Rapporto Di Ricerca Ce.Mi.S.S.: Sono Ottenibili Separatamente

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Rapporto Di Ricerca Ce.Mi.S.S.: Sono Ottenibili Separatamente Centro Militare di Studi Strategici Rapporto di Ricerca 2013 - STEPI AF-SA-10 PROSPETTIVE DEL TRASPORTO STRATEGICO ALLA LUCE DELLO SVILUPPO DELLE TECNOLOGIE DI VOLO IPERSONICO E SUBORBITALE. Punto di situazione, criticità, potenzialità nel prossimo futuro di Prof. Ing. Sergio CHIESA data di chiusura della ricerca: Novembre 2012 Alla mia Famiglia A.M.) Monaci ing. Volfango INDICE PROSPETTIVE DEL TRAS PORTO STRATEGICO ALLA LUCE DELLO SVILUPPO DELLE TECNOLOGIE DI VOLO IPERSONICO E SUBORBITALE. PUNTO DI SITUAZIONE, CRITICITÀ, POTENZIALITÀ NEL PROSSIMO FUTURO. SOMMARIO pag. 1 PARTE ANALITICA Capitolo 1 - Introduzione alle opportunita' del volo ipersonico e suborbitale pag. 5 Capitolo 2 - Analisi dettagliata di studi e realizzazioni conosciute in ambito volo ipersonico e suborbitale pag. 27 2.1 Primi studi 2.2 Gli anni dalla seconda Guerra Mondiale allo Space Shuttle pag. 32 2.3 Progetti di Aerospazioplani negli ultimi anni del XX secolo: pag. 41 - National Aero Space Plane - NASP - HOTOL - Sanger II - STS 2000 - Japanese Space Plane - Aerospazioplano con rifornimento in volo 2.4 Progetti di Aerospazioplani degli anni 2000 pag. 64 - Turismo Spaziale - Dimostratori Tecnologici - Attuali studi di velivoli ipersonici A.M.) Monaci ing. Volfango Capitolo 3 - Situazione italiana atuale e prospettive pag. 92 3.1 I Programmi USV e IXV 3.2 Pareri di attori rilevanti: pag. 96 - Thales ALenia Space - Aviospace (an EADS-ASTRIUM company) - Reaction Engines Ltd - A.I.D.A.A. 3.3 L'aspetto normativo pag. 117 Capitolo 4 - Conclusioni pag. 119 Bibliografia pag. 129 PARTE DI SUPPORTO Appendici pag. 132 NOTA SUL Ce.Mi.S.S. e NOTA SULL' AUTORE pag. 133 A.M.) Monaci ing. Volfango SOMMARIO PROSPETTIVE DEL TRASPORTO STRATEGICO ALLA LUCE DELLO SVILUPPO DELLE TECNOLOGIE DI VOLO IPERSONICO E SUBORBITALE. PUNTO DI SITUAZIONE, CRITICITÀ, POTENZIALITÀ NEL PROSSIMO FUTURO. Lo scopo del presente trattato è molteplice; in particolare si intende anzitutto evidenziare come il volo ipersonico, o di tipo suborbitale (cioè con una salita iniziale ad alta quota, seguita poi da una lunga discesa) o con “profilo stratosferico” (cioè con una lunga crociera, a quota dell‟ordine dei 30 km ed a velocità ipersoniche, oltre Mach 4,5), possa conferire capacità oggi impensabili, in particolare di raggiungere qualunque punto sulla terra, anche il più lontano, in un tempo massimo di 4 o 5 ore. Il passo successivo è capire le modalità con cui il trasporto ipersonico potrà diventare realtà, evidenziando le molte e importanti similarità e sinergie col conseguimento di un altro stimolante obiettivo e cioè la realizzazione di velivoli con capacità ipersonica tali da poter, dopo un decollo simile a quello di un normale aeroplano, e una salita ad almeno 100 km di altezza, entrare in orbita bassa, con susseguente rientro con volo in discesa fino ad atterrare, nuovamente, come un normale aeroplano. Dopo aver discusso degli aspetti suddetti, nel Capitolo 1 si dedurranno le caratteristiche che dovranno necessariamente essere presenti nei futuri Aerospazioplani, distinguendo, in base alle diverse missioni i tre diversi tipi costituiti dai velivoli orbitali, dai velivoli suborbitali e dai velivoli a profilo stratosferico; tenendo presente queste tre tipologie si esamineranno i motori utilizzabili per il volo ipersonico e le possibili sequenze di motori da utilizzarsi nelle differenti fasi di missione nonche' le diverse soluzioni in tema di adozione di opzioni mono o bistadio. Poste così come basi del discorso le caratteristiche e le prestazioni dei velivoli ipersonici nonché le caratteristiche di base che detti velivoli debbono avere, onde approfondirne adeguatamente la conoscenza, nel successivo Capitolo 2 si effettua una sintetica analisi dei diversi progetti e delle, invero, poche e parziali realizzazioni che si sono avute nella storia del volo ipersonico, storia che abbraccia ormai un intervallo di circa 80 anni. ipersonico_20121218_1430.docx 1 Author: Prof. Ing. Sergio CHIESA - Edit T.Col. (A.M.) Monaci ing. Volfango Si parte infatti dagli studi di Eugen Sanger che negli anni ‟30 e ‟40 lavorò ad un ipotetico “bombardiere antipodale”, ossia un velivolo con propulsione a razzo e profilo di volo suborbitale; si vedrà come malgrado errori e “ingenuità” che avrebbero comunque impedito, a quei tempi, la realizzazione del velivolo, esso appare di concezione generale ancora oggi valida. Conseguentemente a ciò le idee di Sanger influenzarono molti progetti sia Sovietici che americani nel dopoguerra; in particolare negli USA si arrivò, all‟inizio degli anni ‟60, allo sviluppo del dimostratore X 20 che, se non fosse stato bloccato per ragioni finanziarie, avrebbe potuto rientrare a terra, in volo planato, anticipando di venti anni lo Space Shuttle. Veri e propri aerospazioplani a decollo e atterraggio orizzontali (HOTOL) furono invece quelli di cui, negli anni ‟80 e ‟90 del secolo scorso, si ebbe un vero e proprio fiorire di progetti, intesi non come semplici studi ma mirati ad una realizzazione effettiva. Si esaminano l‟Americano NASP X 30, e l‟inglese HOTOL (quest‟ultimo caratterizzato da un originale sistema propulsivo) entrambi monostadio e il tedesco Sanger II, bistadio. Tutti questi progetti erano mirati al raggiungimento del‟orbita ma il NASP X 30 era concepito anche come aereo superveloce (“Nuovo Orient Express” era stata la definizione datagli dal Presidente Reagan), mentre il 1° stadio del Sanger II era studiato in modo da poter essere la base di un velivolo da trasporto ipersonico a profilo di volo stratosferico. Purtroppo il secolo finì senza che nessuno di questi progetti si concretizzasse, soprattutto per problemi finanziari. Fu forse per togliersi dalla sindrome dell‟impossibilità finanziaria di realizzare il volo ipersonico che, verso la fine degli anni ‟90, si focalizzò molta attenzione attorno alla realizzazione di velivoli da “Turismo Spaziale” ossia velivoli di piccole dimensioni ma capaci di raggiungere alte quote (60-100 km) con volo parabolico, quindi con sensazione, per breve tempo, al culmine della traiettoria, di microgravità e quindi tali da offrire l‟ebbrezza del volo spaziale. Un particolare premio che agì da catalizzatore sul fenomeno fu il cosiddetto Ansari X Prize, assegnato nel 2004 allo Space Ship One, avendo effettivamente volato raggiungendo i 100 km d‟altezza. L‟interesse sul “Turismo Spaziale” perdura anche oggi, essendo in atto una produzione, in piccola serie, dello Space Ship Two (versione ingrandita del precedente) ed annunciandosi nuovi progetti di cui uno anche da parte di una grande Azienda (Astrium- EADS). ipersonico_20121218_1430.docx 2 Author: Prof. Ing. Sergio CHIESA - Edit T.Col. (A.M.) Monaci ing. Volfango Nuovi progetti, ormai dei giorni nostri sono gli Americani X 37, X 51 e Dream Chaser, e non mancano nuovi interessanti progetti di velivoli da trasporto orbitale e/o da trasporto ipersonico; in particolare si ricorderanno i progetti Skylon (lontano discendente dell‟HOTOL, della fine degli anni ‟80) e ZEHST, convincente proposta di velivolo da trasporto con velocità dell‟ordine di Mach 5 e autonomia prossima ai 20.000 km. Il successivo Capitolo 3 si focalizza sulla situazione della Ricerca e dell‟Industria Italiane e sulle prospettive future, in campo di volo ipersonico, sia a livello italiano che Internazionale. In questo ambito si presenteranno i progetti e le realizzazioni nel campo di dimostratori tecnologici portati avanti in Italia; in particolare si parlerà del programma USV del CIRA e del programma IXV condotto da Thales Alenia Space - Italy. Per inquadrare le prospettive future sulla tematica del volo ipersonico si riporteranno le opinioni di alcune voci significative nell‟ambito del campo oggetto di studio, voci raccolte in interviste che sono state gentilmente concesse. Il quadro su situazione e prospettive future è completato da un cenno sulle prevedibili modalità dello sviluppo di una indispensabile Normativa in materia di trasporto ipersonico. Infine sulla base di quanto visto nei primi tre capitoli, nel Capitolo 4, dopo aver ribadito la opinione che la capacità di volo ipersonico appare troppo allettante per non poter essere prima o poi realizzata, si sostiene che l‟Italia dovrà partecipare allo sviluppo, quando sarà il momento, di un futuro Aerospazioplano (sviluppo che, ovviamente, si intravvede solo a livello di collaborazione di più Nazioni). Per giungere adeguatamente preparati a tale sviluppo si da‟ un accenno ad una possibile “Road Map Italiana” in preparazione alla partecipazione allo sviluppo di futuri aerospazioplani. Si sostiene che, a parte proseguire le ricerche di base e lo sviluppo di dimostratori tecnologici, attività già oggi fruttuosamente in atto, sarà molto importante effettuare studi di fattibilità e/o “conceptual design” alla ricerca di una “configurazione italiana”, al fine di poter affrontare una collaborazione con chiara visione globale, (condizione irrinunciabile per non ritrovarsi in posizione subalterna); si sostiene anche che lo sviluppo di un velivolo “Classe Turismo Spaziale” di prestazioni, complessità e costi incomparabilmente inferiori a quelli di un Aerospazioplano, potrebbe però avere, sotto molti punti di vista, un effetto trainante sulle nostre capacità di proporsi come Attori di alto livello, nel campo discusso. ipersonico_20121218_1430.docx 3 Author: Prof. Ing. Sergio CHIESA - Edit T.Col. (A.M.) Monaci ing. Volfango Al fine di fornire spunti di approfondimento tecnico, nel corso del testo, con apposite Note, si farà richiamo a cinque Appendici, costituite da lavori scientifici del Gruppo
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