NewsHour For June 16, 2010 The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer June 16, 2010 Wednesday

Most of the victims were minority Uzbeks, and thousands tried to flee, but they have been denied entry into neighboring Uzbekistan, and are now huddled in makeshift camps along the border. The head of a bankrupt U.S. mortgage lender has been indicted for allegedly plotting a huge fraud against TARP, the federal bailout program. Lee Bentley Farkas was chief executive of Taylor, Bean & Whitaker, or TBW. The U.S. Justice Department said today Farkas and co-conspirators carried out a scheme they called Project Squirrel. It was part of a failed attempt save their company and a major bank. LANNY BREUER, Assistant Attorney General, Department of Justice Criminal Division: Court documents allege that Mr. Farkas and others carried out a massive fraud that resulted in losses of more than $1.9 billion and contributed to the failure of TBW, along with Colonial Bank, one of the 50 largest banks in the United States in 2009. The fraud alleged here is truly stunning in its scale and in its complexity. HARI SREENIVASAN: Farkas allegedly tired to get half-a-billion dollars out of the TARP program. Investigators alerted the U.S. Treasury before the money was paid out. The government-sponsored mortgage lenders Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac will no longer be traded on the New York Stock Exchange. An announcement today said they`re being delisted after their average stock price fell below $1 a share. As for the rest of Wall Street, it was a relatively flat day. The Dow Jones industrial average gained more than four points to close above 10409. The Nasdaq rose a fraction of a point to close at near 2306. A federal judge in San Francisco heard closing arguments today in a landmark challenge to California`s ban on gay marriage. Two same-sex couples are suing to overturn the Proposition 8 ballot measure that voters approved back in 2008. Regardless of the outcome, the case is expected to go before an appeals court, and will likely reach the U.S. Su- preme Court. Those are some of the day`s major stories -- now back to Gwen. GWEN IFILL: The president has received mixed reviews for his handling of what has become an unprecedented and chaotic tragedy, with no end or clear solution in sight. He acknowledged as much last night. BARACK OBAMA, President of the United States: Already, this oil spill is the worst environmental disaster America has ever faced. And unlike an earthquake or a hurricane, it`s not a single event that does its damage in a matter of minutes or days. The millions of gallons of oil that have spilled into the Gulf of Mexico are more like an epidemic, one that we will be fighting for months and even years. GWEN IFILL: As polls show confidence in the president fading, and after today`s BP apology, does last night`s speech and today`s announcement represent a pivot point in the ongoing crisis? To explore that question, we turn to Ellen Fitzpatrick, professor of American history at the University of New Hamp- shire, Cynthia Tucker, columnist for The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, and Washington Post columnist Michael Gerson, former chief speechwriter for President George W. Bush Ellen Fitzpatrick, I want to start with you. What about that pivot point question? Did tonight and today -- last night and today feel like a pivot point to you? ELLEN FITZPATRICK, Professor of History, University of New Hampshire: I don`t think so, Gwen, in the sense that it may be a pivot point in President Obama`s handling of the crisis. I think his follow-up today and the arrangements that he`s made with British Petroleum are very important to secure the promises he made last night. But many previous presidents have had to deal with absolutely terrible environmental disasters. And virtually all of them have suffered and struggled with the same kinds of responses, the frustration, the anger that President Obama is facing today. And he is proceeding, it seems to me, and is -- in a constructive manner, as have most of these presidents attempted to. GWEN IFILL: Give me an example, Ellen, of what you mean when you say other presidents have dealt with disasters like this. Page 7 PBS NewsHour For June 16, 2010 The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer June 16, 2010 Wednesday

ELLEN FITZPATRICK: Well, we could go back to the 1930s, and look at the decade-long Dust Bowl, the drought that devastated this country that Franklin Roosevelt had to cope with. And what struck me in President Obama`s speech last night was how much his plan resembled the three R`s of the New Deal, relief, recovery, and reform, which is what President Roosevelt attempted to carry out as well. In 1969, a week after his inauguration, President Nixon faced an oil spill off the coast of California near Santa Barbara that ultimately led to the creation of the Environmental Protection Agency. Twenty years later, George Herbert Walker Bush faced the Exxon Valdez crisis, in which his response was widely condemned as late and lame and that also led him to pursue regulatory reforms as well. So, this is not new, by any means. GWEN IFILL: Michael Gerson, you were working for George W. Bush when he had to deliver these big kind of Oval Office speech moments, especially in times of national disaster. How did last night compare? How does the entire handling of this compare? MICHAEL GERSON, Former Speechwriter For President George W. Bush: Well, I was a little bit concerned about last night. I mean, using the Oval Office as a setting is a high-profile setting, the kind of hottest- spotlight presidency. And, in the past, you had presidents like Eisenhower the troops going -- federal troops going to Little Rock, OK, or John Kennedy announcing a quarantine of Cuba. And, last night, the president seemed much more passive, much more input-oriented. He announced a czar. He announced a commission. When I was you know in the White House, we viewed these things as fairly weak policy inputs. You always want to push back, do something more active, do something more executive-oriented as far as actions are concerned. And I thought the president had a pretty bad day yesterday, although actually a pretty good day today. I think the BP announcement was a good follow-up to the speech, but the speech itself was quite weak. GWEN IFILL: When you were working for President Bush, you were the author of the speech he delivered in Jackson Square during Katrina, which was also widely, how shall I say, not embraced as being a successful evening. (LAUGHTER) MICHAEL GERSON: Mm-hmm. GWEN IFILL: How do those two things compare from the inside and the outside? MICHAEL GERSON: Well, they compare, you know, I think, in a lot of ways. The reality is, during that process, for example, we had people within the bureaucracy proposing a commission to study the problem. I pushed back hard against that. Presidents don`t go on national television at -- in an evening address to the nation and announce commissions. There was a kind of absence of active verbs in the speech that I thought was a real -- a real challenge. And -- but, you know, I think you have to have some empathy for the president. This is a technical problem, you know, the spill itself that the government has minimal competence in dealing with. And, you know, sometimes, you`re faced with these kind of insoluble problems as president. That`s part of the job. GWEN IFILL: Cynthia Tucker, is it an insoluble problem? And was last night`s speech and even today`s announcement, was that the way to try to get back some sort of credibility on the issue for the president? CYNTHIA TUCKER, Editorial Page Editor, The Atlanta-Journal Constitution: Well, Michael and I agree in thinking that last night`s speech was a weak one. It wasn`t a very good speech. I think the very idea of a speech was a bad idea. I think the timing was bad. I think the setting was bad. GWEN IFILL: Timing? It should have happened sooner or later? CYNTHIA TUCKER: Later. I think that pivot point will come when the oil stops, when the well is finally plugged. That will happen. It will happen in August. That`s a natural pivot point. The president should have waited until then. Page 8 PBS NewsHour For June 16, 2010 The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer June 16, 2010 Wednesday

And, if he`s going to use the Oval Office, it ought to be a big, inspirational address to say, we have fixed that problem. The environmental crisis continues. We will be working on that for decades. Let`s pitch forward and talk about ending our addiction to petroleum. And he didn`t do nearly enough of that. Let me also say, however, I - - I feel sorry for the president. He`s facing a huge challenge here. He is getting reams of advice from foes and allies alike, most of it in the neighborhood of do something. And he -- there is not a whole lot the president can do here. This is a crisis that is -- he didn`t create. It is beyond his control. The government has no capacity to plug an oil well a mile beneath the ocean. But it is in the portfolio of the presidency to somehow -- sometimes have to deal with outsized expectations from voters. And, so, for good or for ill, fairly or not, he does own this crisis now. GWEN IFILL: Ellen Fitzpatrick, let`s talk about these outsized expectations that so many people seem to have. For instance, there`s a new Pew poll that shows most people think that offshore drilling is still a good idea. However, they also think that limiting carbon emissions is also a good idea. How does a president, not just only this one, but presidents over time, how do they handle these kind of competing desires on the parts of the public? ELLEN FITZPATRICK: I think it`s extremely difficult to deal with these issues, and particularly for President Obama, who is dealing on the one hand with demands that the federal government do something very concrete, not only to stop this spill, but to compensate people who, rightly, have been deprived of their livelihoods, and to address the long- term social and environmental impact of this catastrophe. So, there`s that. But, at the same time, there are people who are very critical, and some of the very same people, of the over-reach of the federal government in the Obama administration. So, it`s a time of very complex attitudes towards the federal government, per se, that President Obama is having to deal with as well. Fifty-two percent of the public soundly, resoundingly disapproved of George Bush`s handling of Exxon Valdez as having been inadequate. They wanted him to federalize the whole problem, and he refused to do so. So, presidents face these expectations. They face the limits of the presidency, and they do their best, for the most part, within that to try to address the long- term consequences. Obama has actually done more than his predecessors already in that regard. GWEN IFILL: Let me ask you both briefly, in the end, to, I guess, wrap all of this up, is this a -- for the president a political dilemma? Is it a practical dilemma? Is it a leadership dilemma that overrides everything, Michael? MICHAEL GERSON: I think that you can -- certainly, there`s a practical dilemma that he doesn`t control very much of. GWEN IFILL: Unless he gets a Superman cape. Right. MICHAEL GERSON: Right. Exactly. I mean, that`s the reality. But I do think there`s a leadership element to this, that the president wasn`t early. He didn`t seem on top of these -- these issues. And, you know, they -- I think that there`s a cost to that. But I would say the political dilemma is a quite serious one as well. I mean, the president faces some bad narratives on the political agenda right now, the economy, views of the health care bill. He`s got to do some things between now and November to decisively break that narrative, to change the narrative. And the oil spill actually makes that harder going forward. GWEN IFILL: Cynthia. CYNTHIA TUCKER: The oil spill makes that harder only because it forces the president to spend time on an issue, when he wanted to be talking about the economy and jobs. And I think that bothers Democrats more than anything else. As far as it affecting his presidency, the polls show -- this crisis has been going on now nearly two months. The Deep- water Horizon blew up on April 20, sank two days later, but the president`s approval ratings have been more or less holding steady at about 50 percent. So, this crisis has not, in that sense, affected his presidency negatively. Does he need to move on, to turn the page? Yes, he does. Again, he will have the opportunity to do that in August, when the well is finally plugged. Page 9 PBS NewsHour For June 16, 2010 The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer June 16, 2010 Wednesday

GWEN IFILL: If the well is finally plugged in August. (LAUGHTER) CYNTHIA TUCKER: If the well is finally plugged. GWEN IFILL: Cynthia Tucker, Michael Gerson, Ellen Fitzpatrick, thank you all very much. ELLEN FITZPATRICK: Thank you, Gwen. JUDY WOODRUFF: One of the things President Obama called for in his speech was an end to the country`s addiction to fossil fuels. We have a report on the complexities involved in achieving just one part of that goal. It comes from the West Coast, where a project is trying to harness wind power from Mexico to meet the demand for energy in California. Our story is reported by independent filmmaker Emma Cott and was supported by a grant from the University of Cali- fornia, Berkeley, Journalism School. EMMA COTT, Independent Filmmaker: Here in Baja, just south of California`s border with Mexico, the land is so dry, it can`t be farmed. There`s no work either. Small-town life depends on cash wired by relatives who have slipped across the border. But the area`s fortune could be changing. As it turns out, this dusty town has something that California desperately needs: wind. Baja`s first small wind farm will be for use within Mexico, but David Munoz, the director of Baja`s Energy Commis- sion, envisions an international green energy future for his state. DAVID MUNOZ, Director, Baja State Energy Commission: Exporting wind is our next export or renewable power in general. We have an excess of potential, and we have a huge market on the American side. EMMA COTT: Baja and California have traded power generated from fossil fuels for decades. So, sharing wind seems like the next logical step, especially since California has set a goal that utilities must get one-third of their power from renewable sources by the year 2020. Michael Folloni is one of a dozen California developers with an eye on Baja. MICHAEL FOLLONI, California Wind Developer: Developers are flocking to Baja California because it`s the Saudi Arabia of wind. In California, where we`re pioneers in wind energy, we`re pretty much out of land that is windy enough and developable enough, due to environmental constraints. Just across the border is a phenomenal wind power resource that is concentrated. EMMA COTT: Experts estimate that Baja has enough wind energy potential to power more than two million California homes. But it comes at a price. This windy mecca, which is colored hot pink on Folloni`s map, runs right through a pristine mountain range, the Sierra de Juarez. Despite years of effort by conservationists, the vast majority of this wilderness is not protected. Instead, it is owned by land cooperatives, called ejidos in Spanish. And, in 2006, three of the largest ones signed 30-year land leases with Sempra, the San Diego-based Fortune 500 energy company. Sempra plans to use the land for a 1,000-megawatt wind farm. It would span a quarter of the state of Baja and feed power to California. The first windmills would go up in Ejido Jacume, 70 miles east of San Diego. Participating landowners say they are getting $2,000 a month, and more will come once the turbines start spinning. Res- idents are thrilled. LOURDES VASQUEZ, Resident of Ejido Jacume (through translator): It will help the community grow. Maybe they will build more schools and make us a border crossing here, which we really need, lots of things, but work for our hus- bands first and foremost, right, work for women and men. JOSE MERCADO, Resident of Ejido Jacume (through translator): Sure, it will affect the natural environment. But, as Mexicans say, money is what makes the world turn. For money, we will pretty much sell our souls. Page 10 PBS NewsHour For June 16, 2010 The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer June 16, 2010 Wednesday

EMMA COTT: Claudia Leyva, an environmental science professor at the University of Baja California, says she sym- pathizes with the impoverished residents, but she worries about Sempra`s plans. She recently gave her student a real- world assignment: to evaluate Sempra`s environmental impact report, which is currently under review by Mexico`s environmental agency. CLAUDIA LEYVA, Environmental Science Professor, University of Baja California (through translator): They began to review the document, and the principal thing they found were some omissions. It really got our attention. This is sup- posedly a project with 1,000 turbines, but, when they described the project, they had only geographically pinpointed 50. EMMA COTT: The location of transmission lines, substations and up to 500 miles of new roads are also ill-defined in the reports, says Leyva. CLAUDIA LEYVA (through translator): If the authority approves such an open-ended proposal, it would really make us worry. EMMA COTT: The company declined a request for an interview, but a spokesman wrote in an e-mail: "This project is consistent with Sempra`s commitment to meeting energy needs in an environmentally responsible manner and is in response to the demand for clean renewable energy. This project has been well-received by Mexican officials. Many local Mexican regulations were not designed for renewable energy development. And we are working with the appropriate Mexican agencies to resolve these issues." EMMA COTT: Mexico`s environmental authority, Semarnat, will be careful in evaluating the process, according to Luis Alfonso Torres. LUIS ALFONSO TORRES, Semarnat (through translator): I think that, in general, Semarnat welcomes all clean energy projects. That doesn`t mean we are going to approve everything with our eyes shut. We also have to evaluate the impli- cations. If they destroy 25 acres, I can assure you that, with the environmental tax we charge, we will reforest 75 acres. EMMA COTT: If Sempra`s project is approved, it could break ground next year. Even if all the environmental and financial hurdles in Mexico are overcome, the next step will be to build the necessary transmission lines in California to carry all this new power. And that could cost the state an estimated $115 billion over the next 10 years. GWEN IFILL: And now to a more immediate concern along the Mexico border: the deadly and escalating war between the government and robust drug cartels. Ray Suarez has our look. RAY SUAREZ: The latest spasm of violence has erupted at points all over Mexico, including a drug rehab center where two dozen gunmen killed 19 people last week. That was in the northern city of Chihuahua. Sixteen others were gunned down in the eastern city of Ciudad Madero. And, this week, there`s been major bloodshed in the west and in the south in regions beyond Mexico City. On Monday, 29 inmates died at this prison in Sinaloa state, as rival gang members battled. They were among nearly 100 people killed that day across Mexico, including a dozen federal police officers. And, yesterday, troops killed 15 sus- pected gang members in a shoot-out here among colonial buildings in the tourist town of Taxco. In all, more than 23,000 people have died in the last three-and-a-half years, since President Felipe Calderon ordered thousands of soldiers and federal police to stop the drug cartels. Last night, Calderon made a nationally televised appeal, asking Mexicans for help. FELIPE CALDERON, Mexican President (through translator): Your participation is vital, because this is everyone`s fight. For this reason, the information that you give us is key in helping us advance in this fight. RAY SUAREZ: The Mexican leader also wrote an essay in the country`s newspapers Monday blaming U.S. demand for drugs. He wrote: "The origin of our violence problem begins with the fact that Mexico is located next to the country that has the highest levels of drug consumption in the world." Calderon had voiced that same complaint in a speech to the U.S. Congress last month. The Mexican government is also taking aim at money- laundering, announcing new limits Tuesday on cash transactions in U.S. dollars. Page 11 PBS NewsHour For June 16, 2010 The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer June 16, 2010 Wednesday

ERNESTO CORDERO, Mexican Finance Secretary (through translator): This measure is part of a strategy to combat not only drug trafficking, but also organized crime, which implies the closing of avenues for dollars coming from possi- bly illicit origins. RAY SUAREZ: It`s estimated $10 billion to $25 billion in drug profits flow to Mexico each year from the U.S. For more on the escalating violence, we`re joined by Andrew Selee, director of the Mexico Institute at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, and Allert Brown-Gort, associate director of the Institute for Latino Studies at the University of Notre Dame. He is a citizen of both Mexico and the United States. And, Allert Brown-Gort, let me begin with you. Was the president pushed to speak to his countrymen on television by this sudden upsurge in violence? ALLERT BROWN-GORT, Institute for Latino Studies Director, University of Notre Dame: Oh, I think very much so, because one of the things that is important to remember is that it is the perception that is -- that is so important here, the perception of insecurity that is driving this. RAY SUAREZ: Indeed, Andrew Selee, the Mexicans call it "la inseguridad," the lack of safety. Why do you think Cal- deron went to the country last night? ANDREW SELEE, Mexico Institute Director, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars: I think he`s facing a situation where he`s waging an all-out war on drug cartels, trying to do some very interesting things that Mexico probably needs, taking on organized crime, trying to make some important institutional reforms. But he hasn`t really brought Mexican society along with him. And there`s some skepticism about whether this is a war that is being won or last. And I think he`s now trying to reach out, trying to build a bridge to citizens, and say, this is about the security in your communities. And we will have to see if it`s too late or if he`s actually able to build a larger consensus around what he`s trying to do. RAY SUAREZ: Allert Brown-Gort, the violence has been ongoing for several years now. Can you give us some insight into what`s fueling this sudden upsurge, both in the ferocity and in the death toll of these crimes? ALLERT BROWN-GORT: Well, I think one of the things that we should see is -- but we really don`t know right now whether we`re at a tipping point or not. But, if we were to ask the government, I think the government would tell you that it is exactly the success of the work that they have been doing that has pushed criminal organizations into confrontation with one another, into an increased competition. One of the points they keep making is that so many of the deaths, so much of the violence is really between drug gangs or really the -- the organized crime syndicates. RAY SUAREZ: And does that seem like a plausible explanation to you, that the pushback is coming much harder because they`re actually pressing these gangs? ALLERT BROWN-GORT: I think, certainly, that`s part of it. I think we -- we see that there are all sorts of changes going on. One of the things that we can`t take off the table is, what is happening in the United States that -- that is responsible for part of this? What is the response of the United States, and are they being able - - are they successful in also squeezing the drug cartels from this end? RAY SUAREZ: Are they? ANDREW SELEE: I think it`s starting. I mean, we have seen a real increase in cooperation between Mexico and the United States. I think we`re starting to see some efforts to go after the finances of drug traffickers on this end, some attempt, too, to go after -- to try and address prevention and treatment of drug addictions, which would be... (CROSSTALK) RAY SUAREZ: But what about the hardening of the border? Has that contributed to this... (CROSSTALK) Page 12 PBS NewsHour For June 16, 2010 The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer June 16, 2010 Wednesday

ANDREW SELEE: Very much so. I mean, I think you have seen a situation where the hardening of the border and the efforts the Mexican government have done also to make it harder to traffic drugs within Mexico has put a premium on controlling transportation routes. And, so, the cartels are fighting over each other because it really -- these things matter right now. It means a lot to control pieces of the border, control major highways, and to control ports within Mexico. RAY SUAREZ: Allert, go ahead. ALLERT BROWN-GORT: Well, I would say this. I think the hardening of the border, we should be careful that it isn`t only the question of fences. One of the most important things that this government has done, that the Obama administration has done, Secretary Na- politano has done, is really to start putting resources in interrupting the flow of guns and money into Mexico. And I think that is -- that potentially would have more of an effect. RAY SUAREZ: Where is Mexican public opinion during all this? There was support initially, I understand, when the president escalated and militarized this war against the drug gangs. Now that we`re several years into it, where does it stand now? ANDREW SELEE: I would say there`s support and skepticism. I mean, people still think that President Calderon, for the most part, is doing the right thing, that it`s important to take on organized crime. This is a major issue. But they`re skeptical that the government has the capacity to do it. And he -- he`s almost in the position that President Obama was last night, where you need to make some sort of gesture that -- that gains public sympathy if you`re going to step out there. And one thing that President Calderon might look at doing is -- is, how do you go after some of the public officials that have aided and abetted organized crime or make some sort of gesture that brings citizens in? Right now, people, I think, continue to think it`s the right thing to do for the most part. They may be skeptical about parts of the strategy, but they think it`s the right thing to do. But they`re not quite certain if the government is going to succeed. And I think Calderon is trying to say, we can succeed. You know, I need you with me. We need to do this together. And it remains to be seen if that will be successful. RAY SUAREZ: Well, Professor, in Mexico, you only get one six-year term. We have spent fully half of the Calderon administration at this work. Has he staked his presidency on this? ALLERT BROWN-GORT: Oh, I think very much so. I think this is really his legacy. He came into office very much believing in this fight. He has done much more than -- than previous administrations to do this. In fact, he -- he spent a lot of time on his speech the other night talking about why he felt like he needed to take action. And, more importantly, I think, an interesting part of that speech was how much he -- how careful he was to make sure that everybody understood that what he is really going after is personal security, what he`s really going after is the security of the average Mexican citizen, and not so much the fight against drugs. He tried to unlink that a little bit. RAY SUAREZ: Andrew, both in his speech to Congress, in his essay in the national newspapers, and then in his speech on television last night, President Calderon reiterated his belief that American demand for drugs fuels most of his country`s problem. And he called for more drug treatment in the United States, a shutoff of the flow of arms. Does this kind of thing play well in Mexico? Do Mexicans hear and that and thus are sympathetic to his plight? ANDREW SELEE: I think so. I mean, I think it is something -- I think, first of all, it`s crew. I mean, clearly, demand drives the drug trade. I also say that it is a mixture of the world`s largest drug market, the United States, next to a country that has weak rule of law, in that case of Mexico, that has really created this problem. So, I think it rings true to Mexicans. It certainly shows that they`re not the only ones in this. But it`s also good -- it`s good politics and good policy, because he does need the United States to really invest in prevention and treatment of addictions. He needs the U.S. to do more on money-laundering, and he needs the U.S. to do more on arms trafficking, as well as a lot more intelligence cooperation and being able to share information. Page 13 PBS NewsHour For June 16, 2010 The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer June 16, 2010 Wednesday

And that`s happening. It`s gradually increasing, the ability to sort of track the traffickers as they move across the border. RAY SUAREZ: Andrew Selee, Allert Brown-Gort, thank you both very much. JUDY WOODRUFF: Finally tonight: a return to the stage and a chance to mentor a new generation. Jeffrey Brown looks at a dancing phenomenon. JEFFREY BROWN: Almost 30 years after appearing in the original production of "Sophisticated Ladies," Maurice Hines is still at it. (MUSIC) JEFFREY BROWN: At 66, the man who gained fame tapping away with his brother Gregory remains a marvel, dancing, creating the choreography, and taking audiences through a review of the life of one America`s greatest musicians, Duke Ellington. MAURICE HINES, "Sophisticated Ladies": Well, it`s a celebration of the greatness and the genius of man. He really was quite exceptional, you know, as a musician. And, then, as a personality, of course, he was -- when we said those things, I love you madly, or we love you madly, you know, to make those things up, it`s just -- I just love it. I`m the happiest I have been on the stage... JEFFREY BROWN: Really? MAURICE HINES: ... with the exception of working with my brother. I have done great shows and been very happy, but, even with injuries, which you do get as a dancer, I can`t wait to get on that stage. (MUSIC) (CHEERING AND APPLAUSE) JEFFREY BROWN: And there`s added history to this revival being presented by Arena Stage. It`s performed at the historic Lincoln Theatre, where Ellington got his start in a club in what`s now the theater`s basement and which sits in the neighborhood where he grew up in the heart of Washington`s U Street district known in the 1920s as the Black Broadway. MAURICE HINES: Homegrown music right here. So, I`m tapping to him -- his sound and his musicianship. So, it makes me invent and create. And, at this time in my career, that`s a gift. JEFFREY BROWN: Gregory and Maurice Hines began their tap dance brother act as young children, and gained a large following through stage and TV appearance, as well as in films, including "The Cotton Club" in 1984. They were well aware of following in a great tap tradition of dancers, including other siblings, like the Nicholas Broth- ers from the 1930s. And they were eager to keep that tradition alive. GREGORY HINES, Actor: If I win, you take over the clubs. ACTOR: And if I win? JEFFREY BROWN: In the late `80s, Gregory, who died in 2003, became mentor to tap phenomenon Savion Glover. As Maurice tells the story, Gregory promised that, one day, Maurice, too, would find dancers to mentor who shared his love of jazz, dance, and ballet, as well as tap. And that is what`s now happened. During auditions for "Sophisticated Ladies," John and Leo Manzari, two Washington, D.C., high school brothers, went through their paces in different styles of dance, and caught Hines` attention. MAURICE HINES: I said, oh, you`re brothers. And the little light when on right away. You`re brothers, I see. So, I let them do the stuff. They did the jazz and the ballet and all this. so, I said, let me ask this question. I know I`m taking a chance here, but can you guys tap? JEFFREY BROWN: Can you guys tap? MAURICE HINES: Now, John say, uh-huh, with all this attitude. JEFFREY BROWN: John Manzari remembers it a bit differently. Page 14 PBS NewsHour For June 16, 2010 The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer June 16, 2010 Wednesday

JOHN MANZARI, "Sophisticated Ladies": No, I didn`t mean to say it with attitude. So, here`s what happened. He -- at the end of the class, he was talking to us and everything, and he was just like, can you tap? And I was like, yes, I can tap. But he didn`t believe me. And he just kept asking me. He was like, are you sure you can tap? I was like, yes, I can tap. Finally, like, the fifth time, I was like, yes, I can tap. (LAUGHTER) JEFFREY BROWN: And, yes, 17-year-old John and 15-year-old Leo can tap. MAURICE HINES: They came, and they tapped for me, and I was blown away. I looked up, I saw my brother, and he`s looking: I told you. I told you, you would find them. And I did. And they are -- and they sing. They are monumental, is what I said. They`re -- they`re fabulous. JEFFREY BROWN: But what do they have? I mean, what does a good tap dancer have to have? MAURICE HINES: Well, first of all, they have great feet. You have got to have that. And they dance like musicians, like a drummer. So, they know all the syncopations. And they make stuff up. They`re innovative. And they`re improvisational. And that`s what my brother was. And so they can do anything that I want them to do -- anything. And, also, they have the -- the one thing, they love dancing together, like Greg and I did. And they have the one thing that you`re either born. You cannot make it. You cannot hype it up. Either you have charisma or you don`t. And they have it. Gregory and I had it. They have it. JEFFREY BROWN: As youngsters, the Manzari brothers actually watched the Hines brothers dance on "Sesame Street" and themselves began dancing at an early age, encouraged by their single mom, and older sister, now a dance instructor. JEFFREY BROWN: On the Lincoln Theatre stage, they showed us some brotherly trading, tap`s tradition of give-and- take improvisation. JOHN MANZARI: If he does a step, then I can connect to that step and make another step, or do the same step, and -- and just communicate through that. So, it`s more of a communication and a connection that makes it fun. LEO MANZARI, "Sophisticated Ladies": If you feel the rhythm and timing, you don`t necessarily think of a step. It`s -- I look at it as you just go, like, you just do your thing. You get out there. And it`s cool because it`s -- it`s cool to see what you can come up with without thinking about anything. (CHEERING AND APPLAUSE) JEFFREY BROWN: In "Sophisticated Ladies," the brothers trade with the master, Maurice Hines, in a kind of duel of oneupmanship. (LAUGHTER) LEO MANZARI: But the humor is competitive (INAUDIBLE) to make the crowd laugh and us laugh. And when we laugh on stage, it`s not fake at all. It`s because Maurice is really -- Mr. Hines is really easy and fun to work with. (CHEERING AND APPLAUSE) JOHN MANZARI: Mr. Hines is just hilarious by nature. He does a step, and it`s like, oh, OK, I kind of that, but I can twist it up and make it better and throw it back in your face. JEFFREY BROWN: Make it better than Maurice Hines, huh? JOHN MANZARI: Attempt to make it better. (LAUGHTER) JEFFREY BROWN: Maurice Hines believes the Manzari brothers have a very bright future. As to his own future, he`s as busy as ever choreographing new works for the stage, including one on the life of Sammy Davis Jr. For now, though, he`s happy to star in a show that continues to pack the house and has been extended several times. Page 15 PBS NewsHour For June 16, 2010 The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer June 16, 2010 Wednesday

MAURICE HINES: I love the way I`m accepted here, and their arms are open to me: What have you got now, Maurice? Let`s see it. And that`s what a performer wants to do. JEFFREY BROWN: The hope is that, when "Sophisticated Ladies" does finally finish its Washington, D.C. run, it will begin a two-year tour. (MUSIC) (CHEERING AND APPLAUSE) GWEN IFILL: Again, the major developments of the day. BP agreed to set up a $20 billion fund to pay damage claims from the Gulf of Mexico oil spill. The chairman of the oil giant publicly apologized after a White House meeting. On the "NewsHour," BP`s managing director called the encoun- ter with the president a good meeting of the minds. He said a stream of cash flows into the new fund will help settle things down in the Gulf and on the financial markets. And he said it was too early to reach conclusions about BP`s safety record in building and operating the Deepwater Horizon rig. The "NewsHour" is also online. Hari Sreenivasan is in our newsroom, and he previews what`s there -- Hari. HARI SREENIVASAN: You can watch more of Jeff`s interview with Maurice Hines on Art Beat, also there, excerpts of the Manzari brothers` dancing. Find out about another wind energy project in Baja California. That`s on the Rundown. And, on the oil spill, we have posted a video timeline tracking President Obama`s comments over the past eight weeks. Tomorrow, we will live-blog BP CEO Tony Hayward`s testimony on Capitol Hill. All that and more is on our Web site, NewsHour.PBS.org -- Gwen. GWEN IFILL: And that`s the "NewsHour" for tonight. I`m Gwen Ifill. JUDY WOODRUFF: And I`m Judy Woodruff. We will see you online and again here tomorrow evening. Thank you, and good night.

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SHOW: PBS NEWSHOUR 6:00 PM EST

PBS NewsHour For May 12, 2010

BYLINE: Simon Marks, Gwen Ifill, Judy Woodruff, Tom Bearden, Kwame Holman, Jeffrey Brown, Ray Suarez, Hari Sreenivasan

GUESTS: Wes Moore, Betty Ann Bowser, Zalmay Khalilzad, Alexander Thier

SECTION: NEWS; International

LENGTH: 8681 words

HIGHLIGHT: President Obama meets with Afghan President Hamid Karzai in Washington, following months of tension over accusations of governmental corruption and Western interference. Hearings into the massive Gulf oil spill continue, as investigators testify that the Deepwater Horizon`s oil well failed a key pressure test just hours before the explosion. China kicks off its five-month World Expo festivities in Shanghai. As first lady Michelle Obama implements a national plan to end America`s childhood obesity epidemic, a battle is being waged in Mississippi against the fried dishes that have become traditional staples in the state. Astronaut Neil Armstrong makes a rare public appearance to testify before Congress about the future of space exploration. Baltimore native Wes Moore discusses his new book exploring the stories of two inner-city young men who share the same name, but lead very different lives.

GWEN IFILL: Good evening. I`m Gwen Ifill. President Obama met with Afghan President Hamid Karzai at the White House today. JUDY WOODRUFF: And I`m Judy Woodruff. On the "NewsHour" tonight: The meeting was intended to help repair ties, after months of strained relations between the U.S. and Afghanistan. We get analysis from former Ambassador Zalmay Khalilzad and former U.N. official Alexander Thier. GWEN IFILL: Then, Tom Bearden has the latest on the Gulf oil spill, including news that a key safety device failed on the rig just hours before the explosion. JUDY WOODRUFF: Ray Suarez joins us from the 2010 World Expo in Shanghai. RAY SUAREZ: Close to 200 nations and continents and regional groups around the world are represented here with pavilions. It`s part trade fair, part nationalist festival, part cultural event. GWEN IFILL: Betty Ann Bowser looks at how one state is tackling a health epidemic among children. BETTY ANN BOWSER: Mississippi has the highest rate of childhood obesity in the nation. And while people here are trying to do something about that, it`s a difficult problem to solve. JUDY WOODRUFF: And 41 years after the moon landing, astronaut Neil Armstrong makes a rare public appearance. Kwame Holman reports on his testimony in favor of staying the course in space exploration. GWEN IFILL: And a tale of two boys, now men, who share the same name, but very different life stories. Page 17 PBS NewsHour For May 12, 2010 The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer May 12, 2010 Wednesday

That`s all ahead on tonight`s "NewsHour." (BREAK) - GWEN IFILL: Presidents Obama and Karzai shared a common goal today: getting back on the same page. It was all smiles today between the leaders of the U.S. and Afghanistan. Only last month, U.S. relations with Afghan President Hamid Karzai had frayed, after a diplomatic war of words erupted between the two governments. But that was then. BARACK OBAMA, President of the United States: I am very pleased to welcome President Karzai back to the White House. GWEN IFILL: Today`s White House visit was the capstone of an elaborately choreographed four-day Washington trip. BARACK OBAMA: This visit`s an opportunity for us to assess the progress of our shared strategy in Afghanistan. GWEN IFILL: Karzai won a disputed reelection last November, after a protracted fight. In its wake, U.S. officials ques- tioned his ability to control government corruption and the resurgent local Taliban. In March, Mr. Obama surprised Karzai with a quick trip to Kabul described by White House officials as an opportunity for face-to-face tough talk. The president suggested today that any divide that existed then was never that wide. BARACK OBAMA: With respect to perceived tensions between the U.S. government and the Afghan government, let me begin by saying a lot of them were simply overstated. We`ve had very frank discussions. And President Karzai agrees with me that we can`t win through a military strategy alone. GWEN IFILL: President Karzai echoed that assessment. HAMID KARZAI, President of Afghanistan: The relationship between Afghanistan and the United States is now into its 10th year, in the form that it has since September 11, 2001. It`s not an imaginary relationship. It`s a real relationship. It`s based on some very hard and difficult realities. GWEN IFILL: But sticking points do remain, including Afghanistan`s continued warm relations with Iran, whose president, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, recently received a lavish welcome in Kabul. HAMID KARZAI: We`ve also spoken with our American counterparts, from the very beginning, that Iran is our neighbor and a brother and we want to have the best of relations with him. We wish both countries the best. And if there is anything we can do to make things better, call us. GWEN IFILL: Another outstanding issue, the Afghan government`s determination to work with elements of the Tali- ban. Karzai has invited those willing to lay down their arms to a peace jirga, or conference. HAMID KARZAI: And it`s these thousands of Taliban who are not against Afghanistan or against the Afghan people or their country, who are not against America either or the rest of the world, and who want to come back to Afghanistan, if given an opportunity and provided the political means. GWEN IFILL: The U.S. has added 30,000 troops to the force on the ground in Afghanistan, in part, Mr. Obama said, to support that effort. BARACK OBAMA: The incentives for the Taliban to lay down arms, or at least portions of the Taliban to lay down arms, and make peace with the Afghan government in part depends on our effectiveness in breaking their momentum militarily. GWEN IFILL: Both leaders acknowledged another longstanding sore spot between the two countries, the war`s high number of civilian casualties. BARACK OBAMA: I am ultimately accountable, just as General McChrystal is accountable, for somebody who`s not on the battlefield who got killed. Now, war is tough and difficult, and mistakes are going to be made. And our troops put themselves at risk, oftentimes, in order to reduce civilian casualties. Page 18 PBS NewsHour For May 12, 2010 The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer May 12, 2010 Wednesday

GWEN IFILL: That tough war promises to become only more difficult, as U.S. forces fight this summer to retake Kan- dahar, the Taliban`s spiritual home and a center of the insurgency. So, is the strain between the U.S. and Afghanistan really a thing of the past? We get two points of view, from Zalmay Khalilzad, who was U.S. ambassador to Afghanistan and Iraq during the Bush administration. He`s now a counselor at the Center for Strategic and International Studies. And from Alexander Thier, the director for Afghanistan and Pakistan at the United States Institute of Peace, a nonpartisan group that promotes conflict resolution. He worked for the U.N. in Afghanistan during the 1990s and from 2002 to 2004. Ambassador Khalilzad, when the president said that this well- documented -- widely documented tension with Afgha- nistan had been overstated, was he right? ZALMAY KHALILZAD, Former United States Ambassador to Afghanistan: Well, I think the president recognizes that things have gone a little too far between Afghanistan, President Karzai and the United States in recent months. I think President Karzai also recognized that. And I think they have both agreed to turn a new page, to work together to make progress. But I think today was a start in order to reestablish the kind of partnership that existed at times in the past between the United States and Afghanistan. The agreement that they have made in terms of updating the strategic partnership, the new division of labor, if you like, between the united Afghanistan on military cooperation, who will do what, civilian casualties issues, raiding Afghan homes, holding Afghan prisoners, we will have to see whether an agreement that is mutually acceptable can be made by the end of the year, which they have committed to. And, of course, it will also depend on the situation on the ground whether it improves or not. Now, with Iraq, we criticized Prime Minister Maliki a lot at the beginning, that he was tied to the militias, he wasn`t decisive enough, but when the situation improved, the criticism on Maliki declined. And I think we will have to wait and see. If the situation improves, I think things in terms of relations between Karzai and the administration will also improve. If they get worse or stays the same, I think we will come back to the same contentiousness that we have seen in recent weeks. GWEN IFILL: There were a lot of ifs in his answer. A lot of things still have to happen. With today`s red carpet treatment, Mr. Thier, did that go any long way towards reaching any of those agreements? J. ALEXANDER THIER, Director for Afghanistan and Pakistan, U.S. Institute of Peace: I think what you have is a situation where you have two presidents who both genuinely share similar objectives to try and reverse the negative momentum of the last several years in Afghanistan. And they have been searching individually and together to try and find a way to do that. I think that the Obama administration has accepted that President Karzai is going to be the president of Afghanistan, and they`re now looking at how to work with his government in order to achieve some of those steps. GWEN IFILL: Let me ask you this. Does this mean putting issues like corruption on the back burner? J. ALEXANDER THIER: I hope not. I think what they`re trying to do, in addition to repairing the personal relationship between the presidents -- and this -- you see there are 15 Cabinet members. They`re meeting with a lot of our Cabinet officials. They`re trying to broaden the relationship, so that this isn`t just about Obama and Karzai or Holbrooke and Karzai. It`s about two governments trying to work together on a problem. And I think, significantly, it was strongly emphasized today they`re trying to look past July 2011. They`re trying to say that this is a long-term partnership that transcends these two individuals, that transcends any individual, and is a long-term partnership that`s important for our security and for their security. GWEN IFILL: There are still fundamental differences on things like including the Taliban in the rebuilding of Afgha- nistan or the relationships with Iran. How do you get past to 2011? How do you get past those kinds of potholes? ZALMAY KHALILZAD: Well, I think the key issue is to establish trust, which didn`t exist, or at least had diminished, given some of the interactions, statements, Karzai`s perception that the Obama administration worked against him in the elections. Page 19 PBS NewsHour For May 12, 2010 The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer May 12, 2010 Wednesday

GWEN IFILL: Was it more than perception? I mean, there was -- the vice president was tough on them. The National Security Council was tough on them. The general was tough on them. (CROSSTALK) GWEN IFILL: The ambassador was tough on them. ZALMAY KHALILZAD: You would say, the reality is (INAUDIBLE) reporting that that`s what he believes happened. And President Obama didn`t spend a lot of time with President Karzai, unlike President Bush, who spent a lot of personal time with him. I think they had an opportunity to spend some quality time together. But I think a lot of big issues remain that will determine the future of this relationship. And you have alluded to a couple of them. But I think the whole issue of July of next year is an issue because, in Afghanistan, and I think in President Karzai`s mind as well, there is a fear that, come July `11, the U.S. will begin to disengage militarily. And -- or do we emphasize the political and economic continued engagement? That may not be sufficient for success. So, I think a good start has been made to repair the relationship that has been damaged in recent months, but I think there is a long way to go to have the kind of strong partnership that is needed that can produce results on the ground. GWEN IFILL: In order to repair that relationship, in order to create this kind of strong partner -- or recreate this kind of strong partnership, does the U.S. have to just degree to disagree on things like Iran and engaging the Taliban? J. ALEXANDER THIER: Well, I think that there are certain things that are fundamental to U.S. engagement in the region, and there are certain things that we can allow the Afghans to deal with. On the Iranian question, there`s no question that the -- Iran and Afghanistan need to have a positive relationship. They share a large border. They cooperate on a lot of issues, energy, security, narcotics, and that relationship has to exist and will continue indefinitely. I think other issues, like corruption, which you raised earlier, are fundamental. And I think that the -- that the critical thing is there that our shared objectives include building the legitimacy of the Afghan government. And corruption is one of the things that has undermined, fundamentally, the legitimacy of the Afghan government, and has therefore, em- boldened the insurgency. So, I don`t think that`s the type of thing that we can agree to disagree on. That`s the type of thing... GWEN IFILL: So, the conversation just won`t happen in public anymore? J. ALEXANDER THIER: No, I think it`s going to happen publicly, but the way you`re going to hear it happening is on specifics. So, since the last broad, general, vague declarations about trying to deal with corruption, since then, the Afghan government has tried to make specific commitments, like the establishment and empowerment of a high oversight office, that they will undertake prosecutions of ministers and others who are involved in corruption. So, we have to translate that discussion from a general, yes, we generally agree, to some measurable specifics, so that we can make sure that the Afghans not only say they`re going to do that, but they actually are going to do it. GWEN IFILL: What about the civilian casualty issue? This is something which has really been sticking in President Karzai`s craw. ZALMAY KHALILZAD: On corruption, if I might, for one minute. GWEN IFILL: Certainly. ZALMAY KHALILZAD: Paradoxically, because of the deadline of July of next year, the Afghans believe that the U.S. might leave Afghanistan. So, the sense of confidence about the future has declined. And that, in turn, paradoxically, has produced a situation in which the people are becoming short-timers in their thinking, and corruption has increased in recent time. And I think one of the challenges facing the president -- and I understand the various pressures that has led him to go to the July deadline -- is to how to interpret that more and more that gives a sense to the Afghans that the commitment militarily will also be enduring, if necessary, but it wouldn`t just be economic and political. Page 20 PBS NewsHour For May 12, 2010 The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer May 12, 2010 Wednesday

On civilian casualties, I think that there is a greater effort obviously to avoid them. And you saw President Karzai wel- coming the efforts of General McChrystal on that thought. GWEN IFILL: And we will talk about that separately another time. Thank you both very much for joining us. J. ALEXANDER THIER: Thank you. ZALMAY KHALILZAD: Thank you. Thank you very much. JUDY WOODRUFF: Still to come on the "NewsHour": an update on the oil spill in the Gulf; the big expo in Shanghai; the battle against fat for Mississippi`s children; astronaut Neil Armstrong`s voice in support of the space program; and the stories of two men named Wes Moore -- but, first, the other news of the day. Here`s Hari Sreenivasan in our newsroom. HARI SREENIVASAN: A Libyan plane crashed today in Tripoli, with only one known survivor. The other 103 people on board perished in the crash. Many were from the Netherlands. The Airbus took off from Johannesburg, South Africa, and went down as it was preparing to land at Tripoli`s International Airport. A 10-year-old Dutch boy was believed to be the sole survivor. He was treated for non-life-threatening injuries. Mean- while, search teams combed through the smoldering debris, and investigators began trying to determine what brought the plane down. Seven children and two adults at a school in China were hacked to death by the owner of the property. It`s the fifth major assault on schools and young students in China. The killer returned home after the attack and committed suicide. Chinese state media reported the man had argued with the school`s manager, who was among the victims. Early reports of the incident were removed from Chinese Web sites, and there was no mention of it on state television`s evening news, in fear of copycat attacks. Today was the first day of Britain`s new government, a coalition between the Conservatives and Liberal Democrats. The "NewsHour"`s Simon Marks has our report. SIMON MARKS: Last night, he became Britain`s prime minister, the Conservatives` David Cameron moving in to Number 10 Downing Street and ending 13 years of Labor Party rule. This morning, one of the first visitors to his new home, the man who made his government possible, Nick Clegg, leader of the Liberal Democrats. They headed to the backyard, Mr. Clegg, now deputy prime minister, and, according to Mr. Cameron, a pivotal figure in the first formal coalition government the country has seen for 65 years. DAVID CAMERON, British Prime Minister: With this coalition government and this coalition agreement we have for five years, we can act for the long term and make the big decisions about our country`s future. SIMON MARKS: David Cameron has given the Liberal Democrats five seats in his Cabinet, and Mr. Clegg told reporters this new political alliance will stand the test of time. NICK CLEGG, British Deputy Prime Minister: ... easy. There will be bumps and scrapes along the way. We are different parties and we have different ideas. This is a government that will last, despite those differences, because we are united by a common purpose for the job we want to do together in the next five years. SIMON MARKS: But there are skeptics who wonder whether two political parties with very limited shared philosophy can go the distance. Their alliance is governed by a seven-page agreement that insists they can. It promises, among other things, to introduce five-year, fixed-term sessions of Parliament, effectively ending the British prime minister`s age- old discretion to pick the date of the country`s election at the most politically advantageous moment. Nick Clegg will head up the effort to reform the British political system. But one reporter reminded the two 43-year- olds now governing Britain just how recently they were at odds. QUESTION: Prime Minister, do you now regret, when once asked what your favorite joke was, you replied, "Nick Clegg"? Page 21 PBS NewsHour For May 12, 2010 The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer May 12, 2010 Wednesday

(LAUGHTER) DAVID CAMERON: We`re all going to have -- I`m afraid I did once. I`m... (LAUGHTER) DAVID CAMERON: We`re all... (LAUGHTER) DAVID CAMERON: Come back. SIMON MARKS: Mr. Clegg did come back for the rest of the press conference. For David Cameron, the trick now will be to keep him onside for the next five years. HARI SREENIVASAN: Also today, the bidding for leadership of the now opposition Labor Party began. Former For- eign Minister David Miliband announced he will be a candidate for the post. Supreme Court nominee Elena Kagan made the rounds on Capitol Hill today. She began her courtesy calls this morning with Senate leaders from both parties. Later, she met with members of the Judiciary Committee, the panel that will hold her confirmation hearings. Majority Leader Harry Reid said he will ensure that her transition will be made as smooth as possible. Minority Leader Mitch McConnell said Kagan must prove she won`t rubber- stamp Obama administration policies. The federal budget deficit hit an all-time high for April. The Treasury Department figures showed it soared to $82.7 billion. Economists had predicted a number closer to $30 billion. It`s the largest imbalance for April on record. April is normally a month that runs surpluses from taxpayers filing income tax returns. On Wall Street today, the Dow Jones industrial average gained 148 points to close at 10897. The Nasdaq rose nearly 50 points to close at 2425. Those are some of the day`s major stories. I will be back at the end of the program with a preview of what you will find tonight on the "NewsHour"`s Web site -- but, for now, back to Judy. JUDY WOODRUFF: Now: the latest on the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico. BP and Coast Guard officials said today they were hopeful that a new containment dome would capture some leaking oil as early as tomorrow night. BP today released underwater video of the main oil leak. They show oil gushing out of a riser pipe nearly 5,000 feet below sea level. Meantime, there were new questions in Washington today about failsafe equipment. "NewsHour" correspondent Tom Bearden reports. TOM BEARDEN: Late into the night, workers lowered a second containment dome into the Gulf of Mexico, in another attempt to finally cap the blown-out well. Engineers worked to configure it today to avoid slush buildup that last week doomed an effort to cap the well with a much bigger dome. But, in Washington, lawmakers said their patience was waning, as top officials from the companies in charge of running and operating the rig appeared for a second day on Capitol Hill. REP. EDWARD MARKEY (D), Massachusetts: As the result of the BP Deepwater Horizon disaster, lives have been lost, livelihoods have been threatened, and a huge ocean and coastal ecosystem endangered. We have a duty and obliga- tion to find out what happened here, why it happened, who was responsible, and how we can ensure that it never happens again. TOM BEARDEN: The House Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations held today`s hearing as part of its own inquiry into the spill. Michigan Democrat Bart Stupak said their investigation found there was a critical failure in a device on the seafloor that was designed to prevent a leak in an emergency. REP. BART STUPAK (D), Michigan: The blowout preventer had a significant leak in a key hydraulic system. This leak was found in the hydraulic system that provides emergency power to the shear -- to the shear rams, which are the devices that are supposed to cut the drill pipe and seal the well. Page 22 PBS NewsHour For May 12, 2010 The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer May 12, 2010 Wednesday

TOM BEARDEN: Jack Moore, the CEO of Cameron, the blowout preventer`s manufacturer, said it was too early to draw any conclusions. JACK MOORE, President and CEO, Cameron: We don`t know what happened. I think that`s what everyone here is trying to learn. And until we know what happens with this investigation, we will not be able to answer whether the blowout preventer that was there was functioning for that particular purpose. TOM BEARDEN: California`s Henry Waxman, a Democrat, also said the committee`s investigation found the oil rig failed a pressure test just hours before the April 20 explosion. The CEO of the rig`s owner, Transocean, acknowledged that the test may have been a signal of trouble. STEVEN NEWMAN, President and Chief Executive Officer, Transocean Limited: The significance of the discrepancy between the two pressures would lead -- lead to a conclusion that there was something happening in the well bore that shouldn`t be happening. TOM BEARDEN: Texas Democrat Gene Green also pressed Transocean`s CEO about statements rig workers signed in the aftermath of the spill. One of the survivors told the "NewsHour" in an interview this week that some workers felt pressured to sign waivers soon after the accident saying they didn`t witness the blast and were not injured. REP. GENE GREEN (D), Texas: Can you comment on the statements that these employees were forced to take? And is there a copy we could see? STEVEN NEWMAN: We absolutely will provide the copy of the statements. And I can categorically deny that they were forced to sign. TOM BEARDEN: Joe Barton, a Republican from Texas, also criticized the companies, but warned, lawmakers shouldn`t overreact. REP. JOE BARTON (R), Texas: We`ll find out the facts, and we`ll take corrective measures to prevent that from happening in the future, whether it`s legislatively or regulatorily or through best-practices changes by the industry. But what we should not do, Mr. Chairman, is make a decision to fence off the Outer Continental Shelf, to use this as the equivalent of the Three Mile Island accident for nuclear power and set back domestic oil and gas production in the Out- er Continental Shelf for the next 20 or 30 years. TOM BEARDEN: But the massive spill and its effects along the Gulf Coast have already begun shaping legislative action in Washington. This afternoon, lawmakers from the Senate unveiled a long-delayed energy and climate bill. SEN. JOHN KERRY (D), Massachusetts: And right now, as one of the worst oil spills in our nation`s history washes onto our shores, no one can doubt how urgently we need a new energy policy in this country. TOM BEARDEN: The 1,000-page bill would impose the first mandatory caps and prices on greenhouse gas emissions, and calls for a 17 percent cut in carbon pollution from 2005 levels. But it would also allow coastal states to veto drilling off the shores of neighboring states if they think it will lead to harm. For its part, the Obama administration unveiled new legislation today to make sure BP pays for the ever-growing costs and damage. The White House will ask Congress to raise a prior liability cap that could limit damages BP has to pay, add a penny-per-barrel tax to replenish a federal cleanup fund, and provide assistance for fishermen and others affected by the spill. Here in New Orleans` French Quarter, seafood restaurants are among the biggest tourist attractions, but the products are becoming increasingly scarce, and some people are beginning to ask if they`re safe to eat. Gary Wollerman is the owner and manager of G.W. Finn`s Restaurant just off Bourbon Street. The restaurant didn`t get a local seafood delivery today, but are getting fish from other parts of the Gulf. He says supply is down, but adequate for the moment. And he says a few customers are asking questions about some of the things they see on his menu. What do you tell people when they ask about safety? GARY WOLLERMAN, Owner and Manager, G.W. Fins Restaurant: That there is absolutely nothing to be concerned about. In fact, I`m almost a little surprised by the question when I get it. Nobody is going to risk serving unsafe food to anybody. Page 23 PBS NewsHour For May 12, 2010 The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer May 12, 2010 Wednesday

TOM BEARDEN: Ewell Smith is the executive director of the Louisiana Seafood and Marketing Promotion Board. He says the state is desperately trying to reassure the country about the state`s seafood. EWELL SMITH, Executive Director, Louisiana Seafood Promotion and Marketing Board: We cannot afford an economic tragedy. The overall impact of our fisheries is $2.4 billion to this -- to this state. We represent about one -- almost -- about 30 percent of all the domestic seafood harvested in the continental United States comes from our state. TOM BEARDEN: Smith says national demand hasn`t fallen yet, and local demand is actually, as Gulf Coast residents stock up against the possibility of a shortage in the future. GWEN IFILL: Now: a story from the banks of the Huangpu River in China. That`s in Shanghai, where Ray Suarez has been reporting for our Global Health Unit. As part of his trip, he stopped off at the huge international Expo 2010, which launched there this month. Jeffrey Brown spoke with him yesterday. JEFFREY BROWN: Ray, two years ago was the Olympics in Beijing, now this world`s fair in Shanghai, so another chance for China to show its new place in the world, right? RAY SUAREZ: You know, a lot of world`s fairs over the years, Jeff, have only able to attract two-thirds, three-quarters of the world`s nations to come to their playground. But when China announced it was going to host a World Expo in 2010, it got, literally, everybody to come. Close to 200 nations and continents and regional groups around the world are represented here with pavilions. It`s part trade fair, part nationalist festival, part cultural event. But China certainly has shown its power as a convening country. It snapped its fingers, and the world is here. JEFFREY BROWN: So, what are you seeing here? What are all these countries, including the U.S., doing with their exhibitions? RAY SUAREZ: Well, there`s a strong theme internationally of energy efficiency, reducing carbon emission, the world trying to get to grips with this problem. And maybe Shanghai is a good place to have that international conversation, as China is on the road to becoming the greenest and the blackest nation on Earth, both the number-one emitter and really in the vanguard of trying to figure out ways to more efficiently developing renewable energy. So, that`s a very strong theme. A lot of the countries have -- have done the regular world`s fair thing, which is native dress, national foods, national music, and culture. And so -- so, there are shows, and you can hear music all around the fair as you walk around during the day. The U.S. has kind of an interesting story. They were having some real troubles raising the money for the fair, as it is against the law to use government money to build an American display at an international exhibition like this one. The secretary of state, Hillary Clinton, stepped in, and basically started shaking the trees and -- and appointed new heads for the American delegation, and put her own stamp on the efforts to raise private money to be here. And a who`s-who of American corporations have stepped up and ponied up, and there is an American pavilion. The head of our delegation said it would have been unthinkable not to be here. And so the USA also has some of the longest lines here at the expo. JEFFREY BROWN: With the Olympics, there was that mix of the spectacular, alongside the issues of the heavy- handedness of the government trying to control things. Was there that same mix on display here? RAY SUAREZ: Shanghai cleared the land for this World Expo, basically relocating 18,000 families to other parts of the region. The government says they were almost all compensated and able to agree on a fair price to replace their house and to be moved elsewhere. We kind of have to take their word for it. But it is an example of the kind of power that a regional government has, that it can, without an endless string of hearings and environmental impact statements and -- and discussions, basically say, well, we`re taking this land. Let`s make a deal. And they moved an awful lot of people out of here to get access, and by doing so, opened up the two banks of the Hua- ngpu River at a place where, all around it, tremendous skyscrapers and tremendously intense development is going on. Page 24 PBS NewsHour For May 12, 2010 The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer May 12, 2010 Wednesday

So, they have created what cities would -- would really lust for all around the world, ready-for-development land right in the heart of town. It`s going to end up being some of the most expensive real estate in the world. JEFFREY BROWN: And finally, Ray, give us a preview of the stories you`re working on. RAY SUAREZ: Well, Jeff, we moved around China to talk about obesity, which is a rapidly rising problem in this country, in part because it`s becoming a more prosperous place, where it had been a place of periodic famine and chronic food shortage in the past. So, we will be looking at obesity -- 90 million to 100 million Chinese are obese, but that great is growing 9 percent to 10 percent a year. Also, the government runs the monopoly on cigarettes and is a major producer of cigarettes and a major grower of to- bacco, at the same time as another arm of the government is trying to urge Chinese not to smoke. The health care system is very fragile., very overburdened in this country. And, if you play out these trends in obesity and smoking to the decades to come, China`s going to have a whale of a public health problem on its hands, if it doesn`t come to grips with it now. And those are some of the stories, along with this Shanghai fair and the remarkable economic changes in this part of China. Those are some of the stories we will be telling in the coming weeks. JEFFREY BROWN: OK, we will await those stories. Ray Suarez, at the Shanghai World Expo, thanks a lot. RAY SUAREZ: Good to talk to you, Jeff. JUDY WOODRUFF: And speaking of obesity, we turn next to a campaign in the U.S. to reduce the problem among children. That`s a signature issue for first lady Michelle Obama. Yesterday, she made a public recommendation -- made public recommendations from a federal task force on how to tackle the epidemic. She called for government help in reducing sugar in children`s diets, increasing the number of fruits and vegetables they eat, working to open larger grocery stores in under-served areas known as food deserts, and boosting the number of kids in physical education classes. The first lady said those goals were achievable. MICHELLE OBAMA, First Lady: We just need everyone to do their part. And it`s going to take everyone. No one gets off the hook on this one, from government to schools, corporations to nonprofits, all the way down to families sitting around their dinner table. JUDY WOODRUFF: "NewsHour" health correspondent Betty Ann Bowser has been looking into how one state with a big problem is trying to make some big changes. Here is the first of two reports she will file from Mississippi. The Health Unit is a partnership with the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. BETTY ANN BOWSER: The state of Mississippi is doing battle with one of its most cherished culinary traditions, fried food. And front line in this war against fat is the state`s public schools. Kids in Mississippi are the most obese in the nation. So, in January, using federal and private money, 94 of the state`s 1,055 schools got rid of the food fryers in their cafeterias, and replaced them with special combination steam ovens that don`t use any kind of cooking oil. Out went the deep-fat fried chicken and pork chops. In came potatoes the look like french fires, but are now baked, instead of cooked in fat. The move didn`t sit well with a lot of the teenagers at M.S. Palmer High School in the Mississip- pi Delta town of Marks. What we heard from students Laquon Smith and Brandi Thompson was typical. LAQUON SMITH, Student, M.S. Palmer High School: It`s just -- it`s nasty, just nasty. I don`t like it. BRANDI THOMPSON, Student, M.S. Palmer High School: I understand the part about us being healthy, but the food they cook, we don`t eat, because everybody can`t cooked baked food the same. And it just don`t taste right. Page 25 PBS NewsHour For May 12, 2010 The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer May 12, 2010 Wednesday

BETTY ANN BOWSER: Obesity is not just a Mississippi problem. The CDC says 30 percent of all American children between 2 and 19 are too heavy or obese, triple the number of 30 years ago. And according to a new report published this month, the percentage of obese girls increased more than twice as much as it did for boys among middle and high school kids. And between 2003 and 2007, black and Hispanic kids were twice as likely as their white counterparts to be overweight and obese. But nowhere are the numbers more sobering than in Mississippi, where 44 percent of kids aged 10-17 are considered overweight or obese, compared to nearly 32 percent nationwide. That extra weight puts them at risk for diabetes, high blood pressure, stroke, cancer, and other causes of premature death when they grow up. DR. LAWRENCE COUNTS, Aaron E. Henry Community Health Services Center: I have seen numerous patients that have had a lot of ill effects from carrying too much weight. It over -- overlaps into a lot of diabetes and hypertension, high cholesterol. BETTY ANN BOWSER: Dr. Lawrence Counts is an internist at a community center in nearby Clarksdale, where some obese kids go for treatment. He says some of them develop serious medical problems as early as the teen years. DR. LAWRENCE COUNTS: I have seen them progress to actually end stage renal disease. I have seen them progress to actually have a heart attack at the age of 28. And that`s hard to imagine, a 25-, 28-year-old having a heart attack, but I have patients that are like that. And that`s scary. BETTY ANN BOWSER: It`s estimated more than 50 percent of obese children will become obese in adulthood. Last year alone, treating adult obesity-related illnesses cost near $147 billion. Mississippi already has the highest rate of obese adults in the nation. It`s a problem those who serve as role models struggle with, like Kirkpatrick Elementary School principal SuzAnne Walton in Clarksdale. SUZANNE WALTON, Principal, Kirkpatrick Elementary School: I have been diagnosed obese. My husband has just been diagnosed diabetic. And so, together, we`re changing the way that we eat and prepare foods. And we both can tell the difference already. BETTY ANN BOWSER: Walton says she will do whatever it takes to promote her kids` health. She has won grants from several foundations to pay for this playground exercise equipment and to bring in a yoga teacher twice a week. Students are also screened for body mass index, or BMI, which determines what a healthy weight is for each child. MAN: And we just need to work on it a little bit, so we can knock your -- the number down, and then you will be more healthier. SUZANNE WALTON: We are beginning to see a small difference. I think it`s going to take some time, but I think we will -- eventually, we will make a difference with these children. BETTY ANN BOWSER: And Kirkpatrick isn`t the only school making the effort. In 2007, Mississippi passed a law requiring public schools to provide 45 minutes of health education instruction and 150 minutes of physical activity each week for grades K-8. Until then, gym class had been optional. And lower-calorie, lower-fat foods are replacing some of the high- starch lunchroom staples. But food service managers in poor counties like Quitman have a hard time finding a way to bring the more expensive fresh fruits and vegetables into their cafeterias. And this is what Walton and other community leaders are up against. We visited this buffet nearby. It featured home- style Southern cuisine, fried chicken and pork chops, vegetables cooked in bacon fat, hot cornbread and rolls slathered in butter. DR. AL RAUSA, Mississippi State Department of Health: Culturally, this is fat heaven. If it`s not greased or cooked in fat or fried, it`s not edible. BETTY ANN BOWSER: Dr. Al Rausa is the state`s health officer for 18 counties in Northwest Mississippi. DR. AL RAUSA: Today, you know, we have an abundance of processed food. In the whole United States, our country has -- each individual has 3,500 calories available every day. That`s what we have in food in the pipeline. And we only need 1,200 for what we do. It`s devastating, if you constantly consume excess calories. And most of those are going to come from the processed food that are rich in calories. Page 26 PBS NewsHour For May 12, 2010 The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer May 12, 2010 Wednesday

BETTY ANN BOWSER: More than 97 percent of children in Quitman County and surrounding areas come from families that have incomes so low, their kids qualify for the federal government`s free school breakfast and lunch programs. That means two of their daily meals are eaten at school. WOMAN: I stay within my abilities. BETTY ANN BOWSER: Deloris Clayton is the health teacher at Palmer High School. DELORIS CLAYTON, Health Teacher, M.S. Palmer High School: You have got to be honest. This is the only food our kids get is here at school. You may not believe it, but it`s not always at home for them. And I have heard kids say, well, I will just eat at school. You know, they may not like even what they have at home. And some of them just don`t have it, period. BETTY ANN BOWSER: But some kids are trying to change. Seventeen- year-old Victoria Crawford is a junior at Pal- mer High. She`s dropped two clothing sizes since she started paying attention to her diet. VICTORIA CRAWFORD, Student, M.S. Palmer High School: I feel great. I can -- I can -- I like -- I just walk and I enjoy it, because I didn`t even like to be outside in the sun, or just because it would be too hot or it would just wear me down. But now I just love being out more than I used to. BETTY ANN BOWSER: Victoria got the whole family into the act, including her grandmother, 63-year-old Freddie Johnson, who does most of the family`s cooking. FREDDIE JOHNSON, Grandmother: And I went to the doctor, like, in January. And I went back again in March, I had lost 11 pounds. I said, wow, I like this. And it made me feel good. And you know, I have more energy and stuff like that. I get around better. My back don`t bother me. BETTY ANN BOWSER: Mrs. Johnson also no longer needs medication to control her high blood pressure. FREDDIE JOHNSON: If we just start here, and by Victoria getting our weight down, and myself, at the age I am, getting my weight down, and then -- and seeing how active I am, somebody else going to catch on, too. BETTY ANN BOWSER: But, despite a changing tide in this one household and in schools across the state, health officials acknowledge their war against fat is going to take time. It will be an uphill climb. JUDY WOODRUFF: Betty Ann`s next story looks at so-called food deserts in Mississippi, where large grocery stores are few and far between. GWEN IFILL: Next: The reclusive astronaut Neil Armstrong came to Capitol Hill today to make a rare public pitch about his passion for space exploration. Congressional correspondent Kwame Holman tells the story. NEIL ARMSTRONG, NASA Astronaut: That`s one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind. KWAME HOLMAN: Those words on July 20, 1969, instantly made American astronaut Neil Armstrong an international hero to the 500 million who watched on TV, and millions more who listened on radio when he became the first person to step on the surface of the moon. After taking those historic steps, Armstrong worked briefly at NASA, taught about space, and worked in the computer industry, but rarely made public appearances. He refused most media requests, choosing instead a quiet life in an Ohio farming town. Armstrong has gone public to promote spaceflight and served on two NASA panels to review the accident that nearly destroyed Apollo 13 in 1970, and to investigate the explosion of the Challenger shuttle in 1986. Armstrong declares that space is the frontier, but mostly stayed out of debates over NASA policy in the last four decades, until this year. When President Obama announced he was ending the Constellation program, aimed at returning astronauts to the moon, in favor of a concentration on basic space science, Armstrong and fellow former astronauts Eu- gene Cernan and Jim Lovell released a statement calling the decision devastating. Mr. Obama`s plan would boost NASA`s budget by $6 billion over five years, focusing on spurring the private space transportation industry, while NASA looks to develop rockets to take crews to asteroids, the moon and eventually Mars. At a Senate hearing today, Armstrong said the president should have stayed the course. Page 27 PBS NewsHour For May 12, 2010 The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer May 12, 2010 Wednesday

NEIL ARMSTRONG: I believe that, so far, our national investment in space and our sharing of that knowledge, gained with the rest of the world, has been made wisely and has served us very well. KWAME HOLMAN: But John Holdren, director of the Office of Science and Technology, said the administration`s goal is to find new ways to explore space. JOHN HOLDREN, Director, Office of Science and Technology Policy: We couldn`t have it both ways. We couldn`t continue to invest in the old program at the levels that it was requiring and invest in these other possibilities. KWAME HOLMAN: But Armstrong said President Obama`s plan jeopardizes America`s place as a space pioneer. NEIL ARMSTRONG: America`s respected for its contributions it has made in learning to sail on this new ocean. If the leadership we have acquired through our investment is simply allowed to fade away, other nations will surely step in where we have faltered. I do not believe that would be in our best interests. KWAME HOLMAN: Going forward, Neil Armstrong wants Congress to override NASA and fund more immediate human missions to space. JUDY WOODRUFF: Finally tonight: two men, one name, two different lives. Why does one go one way and not the other? That`s the theme of Baltimore native Wes Moore`s new book about choices and expectations. WES MOORE, Author, "The Other Wes Moore": These were areas that we knew. These were blocks that we knew. JUDY WOODRUFF: To hear this Wes Moore tell it, his new book, "The Other Wes Moore," about two boys living in Baltimore with similar stories and an identical name, can be traced back to a conversation he had with his mother a decade ago. WES MOORE: I was a junior at Johns Hopkins at the time, and I was doing a study abroad in South Africa, and then my mother called to say, you know, I have got something crazy to tell you. There are posters in your neighborhood for - - looking for Wes Moore for killing a police officer. And I was like, what? And that`s when she said, there are wanted posters all over different homes and buildings in your neighborhood saying, if you see Wes Moore, do not approach because he`s assumed to be armed and very dangerous. And that was really the beginning and the thing that really triggered my interest to want to learn more about the other Wes Moore and about his life and circumstances. JUDY WOODRUFF: As the years went by and Wes looked more closely at the other Wes` life, he found that, while their present circumstances were starkly different, their pasts were very much alike. Both Weses were raised by their mothers, had troubles in school and run-ins with the law. But that is where their stories diverge. Wes` mother, widowed when he was very young, decided to send him to a military academy in Pennsylvania at the age of 13. From there, Wes attended Johns Hopkins University, and later won a Rhodes Scholarship to Oxford. As an Army Re- servist, he served in Afghanistan with the 82nd Airborne Division. Meanwhile, the other Wes began dealing drugs, dropped out of school, and fathered his first child at the age of 16. Then, in 2001, the other Wes was convicted for his role in the shooting death of a Baltimore County police sergeant during a jewelry store robbery a year earlier -- his sentence, life in prison without the possibility of parole. WES MOORE: The story always stuck with me. And I was -- you know, how did this happen, where you had two kids, who came up in similar neighborhoods, who were around the same age, who both came up in single- parent households, who both had trouble with school and trouble with the law growing up? How did it happen that we end up on two completely different paths? And, a few years after I learned about him, I decided to write him a note in prison. So, I got his information and wrote him a note with a list of questions. And I sent it off to Jessup Correctional Institution. And, then, a month later, I get a note back from him, from Jessup Correctional Institution from Wes Moore, answering a lot of those questions. And that is how -- you know, the relationship that we -- that we built, that`s how it began. JUDY WOODRUFF: So, he answered the questions, and you wanted to know more about him. Page 28 PBS NewsHour For May 12, 2010 The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer May 12, 2010 Wednesday

WES MOORE: Yes. And that -- that letter just -- just triggered more questions. And, literally, that one letter turned into dozens of letters, and those dozens of letters have turned into dozens of visits. And now, you know, I know -- I have visited Wes over two dozen times. I know his family, his friends, his kids. And, so, really, that was the origin and the foundation for what the story is built on. JUDY WOODRUFF: So, were there truly that many similarities between the two of you? WES MOORE: There were. There -- and, in fact, one thing I realize is how many -- there were even more similarities than I first thought as I was just reading the articles. And one thing I say in the book is that, you know, the chilling truth is that his story could have been mine, and the tragedy is that my story could have been his. And I think that`s absolutely true. JUDY WOODRUFF: You also write, Wes, about expectations, the different expectations. And you had an important conversation... WES MOORE: Yes. JUDY WOODRUFF: ... with the other Wes while he was in prison about that. WES MOORE: I think expectations play a -- play a huge role. And, as Wes even said to me, where he said, you know, if people expect you to do well in school, you will do well in school. And if people expect you to graduate, then you will graduate. And if people expect you to be on the corner selling drugs, then that`s what you will do as well. You know, one thing my mother always says -- and I think it`s accurate -- is, kids need to think that you care before they care what you think. And I think, for so many kids, particularly ones who are growing up in very precarious envi- ronments, many kids don`t feel like many people care about them and care about their future. When you have a child who is going to a school that you have a better chance of dropping out than of completing high school, or you live in a city with a recidivism rate of 60 percent and 70 percent, or kids who are bullied so bad that they feel like suicide is the best option for them, it becomes very difficult for kids to carry that burden of adulthood or that burgeoning adulthood on their own. JUDY WOODRUFF: Do you really believe that you could have ended up with a fate like his, and he could have ended up with a life like yours? Is it really that simple, do you think? WES MOORE: I do, and especially -- especially after talking with him so much, and learning about his life and his history, and learning about his family. I think about some of the decisions that I made. And had it not been for a lot of luck, had it not been for people stepping up for me, when they didn`t have to, had it not been for my mother taking some pretty aggressive and creative decisions on where I was going to go to school and how I was going to be, I could have easily seen myself going in another direction, and also because I know the kids who I grew up with. And I know, for so many kids I grew up with, their story is a lot closer to Wes` than it is to mine. And I look at Wes, who -- and Wes is not a learned guy. He doesn`t have a bunch of letters after his name, but he`s a very smart guy. And he`s very insightful about the neighborhoods and the communities and things that are going on. And this is also a guy with leadership ability. I mean, when he was 14 and 15 years old, he was running a significant drug operation in Baltimore. So, this is a guy who understands the basics of leadership and the basics of -- of -- and has a basic understanding of what life was like, and has a lot intellectual capacity, and just made some unforgivable decisions. So, I honestly believe, had there been that proper intervention in his life, or had there not been that proper intervention in my life, that our fates absolutely could have been definitely different from where they ended up. JUDY WOODRUFF: So, then, what are the lessons from this? I mean, at the end of the book, you list a number of agencies, resources for people to turn to in inner-city situations like here in Baltimore. But what -- what should people take away? Because you look at somebody like the other Wes Moore, and he has no hope for the rest of his life. Page 29 PBS NewsHour For May 12, 2010 The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer May 12, 2010 Wednesday

WES MOORE: That`s right. JUDY WOODRUFF: What can give people hope? WES MOORE: I think the thing that can give people hope is, when they are able to see these stories, they`re able to see just how blurry at times that line is between the people that we will look to and admire, and the people who we admo- nish and push off to the side. The -- our potency as people, our potency as human beings is beyond our capacity that`s in front of us right now. And, sometimes, it`s simple things. It`s simple conversations. It`s a simple tutoring session. It`s simply showing someone that you care enough about their future and care enough about their life, and the massive amount of impact that you can have, not just on their life, but on the lives that they`re going to touch as well. So, I think the larger point is, is that this book is not -- I don`t want it to be a novel that people just pick up and say, great story, and throw off the side. It`s a call to action. It`s a call to action for every community, for every environment, both rural and urban, because the fact is, there are Wes Moores in every community in this country. The question is, which type of Wes Moores are we helping to foster, and what type of environment are we helping to create for them? JUDY WOODRUFF: Wes Moore, author of "The Other Wes Moore," thank you very much for talking with us. WES MOORE: Thank you so much. Thank you. GWEN IFILL: Again, the major developments of the day. President Obama met with Afghan President Hamid Karzai at the White House. And a congressional investigation found a key safety device failed on the Deepwater Horizon oil rig hours before it exploded. The "NewsHour" is always online. Hari is in our newsroom with a quick preview of what`s there -- Hari. HARI SREENIVASAN: There`s more on childhood obesity. And Ray is filing Web dispatches. Read about tonight`s China`s zigzagging path to modernity. All that and more is on our Web site, NewsHour.PBS.org -- Gwen. GWEN IFILL: And that`s the "NewsHour" for tonight. I`m Gwen Ifill. JUDY WOODRUFF: And I`m Judy Woodruff. We will see you online and again here tomorrow evening, with an interview with General Stanley McChrystal, commander of U.S. and NATO forces in Afghanistan. Thank you, and good night.

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PUBLICATION-TYPE: Transcript

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June 2, 2010 Wednesday

SHOW: PBS NEWSHOUR 6:00 PM EST

PBS NewsHour For June 2, 2010

BYLINE: Spencer Michels, Gwen Ifill, Jim Lehrer, Judy Woodruff, Jeffrey Brown, Ray Suarez, Hari Sreenivasan

GUESTS: Jane Lubchenco, Anthony D`Amato, Ruth Wedgwood, Derek Bok, Sissela Bok

SECTION: NEWS; International

LENGTH: 8542 words

HIGHLIGHT: BP`s latest attempt to contain the Gulf oil spill stalls when a saw becomes stuck in a pipe on the damaged well. How is one Louisiana town coping with the growing threat to its oyster industry from the oil spill? Israel deports many of the 700 people detained after troops boarded vessels trying to run a blockade near Gaza. At the ongoing 2010 Shanghai Expo, the large and decadent Chinese pavilion captures the country in transition. Authors and spouses Derek and Sissela Bok, married to each other for 55 years, discuss their new books exploring the politics and the philosophy of happiness.

JIM LEHRER: Good evening. I`m Jim Lehrer. The latest effort to contain the oil spill resumed late today, after robots freed a saw that was stuck in a pipe on the damaged well. GWEN IFILL: And I`m Gwen Ifill. On the "NewsHour" tonight: As evidence of oil slick damage spreads throughout the Gulf states, we get an update from the head of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. JIM LEHRER: And Spencer Michels reports from a Louisiana town where the spill threatens the oyster industry. SPENCER MICHELS: While fishermen in Plaquemines Parish say they have already worked through their anger, that anger lies just below the surface. GWEN IFILL: Then, Judy Woodruff examines the legal issues surrounding Israel`s continuing efforts to maintain its blockade of the Gaza Strip. JIM LEHRER: Ray Suarez reports from China on the largest-ever world`s fair. RAY SUAREZ: Nearly $60 billion later, Shanghai has thrown open its doors to the world at Expo 2010. GWEN IFILL: And Jeffrey Brown closes with a conversation with two authors married to each other, both writing about happiness. JIM LEHRER: And that`s all ahead on tonight`s "NewsHour." (BREAK) JIM LEHRER: On this day 44 of the oil spill disaster, there was new trouble a mile deep in the Gulf of Mexico and on the surface along the coast. Page 31 PBS NewsHour For June 2, 2010 The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer June 2, 2010 Wednesday

It began with yet another snag on the seabed at the site of the blown well. A diamond-edged saw got stuck as it tried to cut through the main oil-gushing pipe. That halted the latest attempt to contain the geyser of petroleum. ADMIRAL THAD ALLEN, U.S. Coast Guard Commandant: Anybody that`s ever used a saw knows, every once in a while, it will bind up. JIM LEHRER: National incident commander Thad Allen briefed reporters this morning near Houma, Louisiana. ADMIRAL THAD ALLEN: The goal is later on today to finish that cut and then to be able to put a containment device over the top of the wellhead and start containing the oil and bring it to the surface and actually flare off the gas and actually produce product moving forward. JIM LEHRER: Hours later, there was word that the remote-controlled subs had freed the saw, but, still, a giant cloud of raw crude kept spewing from the well, and it will likely get worse before it gets better. ADMIRAL THAD ALLEN: We don`t anticipate the flow of oil to increase until the second cut is done. Our flow rate technical group has estimated the potential for a 20 percent increase once that cut is made. It has not been made yet. In the meantime, the leak at the kink in the riser pipe is being treated with subsea dispersants. JIM LEHRER: It`s been more than six weeks since the Deepwater Horizon rig exploded and sank. And, by official estimates, more than 40 million gallons of oil may have spilled already, 127 miles of Louisiana coast is now fouled, and the seaborne sludge is now making its way father east. Oil was reported Tuesday on Petit Bois Island, Mississippi. Swimming was banned on Dauphin Island, Alabama, at the western edge of the state`s Gulf Coast. Mayor Jeff Collier: JEFF COLLIER, Mayor of Dauphin Island, Alabama: There`s plenty of response teams that are here. We have got a lot of personnel in place, a lot of equipment in place. And they`re -- they`re here and have been here and ready to go. JIM LEHRER: The Alabama National Guard is now flying surveillance missions along the coast, checking for oil. LT. COL. JOHN DEAN, Alabama National Guard: Well, you constantly reevaluate. You assess daily, assess daily, look to the future, and plan what`s tomorrow, what`s the next day, the next day down the road. And then, each day, you have to readjust your plan based on what`s happening on the ground, just like on the battlefield. JIM LEHRER: And, in Florida, Governor Charlie Crist said the leading edge of the oil slick could arrive at Pensacola`s beach before the day is out. GOV. CHARLIE CRIST (I), Florida: Our state resources have determined that the oil sheen, with it are thousand of TARP balls. Skimmers have been deployed near Pensacola. The goal is to remove that oil from near-shore waters and prevent and minimize any potential impacts to our state. JIM LEHRER: As the oil spread, the federal government again expanded its closure of fishing grounds. More than one- third of federal waters in the Gulf are now off limits, or more than 75,000 square miles of ocean stretching nearly to Cuba. (APPLAUSE) JIM LEHRER: At an afternoon speech in Pittsburgh, President Obama refocused on possible criminal wrongdoing leading up to the spill. BARACK OBAMA, President of the United States: The catastrophe unfolding in the Gulf right now may prove to be a result of human error, or of corporations taking dangerous shortcuts to compromise safety. But we have to acknowledge that there are inherent risks to drilling four miles beneath the surface of the earth. JIM LEHRER: At the same time today, federal officials approved a permit for a new offshore well in the Gulf in shal- low water about 50 miles off Louisiana. A moratorium on deepwater drilling remains in effect. GWEN IFILL: Anxiety and anger is spreading, along with the oil, to coastal beaches and marshes of Louisiana, Missis- sippi, Alabama, and Florida. Joining us from New Orleans with an update on the situation is Jane Lubchenco, the head of the National Association -- Oceanic, that is, and Atmospheric Administration, Page 32 PBS NewsHour For June 2, 2010 The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer June 2, 2010 Wednesday

Welcome, Jane Lubchenco. Welcome back to the program. You were... JANE LUBCHENCO, Administrator, National Oceanic And Atmospheric Administration: Thanks. It`s great to be here. GWEN IFILL: You were with us about two weeks ago, and you said that you thought that perhaps the oil was nine to 12 days away, now 14 or more days away. Is what we`re seeing come ashore on all these other coastal states, is that what you were talking about then? JANE LUBCHENCO: We -- as you know, we issue a trajectory every day based on the current weather information and oceanographic models, and can predict 72 hours out where the oil is likely to go. What we`re seeing play out is, unfortunately, what we have expected, in part because of the weather and the currents. It is a very serious tragedy. The president has expressed his grave concern, as have the American people. And he has made it very clear that we are to do everything possible to not only stop the flow, but mitigate the impacts for that oil that may come ashore. GWEN IFILL: So, that -- so, the wind direction that`s coming from the south and the west, is that what`s causing the spread that we`re seeing now? JANE LUBCHENCO: That`s correct. The oil that`s on the surface is moved around primarily by wind. And, as the wind shifts around, as it does quite frequently here in the Gulf, it pushes the oil in different directions. There`s a predominantly southerly flow now, and that is pushing the oil to the north, as well as to the east. GWEN IFILL: I want to ask you about a couple of other things you said when you were on the program before. You said perhaps that this wasn`t as scary as people thought. And now that a couple of more weeks have passed, and we see that the spill has not been capped, and we see that it`s beginning to show up on beaches as far away as Pensacola, do you think it`s a little scarier now? JANE LUBCHENCO: I believe that this is a national tragedy. And the president has said as much. I believe that it is an issue that is likely to continue to play out for quite some time. But it`s one that we are throwing our best effort at, and informed by science, to try to get the best possible understanding that we can of where the oil might be and what its short- term and long-term impacts are going to be. GWEN IFILL: This certainly -- you`re telling us tonight that one of the things for sure is that you don`t know for sure what happens next. So, what advice do you give to the governments along the coast who see this coming at them? What do they do? JANE LUBCHENCO: The response by the federal family, I think, has been very clear from the outset, to do everything possible to attack it very aggressively. And that`s what we are working with our state partners to do. We are preventing -- we are presenting them with the best information about what`s likely and helping to do everything possible to lay boom, to prepare for oil coming ashore, and also to deploy teams that know and are trained into how to handle the oil, should it come ashore. GWEN IFILL: There`s been a lot of talk about the so-called oil plumes, the underwater -- I think you called them sub- merged oil fields, which are spill growing or spreading, depending on how you define them. There has been a ship out doing some testing on this -- these patches of oil, the Gordon Gunter, which you -- which is from NOAA. Can you tell us what they found or what the tests on the samples they have taken have shown? JANE LUBCHENCO: The NOAA ship Gordon Gunter is out near the well site. It has been doing a variety of sampling to identify previously -- things characterized previously as anomalies, to try to understand exactly what they are and where they are. Obviously, it`s more than -- more likely than not that there is oil in the water column in the general vicinity of the well. The Gunter is identifying where that might be and getting good images of that. Clear identification of what those anomalies are, though, will require sampling of the -- the water and whatever is in it, and then analyses of those in the laboratory. I was just on another NOAA ship today, the Thomas Jefferson, that is leav- Page 33 PBS NewsHour For June 2, 2010 The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer June 2, 2010 Wednesday ing port tonight from New Orleans going out, and is going to be doing complementary sampling to the Gunter. And it, too, will be deploying a variety of instruments to image anomalies and to take samples. GWEN IFILL: But none of these samples, none of this testing has happened yet? It`s been six weeks. JANE LUBCHENCO: We have had a lot of instruments telling us that there are signals, that there are -- there`s something beneath the surface at various depths in different places. What we have yet to have confirmation of is what that is. There are a lot of possibilities -- there are -- there`s a lot of biological activity out there. There are zooplankton. There are fish. And one of the things that these ships are doing is imaging both during the day, as well as at night, because many of the species that are there migrate to the surface or closer to the surface during the nighttime, and then back down to depth during the day. And, so, by taking the same kind of acoustic images, for example, night and day, you can -- you can eliminate the possibility that that is oil. GWEN IFILL: Is... JANE LUBCHENCO: But it`s really only by sampling the water directly and then taking it back to a lab that we can confirm definitively that it is oil, and that -- those are the results that we are awaiting. (CROSSTALK) GWEN IFILL: If the oil is now in what we have been calling the loop current, and if that is what is driving it, along with these winds, toward these far-off states, what are you doing to prepare for what is now -- we are now in officially hurricane season. How are you preparing for what that might do to the path of this oil? JANE LUBCHENCO: The oil that was originally identified as being a small amount in the loop current, that current has actually pinched off and is no longer headed towards the Florida Strait. It`s actually recirculating within the Gulf. It is possible at some point that the loop current may reform, and that oil may become entrained. And I think it is wise for the state of Florida to prepare, in the outside chance that oil may be reaching its shores. And that, in fact, is the information that we have provided to them. GWEN IFILL: And the hurricane season issue? JANE LUBCHENCO: I`m sorry. The hurricane -- we have issued an outlook for the upcoming hurricane season, based on various factors that give us idea of how -- whether it`s likely to be an abnormal or a normal year. Our conclusion was that this hurricane season in the Atlantic is likely to be above normal. And if that in fact is the case, then the entire population on the eastern third of the country should be making preparations now for the possibility of hurricane. The oil interaction with hurricane is one that is worth considering. If oil is on the surface, and a hurricane comes through, it`s quite likely that the hurricane could push that oil farther up on to the shore than would otherwise be the case. And, so, shoreline crews need to be prepared for that. And, of course, FEMA, who coordinates with states to do response to events like hurricanes, is well prepared to... GWEN IFILL: OK. JANE LUBCHENCO: ... deal with oil, because that often happens during hurricanes, oil from fuel tanks, whatever, being spilled. GWEN IFILL: Well, obviously, we will be watching for that next. Jane Lubchenco of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, thank you very much. JANE LUBCHENCO: Thanks, Gwen. JIM LEHRER: The fallout from longtime industries and many livelihoods on the Gulf Coast is mounting. Page 34 PBS NewsHour For June 2, 2010 The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer June 2, 2010 Wednesday

Tonight, "NewsHour" correspondent Spencer Michels reports on how this is playing out in a small town on the Louisi- ana coast. SPENCER MICHELS: To get to Pointe a la Hache in Plaquemines Parish from the main road running south to Louisi- ana, you have to cross the Mississippi River on a ferryboat that leaves the dock four times an hour for the short trip. The economy of this predominantly African-American enclave depends on boats that harvest oysters from the coastal waters. Because of fears that oil will soon hit the area, the government opened the season early, and these lucky fishermen came back with a huge load. Most of the deck hands, like Edwardo Mendez, come from Mexico. So -- so, these are -- have just been caught. These are oysters, right? EDWARDO MENDEZ, Deck Hand: Yes. SPENCER MICHELS: So, what about the oil? Is there any oil in these oysters? EDWARDO MENDEZ: These ones have no oil. SPENCER MICHELS: No oil? They weren`t in... (CROSSTALK) EDWARDO MENDEZ: Fishing good one. Good. No oil. SPENCER MICHELS: But since they can`t bank on the oil staying away, and they`re scared that any hurricane could wreak havoc on the oyster beds, oystermen are working at a feverish pace. Claude Duplessis has been harvesting oysters for all his adult life. He was among a group of Pointe a la Hache residents who gathered at the Saint Thomas Catholic Church to talk about how the oil spill has been affecting business. CLAUDE DUPLESSIS, Oysterman: If the oil comes in, they`re destroyed, not just temporarily, but for a long, long time. SPENCER MICHELS: Really? CLAUDE DUPLESSIS: Yes. Yes, sir. Oil has a real adverse effect on oyster reefs. The oyster -- in the reproduction stage, the oysters that -- put out a milk that`s what we call spat. And this spat swims around in the water until it find a clean, hard surface to attach itself to, and it grows from there. Now, if the oil coats the shell and the culch, then the spat can`t stick. And you can -- this can -- continues for years. SPENCER MICHELS: Byron Encalade is president of the Louisiana Oysters Association. He testified before the House Judiciary Committee last Thursday, and said the oil disaster, much like Katrina, has been decades in the making. BYRON ENCALADE, President, Louisiana Oysters Association: Once again, we find ourselves crippled by a disaster we didn`t create. SPENCER MICHELS: Most of the residents in Plaquemines Parish are pushing hard for the government to quickly construct barrier sand islands to buffer Louisiana`s wetlands against storms and oil spills, and to replace islands that were already disappearing at an alarming rate. BYRON ENCALADE: Without those islands out there, we`re not protected from the hurricanes. Instead of wasting all this money on these projects that the Corps are doing, we would be in better shape now. We could have protected the inner marshland from this oil. But you have destroyed millions and millions of dollars worth of oysters that this community survived on for many a hundred year. SPENCER MICHELS: But these fishermen have other concerns as well, though their rhetoric has calmed down in the 44 days since the BP well exploded. I`m not hearing real serious anger from anybody here. You sound like you sort of understand the situation. Is that wrong? Page 35 PBS NewsHour For June 2, 2010 The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer June 2, 2010 Wednesday

REV. PERCY GRIFFIN, Louisiana: We could show serious ache anger. We could use some vulgarity. We could get hostility, but that`s not going to solve the problem. And all it`s going to do is aggravate us, even more than what we are aggravated. SPENCER MICHELS: Some fishermen have received lump-sum payments from BP, but they say it isn`t enough, and they have met with attorneys and are planning to sue for lost income. Gary Barthelemy is another concerned fisherman. GARY BARTHELEMY, Fisherman: They`re supposed to send us fares for time we couldn`t work, you know? And, so far, we have only gotten one check so far, you know? And the oil has been out here like 40-something days, you know? And $5,000, it is not enough for a man to feed his family, or to live off, taken care of his family with. SPENCER MICHELS: While the fishermen worry over how to get compensation for their own losses, the federal government is investigating possible criminal violations of the Endangered Species, the Clean Water, and the Oil Pollution Acts. Meanwhile, in Plaquemines Parish along the Mississippi, what is at stake is a way of life. Leander Young has spent his life on the banks of the Mississippi River. He now works as an engineer on the ferryboat. LEANDER YOUNG, Engineer: Been working on this river pretty much, between the beds and the river, all my life. SPENCER MICHELS: Now, what do you think is going to happen because of this oil spill? LEANDER YOUNG: It`s really going to affect the marshland, the fishing industry, the shrimps, the crab, the oysters. That`s -- mostly, the people down here, that`s their livelihood, and it`s going to affect them for some years to come. SPENCER MICHELS: So far, there has been no oil directly in the Mississippi, but that is scant encouragement for the folks in Pointe a la Hache, Plaquemines Parish, and the rest of the Gulf Coast, people who are wrestling with a problem that goes far beyond their local concerns. GWEN IFILL: Still to come on the "NewsHour": a legal debate about the the high seas raid and the Gaza blockade; the World Trade Expo in Shanghai; and a conversation about happiness. But, first, with the other news of the day, here is Hari Sreenivasan in our newsroom. HARI SREENIVASAN: A gunman rampaged across Northwest England today, killing 12 people and wounding 25. The shootings happened at 30 separate locations across rural Cumbria. It was the worst such incident in Britain since 1996. The gunman, a 52-year-old taxi driver named Derrick Bird, was found dead later. Police said he had shot himself, but his motive remained a mystery. DETECTIVE CHIEF CONSTABLE STUART HYDE, Cumbria Police: We are at the early stage of this investigation. We`re not able to understand at this stage the real motivation behind it or establish whether this was a premeditated or a random attack. HARI SREENIVASAN: Multiple shooting incidents are rare in Britain, where gun control laws are strict and handguns are banned. Witnesses said today`s attacker used a shotgun. The U.S. stock market rebounded sharply today on news of a surge in Americans buying homes. Energy stocks also recouped some of Tuesday`s losses. The Dow Jones industrials gained 225 -- 225 points to close above 10249. The Nasdaq rose more than 58 points to close at 2281. U.S. auto sales jumped by double digits last month for most companies. Chrysler led the way with a gain of 33 percent. Ford`s sales were up 22 percent, and GM rose 17 percent. At the same time, Ford announced it will stop making Mer- curys by the end of this year. The brand has been around for 72 years. In Afghanistan today, a national conference, the peace jirga, opened, and Taliban militants carried out a suicide attack nearby. None of the 1,600 delegates were hurt, but at least two of the attackers were killed. Hamid Karzai spoke with rockets and gunfire in the background. He told his audience, "We have heard this kind of thing before," and he appealed directly to the militants. HAMID KARZAI, President of Afghanistan (through translator): My dear Taliban, you are welcome on your own soil. Do not hurt this country, and don`t destroy or kill yourselves. Whoever is killed in this country is a son of this country. Page 36 PBS NewsHour For June 2, 2010 The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer June 2, 2010 Wednesday

If it is you, you are from this country. If it is me, I am also from this country. We are brothers. Let`s free ourselves from killing each other and build this country. HARI SREENIVASAN: Taliban representatives were not invited to attend the conference. The prime minister of Japan, Yukio Hatoyama, has stepped down. He was in office just eight months, but his support had plunged after he failed to live up to a campaign promise to move a U.S. Marine base off Okinawa. The current finance minister, Naoto Kan, emerged as a potential successor. Japan has had four prime ministers in four years. An international team began final preparations today for a simulated mission to Mars. The six volunteers and one back- up are from Russia, China, France, and Italy. They will be locked inside a windowless capsule for 520 days, the time needed for a round trip to Mars, and they will follow a strict regimen of experiments and exercise. Scientists and doctors will monitor the men to see how an actual space voyage would affect a crew. MIKHAIL BARYSHEV, Psychotherapist (through translator): Some people have a fear of being locked in. Some people enjoy the change of scenery, circumstances and people. But, when everybody interacts with the same people in the same space, habits and behavior become apparent very quickly. These habits may irritate and cause indignation and even fits of aggression. HARI SREENIVASAN: The Mars500 experiment is set to launch on Thursday. Those are some of the day`s major stories -- now back to Jim. JIM LEHRER: International law and politics on day three of the Gaza story. Judy Woodruff has our report . JUDY WOODRUFF: The procession began at dawn, and, throughout the day, Israeli buses carried hundreds of detained pro-Palestinian activists to Ben Gurion Airport and to the border with Jordan. Nearly 700 people were captured on Monday, when Israeli commandos raided six ships trying to break a blockade and ferry aid to Gaza. Nine people were killed in fighting on one of the ships. Israel`s military released video that showed activists attacking the soldiers. But the group sponsoring the convoy insisted the Israelis fired first. Initially, the Israelis planned to hold 50 activists with alleged ties to al-Qaida or similar groups, but, today, government spokesman Mark Regev announced the change of plans. MARK REGEV, Israeli Government Spokesperson: We have no desire whatsoever to see these activists lingering in an Israeli detention center. And we`re acting now for their immediate return to their countries of origin. JUDY WOODRUFF: That decision came after days of mounting criticism, culminating in an order from the Israeli attorney general. It said of the detainees, "Keeping them here would do more damage to the country`s vital interests than good." (APPLAUSE) JUDY WOODRUFF: As the deportations proceed, 120 of the detainees were bused to Jordan and greeted with applause and shouts of "Allahu akbar" -- "God is great." Once freed, they gave their own accounts of what happened during Monday`s raid. OSAMA AL KANDARI, Kuwaiti Activist Deported From Israel (through translator): I saw four martyrs. I have seen them all shot in the head. They used snipers to kill them. JUDY WOODRUFF: Others accuse the Israelis of mistreatment. NADIM AHMED, Pakistani Activist Deported From Israel: They shoot, they killed people. And there was a mess-up. They never give us medical immediate aid. They brutally behaved. They handcuffed everybody. They never let them move to toilet. They never let them do anything. JUDY WOODRUFF: Half of the detainees and four of those killed were Turkish citizens. And, late today, a flight carrying the dead and some of the injured arrived in Istanbul. Turkey has been Israel`s closest Muslim-majority ally. Page 37 PBS NewsHour For June 2, 2010 The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer June 2, 2010 Wednesday

But, for a third day, hundreds of Turks protested outside the Israeli ambassador`s residence in Ankara. Today, Turkey`s foreign minister demanded Israel lift its blockade of Gaza as a condition of restoring full ties. In London, British Prime Minister David Cameron also urged Israel to lift the blockade. But, in New York, while expressing concern for the plight of Palestinians suffering in Gaza, Vice President Joe Biden voiced support for Israel. He spoke with PBS` Charlie Rose. JOSEPH BIDEN, Vice President of the United States: You can argue whether Israel should have dropped people onto that ship or not and the rest, but the truth of the matter is, Israel has a right to know -- they`re at war with Hamas -- has a right to know whether or not arms are being smuggled in. JUDY WOODRUFF: Meantime, international Mideast envoy Tony Blair said the blockade of Hamas-ruled Gaza has been counterproductive. TONY BLAIR, Former British Prime Minister: My view is, the blockade of Gaza has got to -- to change, to stop. We need a different policy for Gaza. We need a better policy for Gaza. But we needed that even before this incident occurred. JUDY WOODRUFF: But, in Jerusalem, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu insisted that lifting the blockade would open the door to illicit arms shipments to Hamas. BENJAMIN NETANYAHU, Israeli Prime Minister (through translator): Now the rockets and missiles that Iran is trying to get into Gaza -- and some are already there -- are aimed at Tel Aviv, Herzliya, and Jerusalem. It is our responsibility and our right. According to international law and common sense, it is our duty to prevent these weapons from entering via airways, the sea, and the ground into Gaza. JUDY WOODRUFF: The blockade will be tested again in the coming days. An Irish cargo ship may try to break through the Israeli cordon as early as tomorrow. For more on the legality of Israel`s actions on Monday and its ongoing blockade of Gaza, we get the views of two international law scholars. Anthony DÀmato is a professor at the Northwestern University School of Law. And Ruth Wedgwood is a professor at the School of Advanced International Studies at the Johns Hopkins University. Thank you both for being with us. Let me turn to you, Professor DÀmato. Was Israel within its rights on Monday to board these ships and to redirect them away from Gaza? ANTHONY DÀMATO, Professor, Northwestern University School of Law: No, I don`t think so. But I think it`s very lawyer clear, one of the clearest rules of international law is that there`s freedom of the seas. These -- this flotilla had a right to do what they were doing, and Israel had no right to intercept them or to call it a blockade and stop them or to board their ships or anything like that. It`s a very clear principle. JUDY WOODRUFF: Ruth Wedgwood? RUTH WEDGWOOD, Professor, School of Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins University: Well, Tony DÀmato is a good friend of mine, but I have to disagree with him. Under ordinary law of armed conflict, you have a right to prevent even neutrals from shipping arms to your opposing belligerents. The U.S. itself... ANTHONY DÀMATO: What armed conflict? What -- Ruth... RUTH WEDGWOOD: Let me just finish. (CROSSTALK) RUTH WEDGWOOD: Tony, let me finish. The U.S. itself, as a neutral throughout most of the 1800s, had the duty to submit to inspection when it was shipping to - - on the high seas, to make sure that cargoes weren`t in fact fueling any of the wars in Europe. Page 38 PBS NewsHour For June 2, 2010 The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer June 2, 2010 Wednesday

The dilemma here... RUTH WEDGWOOD: Who`s fighting whom? JUDY WOODRUFF: We`re going to ask you just to hold off, Professor DÀmato. As soon as she`s done, we will come right back to you. (LAUGHTER) ANTHONY DÀMATO: It`s a... JUDY WOODRUFF: Just one second. RUTH WEDGWOOD: It`s a debate. JUDY WOODRUFF: We will be right back. (LAUGHTER) RUTH WEDGWOOD: It`s a moderated debate, Tony. But the -- I think the real structural dilemma here has been that the U.N. itself has proven very ineffective, wholly, alas, ineffective, in ever keeping arms from infiltrating, if you take UNIFIL in Lebanon with Hezbollah. The hope had been that this time would be different. It`s not. So, the -- the -- any confidence that, in fact, either self- restraint or some kind of U.N. maritime patrol would prevent this, I think, is wishful. JUDY WOODRUFF: But, Professor DÀmato, what I heard Ruth Wedgwood say initially is that in a -- when you have a condition of armed conflict, one party does have the right, under international law, to do what Israel did. ANTHONY DÀMATO: Now, what -- what armed conflict are we talking about? There`s no armed conflict here. These people aren`t fighting Israel. Israel isn`t in a war against these -- this flotilla. These are -- these are citizens. What war are we talking about, the war between Israel and Hamas? There`s no war there. Israel has -- has conquered and is running the whole territory. Hamas doesn`t have any -- any -- they`re a conquered country. So, this business that Ruth is telling us about is 200 years old. That`s in the old days, when one country was at war with another, and neutrals tried to ship arms to one of those two countries. Under those old laws of blockade -- and Ruth knows this as well as anybody -- they - - they had -- the country -- the belligerents had a right to stop the blockade -- to stop the -- the shipments. But that has no application now. It`s dragging in something that is long gone from international law. It`s an old regime of blockades, neutrality, contraband, and all the things that people don`t study anymore. Maybe that`s why they`re bringing it up. JUDY WOODRUFF: All right, well, let`s come back to Professor Wedgwood. RUTH WEDGWOOD: Well, blockades have been more recent than that. And I would distinguish blockade of everything from blockade of arms. But if you take, for example, the wars in Yugoslavia, the U.N. itself, and NATO, through Operation Sharp Guard, en- forced this, had a blockade on shipments to Yugoslavia. JUDY WOODRUFF: Is the real debate here, Ruth Wedgwood, over whether Israel had the right to establish the blockade in the first place? RUTH WEDGWOOD: Well, I think the ambition of the peace flotilla, so-called, is to basically denude Israel of what it thinks it was guaranteed in the 1993 Oslo Accords, which is the control of the external borders of Gaza and West Bank, and their desires to have this Gaza become an open port. The problem with, again, is that you could easily have a rearming of Hamas, which caused a terrible conflict. And Tony, whom I love dearly, can call it what he wants, but the rockets that went into Israel and the responsive invasion of Gaza, that was an armed conflict. (CROSSTALK) Page 39 PBS NewsHour For June 2, 2010 The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer June 2, 2010 Wednesday

JUDY WOODRUFF: Professor DÀmato, what about on this question... (CROSSTALK) JUDY WOODRUFF: Go ahead, but what about on this question of whether the blockade is the principal barrier, irritant here? ANTHONY DÀMATO: Well, I -- first of all, I don`t think -- I don`t defend the Hamas` rockets against Israel. In fact, I`m as opposed to that scenario as Ruth is. As for the Balkans, yes, there was a U.N.-sponsored blockade, but it was the most permeable blockade you have ever seen. Nations were at liberty to ship all kinds of arms into that country during the `90s. As for the blockade now, it`s a word. It doesn`t have any meaning. You can`t -- I can`t set up a blockade around my house and keep Ms. Wedgwood out of it. I mean, who can go on the high seas and stop ships from doing what they`re doing? The Israelis had a right to wait on the beaches, as they first tried to do, actually, and wait for those ships to come in, and then they could say, we now want to search you because you might be carrying contraband. But this notion of going way out into the high seas, or even into the territorial seas, which Israel doesn`t own, because they`re an occupying country, to do that is to -- is to escalate a situation that is now redounding in Israel`s detriment. And I think they have made a horrible mistake here. The country is -- is too much on the defensive. They should have let those people land and deliver their goods, and then leave. I mean, it -- you don`t need... (CROSSTALK) JUDY WOODRUFF: Let`s come back to Professor Wedgwood, because we have only got a few minutes left. Is -- is... ANTHONY DÀMATO: All right. JUDY WOODRUFF: Is this even something that can be settled by discussing the legal questions involved? RUTH WEDGWOOD: Well, I think you often now have conflicts that are different than traditional conflicts. We have conflicts that have an international elements, even if they`re not classical state-to-state conflict. We have the worry about the effect of terror groups on conflicts. I think, again, the role of Iran as a spoiler in the region, which is really preventing anything settlement of Israeli-Arab issues, is a very serious issue. I -- I worry, frankly, that the U.N. itself is losing its focus. It should be worried about the Iranian nuclear program. It should be worried about being effective in countering that. It should be worried about how to actually work out a moni- tored piece. But to say that Israel itself has to be helpless in the face of the attempt to bring in unmonitored ocean traffic, the right of visit and search under the law of the sea, or under the law of armed conflict, can be conducted on the high seas. JUDY WOODRUFF: You`re referring to what the U.N. position is. Professor... ANTHONY DÀMATO: I -- I agree with -- I agree with Ruth`s assessment of the U.N. I agree with her statement about Iran. We`re on the same side on that issue. But I don`t think that the principle of freedom of the seas should be placed in jeopardy for something that Israel could very well do in a more reasonable way, is to wait for those boats to come in and then check them out. They`re not -- it doesn`t set up that kind of a situation of endangerment to Israel. We -- they already knew what was on the boats. And -- and, when they don`t, they can wait and check them out and arrest people if they`re bringing in armaments and materiel and things like that. Page 40 PBS NewsHour For June 2, 2010 The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer June 2, 2010 Wednesday

This is an overreaction. And to defend it means that we are losing one of the basic principles of international law that go back thousands of years, that there is freedom of the high seas, that nobody can set up blockades on the high seas because they`re afraid of being embarrassed or any other reason. JUDY WOODRUFF: A very quick response. RUTH WEDGWOOD: We had a blockade around Cuba in the Cuban Missile Crisis. If there was -- the worry about how the violence started might well have occurred in the port, as well as on the high seas. And in -- under traditional law of the sea, you can do visit and search before a boat gets to port. JUDY WOODRUFF: We`re going to leave it there. (CROSSTALK) JUDY WOODRUFF: Ruth Wedgwood, Anthony D`Amato, we thank you both. GWEN IFILL: Now: the third of our reports from China. Ray Suarez visits the 2010 Shanghai World Expo. RAY SUAREZ: It`s China`s latest big thing, like the Olympics, only twice as expensive, 150 nations, 70 million fair- goers hoped for, held in the biggest city in the world. It`s the Expo in Shanghai, the latest world`s fair. Mingzheng Shi is the director of New York University in Shanghai. MINGZHENG SHI, Director, New York University, Shanghai: China wants to show off, show off to the world that China now is in the league of family of nations, because, in the past, Expo was only held in developed countries. And this is the first time that a developing country is doing it. So, for the great mission of getting China up there in the world of family is a big, big deal for China. RAY SUAREZ: Four billion dollars spent directly on the fair, more than $50 billion spent to improve the city`s infrastructure. Shanghai has bet big on the fair, but it`s not alone. China`s trading partners have built elaborate pavilions, going to great lengths to boost their image in China. Ted Fishman is an author specializing on the Chinese economy. He says, by creating expensive exhibits, countries wish- ing to court China`s strong export economy and huge consumer market have followed the longstanding tradition of bringing gifts and bowing to the emperor. Why did countries feel like they really had to be here at this Expo thing? TED FISHMAN, Author: Well, they have to be here both because China wants them here, and, if they`re not here, it`s an insult to China. But they also have to feel they need to be here because they have an internal demand. China is buying more of everything from every company at the Expo. It`s a more important partner, strategically, economically, culturally, with everybody at the Expo. So, you need to be there to show your own country that you`re engaged in China, and you need to be there to show China that you`re engaged at the very highest level with the superpower that is to come. RAY SUAREZ: Xu Wei, the spokesperson for the Shanghai Expo, says it`s not just about trade relations. XU WEI, Spokesperson, Shanghai World Expo (through translator): The Expo will serve as an important platform for cultural exchanges, which help Chinese gain a better understanding of other countries. RAY SUAREZ: The United Kingdom created one of the standout pavilions. It looks like a dandelion head. Its thousands of Lucite rods contain seeds and let light into the interior, flocked by curious visitors. Australia showcased its history, its arts, and its ties to China in creating a $70 million pavilion. Lyndall Sachs is commissioner general for the Australian pavilion. LYNDALL SACHS, Australia Commissioner General, World Expo: The relationship between Australia and China is in fact Australia`s biggest, with two-way trade between our two countries being around $83 billion in 2008-2009. And this is a growing market. Australia would have been really remiss not to be here. Page 41 PBS NewsHour For June 2, 2010 The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer June 2, 2010 Wednesday

RAY SUAREZ: Now, one of the symbols of the fair and the biggest pavilion on the fairgrounds, the Chinese pavilion is meant to invoke the shape of an imperial crown, but, in its size and its splendor, it also remind the fair-goers, nine out of every 10 of whom are Chinese, just what their government can do for them. MINGZHENG SHI: People here love great theme, great power. Well, there were great powers in the past. As a histo- rian, I know China was great in the 18th -- 18th century. And then something happened. The West came to dominate. And then they had a -- what they call 150 years of humiliation. And that humiliation is still on people`s mind. And now they talk about reviving China, making China great again, by launching, for example, events like the Expo or the Olympics. RAY SUAREZ: NYU`s Shi says it`s a nationalistic gesture for China`s new middle class, eager to catch up with West- ern lifestyles. But it`s also struggling with soaring housing costs in the country`s biggest cities. MINGZHENG SHI: It`s all part of nationalism, because the government has many, many problems to worry about, politically, economically. And this is an event that draws people`s attention away from those problems. RAY SUAREZ: By contrast, the United States pavilion had little support from Washington. That`s because Congress restricts public funding of world`s fairs. As of last spring, the money to build the pavilion hadn`t been raised and its future was in doubt. HILLARY RODHAM CLINTON, U.S. Secretary of State: It is my great pleasure to welcome you, on behalf of the American people, to the USA pavilion at Expo 2010. RAY SUAREZ: Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, who made a visit to the Expo last week, is credited with pulling the project from the brink by cajoling major corporations to chip in and putting top-notch fund-raisers like Jose Villarreal at the helm -- Villarreal, who put word out that the U.S. simply could not be absent, and, at the 11th hour, found that funds were raised. JOSE VILLARREAL, United States Commissioner General, World Expo: Over the curious of the 180 days that this will run, this pavilion will see more Chinese visitors than the entire U.S. Mission in China will see over 20 years. And they will do it in the -- in the context of not -- you know, of just sort of ordinary, fun kind of activity. So, it`s an unbe- lievable opportunity. RAY SUAREZ: The $60 million U.S. pavilion offers a 4-D movie that tells the story of American opportunity, diversi- ty, and innovation. GIRL: You have got to keep on going on your dream to make a change. RAY SUAREZ: Panned in the U.S. media as unimaginative and a missed opportunity, the pavilion has had some of the longest lines at the Expo, and, according to the Chinese we spoke with, worth the long wait. Wey-wey Jiao (ph) was moved by the 4-D movie. WOMAN (through translator): My view of America changed a little bit. From what I saw, America seemed more sin- cere and friendly. RAY SUAREZ: What did you think before? WOMAN (through translator): Before, I thought America liked to bully others. WOMAN (through translator): Right now, America and China, they are good friends, not like before. America always looked down on China, but now we are friends. RAY SUAREZ: U.S. corporate sponsors like General Electric created a 3-D body scanner for visitors. And those hoping to draw customers and an even higher corporate profile built their own pavilions. General Motors unveiled its line of concept electric cars it says will fit into China`s current massive migration from rural areas to urban areas. KEVIN WALE, President, GM China: Over the next 20 years, there`s going to be 200 million more people who are moving to urban areas. These cars only take up about a fifth of the footprint of a normal car. So, as China`s car population expands, we take up much less room for parking, for roads, and for everything else. So, we think it`s a -- a perfect time and a perfect solution for fast-growing markets. Page 42 PBS NewsHour For June 2, 2010 The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer June 2, 2010 Wednesday

RAY SUAREZ: General Motors is now selling more cars in China than it is the United States. And, once again, it`s China`s young middle- class consumer they`re after. KEVIN WALE: It`s such a young industry and such a young consumer, who can look at different things and different ways of doing things. So, the people who are looking at these cars and the other cars in our show see solutions that they can relate to. RAY SUAREZ: And while General Motors has been successful here, other U.S.-based companies are concerned about protectionist moves they see afoot in China. The Chinese government hopes venues like Shanghai`s World Expo will lead to the development of better relations with all its trading partners. JIM LEHRER: Finally tonight, we end on a happy note, or at least a happiness note. Jeffrey Brown has our conversation. JEFFREY BROWN: They seem happy in their Cambridge, Massachusetts, apartment, Derek Bok, the former president of Harvard, and Sissela Bok, a philosopher and ethicist, married for 55 years, authors of numerous books between them, and now two more, both on the subject of happiness. Sissela Bok`s book, Exploring Happiness: From Aristotle to Brain Science, comes out this fall, and, as the title suggests, takes the long view. SISSELA BOK, Author, "Exploring Happiness: From Aristotle to Brain Science": I felt that it was so important to look at everything that`s been done for millennia, really, in religion, in literature, in philosophy, and to bring that together with all the new research and what`s been done, really, I guess in the last three decades in the social sciences and perhaps the last 15 years in brain research, to try to bring all those things together. JEFFREY BROWN: Derek Bok`s book, "The Politics of Happiness: What Government Can Learn from the New Re- search on Well-Being," was published this spring. DEREK BOK, Author, "The Politics of Happiness: What Government Can Learn from the New Research on Well- Being": I had always been interested in happiness research. I noticed the one thing that wasn`t written about very much was what implication did this have for -- for public policy. And since the -- the great champion of happiness, Jeremy Bentham, had made the point 200 years ago that happiness should be the sole objective of government, it seemed natural to take that forward and say, now that we know something about happiness, what are the results for public policy-makers? JEFFREY BROWN: Happiness, or at least literature and research on happiness, is everywhere these days, with college courses and whole sections of your local bookstore devoted to everything from academic studies, to how-tos of personal fulfillment. And both Boks have taken into account the contradictions of what does and doesn`t make us happy: having more money, for example. DEREK BOK: When you get more money, very quickly, you become adapted to it. And the things you have always looked forward to buying now become commonplace. And the other thing that happens is, your aspirations begin to rise, so that, if you survey the American people and you say, how much money do you need to live a really completely happy life, and then survey them 10 years later, you will find that, 10 years later, they want a lot more money than they did 10 years before. So, I think our aspirations are always leaping out in front of reality, leaving us about as satisfied and as frustrated as we were before. SISSELA BOK: It`s true that we can get used to money and all kinds of advantages. We can adapt to that, so to speak. But it`s very much - - it`s very good for human beings that they don`t adapt in the same way to, for instance, cherished personal relations, friendships, affection for children, affection -- feelings of beauty. JEFFREY BROWN: Combing through the research, Derek Bok moves from personal to policy and asks whether government puts too much emphasis on economic yardsticks, at the expense of other priorities, measuring a country`s well- being through the gross national product, rather than, say, a gross happiness index. Page 43 PBS NewsHour For June 2, 2010 The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer June 2, 2010 Wednesday

DEREK BOK: Only Bhutan recognizes gross national happiness as its major objective. (LAUGHTER) DEREK BOK: But, yes, there`s a lot of dispute in the research on happiness about whether economic growth really does produce lasting happiness. There are some people who believe it does. And richer countries are uniformly happier than poorer countries. But there`s also a lot of evidence that happiness in the United States has not increased in the last 50 years, even though we`re much more prosperous today than we used to be. JEFFREY BROWN: For her part, Sissela Bok takes a different tack, looking at the very idea of happiness through time and some of the moral questions it continues to raise. SISSELA BOK: So, for instance, even if people get happier by something -- let`s say that they get happier by living in a very prejudiced society, or that they`re, you know, happy about their own family, their own particular social group, so long as they can oppress the others, perhaps, or draw money from them. Is that happiness worth having? And how should we look at the moral issues that are raised? JEFFREY BROWN: In other words, for both Boks, the study of what can make us happy can illuminate a great deal, about our values, our relationships to each other, to our jobs, money, and so on. But it can also quickly become complicated. For Derek, for example, the question becomes what exactly government do could do differently to make us happier. DEREK BOK: Let me give you an example from health care, for example. If you look at the research, you find that, remarkably, a number of the unhappy things that can happen to you from a health standpoint really don`t have very long-lasting effects on your happiness at all. You get over the loss of an arm quite quickly. But there are three health conditions that produce lasting unhappiness of a very acute kind. One is clinical depression. Millions of people suffer from that. Another one is chronic pain, more millions of people. And the final -- the third one is rather unexpected, is sleep disorders. And there are, again, millions of people who suffer from insomnia and related disorders. Now, the interesting thing from a policy point of view is that all of those three illnesses are comparatively under- resourced and underemphasized by government policy. JEFFREY BROWN: You mean that government could step in with -- and help people with sleep disorders? DEREK BOK: Absolutely. JEFFREY BROWN: And you`re not worried about proposing something like that at a time where there`s -- you know, people are out protesting over health care, government in this, government in that? DEREK BOK: Not particularly, because I think, in the end, the research also tells us that the thing that matters most to people is happiness. And, so, I think a government that tries systematically to relieve what causes lasting misery and to emphasize what gives lasting happiness will eventually win the support of the -- of the people. SISSELA BOK: It`s so interesting to look at the -- at the huge controversies from the beginning of time about what happiness really means, what it comes from, what it involves. People have always fought over that, so that there`s always been disagreement about it. There still is. You can ask, for instance, a young person considering whether or not to be a suicide bomber, what will my happiness perhaps be if I do that? That`s entirely different from lots of other people`s views about happiness. So, that`s one thing I did want to explore. JEFFREY BROWN: Does it require hopefulness to -- to write about happiness? (LAUGHTER) Page 44 PBS NewsHour For June 2, 2010 The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer June 2, 2010 Wednesday

SISSELA BOK: That`s an interesting questions, because it seems to me that some people who write about happiness get very hopeful and quite cheery, just as people who write about, let`s say, child abuse and torture, that can be extremely depressing. So, there, I think that they have -- everybody has to watch themselves a bit and to say, you know, how is the research influencing me, quite apart from, how might I influence the research? JEFFREY BROWN: And what about when you`re a couple both writing books on happiness? DEREK BOK: I think that just elevates the happiness even more. I think -- I would recommend it to any couple. (LAUGHTER) DEREK BOK: Write different books, noncompetitive books about the same subject, and you have guaranteed interesting dinner table conversations for months on end. JEFFREY BROWN: Sissela and Derek Bok, thanks for talking to us. SISSELA BOK: Thank you so much. Thanks for having us. DEREK BOK: Thank you. It was a pleasure to be here. JIM LEHRER: And, again, the major developments of this day. BP freed a robot-guided saw that got stuck as it worked to slice through a pipe at a blown oil well. And Israel deported hundreds of pro-Palestinian activists who were detained in a sea raid. The "NewsHour" is always online, of course. Hari Sreenivasan, in our newsroom, previews what`s there -- Hari. HARI SREENIVASAN: On the oil spill, there`s underwater footage from ocean explorer Jean-Michel Cousteau. We talk to him about his team`s dives into the Gulf last week. All that and much more is on our Web site, NewsHour.PBS.org -- Gwen. GWEN IFILL: And that`s the "NewsHour" for tonight. I`m Gwen Ifill. JIM LEHRER: And I`m Jim Lehrer. We will see you online and again here tomorrow evening. Thank you, and good night.

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PUBLICATION-TYPE: Transcript

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SHOW: PBS NEWSHOUR 6:00 PM EST

PBS NewsHour For July 5, 2010

BYLINE: Fred de Sam Lazaro, Judy Woodruff, Spencer Michels, Ray Suarez, Jeffrey Brown, Hari Sreenivasan

GUESTS: Greg McCormack, Tom Goldstein, Neomi Rao, Paul Butler, Jane Arraf

SECTION: NEWS; International

LENGTH: 8849 words

HIGHLIGHT: Rough conditions caused by weather prevent many skimmer boats from assisting with oil cleanup in the Gulf of Mexico, including the testing of a new super-skimmer vessel. Vice President Joe Biden spends his Fourth of July weekend in Baghdad meeting with Iraqi leaders and urging for the formation of a new government, as a post- election stalemate continues. As the high court wraps up its term, it hands down opinions on four high- profile cases, including decisions on handgun laws. The Supreme Court allows the city of San Francisco to continue with its health plans for the uninsured. As the World Cup enters the semifinals this week, several poor sections of South Africa linger in the shadow of the soccer stadiums, but one man is attempting to bridge the digital divide in one of Johannesburg`s poorest neighborhoods through the use of mobile phones. Poet Gregory Djanikian of the University of Pennsylvania shares some Fourth of July reflections.

JUDY WOODRUFF: Good evening. I`m Judy Woodruff. BP`s cost for cleanup and damage claims from the Gulf oil spill have topped $3 billion so far. RAY SUAREZ: And I`m Ray Suarez. On the "NewsHour" tonight: Choppy seas prevented officials from determining whether a giant oil skimmer called the A Whale will be effective. We get the latest on the disaster and the containment efforts. JUDY WOODRUFF: Then , we update the political deadlock in Iraq as, Vice President Biden visited Baghdad this weekend. RAY SUAREZ: Jeffrey Brown wraps up key decisions from the just-ended Supreme Court term. JUDY WOODRUFF: We have an encore report from Spencer Michels on health care for San Francisco`s uninsured, a program the Supreme Court let stand. GAVIN NEWSOM (D), Mayor of San Francisco: We`re a public plan. We`re that public option. And I don`t think you noticed anything but the American flag on city hall when you came here. We didn`t replace it with the Canadian flag. The sky didn`t fall in. The world didn`t come to an end. RAY SUAREZ: And Fred de Sam Lazaro tells the story of one man`s attempt to bridge the digital divide in one of Jo- hannesburg`s poorest neighborhoods one phone call at a time. JUDY WOODRUFF: That`s all ahead on tonight`s "NewsHour." (BREAK) Page 46 PBS NewsHour For July 5, 2010 The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer July 5, 2010 Monday

RAY SUAREZ: There was no holiday in the battle with that blown oil well in the Gulf of Mexico, but weather again hindered cleanup efforts, as the oil fouled the Fourth of July weekend and as tar balls washed up on beaches in Texas for the first time. Out on the water, the problem through the weekend and again today was heavy surf and high winds. Rough conditions have kept many skimmer boats from working along the coasts of Alabama, Mississippi, and Florida. The weather also interfered with testing a so-called super-skimmer ship dubbed the A Whale. At 1,100 feet long, the converted tanker can handle 21 million gallons of contaminated water each day. On shore, cleanup crews were out this weekend scooping tar balls from the sand and shoreline. In Gulfport, Mississippi, more than 1,000 workers tried to get the beach clean, then keep it that way, as the waves brought more oily globs. THOMAS STEVENS, Gulfport, Mississippi: We will work this beach today. And we will work it right now. And 20 minutes later, we will have to work it again. RAY SUAREZ: But, in Pensacola Beach, Florida, yesterday, there was little oil to be seen. By and large, though, crowds were much smaller than usual on many Gulf Coast beaches. In Gulf Shores, Alabama, local merchants said they had seen their business drop by more than half. SHAUL ZISLIN, Gulf Shores, Alabama: This is the week that pays then for October, November, December, January, and February. So, it`s not whether you are profitable this week, is, are you profitable enough to then sustain throughout the off-season? RAY SUAREZ: BP has insisted it will take care of all those damaged. And, as of today, it had spent more than $3 billion on spill response, and it billed its drilling partners for some of the cost. But many local leaders along the Gulf say the money is simply not coming fast enough. TONY KENNON, Mayor of Orange Beach, Alabama: We`re all frustrated. We feel helpless because we continue to hear excuses. But, you know, a company such as BP, they have got enough bean counters on staff. They should have had checks coming out six weeks ago. It doesn`t make sense to me at all. RAY SUAREZ: Meanwhile, BP continued drilling two relief wells as the best hope for finally putting a plug in the gushing well at the bottom of the Gulf. For a closer look at the latest efforts to skim the oil and the tanker that`s being tested, we turn to Greg McCormack, director of the Petroleum Extension Service at the University of Texas, Austin. For the record, the service partners with members of the oil and gas industry. He joins us from Houston. Greg McCormack, what makes this A Whale different from the other skimmers that have been working the Gulf for weeks? GREG MCCORMACK, Petroleum Extension Service Director, University of Texas at Austin: I think its huge size makes it very much different than the skimmers that are out there now. And its capacity to hold liquid is about two million barrels. So, it has huge capacity. It`s a very, very different vessel than the ones out there right now. RAY SUAREZ: So, when you are talking about something -- when you are talking about something as big as that, would it be able to handle more crude and then not have to burn it out on the Gulf? GREG MCCORMACK: It -- I think the issue that we have right now is not necessarily burning it. I think that`s always going to occur. But the issue that this vessel is going to be able to do is -- in theory anyway, is to be able to take a lot more water and oil mixture in and treat that oil and water mixture. RAY SUAREZ: So does it bring it somewhere as oil and water or does it treat it on board in effect and discharge the water? GREG MCCORMACK: It treats it on board. I haven`t been able to find out a lot of information on how it treats it. Page 47 PBS NewsHour For July 5, 2010 The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer July 5, 2010 Monday

I believe what it`s going to do is pump the oil water mixture that gets on board into the various tanks there. And it has probably 10 or 12 different size tanks on board that were designed to hold crude oil, and just let the oil separate from the water naturally, and then pump the water back out and retain the oil. RAY SUAREZ: Well, they have been looking at the Gulf and stopping work for many days in the past week, since Hur- ricane Alex moved through. Why do choppy seas make it harder to do this work, if the oil is floating on the top? GREG MCCORMACK: Well, what you want, to be able to skim the oil off, you want to be able to contain it. And when you have choppy waters, anything more than a couple of feet of wave action, you are not able to contain the oil. And, also, you`re not able to skim it off properly. And so I think that`s going to be an issue, especially when we have a lot of storms coming up into the Gulf of Mexico. RAY SUAREZ: So the oil, what, goes over the boom that`s put out there to corral it? GREG MCCORMACK: The oil goes over the boom. It`s very difficult to corral it in -- in when you have any kind of significant wave action. RAY SUAREZ: All during this last month or so, practically since the beginning of this two-and-a-half months ago, BP has been putting dispersant into the Gulf of Mexico. When are you putting dispersant, like Corexit, on to the oil, does that make it harder to pick up? GREG MCCORMACK: I think it does make it harder to pick up. A dispersant, its action is to allow the oil to mix the water, so that you have a kind of solution, and so it can be dispersed, and you can have weathering action. And you can also have the bacteria act on it. So, it does definitely make it more difficult to pick up. RAY SUAREZ: Now, you mentioned at the outset that this was a very big craft, this A Whale. Does that make it harder to move around the area where this oil is coming to the surface? GREG MCCORMACK: It makes it considerably harder. For this boat to operate, it has to operate at a speed of about eight or nine miles per hour, so the rudders can be affected. And it has a turning radius, meaning its ability to turn is about two miles. And the other part is to go from eight or nine miles an hour to a dead stop takes about two miles. So, I`m very concerned, when you are operating close to the wellhead, close to the 15 or 20 vessels that are already existing, that I would have some concern with its ability to maneuver in tight spaces. RAY SUAREZ: A lot of the video taken by helicopter in the containment area shows a lot of small boats in the area around where the rig once stood. When you are trying to turn around an 1,100-foot craft, does everybody else have to get out of the way? GREG MCCORMACK: Everybody else would definitely have to get out of the way, because this huge vessel cannot turn very, very quickly. And I`m told there are -- there are about 6,000 vessels right in that area, not in the three-mile area around the well site, but in the area where they are trying to remove the oil before it gets to the beaches. So, I think we have, you know, great concern about that. RAY SUAREZ: Greg McCormack joins us from Houston. Thanks a lot for talking to us. GREG MCCORMACK: Thank you. JUDY WOODRUFF: Still to come on the "NewsHour": the political stalemate in Iraq; the Supreme Court term in review; health care for San Francisco`s uninsured; and cell phones for South Africa`s poor -- but, first, the other news of the day. Here`s Hari Sreenivasan in our newsroom. HARI SREENIVASAN: Three U.S. troops and a British soldier were killed by roadside booms in Afghanistan today. That made a dozen international troops to die in the first five days of July. Meanwhile, leading U.S. senators warned, Americans must expect more such days. Republican John McCain spoke in Kabul. Page 48 PBS NewsHour For July 5, 2010 The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer July 5, 2010 Monday

SEN. JOHN MCCAIN (R), Arizona: There are obviously obstacles that lie ahead. There will be more difficult times, and, in the short-term, casualties will go up. But I`m convinced we can succeed and will succeed. And Kandahar is obviously the key area. And, if we succeed there, we will succeed in the rest of this struggle. HARI SREENIVASAN: Kandahar is a Taliban stronghold. The planned offensive to seize the city has been delayed. The Democratic Republic of Congo began two days of mourning today for at least 242 people killed in a tanker truck explosion on Friday. More than 200 others were hurt. The truck tipped over near a site where people had gathered to watch the World Cup soccer matches. Dozens ran toward the truck and began scooping up fuel before the explosion. Some 61 women and 36 children were among the dead. In Mexico, the ruling party managed to hold off a resurgence by the former ruling party in Sunday`s elections. President Felipe Calderon`s conservatives aligned with leftists to win control of three states from the Institutional Revolutionary Party. The PRI, as it`s known, had run those states for more than 80 years, and it still won nine governorships. Voter turnout in some states was low because of ongoing drug gang violence. Poland`s electoral commission officially declared a winner today in the presidential election. Bronislaw Komorowski, a pro-business conservative, he took more than 53 percent of the vote in Sunday`s balloting. His rival was former Prime Minister Jaroslaw Kaczynski. He is the twin brother of the late President Lech Kaczynski, who died in a plane crash last April. China has sentenced an American geologist to eight years in prison for buying data on the Chinese oil industry. Forty- five-year-old Xue Feng was already in custody for two-and-a-half years, and says he`s been tortured. The U.S. government has asked for his immediate release. China claims he violated state secrecy laws and endangered national security. Toyota began a large recall of Lexus and Crown vehicles in Japan today. The company said the cars could stall because of flaws in the valve springs, a crucial engine component. The recall is expected to extend to 270,000 vehicles around the world, including about 140,000 here in the U.S. Since last October, Toyota has recalled more than eight million vehicles for a variety of problems. Those are some the day`s major stories -- now back to Judy. JUDY WOODRUFF: Vice President Biden spent the Fourth of July in Iraq. And he left today, after nudging Iraqi leaders toward forming a new government. It was his fourth trip to Iraq as vice president. And it came with the country in the grips of a political stalemate that has lasted almost four months. JOSEPH BIDEN, Vice President of the United States: I remain, as I have, as you know, Andrea, from the beginning, extremely optimistic about a -- about a government being formed here that will be representative, represent all the major parties. JUDY WOODRUFF: Mr. Biden met Sunday with current Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki and former Premier Ayad Allawi, the two men vying to lead Iraq. After an inconclusive election last March, both Maliki`s Shiite`s bloc and Allawi`s alliance backed by Sunnis claimed the right to form a new government. Today, a Kurdish leader, President Jalal Talabani, also met with Vice President Biden. But there was no mention of any new proposals by the U.S., all of this as Iraq`s political vacuum has raised concern that insurgents could reignite widespread sectarian fighting. The vice president took note of these fears and remarks on Sunday, and he sounded a note of optimism. JOSEPH BIDEN: This nation, once embroiled in sectarian strife and violence, is moving toward a lasting security and prosperity with a government that represents the interests of every member of the community in Iraq, because, until they get that straight -- and they are getting it straight -- there`s no real shot they can become what they are capable of. JUDY WOODRUFF: Mr. Biden also reaffirmed U.S. plans to officially conclude combat operations at the end of Au- gust, drawing down to 50,000 American troops from the current 77,000. Still, last night, insurgents fired mortar rounds into Baghdad`s Green Zone, where the American Embassy is located. MAN: Please remain undercover. There is still a threat of indirect fire. Page 49 PBS NewsHour For July 5, 2010 The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer July 5, 2010 Monday

JUDY WOODRUFF: Loudspeakers in the embassy warned workers to take cover, but no one was hurt and there was no damage. And, to the West, a woman blew herself up Sunday, killing four and injuring dozens at a government building in Ramadi. And joining us from Baghdad is Jane Arraf of The Christian Science Monitor. I talked with her a few hours ago. Jane Arraf, hello. It`s been almost four months since the voters went to the polls there in Iraq. Why is it taking so long to form a government? JANE ARRAF, Baghdad Correspondent, The Christian Science Monitor: Well, that is the question. I guess the simple answer, Judy, is that there are too few posts and too many players. Now, what they are trying to do is put together a package where they would decide who would be prime minister, president, and speaker all together. The problem is, is that everybody wants those positions, obviously. And nobody is really willing to compromise. This really is seen not just putting together a government, but actually a question of their very political survival. JUDY WOODRUFF: Are the sticking points related to the sectarian groups, the Shia, the Sunni, the Kurds, or is it more than that? JANE ARRAF: It is related to that, in a sense. But, more than that, a lot of this, so much of it, in fact, is related to personality, the personality of the prime minister, who has been prime minister for four years and wants to hang on that post, the prime minister of Ayad Allawi, another strong leader, a strong man, as Iraqis see him. A lot of it really is about individuals. It`s not so much about issues, which is what Iraqis think it should be. This is a country where it`s the beginning of summer, 110, 120 degrees, six hours of electricity a day, no jobs, and people here really feel that politicians should put their own interests aside for a second and just get on with it and form a government and do something. JUDY WOODRUFF: And, Jane, how is Vice President Biden`s trip seen there? What is it believed there that the difference is that this could make? JANE ARRAF: Well, really, what they are looking for is the feeling that the U.S. is still engaged in the process here. And, by engaged, that actually means that they will step in if there is a need to step in, not so much in terms of Ameri- can interference, because they don`t really want that, but they`re kind of seen as a mediator at this point, similar to the way the U.N. is seen. So, when Vice President Biden was here, he met with all the major players, apparently didn`t present any concrete proposals -- they weren`t looking for any -- but really hammered home that he believes, as everyone does, really, that it could be a crisis, if this government isn`t formed soon. So, the U.S., as it has done in similar circumstances, is actually trying to play that role of mediator and bring the many parties together. JUDY WOODRUFF: And, by crisis, what is meant by that? What are they really worried about there? JANE ARRAF: They are worried about a lot of things. But, essentially, what it boils down is not even so much security. I was talking to General Odierno just a few days ago, and he believes that the security part of this is pretty much on track. What they are really worried about is that that concept of stability that relies on so much more could actually fray around the edges. If it takes longer, there won`t be a government that can make those tough decisions, and, more than that, there won`t be a government that will give people who went to the polls, under dangerous circumstances, four months ago a reason to believe that there was a point in having gone to the polls. There is rampant corruption here. There are serious problems. There are lots of decisions that need to be made. And nothing`s really been done for not just the last four months, but well before that during the political campaign. So, the feeling really is that, unless these issues are tackled, things could begin to fragment. Page 50 PBS NewsHour For July 5, 2010 The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer July 5, 2010 Monday

JUDY WOODRUFF: Jane, we`re told one of the things the vice president said to both Mr. Maliki and Mr. Allawi is that the U.S. doesn`t want to see outside interference from other countries. And I guess Iran is probably at the top of that list. How much of a factor is Iran or isn`t it? JANE ARRAF: It`s always a factor that`s kind of lurking in the background, not quite so overt right now. According to senior military and political officials here, Iran hasn`t been doing as much as it normally has done in terms of sending weapons across, in terms of sending fighters, funding militant groups. But what it has been doing is leaning quite heavily on some of the political players. Now, this is a country that is always going to have strong ties with Iran. They`re a neighbor. There are strong historical ties. But it is not just Iran. This is really a country that feels besieged. It feels that it is surrounded by hostile Gulf Arab countries, hostile countries in general, where the Sunni Arab majorities are afraid of the Shia majority here. JUDY WOODRUFF: And, finally, just to sum up, what are the expectations, now that the U.S. is going to be drawing down to 50,000 troops at the end of next month? JANE ARRAF: It`s kind of a wild card, Judy. You know, one would like to believe that things are as rosy as Vice Pres- ident Biden said he thought they were when he flew in here and spent time in the Green Zone, not so much in the rest of the Baghdad or Iraq. But when you go out in the streets -- and, tonight, these streets are full of pilgrims walking to one of the major Shia shrines -- you get the sense that things are better, certainly better than they were a couple of years ago. But there is still a huge sense of uncertainty, a huge sense that they really do have to wait and see to see if this will work. And you get that as well from the more than the million Iraqis still inside the country who are not coming back until they actually see if there is a competent government. Really, in the streets, the jury is out on this. The last government, the last parliament, they thought was corrupt and incompetent, to put it really bluntly. They are not holding their breath as to this one coming up. JUDY WOODRUFF: All right, Jane Arraf, speaking to us from Baghdad, thanks very much. JANE ARRAF: Thank you. RAY SUAREZ: Next: taking stock of the just-completed Supreme Court term. Jeffrey Brown has our story. JEFFREY BROWN: The Supreme Court tackled issues from campaign finance reform to gun control, from gay rights to Miranda rights. It was the first term for Sonia Sotomayor, the last for John Paul Stevens, and featured an unusual public spat between members of the court and the president. We take a look back at the term now with three veteran court-watchers, Tom Goldstein, a Washington lawyer and founder of SCOTUSblog.com, Paul Butler, professor of law at George Washington University and a former federal prosecutor for the Department of Justice in the Clinton administration, and Neomi Rao. She teaches constitutional law at George Mason University and served as associate counsel and special assistant to the president in the George W. Bush White House. Tom Goldstein, I will start with you. One of the themes of this term clearly has to be the extent to which we have seen the growth and solidification of what we could call a Roberts court. What does that mean? (LAUGHTER) TOM GOLDSTEIN, Founder, SCOTUSblog.com: Well, we`re talking about the conservative majority on the court led by our chief justice, John Roberts. And, in the biggest cases, the ones that would lead the "NewsHour" in the evening, campaign finance, gun rights, cases you mentioned, the court`s conservatives did hold a majority and advance the ball in that direction. But, if you look beneath the surface, I think, in cases we can talk about, you will see that the court`s left had some successes as well -- overall, I think a mixed term. JEFFREY BROWN: A mixed term. Page 51 PBS NewsHour For July 5, 2010 The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer July 5, 2010 Monday

Paul Butler, what do you see? PAUL BUTLER, Professor, George Washington University School of Law: I see conservative judicial activism. I see a conservative court that is bold, that`s aggressive, that doesn`t let things like settled precedent stand in its way, that, when it can decide a case on narrow grounds, chooses to decide broadly. And I agree. It`s kind of the chief justice smelling himself. But he`s successful. He got his way 90 percent of the time. JEFFREY BROWN: And, Neomi Rao, what do you see? NEOMI RAO, Professor, George Washington University School of Law: I think I would have to disagree with the cha- racterization of conservative judicial activism. I think that the conservatives and Chief Justice John Roberts have enjoyed a number of successes, but I think you can see that, in many of those cases in which they have prevailed, they haven`t gone as far as some conservatives would have hoped they would go, and, in fact, that their decisions were on the whole, I think, fairly incremental in terms of advancing the law. JEFFREY BROWN: How about an example, Neomi Rao? What -- what -- give us an example of a case where they perhaps didn`t go as far as they could have. NEOMI RAO: Well, I think the -- the Sarbanes-Oxley accounting board case is one such case. I think you can see there that the chief justice set out some very important and broad principles, but the remedy that he chose largely kept the accounting board intact and its functions preserved. JEFFREY BROWN: And Paul Butler? NEOMI RAO: And I think that that is... JEFFREY BROWN: Yes, I`m sorry. Go ahead. NEOMI RAO: No, I just think that is -- I think that that is one good example of where they could have gone further, but they set out some important principles and then held their position. JEFFREY BROWN: OK. Paul Butler, make your case, then, for where you saw them overreaching, in your words. PAUL BUTLER: Sure. Well, the most notorious example is the campaign financing case, which they could have decided on narrow grounds, the same way they did -- but, instead, they said the whole statute was unconstitutional. They established these First Amendment rights for corporations. It`s kind of disturbing law that everybody thought had recently been decided, recently as a couple of years ago. And the cross in the desert case, again, they could have gone narrow. Instead, they went broad. They claim to be mini- malists but they are not at all. JEFFREY BROWN: All right, and, Tom Goldstein, you started this with mixed. (LAUGHTER) JEFFREY BROWN: So, we are talking about some big cases. TOM GOLDSTEIN: Yes. JEFFREY BROWN: They have raised some of the most important cases. TOM GOLDSTEIN: Sure. JEFFREY BROWN: But there is a whole term here of ones that get in the news and ones that don`t. So, what do you see that is mixed? TOM GOLDSTEIN: Well, any time you have 90 decisions, and you have nine different justices, who aren`t just in camps, you`re going to get different results. Everybody can pick out their favorites. Page 52 PBS NewsHour For July 5, 2010 The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer July 5, 2010 Monday

I do think that what you see is, when the conservatives are able to really go pretty far, like in the campaign finance case that Paul Butler was talking about, that is when you have Justice Kennedy, our center justice, the one who is kind of the swing vote, when he is animated and wants to go in a particular direction, he leads, ultimately. So, there is a case involving juvenile life without parole, where the Supreme Court held, with Justice Kennedy in control of the court, that you can`t sentence a juvenile to life without parole for a non-homicide offense. And that`s a case that went the liberal direction. He`s the one who really controls the biggest decisions, I think. JEFFREY BROWN: But in the other cases where -- and, for example, Paul Butler, I think it was, who said that the chief justice was -- got his way is the way I think he put it in 90 percent, that means he voted on the winning side. TOM GOLDSTEIN: Well, that`s right. He was in the majority 90 percent of the time. But a goodly number of those cases, he was actually along with the left. There might be 6-3 cases. So, I gave that you juvenile life without parole example. He was with the liberals in the result, although he voted for a narrower standard in that case. So, he really is trying to lead the court, I think. He is trying not to be uniformly aligned with the conservatives. JEFFREY BROWN: And let me ask you to start this next round of questions... TOM GOLDSTEIN: Yes. JEFFREY BROWN: ... which is where -- when you look at the intellectual energy or the pushing on this court, where does it come from? (CROSSTALK) TOM GOLDSTEIN: Yes. Well, here Paul Butler is, I think right, where the direction of the court when it comes to moving the law is with the conservatives. The left of the court, we don`t have the true liberals of a Thurgood Marshall or a Justice Brennan anymore. You have the left of the court kind of holding on by its fingernails, almost, trying to say, don`t change the law anymore. Don`t move campaign finance. Don`t pull back on the Miranda warnings. The left doesn`t have an energetic movement to try and advance the law. JEFFREY BROWN: Let me bring in Neomi Rao on that one. Where do you see the intellectual energy? NEOMI RAO: I think I would agree with Tom. It seems that much of the intellectual energy is on what`s characterized as the conservative wing of the court. And you can see there are a number of interesting debates amongst the conservative justices. So, for example, in the McDonald case, which dealt with handguns and whether the Second Amendment should be incorporated against the states, there was -- there were four justices who wanted to decide that question on substantive due process grounds, and Justice Thomas concurred in the opinion and suggested it should be decided on privileges and immunities grounds, which is really -- which is -- I think displays a lot of intellectual energy, when you are willing to talk about a doctrine that has been moribund for some 100 years. JEFFREY BROWN: So, Paul Butler, come on this question. Where does that leave the ones -- the judges -- justices we refer to as the liberal justices? Trying to hold on to territory, rather than pushing things their way, or what? PAUL BUTLER: Yes, Jeff, and maybe hoping that Justice Kagan is going to come in and shake things up, provide some energy. You know, frankly, the progressives on the court now, they are older. Justice Stevens, their leader, was 90 years old. The other ones are getting on in years, and they seem a little less energetic. So, maybe -- you know, we have no idea how Justice Kagan, if she is confirmed, will actually rule. But if she is a judge the way a lot of us expect, maybe she will provide some of the energy for the left that Justice Scalia provides for the right. JEFFREY BROWN: What -- just staying with you, of course, it was the first term, as we said, for Justice Sotomayor. Did that -- what did you see from that in terms of impact, energy, decisions? Page 53 PBS NewsHour For July 5, 2010 The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer July 5, 2010 Monday

PAUL BUTLER: Well, you know, her first big dissent was in a Miranda case, where she really let the court and especially Justice Thomas have it. She didn`t like the way it ruled. And she said they were turning Miranda upside-down. So, you know, some people weren`t sure where she would be on criminal justice, because she is a former prosecutor. But she seems a pretty doctrinaire conservative. I mean, she is not way out there. She is not going to move the ball way to the left, but she is pretty standardly progressive. (CROSSTALK) JEFFREY BROWN: Yes. You said conservative. I think you mean a doctrinaire liberal. PAUL BUTLER: Yes, she`s not a -- she is kind of moderate, again, like the justice she replaced. She`s a little bit more to the left, but she`s not a flamethrower, if you will. JEFFREY BROWN: Now, Tom Goldstein, I read a synopsis you did looking at the whole term, and you said that a change in the court`s composition can have unexpected consequences. You were referring to what justices themselves say. How did that show itself this year? TOM GOLDSTEIN: Well, Justice Souter had departed. He was on the left, although he was a George H.W. Bush ap- pointee, replaced by Sonia Sotomayor. And, this term, we just saw a lot more kind of unusual combinations among the justices, where Sonia Sotomayor could be with any number of different alignments. And, with Elena Kagan coming in, as Paul Butler talks about, I think will you see more of that. For a long time, for 10 years, the Supreme Court didn`t change. Now we have had John Roberts, Sam Alito, Sonia So- tomayor, and almost certainly Elena Kagan. (CROSSTALK) JEFFREY BROWN: All within a fair -- relatively short period, isn`t it? TOM GOLDSTEIN: Yes. And -- exactly right. And, over the past 15 years, that a big shakeup, in the last five in particular. And so I think that`s a good thing. If the court is just perceived as a bunch of ideologues -- OK, it`s going to be 5-4, and we will see which way Justice Kennedy goes -- we get a lot less public confidence. I think we get worse decisions. So, I think it`s progress just getting that renewed energy. JEFFREY BROWN: Well, that does mean -- Neomi Rao, does that mean a lot of this is sort of a work in progress, because a lot of these people are still relatively new? NEOMI RAO: I think that that is right. I mean, if Elena Kagan is confirmed, we will have four new justices in a span of five years, right, which, as Tom said, is a tremendous amount of turnover. And with the new chief justice, I think that the new composition of the court is just starting to take shape, and it will be very interesting to watch how things do shake up. And I think, in talking about the narrowly divided decisions, I think this term, some 46 percent of the decisions were 9-0. So, sometimes, it`s -- sometimes, I think it`s easy to overstate some of the disagreement on the court, when in fact in a large percentage of cases, they`re actually all on the same page. JEFFREY BROWN: Tom Goldstein, one more thing. I mentioned this public spat that grew out of the Citizens United case, the campaign finance. Are there continuing repercussions to that? Did it put the court in a more public eye than in -- than normal? TOM GOLDSTEIN: Well, the administration has decided to run against the Supreme Court kind from a populist angle, to say that the Supreme Court is too pro-corporation. And so I don`t think we`re done with this yet. I think they believe there is a political upside. In terms of whether or not the Supreme Court backed off, or that the conservatives will get upset, I don`t think so. Everybody is a grownup here. The justices are kind of used to the Washington mentality. So, I don`t see it generating greater clashes, but it`s -- the story is not done. That`s for sure. JEFFREY BROWN: Paul Butler, what do you think about that one? Page 54 PBS NewsHour For July 5, 2010 The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer July 5, 2010 Monday

PAUL BUTLER: Well, you know, it was an interesting TV moment. A lot of people, when they saw Justice Alito shaking his head at something President Obama said and saying, "That`s not true," thought it was disrespectful. But I don`t know if it has much weight outside of that. You know, the president says that he wants Congress to do something about that campaign financing case. But the court decided that on constitutional grounds. So, short of abolishing or amending the First Amendment, I`m not real sure what the court can do -- what the Congress can do. JEFFREY BROWN: And a last word from you, Neomi Rao? Do you see any lasting repercussions from that spat or movement on the case itself? NEOMI RAO: Yes, I`m not -- I don`t know about the lasting repercussions, but I think it`s interesting that the president has been willing to so publicly criticize the Supreme Court, and that Chief Justice Roberts hasn`t been shy about responding. I think that that is an interesting dynamic and one that I suspect we will see more of in the coming years. JEFFREY BROWN: All right, want to thank you, all three. Neomi Rao, Paul Butler, Tom Goldstein, thanks a lot. TOM GOLDSTEIN: Thank you. NEOMI RAO: Thank you. PAUL BUTLER: You`re welcome. JUDY WOODRUFF: Speaking of the Supreme Court, last week, the justices allowed the city of San Francisco to continue with its own health plan for the uninsured. Many residents have already enrolled, as our correspondent Spencer Michels learned when he reported on it for our Health Unit in October. Here is a second look. The unit is a partnership with the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. SPENCER MICHELS: Until recently, San Francisco, a diverse city with a population of nearly 800,000, had more than 60,000 adult residents with no health insurance. They were not poor enough for Medicaid, nor old enough for Medicare. While the nation struggled with reforming health care, this city began a program of its own that so far has enrolled more than three-quarters of its uninsured. It`s called Healthy San Francisco, and it is not, strictly speaking, health insurance. Rather, it`s a way to provide health care, but only within the city limits. The plan was not particularly radical. It used mostly existing resources, like city clinics and nonprofit hospitals, to supply and coordinate care. Instead of flitting from one clinic or emergency room to another, enrollees choose a medical home, one of 30 public or private health centers in the city, where they go for low- or no-cost health care. WOMAN: So, do you work? PHIL WOO, Unemployed: No. WOMAN: No? How do you support yourself? PHIL WOO: I don`t. I`m taking care of my mom. SPENCER MICHELS: Phil Woo is a printing press operator in Colorado with insurance who left his job and his insurance and moved to San Francisco to take care of his aging mother. PHIL WOO: At 59, I don`t think you could find a job that quickly and to replace your health insurance. SPENCER MICHELS: Woo, who has high cholesterol and hypertension, came to the Chinatown Public Health Center for care. And its director, Dr. Albert Yu, steered him into Healthy San Francisco. DR. ALBERT YU, Chinatown Public Health Center: Now Phil knows this is his medical home. He actually cannot go to another health center to get care. Page 55 PBS NewsHour For July 5, 2010 The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer July 5, 2010 Monday

SPENCER MICHELS: If he needs hospitalization, you manage it from here? DR. ALBERT YU: We coordinate the care with the specialist. We coordinate the care with the emergency room. SPENCER MICHELS: Healthy San Francisco was proposed in 2006 by Mayor Gavin Newsom and approved by the city supervisors. GAVIN NEWSOM (D), Mayor of San Francisco: We`re a public plan. We`re that public option. And I don`t think you noticed anything but the American flag on city hall when you came here. We didn`t replace it with the Canadian flag. The sky didn`t fall in. The world didn`t come to an end. SPENCER MICHELS: Newsom`s plan is not exactly the public option debated in Congress. City Health Director Mitch Katz explains state law requires cities and counties to treat sick people, even without payment, even in tough economic times. MITCH KATZ, Director, San Francisco Health Department: Everywhere you go counties and cities are spending money taking care of the uninsured. And, certainly, we were. The problem with how we were doing it before was, there was no system. The money exists. The money exists in Los Angeles, Sacramento, and Philadelphia, in New York. GAVIN NEWSOM: We got rid of the middleman. We got rid of the payer, in this, the insurance companies and the overhead. We became the single payer, the public option, the public plan. So, no new bureaucracy was created. No new costs associated with the administration was actually born. So, the point is, this wasn`t a hugely costly program. WOMAN: Sorry. Does that hurt when I push? WOMAN: A little. WOMAN: OK. How about over here? WOMAN: No. SPENCER MICHELS: Each patient in Healthy San Francisco costs the city about $300 per month. That`s in line with insurance costs. It totals $126 million a year. Depending on their income -- and most are below the poverty level -- enrollees pay nothing or from $20 a month up to about $200, plus co- payments. But that doesn`t pay for it all. The city has mandated that businesses with 20 to 100 employees spend at least $1.23 an hour per worker for health care, and that larger companies pay more. That money can be used to reimburse employees for health care costs, to buy them health insurance, or it can go to Healthy San Francisco. GAVIN NEWSOM: We believe in shared responsibility, that we`re all in this together, similar to the national debate. Right now, about 980, only, a small number of businesses, actually pay in directly to the system. SPENCER MICHELS: But some of those businesses don`t like the employer mandate. The Golden Gate Restaurant Association sued the city, claiming that forcing restaurants to pay high health costs, especially for workers who work as little as eight hours a week, violates federal law. LAURIE THOMAS, Restaurant Owner: The concern of a lot of restaurants, me included, is, you know, you have got to keep the doors open. SPENCER MICHELS: Laurie Thomas owns Rose Pistola restaurant and provides insurance for many of her employees. She has put a surcharge on the menu to pay for added health care costs. Kevin Westlye, executive director of the restaurant association, claims that fast-increasing medical costs and coverage for part-time employees will boost restaurant spending far more than the city admits. KEVIN WESTLYE, Executive Director, Golden Gate Restaurant Association: And the restaurant that used to spend $120,000 doing the right thing will be spending almost $440,000, which, by the way, is 24 percent of payroll, which is triple what we`re looking at, at the national level. So, this is a real back-breaker for small business. Page 56 PBS NewsHour For July 5, 2010 The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer July 5, 2010 Monday

LAURIE THOMAS: The issue is not sharing the burden for San Francisco`s uninsured. We`re all for that. We have provided several different alternatives. My disappointment was that there seemed to be a pre-agreed-upon solution. And that was, we will essentially tax the employers. SPENCER MICHELS: The Restaurant Association would prefer a national or a statewide health plan, rather than a local one. Mayor Newsom, who owns seven restaurants himself, says Healthy San Francisco has not cost any jobs and is badly needed. GAVIN NEWSOM: I`m very sensitive to the business concerns. At the same time, I do believe in shared responsibility. SPENCER MICHELS: Newsom argues that uninsured residents waste money by using the city`s very expensive emergency rooms, like this one at San Francisco General Hospital, for non-emergency care. Healthy San Francisco puts those people into a system that costs less and keeps track of them. Susan Currin, CEO at San Francisco General, says emergency room use is slightly down, as patients get used to the new system. SUSAN CURRIN, CEO, San Francisco General Hospital: For many years, if they`re used to going to an emergency department for their primary care, that`s the first thing they will turn to. As they establish relationships with their medical home and their primary care providers, they will change their pattern of accessing health care. SPENCER MICHELS: Healthy San Francisco patients can now make medical appointments in advance, and can use an urgent care facility with little notice. Many of the new enrollees have chosen the Family Health Center at San Francisco General as their medical home. Dr. Hali Hammer is the director. DR. HALI HAMMER, Director, San Francisco General Hospital Family Health Center: We had to expand hours. We had to hire some new providers, so that we could see all these patients that we were expecting to come in. Everybody thinks a public health clinic is going to be just sort of a factory. And, so, we took sort of pride in proving them wrong. WOMAN: Hi, good morning, Mr. Batte. How are you today? SPENCER MICHELS: The Kaiser Family Foundation recently found that 94 percent of participants are satisfied with the program. The numbers of participants in Healthy San Francisco continues to grow, 700 or 700 a week, as more and more of the uninsured hear about the program. WOMAN: Now, I understand this is not health insurance. WOMAN: It`s definitely not health insurance. It`s just access to health services. SPENCER MICHELS: The plan attracts more than just the poor. Twenty two-year-old art student Sally Ing signed up when her parents` insurance wouldn`t cover her anymore. WOMAN: So, right now, your fee is looking at $60 every three months. SPENCER MICHELS: But even advocates admit the program has some problems. Only a few pharmacies handle Healthy San Francisco prescriptions. And here and at some clinics, the waits can be long. Some patients also complain that their payments are too high. But Mayor Newsom is convinced Healthy San Francisco is a model the nation could learn from. GAVIN NEWSOM: Studies show that we`re providing quality health care at a substantially lower cost than people can provide health insurance, thus creating competition and lowering ultimate costs to the consumer and the user, as well as the taxpayer. WOMAN: Thank you for calling Healthy San Francisco. SPENCER MICHELS: The Obama administration had urged the U.S. Supreme Court to dismiss the Restaurant Associ- ation`s suit, which challenged mandatory employer contributions to Healthy San Francisco. Last week, the court refused to hear the case, so the law stands, and the program continues. Page 57 PBS NewsHour For July 5, 2010 The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer July 5, 2010 Monday

RAY SUAREZ: Now, as the World Cup matches move into the semifinals, we turn to the poorer neighborhoods of Jo- hannesburg, in the shadow of the soccer stadiums. Special correspondent Fred de Sam Lazaro reports on one man`s efforts to bridge the digital divide in South Africa. FRED DE SAM LAZARO: Downtown Johannesburg is not in many tourist brochures. It has a reputation for drugs and gang violence. But Rael Lissoos thinks that is exaggerated. He was happy to take an American television crew around neighborhoods like Hillbrow. Lissoos says this area is inhabited not by gangsters, but ordinary folks struggling to make ends meet. Many are immigrants from other African countries. Most live without one of the most basic tools of modern life. RAEL LISSOOS, Entrepreneur: A lot of these people have not had decent and cheap and affordable access to the Inter- net or to telephone services. FRED DE SAM LAZARO: He says fewer than 1 percent of households here or in South Africa`s rural areas can afford landlines. People are forced to use prepaid cell phones at rates three times what Americans pay for similar service, even though people here earn much less. Lissoos says the huge fees to connect or terminate calls to even local phone networks hurt South Africa`s competitive- ness against countries with much lower telecom rates, like India and China. RAEL LISSOOS: For us to terminate a call onto a mobile network in China costs a lot less than if someone phoned a landline in that shop down there, a lot less. So, it does show that the (INAUDIBLE) India and China, their telecommu- nications costs are low, low, low. And look at their growth. Here, we are being exploited. Imagine, someone, they speak for 10 minutes, let`s work it out in dollar terms. Like, 20 minutes is 50 rand, is almost $8. FRED DE SAM LAZARO: For a 20-minute local call? RAEL LISSOOS: For a 20 minute cell-to-cell call. FRED DE SAM LAZARO: The big telecommunication providers like Vodacom and MTN say the prices reflect the cost of building infrastructure across a vast country. Their critics say the companies are simply ignoring poorer neighborhoods they perceive as less lucrative, and they say the government hasn`t helped. The government still owns a share of what used to be a public telecom monopoly and it shares in the windfall of phone and broadband profits. Flying under the radar of these sky-high rates, Lissoos saw an opportunity to start his own business called Dabba Telecom. RAEL LISSOOS: We can buy in bulk at like one rand, and sell it at 1.2 rands, and, actually, people normally would be buying it at three rands. That`s win-win. We have got a margin. People are saving money. FRED DE SAM LAZARO: Across the downtown, Dabba has installed relay antennas that connect one building to the next. Routers connect the buildings to the Internet and make Internet-based phones possible. RAEL LISSOOS: We have got a pair of cable going into every single apartment. FRED DE SAM LAZARO: Rael Lissoos describes himself as a geek with Robin Hood urges. He made a fortune selling education software mostly in Europe. He sold his company and with a few other investors began Dabba Telecom as a social business two years ago. He is an economist and teacher by training, and the new business has brought out his inner door-to-door salesman. RAEL LISSOOS: Do you want cheap telephones in your room? FRED DE SAM LAZARO: He randomly knocks on strangers` doors. WOMAN: Phones are free? RAEL LISSOOS: The phones are free, and then you pay for the Internet, but you have got to buy prepaid airtime for the phones as well. FRED DE SAM LAZARO: Dabba has placed phones free in about 9,000 apartments. To use them to call cell phones or landlines requires prepaid credit, which is sold at nearby convenience stores. It`s how Dabba recovers its costs, though Lissoos points out Dabba cards are far cheaper than the large company ones. Page 58 PBS NewsHour For July 5, 2010 The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer July 5, 2010 Monday

For more and more people, phone and increasingly Internet connections are making a huge difference. MAN: So, now you connect to the Internet. Lucas Ramaganda (ph) is a bus driver with a catering side business. Internet access is essential, he says, but, until now, getting online via cell phone connection ate up most of his business profits. FRED DE SAM LAZARO: And now your business is going to pick up also, your side business? MAN: I really hope so. That is my wish. FRED DE SAM LAZARO: Lucas and his wife, Queen Ramaganda (ph), are most excited for what it means in the future for their son, Mutsidsi (ph). MAN: Like, there`s something that they need from school, and we can get it from the Internet. FRED DE SAM LAZARO: One connection at a time, Lissoos says the neighborhood is being transformed. RAEL LISSOOS: In this street, there`s probably about 1,500 Internet terminals, which is amazing. FRED DE SAM LAZARO: Collins Moyo owns two Internet cafes. Without Dabba`s lower connection rates, he says, he would have no profit COLLINS MOYO, Business Owner: If, say, I can pay 10 rand to telecom, maybe Dabba, I can pay two rand, so I`m saving eight rands. FRED DE SAM LAZARO: The 80 percent savings is allowing him to expand to a third store, he says. And Dabba is also growing. RAEL LISSOOS: Our revenue is now growing like quite a lot. It`s like probably 30, 40 percent a month now. And now the Internet, so I will reckon we will probably break even in the next four or five months -- on our running costs, not on our investment. And it will probably take us another year or so. FRED DE SAM LAZARO: His immediate goal is to more than double the number of households with Dabba phones, to 25,000 by the end of this year. If it proves sustainable, Lissoos says this could be the model across the developing world. RAEL LISSOOS: You could bring in one bulk connection to the Internet. You could distribute it, prepaid to your neighborhood. And, also, you can create a telephone system. And then that person would have enough money to make a nice living and service -- service their users. FRED DE SAM LAZARO: If such enterprises prove profitable, he says, large companies may be attracted into under- served inner-city and rural markets, not just here, but in many other countries. That would bring competition and lower prices for all. JUDY WOODRUFF: Finally tonight: an encore look at some Fourth of July reflections from poet Gregory Djanikian. His directs the creative writing program at the University of Pennsylvania. His fifth and most recent volume of poetry is "So I Will Till the Ground." GREGORY DJANIKIAN, Poet: My name is Gregory Djanikian, and I was born in Alexandria, Egypt, of Armenian parentage, and came to this country when I was 8 years old. I spent my boyhood in a small town in Pennsylvania, Wil- liamsport, home of the little league, and my acculturation to this country occurred in some ways on the baseball fields of that town. Now I live near Philadelphia, a city which saw the founding of this nation. I would like to read a poem called "Immi- grant Picnic," which describes a July Fourth get-together of my immigrant family, who, with American families across the nation, contribute to the celebration of independence. The poem also describes how we might contribute to that great melting pot that is the English language, that, for many of us who have come from different countries, our difficulties with American idioms often lead to unexpected syntactic constructions and surprising turns of phrase which enrich the language and by which we all are enriched. "Immigrant Picnic." Page 59 PBS NewsHour For July 5, 2010 The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer July 5, 2010 Monday

It`s the Fourth of July. The flags are painting the town, the plastic forks and knives are laid out like a parade. And I`m grilling. I have got my apron. I have got potato salad, macaroni, relish. I have got a hat shaped like the state of Pennsyl- vania. I ask my father what`s his pleasure and he says, "Hot dog, medium rare," and then, "Hamburger, sure, what`s the big difference," as if he`s really asking. I put on hamburgers and hot dogs, slice up the sour pickles and Bermudas, uncap the condiments. The paper napkins are fluttering away like lost messages. "You`re running around," my mother says, "like a chicken with its head loose." "Ma," I say, "you mean cut off, loose and cut off being as far apart as, say, son and daughter." She gives me a quizzical look as though I have been caught in some impropriety. "I love you and your sister just the same," she says. "Sure," my grandmother pipes in, "you`re both our children, so why worry?" That`s not the point I begin telling them, and I`m comparing words to fish now, like the ones in the sea at Port Said, or like birds among the date palms by the Nile, unrepentantly elusive, wild. "Sonia," my father says to my mother, "what the hell is he talking about?" "He`s on a ball," my mother says. "That`s roll!" I say, throwing up my hands, "as in hot dog, hamburger, dinner roll." "And what about roll out the barrels?" my mother asks. And my father claps his hands, "Why sure," he says, "let`s have some fun," and launches into a polka, twirling my mother around and around like the happiest top. And my uncle is shaking his head, saying, "You could grow nuts listening to us," and I`m thinking of pistachios in the Sinai burgeoning without end, pecans in the South, the jumbled flavor of them suddenly in my mouth, wordless, confus- ing, crowding out everything else. RAY SUAREZ: Again, the major developments of this day. BP`s cost in the Gulf of Mexico oil spill climbed above $3 billion. The first tar balls from the spill made their ways to the shores of Texas. They were found on the Bolivar Peninsula and Galveston Island. And three U.S. troops and a Brit- ish soldier were killed by a roadside bomb in Afghanistan. A dozen international troops have died there in the first five days of July. The "NewsHour"`s always online. Hari Sreenivasan, in our newsroom, previews what is there -- Hari. HARI SREENIVASAN: Find more readings from Gregory Djanikian on our Poetry Series page, and explore works by other poets recently featured on our program. Tom Goldstein of SCOTUSblog has penned a guide to the most important Supreme Court decisions of this term. Find that on the Rundown. Plus, read a companion story to Fred`s report on cell phones in South Africa. We look at Fin- land`s recent decree that Internet access is a basic human right for all its citizens. All that is more is on our Web site, NewsHour.PBS.org. JUDY WOODRUFF: And again to our honor roll of American service personnel killed in the Iraq and Afghanistan conflicts. We add them as their deaths are made official and photographs become available. Here, in silence, are 14 more. And that`s the "NewsHour" for tonight. I`m Judy Woodruff. RAY SUAREZ: And I`m Ray Suarez. We will see you online and again here tomorrow evening. We hope you had a good Fourth of July holiday. Thanks for joining us. Good night.

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