National Plant Germplasm System Supporting Alaskan Horticulture
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National Plant Germplasm System The National Plant Germplasm System is a cooperative Support for Alaskan Small Fruit Growers effort by State and Federal agencies and private organizations to preserve the genetic diversity of plants.
Dr. Dan Barney Curator and Horticulturist USDA-ARS Arctic and Subarctic Plant Gene Bank Palmer, AK 99645 www.ars.usda.gov/Main/docs.htm?docid=19218 http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs
Our roles in crop germplasm are to:
We work with scientists, acquire gene banks, and cooperators around the conserve globe to collect diverse characterize germplasm from selected crops. Collecting red huckleberries on document Washington’s Olympic Peninsula Done through collections and donations. distribute Guided by crop germplasm committees.
In accordance with international treaties and laws.
Conserve Conserve
Collections are maintained as: Collections are also maintained as: Container-grown plants Seeds Field-grown plants In vitro storage Cryogenically preserved materials
When possible, collections are backed up at another location.
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Blueberries, Jostaberries berries and grapes hazelnuts and almonds bilberries, and temperate zone tree fruits hops huckleberries Kiwi peonies, phlox, and other Safflower and cotton herbaceous ornamentals Raspberries and Small grains, corn, and rice Crowberry hickories, maples, and blackberries other woody ornamentals sugar cane and sorghum Currants and potatoes, sweet potatoes, Agave, saltbush, cactus, and gooseberries Saskatoons peppers, & other vegetables other arid land crops citrus, figs, papaya, and beans and peas Edible honeysuckles Strawberries other subtropical and tropical mint, rhubarb, and other crops Gaultheria medicinals
Horticultural characteristics Information on plant accessions in the NPGS are Pest and disease resistance maintained online in the Germplasm Resources Virus indexing Information Network. Genetic analyses Grin is available to the public at no cost.
http://www.ars-grin.gov
PI 638181 Rubus hybrid ROSACEAE 'Kiska'
Developed in: Alaska, United States (Comment: Released by Dr. Donald Dinkel in 1976 (not officially published, just locally released).) Plant materials are made available to researchers around the world, usually at no cost to them. Maintained by the Natl. Germplasm Repository - Corvallis. NPGS received: 16-Aug-1993. PI assigned: 2005. Inventory volume: 214. Life form: Perennial. Improvement status: Cultivar. Form received: Plant. In some cases, researchers must be associated with a scientific organization, university, or governmental agency. Each curator decides for his or her collection. Accession names and identifiers Kiska Idtype: CULTIVAR. Plant materials are often available to CRUB 1741 “cooperators” in the general public, conditional Idtype: SITE. Availability upon agreements to provide feedback on plant Material is available for distribution. The normal amount distributed is 2 cuttings performance. (NOTE: You will receive Unrooted cuttings not Rooted plants unless specific arrangements have been made with the curator). Request this germplasm
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Soil pH values of 6.2 to 6.8 are Materials can be requested online best. through the GRIN system Soils must be well drained. Plant in raised beds. http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/orders.html Plant in full sun in areas with good air movement. Photo courtesy of USDA
Hybrids between black & red raspberries. Vigorous and high Both are the same species. yielding. Cold Hardy to -20o to –30oF. Perform Hardy to -20o to –25oF. Perform best best in USDA zones 5-7. in USDA zones 5-7. Most widely adapted raspberries. Fair for fresh use, excellent for processing. Summer- and fall-bearing (everbearing) cultivars are available. ‘Royalty’ can be used at red or purple stages. Brandywine Royalty Growing Raspberries and Blackberries No purple raspberries have proven www.cals.uidaho.edu/edComm/detail.asp?IDnum=713 reliably hardy in Interior Alaska
Fall-bearing red raspberries Autumn Bliss (S) Algonquin (S) Summer-Bearing Summit (S) Boyne (I, S) Golden West Festival (S) Killarney (S) Fall bearers are hard to Fall-Bearing ripen in Interior, Alaska. Kiska * (I, S) Amber Best success is under Latham (I, S) Fall Gold Mammoth Red (I, S) high tunnels. Newburgh (S) Nordic (S) * most cold hardy These varieties are best Reveille (S) (I) Popular in Interior Alaska suited to mild climate Taylor (S) (S) suited to southern Alaska areas in southern Alaska. Photo courtesy of USDA
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Strawberries grow well in fields, raised beds, & containers. They can be grown Most adaptable small indoors in hanging baskets fruit. and in greenhouses. Plants bear fruit during There are three types of the planting year or the strawberries: year after planting. June-bearing. Everbearing. Strawberries should be replanted at Day-neutral. least every 3 to 4 years.
Bear one heavy crop over about Soil pH of 6.0 to 7.0 is best. 3 weeks during late spring and Soils must be well drained. Best grown in raised early summer. beds or containers. Different cultivars ripen at Strawberries do not tolerate drought. different times. Plant in full sun. Bear fruit during the second and third years. Keep rows no more than 18 inches wide. Produce ½ to 1 pound of berries Overwintering strawberries is a problem in Alaska! per foot of row.
Bear two light crops during late spring and late summer Bear similarly to everbearing strawberries, but with a trickle of berries in between. yields are higher. Bear fruit during the second and third seasons. Can produce fruit during the planting year. Heaviest crops are produced during the second Produce ¼ to ¾ pounds of berries per foot of row. and third years. Yield ½ to 1 ½ pounds per foot of row during the second and third years. Well suited to high-intensity plantings. Can be grown as annual and greenhouse crops!
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Everbearing 1. Earliglo (S) 10. Guardian (S) Pioneer (I, S) Day Neutral Fort Laramie * Quinault ** 2. Lester (S) 11. Lateglow (S) Toklat (I, S) Albion (A) 3. Honeoye (S) 12. Totem (S) Hecker Fern 4. Catskill (S) 13. Glooscap (S) (A) Only for annual production in Alaska (I) Popular in Seascape (A) 5. Surecrop (S) 14. Micmac (S) * Most cold hardy Interior Alaska. Selva 6. Cavendish (S) 15. Benton (S) ** Heaviest yields in annual trials (1980s) Tribute good fresh, disease susceptible. 7. Redchief (S) 16. Jewell (S) (S) Suitable for Tristar 8. Scott (S) 17. Blomidon (S) southern Alaska 9. Allstar (S) 18. Shuksan (S) Growing Strawberries www.cals.uidaho.edu/edComm/detail.asp?IDnum=715 www.uaf.edu/ces/publications-db/catalog/anr/HGA-00235.pdf
Currants are very cold hardy (-30o to -40oF). Mature in 3-4 years. Cool, moist sites are best. Yield 5 to 8 pounds per bush. Sensitive to heat and drought, and tolerate light Used for jellies, syrups, juices, and partial shade. relishes, and garnishes. Tolerate heavy soils better than most small fruits, White currants are used for baby but perform best on deep, well drained soils. food in Europe. Optimum soil pH 6.0 to 6.8. Generally tolerant of or resistant to white pine blister rust. Currants bloom early and the flowers are susceptible to frost damage.
Black Red Ben Alder (M) Holland Long Bunch (I) Among the most cold hardy small fruits. Ben Sarek (B,M) Crandall (B,M) MN 71 (M) Several cultivars are resistant to white Erkheikki VII (I) Red Lake (I) pine blister rust. Melalathi (I) Rondom (B, M) Nikkala XI (I) Rovada (M) Mature in 3-4 years and yield 5 pounds Risager (B,M) Swedish Black (I, M) per bush. Titania (B,M)
The berries are high in vitamin C and are (B) Resistant to blister rust used for jellies, syrups, & juices. White and powdery mildew The buds, leaves, and berries are used in Primus (M) (M) Resist. to powdery mildew herbal medicines and teas. White Imperial (I, M) White Versailles (M) (I) Popular in Interior Alaska
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Captivator (B, M) Jahn’s Prairie (B, M) Jeanne (B, M) Mature in 4 to 5 years and yield 5 pounds per plant. Pixwell (B, M) Poorman (B, M) Site requirements are similar to those for currants, Few gooseberries have but gooseberries tolerate higher temperatures. (B) blister rust resistant proven reliably hardy in Excellent for fresh use or pastries. (M) powdery mildew resist. interior Alaska.
For cold areas, gooseberries make good Growing Currants, Gooseberries, and Jostaberries substitutes for grapes. www.cals.uidaho.edu/edComm/detail.asp?IDnum=1473
Domestic blueberries are now There are three types of domestic blueberries being tested on the Kenai suited to cold climates: peninsula. Northern highbush – yield 8 to 20 pounds per bush. Given appropriate soils, Lowbush – yield 1 pound per bush. blueberries are among the easiest fruits to grow. Half-high – yield 1 to 3 pounds per bush.
Excellent in edible landscapes, with red fall Southern highbush and rabbiteye blueberries are foliage. not reliably cold hardy for Alaska. Winter cold hardiness and spring and fall frost damage are issues in many parts of Alaska!
1. Blueray (S) Many cultivars are hardy to –25o to –33oF. 2. Patriot (S) Half-high blueberries 3. Rancocas (S) Require acid soils with a pH of 4.2 to 5.2. 1. St. Cloud (S) 2. Polaris (S) Moist, well drained soil. Plant in full sun. (I) Can be grown in Interior 3. Northblue (I, S) Best grown in raised beds. Half-high and lowbush Alaska with snow cover. 4. Northland (I, S) varieties do well in large containers. (S) Best grown in warm areas 5. Chippewa (S) of southern Alaska. Respond well to organic mulch. Growing Blueberries www.cals.uidaho.edu/edComm/detail.asp?IDnum=711
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A.K.A. oval-leaved bilberry. Soil pH 4.0-5.2, organic or inorganic. Native to coastal Alaska. Not likely to thrive or survive Full sun to moderate shade (60% full sun). outside of Southeast and Southcentral coastal areas. Well-drained, light-textured soils with good moisture- Requires moist, well-drained soils. Often found under holding capacity - will not tolerate drought. the edge of forest canopies along streams. pH 4.0 - 5.0 ideal. Native to Southeast Alaska. Might survive in warmer parts of southcentral Alaska with 3-4 feet of snow Moderate shade to full sun; depends on soil moisture. cover. No named varieties are available yet. No named varieties are available yet.
A.K.A. alpine bilberry. Any aspect, full sun. From sea level to 9,000 feet. Native throughout much of Alaska. In colder areas, 3-5 feet of snow cover throughout the winter is beneficial. Adapts to a wide range of soil types. Often found at edges of ponds and streams. Can be found on peaty, upland soils. Distribution of Vaccinium uliginosum in North Soil pH 4.3 – 5.5, organic or inorganic. America. Also widespread in Europe and Asia. No named varieties yet. Local, wild plants can be cultivated or managed wherever they occur. Growing Western Huckleberries www.cals.uidaho.edu/edComm/detail.asp?IDnum=717
Lingonberries
Erntedank Probably developed from a Erntestegen natural cross between blueberries and cranberries. Koralle Red Pearl Photo courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution Resemble cranberries in Sana These named varieties are not reliably appearance and flavor, and are Suisa Also known as: hardy in Interior Alaska and may be hard used for relishes. Regal mountain cranberry to grow in some southern locations. In lowbush cranberry Similar to blueberries and in site colder areas, try propagating local, wild requirements. lingonberries from rhizomes. Vaccinium vitis-idaea Well suited to containers and Lingonberry Production Guide for the Pacific Northwest ssp. Minus is native to landscape beds. Alaska. http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog/html/pnw/pnw583-e/
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Amelanchier species in North America are known by Cold hardy to near -60oF. many names, i.e. serviceberry, shadbush, & Juneberry. Plant in full sun. Widely distributed in Alaska. Bloom early and the flowers are susceptible to Resemble blueberries in appearance & flavor. Grow 6 frost. Avoid frost pockets. to 30 feet tall with showy white flowers. Adapted to a wide range of soil types and pH Good for wildlife plantings and naturalized landscapes. values. They are grown commercially in Canada for fruit. Saskatoons do not compete well with quackgrass, Canada thistles, and other perennial weeds. Excellent for edible landscapes. Protect from browse damage.
Martin (I, S) Questions? Northline (S) Pembina (S) Smokey (I, S) Thiessen (S)
Photo courtesy of Oregon State University (I) Suitable for Interior Alaska. (S) Suitable for Southcentral & Southeastern Alaska.
Growing Saskatoons www.cals.uidaho.edu/edComm/detail.asp?IDnum=1508
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