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Iñupiat Knowledge of Subsistence Whitefish Near Barrow, Alaska

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Iñupiat Knowledge of Subsistence Whitefish Near Barrow, Alaska Iñupiat Knowledge of Selected Subsistence Fish Near Barrow, Alaska Karen Brewster, Research Associate, Oral History Program, University of Alaska Fairbanks Craig George, Wildlife Biologist, North Slope Borough, Department of Wildlife Management Barrow Elders: Martha Aiken, Arnold Brower, Sr., Mollie Itta, Noah Itta, Mary Lou Leavitt, Oliver Leavitt, Warren Matumeak With Special Assistance from Lawrence Moulton, MJM Research, LLC Funded by the Bureau of Land Management through an Assistance Agreement to the North Slope Borough Department of Wildlife Management Dedicated to the memory of three expert Iñupiaq fish biologists who believed in preserving Iñupiaq knowledge for future generations, helped guide this project, and whom we lost along the way. Quyanaqpak. Noah Itta (1919-2008) Arnold Brower, Sr. (1922-2008) Martha Aiken (1926-2009) ii TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures v Acknowledgements xi Collaborator Biographies xiii I) Introduction 1 Traditional Ecological Knowledge 2 II) Methodology 5 III) Physical Environment 9 North Slope Fish 10 IV) History of North Slope Iñupiat and Fishing Activity 13 V) Seasonal Round of Fishing 19 VI) Selected Fish Known and Used by the North Slope Iñupiat 22 Aanaakjiq (broad whitefish) 22 Iqalusaaq (least cisco) 26 Qaaktaq (arctic cisco) 28 Pikuktuuq (humpback whitefish) 29 Sulukpaugaq (arctic grayling) 30 Tittaaliq (burbot) 32 Iqaluaqpak (lake trout) 34 Iqalukpik (dolly varden char) 37 Paikjuk (arctic char) 37 Siulik (northern pike) 39 Kakalisauraq (ninespine stickleback) 40 Amaqtuq/Iqalugruaq (Pacific salmon - pink, chum, chinook) 41 Ilhuagniq (smelt) 42 Milugiaq (longnose sucker) 44 Nimibiaq (arctic lamprey) 44 Iluuqieiq (Alaska blackfish) 45 Savigunnaq (round whitefish) 46 Uqsruqtuuq (Pacific herring) 46 Unidentified Fish 47 VII) Life Cycle of Fish 48 Migratory Routes 48 Route 51 Break-up 52 Spawning and Rearing Areas 54 Food Habits 62 Distribution 62 Overwintering Areas 65 Stages of Growth 68 Parasites 69 iii VIII) Fishery 70 Gear Types 73 Catch Rates 87 Harvest Timing 91 Locations of Harvest Sites 98 Good and Bad Years 117 IX) Cultural Aspects of Fishing 120 Who Goes Fishing 123 Division of Labor 124 “Ownership” of Fishing Areas 125 Distribution/Reciprocity 127 Storage 128 Preparation 131 Relative Importance of Fish in Diet 135 “Fish Lore” (prescriptions, ramifications) 140 X) Fisheries and Development 147 XI) Summary 151 XII) Literature Cited 152 XIII) Appendices Appendix I: Interview Instrument 169 Appendix II: Common Subsistence Fish of the North Slope 172 iv List of Figures Cover Photo: Doug Edwardsen’s fish drying rack at his camp on the Chipp River (Chipp 2). Figure 1: Map of the National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska. Figure 2: Examples of fishing areas mapped by John Burns with Barrow informants in 1988. Figure 3: Arnold Brower, Sr. and Craig George going over maps. Figure 4: Itta’s camp at Shuqjak on the Mayuabiaq River. Figure 5: Overview map of the Barrow area. Figure 6: Mollie and Noah Itta being interviewed by Craig George and Benjamin Nageak. Figure 7: Mary Lou Leavitt and Oliver Leavitt being interviewed by Craig George. Figure 8: Martha Aiken being interviewed by Karen Brewster. Figure 9: Warren Matumeak looking at fish photos with Craig George. Figure 10: Arnold Brower, Sr. marking fish locations on a map. Figure 11: A fyke net set near Teshekpuk Lake. Figure 12: Map of the North Slope Borough region and major river systems. Figure 13: A tundra lake in the Barrow area. Figure 14: Tundra environment in the Barrow area. Figure 15: Broad whitefish (Coregonus nasus) (aanaakjiq). Figure 16: Humpback whitefish (Coregonus pidschian) (pikuktuuq). Figure 17: Least cisco (Coregonus sadinella) (iqalusaaq). Figure 18: Arctic cisco (Coregonus autumnalis) (qaaktaq). Figure 19: Arctic grayling (Thymallus arcticus) (sulukpaugaq). Figure 20: Round whitefish (Prosopium cylindraceum) (savigunnaq). Figure 21: Dolly varden (Salvelinus malma) (iqalukpik). v Figure 22: Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) (paikjuk). Figure 23: Northern pike (Esox lucius) (siulik). Figure 24: Rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) (ilhuagniq). Figure 25: Man ice fishing using a baleen scoop to keep the hole open. Figure 26: Map of the Meade and Chipp-Ikpikpuk rivers drainage with Iñupiaq names. Figure 27: Map of lakes that are important during starvation times. Figure 28: Boys with fish. Figure 29: Locations of Barrow and Atqasuk Camps and Cabins. Figure 30: Stringing a net through holes under the ice. Figure 31: Pulling fish from a net under the ice in late fall. Figure 32: Standing on the ice jigging for fish in front of a snow block windbreak. Figure 33: Ice scoop made of baleen strips on a wood frame. Figure 34: Nuiqsut fishermen pulling fish from a net on the Colville River. Figure 35: Roy Ahmaogak and family traveling in their boat. Figure 36: A fisherman at his ice fishing hole. Figure 37: A simplified diagram of broad whitefish movements. Figure 38: A fyke net set in a small tributary river near Shuqjak. Figure 39: Luke George and Kyle Bodfish in the ice cellar at Shuqjak. Figure 40: Arnold Brower, Sr. showing an iqalusaaq from his freezer. Figure 41: Map of area around outlet of Pittalugruaq Lake. Figure 42: Burbot (Lota lota) (tittaaliq). Figure 43: Solomon Okpeaha with a freshly caught tittaaliq (burbot). Figure 44: Lake trout (Salvenius namaycush) (iqaluaqpak). vi Figure 45: Five large lake trout and some small least cisco taken in gillnets in Teshekpuk Lake. Figure 46: Josh Bacon holding a large frozen lake trout. Figure 47: A brightly colored fall-harvested lake trout. Craig George Figure 48: A typical fyke net catch from the Mayuabiaq River. Figure 49: Dolly varden (iqalukpik). Figure 50: Color variation seen in arctic char (paikjuk). Figure 51: Map of fish rearing and spawning areas discussed by Arnold Brower, Sr. Figure 52: Ninespine stickleback (Pungitius pungitius) (kakalisauraq). Figure 53: Chinook (king) salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) (iqalugruaq). Figure 54: Chum (dog) salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) (iqalugruaq). Figure 55: A chum (dog) salmon in typical spawning colors (iqalugruaq). Figure 56: Josh Bacon (left) and James Matumeak with a large chinook salmon. Figure 57: Pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) (amaqtuuq). Figure 58: Longnose sucker (Catostomus catostomus) (milugiaq). Figure 59: Arctic lamprey (Lampetra japonica) (nimibiaq). Figure 60: Alaska blackfish (Dallia pectoralis) (iluuqieiq). Figure 61: Round whitefish (Prosopium cylindraceum) (savigunnaq). Figure 62: Pacific herring (Clupea harengus pallasi) (uqsruqtuuq). Figure 63: Capelin or candlefish (Mallotus villosus) (pagmaksraq). Figure 64: Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida) (iqalugaq). Figure 65: “Classic” broad whitefish (aanaakjiq) habitat. Figure 66: Ublutuoch River during spring break-up and in the summer. Figure 67: Deep channel in the upper portion of the Mayubiaq River. vii Figure 68: Map of rearing ponds and spawning lakes near the Chipp River discussed by Arnold Brower, Sr. Figure 69: John Rose and Luke George measure fish caught in a fyke net. Figure 70: Deep channels at the outlet of Teshekpuk Lake. Figure 71: The original Sakeagak cabin along the Mayuabiaq River. Figure 72: Map showing the location of Pulayaaq on the Inaru River and Qaviarat on the Meade River. Figure 73: The external parasite Coregonicola on a least cisco. Figure 74: Taluyauraq, a small conical fish trap. Figure 75: Netting from a fish trap made of baleen strips. Figure 76: Setting a fish trap in a stream lined with willows. Figure 77: A fisherman driving fish into the mouth of a fish trap. Figure 78: Fish trap collected in Barrow in 1881. Figure 79: Arnold Brower, Sr. and his son Johnny Brower holding a gill net. Figure 80: A Nuiqsut fisherman checking a net in the Colville River. Figure 81: Setting a gill net under the ice in Teshekpuk Lake. Figure 82: Examples of net floats and weights. Figure 83: A section of net made with thin strips of baleen. Figure 84: The basic form of a typical kuvraq net. Figure 85: Net gauges made of baleen (top) and bone (bottom) used to measure mesh size when making a net. Figure 86: Netting shuttles. Figure 87: Arnold Brower, Sr. discussing how to use a net gauge. Figure 88: Jigging for fish in the early fall when the ice is thin. Figure 89: A jigging stick with line and a hook. viii Figure 90: Modern fish lures with bent nail barbs and hooks. Figure 91: Store-bought Mepps fishing lures currently used for jigging. Figure 92: Kakiak, the three-pronged fish spear. Figure 93: Driving fish into nets set under the ice. Figure 94: Map locating Aviullaavik on the Chipp River. Figure 95: William Morris inserts a radio transmitter into a broad whitefish. Figure 96: Map of the Tupaabruk River region. Figure 97: Map noting the location of Iqsiññat on the lower Ikpikpuk River and Shuqjak on the Mayuabiaq River. Figure 98: Map of fish habitat discussed by Mary Lou Leavitt and Noah and Mollie Itta. Figure 99: Fish flash freezing. Figure 100: General area reference map with place names mentioned by Arnold Brower, Sr. Figure 101: Map noting the location of Aviullaavik. Figure 102: Map of habitat areas discussed by Arnold Brower, Sr. in the Teshekpuk Lake region. Figure 103: Maps of the Meade and Inaru rivers and Chipp-Ikpikpuk region with Iñupiaq place names. Figure 104: Map of the major drainages between Barrow and the Ikpikpuk River with historic sites identified on the Meade River. Figure 105: Ruth Nukapigak of Nuiqsut with her harvest of whitefish. Figure 106: Typical fish camp cabin with ice cellar and shed. Figure 107: Errol Okakok with a lake trout pulled from a net during fall fishing. Figure 108: Fish of various species stored in the ice cellar at Shuqjak. Figure 109: A Canadian style of storage cache made of ice blocks. Figure 110: Looking down from ground level into an underground ice cellar at Shuqjak. ix Figure 111: Making pivsi (dried broad whitefish - aanaakjiq). Figure 112: Broad whitefish pivsi glistening in the summer sun. Figure 113: Typical tall drying racks at a camp along the lower Colville River, circa 1900.
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