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Case Study Analyses and Typology Development Related to US Civil-Military Relations During the War on Terror

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Order and Leadership: Case Study Analyses and Typology Development Related to US Civil-Military Relations During the War on Terror Author: Craig Andrew Noyes Persistent link: http://hdl.handle.net/2345/3038 This work is posted on eScholarship@BC, Boston College University Libraries. Boston College Electronic Thesis or Dissertation, 2013 Copyright is held by the author, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise noted. Boston College The Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Department of Political Science ORDER AND LEADERSHIP: CASE STUDY ANALYSES AND TYPOLOGY DEVELOPMENT RELATED TO US CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS DURING THE WAR ON TERROR [a thesis] by CRAIG ANDREW NOYES submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts May 2013 © copyright by CRAIG ANDREW NOYES 2013 Abstract Order and Leadership Author: Craig Noyes Advisor: Timothy Crawford This thesis focuses on United States civil-military relations during the first decade of the twenty-first century. It examines interactions between principal-level civilian and top-tier military leadership during three strategic decision-making moments. Each case involves examples of subjective civilian control. The author’s goal is to investigate and then categorize the processes that were used, assessing how variables influenced the nature of subjective control. Qualitative process tracing is the primary methodology. The author focuses on available sources from myriad avenues including but not limited to journalism, memoirs, primary documents, and social science literature. Case study analysis identifies numerous variables. Presidential leadership and process organization were found to be the most influential, spanning from engaged to “delegatory” and orderly to ad-hoc, respectively. Correlations are identified between the variables. Then, theories from established literature are reviewed and applied when possible. Research finds that subjective civil-military relations became increasingly moderate and theoretically “pure” over each case, chronologically. The author uses his analysis to create new typologies of subjective civil-military control, focusing on the relationships between presidential leadership and process organization. The resulting typologies are intended to assist political scientists’ identification and categorization of varying civil-military relationships on the subjective end of Huntington’s spectrum. i Table of Contents Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................... ii Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 4 Literature Review .................................................................................................................... 13 Figure 2.1 – Variable Spectrums ...................................................................................................... 25 Figure 2.2 – Primary Variables upon Subjective Civilian Control .................................................. 26 Figure 2.3 – Typology of Subjective Civil-Military Control ............................................................ 27 Applicable Theories ........................................................................................................................... 31 Civil-Military Relations ............................................................................................................................... 31 National Security Council ........................................................................................................................... 47 Figure 2.4 – Crabb/Mulcahy Typologies of NSC/National Security Advisor Roles ......................... 56 Case One: Iraq War Plan (2001-2003) ............................................................................... 68 Political Context ................................................................................................................................. 71 Bureaucratic Context ........................................................................................................................ 76 Civil-Military Relations Context .................................................................................................... 79 Process Tracing .................................................................................................................................. 83 Analysis ............................................................................................................................................... 110 Case Two: Strategy Review – Iraq (2006) ........................................................................ 119 Process Tracing ................................................................................................................................ 122 Analysis ............................................................................................................................................... 154 Case Three: Strategy Review – Afghanistan (2009) ...................................................... 164 Process Tracing ................................................................................................................................ 168 Analysis ............................................................................................................................................... 208 Analysis .................................................................................................................................... 218 Conceptual Analysis ........................................................................................................................ 222 Figure 6.1 – Variable Spectrums and Characteristics ................................................................... 223 Figure 6.2 – IV Identification ......................................................................................................... 223 Figure 6.3 – Change over Time Trajectory for Civil-Military Relations ....................................... 225 Figure 6.4 – The Cases and Typology of Subjective Civil-Military Control .................................. 226 Existing Literature and Case Study Trends .............................................................................. 227 Figure 6.5 – Typologies of National Security Advisors (Crabb and Mulcahy) .............................. 239 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 246 Conclusions ........................................................................................................................................ 247 Limits to the Work ........................................................................................................................... 248 Contribution to the Literature ...................................................................................................... 249 Bibliography............................................................................................................................ 252 Theory .................................................................................................................................................. 252 Books .............................................................................................................................................................. 252 Articles ........................................................................................................................................................... 254 Sources ................................................................................................................................................ 256 Books .............................................................................................................................................................. 256 Journalism Articles ..................................................................................................................................... 259 Websites, Transcripts, & Academic Articles ..................................................................................... 264 ii Acknowledgements I have benefited from great support throughout my graduate studies at Boston College. Without employee benefits, the understanding and support of my supervisors, as well as guidance from the Political Science Department I am not certain this thesis would have been completed. I want to thank Janice Foley, Jeffrey Beardsworth, and Christopher Cordella for their willingness to adapt my work schedule as I took classes. Jeffrey Beardsworth’s support throughout thesis research and writing was integral to the process, as well. Special thanks are extended to Gerald Easter. His guidance, example, candor, and humor enhanced my classroom experience. His perspective and coursework helped me frame my studies and plan my thesis project. Professor Easter’s willingness to be a reader for my thesis was an honor and a boon. I am exceptionally thankful for Timothy Crawford and his guidance through my studies as well as the entire thesis writing process. As my thesis advisor he played a pivotal role in my success. Professor Crawford’s direct, honest, informed, responsive guidance helped me navigate my part-time studies and thesis writing. I appreciate his leadership and am indebted to his example. iii 4 Chapter One Introduction
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