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_____________________________________________________________ Volume 30 March 2016 Number 1 _____________________________________________________________ Founding Editor John Miles Foley () Editor Managing Editor John Zemke Katy Chenoweth Editorial Assistants Rebecca Benson Emily Horn Elise Broaddus Ruth Knezevich Christopher Dobbs IT Manager Mark Jarvis Please direct inquiries to: Center for Studies in Oral Tradition University of Missouri 21 Parker Hall Columbia, MO 65211 USA +573.882.9720 (ph) +573.884.0291 (fax) [email protected] E-ISSN: 1542-4308 Each contribution copyright © 2016 by its author. All rights reserved. The editors and the publisher assume no responsibility for statements of fact or opinion by the authors. Oral Tradition (http://journal.oraltradition.org) seeks to provide a comparative and interdisciplinary focus for studies in oral tradition and related fields by publishing research and scholarship on the creation, transmission, and interpretation of all forms of oral traditional expression. In addition to essays treating certifiably oral traditions, OT presents investigations of the relationships between oral and written traditions, as well as brief accounts of important fieldwork, and occasional transcriptions and translations of oral texts. In addition, issues will include the annual Albert Lord and Milman Parry Lecture on Oral Tradition. Submissions should follow the list-of-reference format (http:// journal.oraltradition.org/files/misc/oral_tradition_formatting_guide.pdf) and may be sent via e-mail ([email protected]); all quotations of primary materials must be made in the original language(s) with following English translations. If appropriate, please describe any supporting materials that could be used to illustrate the article, such as photographs, audio recordings, or video recordings. Oral Tradition publishes such materials online in an eCompanion designed to supplement the texts of articles. Most contributions will be reviewed by at least one specialist reader and one generalist reader before a final decision is reached. Oral Tradition appears twice per year, in March and October. The current issue and all back issues from 1986 onward are available open-access and free-of-charge at http:// journal.oraltradition.org. EDITORIAL BOARD Mark C. Amodio Robert Culley () Vassar College McGill University Old and Middle English Biblical Studies Patricia Arant Thomas DuBois Brown University University of Wisconsin Russian Scandinavian Samuel Armistead () Casey Dué University of California/Davis University of Houston Hispanic, Comparative Ancient Greek Richard Bauman Joseph J. Duggan Indiana University Univ. of Cal./Berkeley Folklore, Theory French, Spanish, Comparative Dan Ben-Amos Alan Dundes () University of Pennsylvania Univ. of Cal./Berkeley Folklore Folklore Mark Bender Mark W. Edwards Ohio State University Stanford University Chinese Ancient Greek Mary Ellen Brown David Elmer Indiana University Harvard University Folklore, Balladry South Slavic, Ancient Greek Jonathan Burgess Larry Evers University of Toronto University of Arizona Ancient Greek American Indian Literature Chogjin Ruth Finnegan Chinese Academy Open University of Social Sciences African, South Pacific Mongolian, Chinese Joxerra Garzía Bridget Connelly University of the Basque Country University of Cal./Berkeley Basque Arabic Andrew Gerstle Robert P. Creed University of London Univ. of Mass./Amherst Japanese Theater, Old English, Comparative Performance Literature Terry Gunnell Françoise Létoublon University of Iceland Université Stendahl Old Norse, Drama Ancient Greek Thomas Hale Victor Mair Penn. State University University of Pennsylvania African Chinese Lee Haring Peter Middleton Brooklyn College, CUNY University of Southampton African Contemporary Poetry Performance Joseph Harris Harvard University Nada Milošević-Djordjević Old Norse University of Belgrade South Slavic Lauri Harvilahti Finnish Literature Society Stephen Mitchell Russian, Finnish, Altai Harvard University Scandinavian Holly Hearon Christian Theological Seminary Gregory Nagy New Testament Harvard University Ancient Greek, Sanskrit, Lauri Honko () Comparative Turku University Comparative Epic Joseph Falaky Nagy Univ. of Cal./Los Angeles Dell Hymes () Old Irish University of Virginia Native American, Linguistics Susan Niditch Amherst College Bonnie Irwin Hebrew Bible Eastern Illinois University Comparative Medieval Arabic Walter J. Ong () St. Louis University Martin Jaffee Hermeneutics of orality and Hebrew Bible literacy Univ. of Washington Tom Pettitt Minna Skafte Jensen University of Southern Denmark Odense University Folklore, early Literature Ancient Greek, Latin Shelly Fenno Quinn Werner Kelber Ohio State University Rice University Japanese Biblical Studies Burton Raffel Dennis Tedlock Univ. of Southwestern SUNY/Buffalo Louisiana Native American Translation J. Barre Toelken Karl Reichl Utah State University Universität Bonn Folklore, Native American Turkic, Old and Middle English Ronald J. Turner John Roberts Univ. of Missouri/Columbia Ohio State University Storytelling African-American Andrew Wiget Joel Sherzer University of New Mexico University of Texas/Austin Native American Native American, Anthropology Paulu Zedda Joseph Sobol Università di Cagliari East Tennessee State University Sardinian Storytelling Timothy Tangherlini University of California-Los Angeles Scandinavian Studies This page is intentionally left blank. Contents Editor’s Column ..............................................................................................1 Kerry Hull The Ch’orti’ Maya Myths of Creation .............................................................3 Cheikh Tidiane Lo Traditional Poetry in Contemporary Senegal: A Case Study of Wolof Kasak Songs ..............................................................27 Robert Mann The Silent Debate Over the Igor Tale............................................................ 53 Chris Mustazza James Weldon Johnson and the Speech Lab Recordings.............................. 95 Dimitry Nikolayev A New Algorithm for Extracting Formulas from Poetic Texts and Formulaic Density of Russian Bylinas ............................111 Jillian Shoichet A Model of Defiance: Reimagining the Comparative Analysis of Concealed Discourse in Text ...................................................................137 About the Authors ........................................................................................173 This page is intentionally left blank. Editor’s Column With this issue, Oral Tradition offers a miscellany of six essays examining traditional verbal arts that range from Mayan mythology and Senegalese song through medieval Slavic epic and early twentieth-century speech lab recordings, as well as two essays on new analytic models: an algorithm measurement of formulaic density and a traditional poetics for expressing covert dissent. In his essay “The Ch’orti’ Maya Myths of Creation,” Kerry Hull leads off with an examination of internal and external dynamics that operate upon Ch’orti’ Maya creation myths. He traces the decline of their oral transmission and sketches how the remaining fragments constitute a coherent narrative that still informs Ch’orti’ practices. Next, with “Traditional Poetry in Contemporary Senegal: A Case Study of Wolof Kasak Songs,” the renascent Wolof song form, kasak, offers Cheikh Tidiane Lo primary material for ethical, generic, and performance frames of analysis. The findings of these investigations undergird his contention that despite the demise of the cultural institutions in which kasak originated, the practitioners of the form have adapted techniques from modern urban resulting in its transformation. The third essay is from Robert Mann who offers “The Silent Debate Over the Igor Tale.” Mann maintains that passages in the medieval Slovo o polku Igoreve that puzzle modern readers were readily comprehended by medieval audiences who were well-versed in the epic’s traditional referentiality. He argues that certain hallmarks of oral composition evinced in the poem are sufficient to contravene scholarly claims that the Igor Tale is the work of an erudite literate author. Passing from medieval Slavic epic to early modern sound-recordings in the United States, with “James Weldon Johnson and the Speech Lab Recordings” Chris Mustazza delivers a study of the recordings of the poet James Weldon Johnson’s recitations made at Columbia University, December 24, 1935. Mustazza’s digitization of these sonic recordings invite serious consideration of their aural dimension and shed light on how the recordings reframed the poems’ topics. Mustazza contextualizes and historicizes these pieces within the ethnographic Speech Lab Recordings project housed at Columbia University. In his essay “A New Algorithm for Extracting Formulas from Poetic Texts and Formulaic Density of Russian Bylinas,” Dimitry Nikolayev proposes a definitive response to a vexed folkloristic question: what is a formula? His formal definition and an algorithm devised for measuring formulaic density are brought to bear on his analysis of a Russian bylinas corpus that serves to illustrate Nikolayev’s methodology. Finally, Jillian Shoichet proffers “A Model of Defiance: Reimagining the Comparative Analysis of Concealed Discourse in Text.” Shoichet advocates an analytic model of processes for concealment that imbricates three principles: articulation, diction and syntax; construction, at the level of narrative or textual structure; and
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