bowhead whales. The Naval Arctic Re­ Larry Rockhill, Field Coordinator, phological variant of the , Sa­ /aena mysticetus. Mar. Fish. Rev. 42(9-10): search Laboratory at Barrow, , University of Alaska, X-CEO Program, 70-73. gave me institutional and individual Rural Education Development Center, Eschricht, D., and J. Reinhardt. 1866. On the support. The National Marine Mammal Barrow, Alaska, provided the photo­ Greenland right-whale (Sa/aena mysticetus, Linn.), with special reference to its geograph­ Laboratory, NMFS, Seattle, Wash., graph of the 37.5 Col long fetus from ical distribution and migrations in times past supplied data on fetuses and provided Wainwright, Alaska. and present, and to its external and internal financial support, as did the Arctic In­ Sponsored in 1973 by the National characteristics. In W. H. Flower (editor), Recent memoirs on the Cetacea, p. 1-150. stitute of North America, Calgary, Al­ Marine Fisheries Service and in prior Robert Hardwicke, Lond. berta, , and the Office of Naval years (1961-72) by the Arctic Institute Gray, R. W. 1929. Breeding habits of the Greenland whale. Nature (Lond.) 123:564­ Research, Washington, D.C. I also of North America with the financial 565 thank James Mead, Jane Small, and support of the Office of Naval Research Home, E. 1812. An account of some peculiarities David Schmidt of the National Museum under contract N00014-70-A-0219­ of the structure of the organ of hearing in the Salaena mysticetus of Linnaeus. Philos of Natural History, Smithsonian Institu­ 0001 (subcontract ONR 367). Trans. R. Soc. Lond., Pt. 1,1812:83-89 tion, Washington, D. c., for courtesies Literature Cited Meek, A. 1918 The reproductive organs of extended in making it possible for me to Cetacea. J. Anat. 52:186-210. Braham, H w., F. E. Durham, G. H. Jarrell. Slijper, E. J. 1962. Whales. Hutchinson & Co .. examine a frozen fetus on deposit there. and S. Leatherwood. 1980. lngutuk: A mm- Lond., 475 p.

Geoffry M. Carroll and John R. Smithhisler are with the National Marine Mammal Laboratory, Northwest and Alaska Fisheries Center, National Observations of Bowhead Whales Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, 7600 Sand During Spring Migration Point Way N.E., Bldg. 32, Seattle, WA 98115.

GEOFFRY M. CARROLL and JOHN R. SMITHHISLER quette6 include comments on bowhead behavior. During April, May, and June 1975­ Introduction McVay (1973), Maryuette (1976, 1978), 78, National Marine Fisheries Service Everitt and Krogman (1979), Rugh and (NMFS) biologists were stationed at l 2 Each spring bowhead whales, Cubbage (1980), Gilmore , Foote , Point Hope and Point Barrow, Alaska, to 3 4 Balaena mysticelus, of the western Arc­ Durham , Fiscus and Marquette , census the bowhead whale population, 5 tic stock travel through breaks in the sea Braham and K rogman , and Mar- maintaining a 24-hour watch (ice and ice, migrating from their winter weather conditions permitting) from grounds in the Bering Sea to their sum­ camps established on the landfast ice mer grounds in the (Braham and Krogman, footnote 5; (Braham et aI., 1980). These breaks in 'Gilmore, R. M 1951. The Arctic right whale, Braham et aI., 1979). They recorded the the ice, or leads, form when winds blow Greenland whale, or bowhead. Unpubl. manuscr. behavior of bowheads during their the moving pack ice away from landfast [Vol. 15, Encyclopedia Arctica], 71 p. Avail. northward migration in the nearshore ice, creating a flaw zone of open water Dartmouth College Library, Hanover, NH 03755. 2Foote, D. C. 1964. Observations of the bowhead lead past the ice camp. Two categories and broken ice generally parallel to the whale at Point Hope, Alaska. Unpubl. manuscr., of behavior were recorded: 1) General shore. If conditions allow, most 73 p. Geogr. Dep., McGill Univ., Montreal, migrating behavior directly associated bowheads follow these nearshore leads Que., Can 3Durham, F. E. 1972. Biology of the bowhead with rate and direction of migration, while migrating along the northwest­ whale (Sa/aena mysticetus) in the western Arctic. group size, size class distribution, dive ern coast of Alaska. This provides an Unpubl. manuscr., 93 p. Dep. BioI., Univ. South. profiles, and movements of whales Calif., Los Angeles, CA 90007. excellent opportunity to observe their

80 Marine Fisheries Review resting, exuberant displays, and feed­ are altered but not caused by ice condi­ Each whale observed surfaced 2-14 ing. The objecti ve of this paper is to tions. The Eskimos describe three times in a dive sequence, beginning describe the behavior of migrating major pulses each spring. Durham with the first blow and ending with an bowhead whales as interpreted from (footnote 3) concluded from his apparent sounding dive. Of63 observa­ observations, literature, and conversa­ bowhead catch statistics that there were tions of rolls from undisturbed whales tions with Eskimo whalers. four pulses. Our results show a varying from 1975 to 1977, the mean number number of pulses from year to year with was 6.57 ± 3.08 (standard deviation, General Migratory Behavior no strong consistency except that two SO) per dive sequence. Of 41 recorded pulses were distinct between 15 April dive sequences during 1978, the mean Rate and Direction of Migration and 30 May each year from 1976 to 1978 number of blows per rise was 6.53 ± When ice was not obstructing their (Braham et aI., 1979; Krogman, 1980). 2.84 (SO). Undisturbed bowheads most often ventilated seven to nine times per passage, bowhead whales moved Size Class Distribution through the nearshore lead at a steady dive sequence, but it was not unusual rate, seldom altering course. Depend­ Smaller and presumably younger for them to blow as few as two or three ing on the direction and velocity of the whales were more prevalent early in the times (Fig. I). However, a blow is not water current, their rate of travel rela­ season. From mid-April through early always visible each time a whale rolls, tive to the observers ranged from I to II May, when bowheads first appeared in and thus the data may be biased slightly km/hour. Nearly all the whales traveled the leads offBarrow, most of the whales downward. northeastwardly; fewer than I percent were judged to be small. From late May For determining the average time that tra veled in the oppos ite direction. to early June, the majority of whales whales were at or near the surface, only When they traveled southwest it was were large. This is consistent with ob­ the 1978 data were used because of usually because of closed leads stop­ servations made by Eskimos. Calves­ greater precision obtained in timing ob­ ping their progress to the northeast. of-the-year have been seen migrating servations with the use of time-lapse with their mothers during April, May, digital stopwatches. Surfacing se­ Group Size and June, indicating that at least some quences were recorded for eight During the spring migration, calves were born shortly before or dur­ bowheads that provided a total of 31 bowheads usually travel alone, though ing the spring migration (Braham et al., timed periods. The mean time at the they are occasionally seen in pairs and 1980). Small calves generally stay surface for these whales was 4.7 sec­ small groups, with individuals sepa­ close to their mothers' sides and are onds (2.0 SO). Mean time below the rated by a few meters. Of 2,406 difficult to see particularly ifthey are on surface between blows, determined bowheads that we observed over the 4 the offshore side of the mother. On two from 30 timed periods for all eight years, 1,815 (75.4 percent) were travel­ occasions, very small calves were seen whales, was 10.8 seconds (5.2 SO). ing singly; 470 (19.5 percent) were in riding their mothers' backs, apparent­ The mean total time a bowhead was pairs; 105 (4.4 percent) were in groups ly grasping the mothers with their visible to observers (30.9 seconds), of three, and 16 (0.7 percent) traveled in flippers. was derived by multiplying the mean groups of four animals. Usually one in­ number of rolls by the mean time of dividual of a pair was distinctly smaller Dive Profiles each roll. The mean duration of a rise, than the other but not small enough to Bowheads progressed with long, 91.2 seconds, was determined by add­ be a calf-of-the-year. Foote (footnote 2) presumably deep, sounding dives in­ ing the mean time above the surface to suggested that these may be young terspersed with shorter periods near the the mean time between blows. This was whales that stay with the cow for more surface during which they surfaced, than I year. exhaled (ventilated or "blew"), inhaled During the migration there were and dove several times in succession. noticeable peaks in the numbers of Viewed from the ice, the prominent whales passing our camps. These bowed head and blowhole appeared peaks, or pu lses, could be thought of as first, usually accompanied by the high loosely associated groups of whales, "V" shaped vapor trail of an exhalation possibly in communication with each or "blow." This was followed by the o > other. This could have been a function broad, rounded back, lacking a dorsal c .o of ice conditions, as bowheads some­ fin, which appeared as the head sub­ cr times accumulate in open water areas merged. Several seconds after the back u. until a blocked lead becomes passable. submerged, the head reappeared begin­ However, we recorded the most distinct ning the next roll. After the last blow in 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Number of blows per rise pulses of whales in 1978, when the lead a series, the whales arched their backs Figure I. -Frequency of blows per was open all season, suggesting that sharply before sounding. Occasionally rise for bowhead whales observed there may be pulses inherent in the mi­ bowheads were seen to display flukes during spring migration near Point gration of these whales - pulses which on a sounding dive. Barrow, Alaska. 1975-77.

Sept.-Oct. 1980 81 the time between sounding dives when When they resurfaced, such whales several hundred meters apart. They a whale was at or near the surface and were lethargic and slow to react. blew several times along the edge of the presumably visible from an aircraft. ice, dove within 10 seconds of one Of 63 sounding dives timed during another, and were not seen again. It Maneuvering in Ice 1975-78, the estimated mean duration looked as if the whales had separated to of such dives was 15.6 minutes (5.0 During their northward spring migra­ search a wider area. These simultane­ SD). Sounding dives as short as 3.0 tion, bowheads encounter constantly ous movements suggested to us that the minutes and as long as 26.7 minutes changing ice conditions. Leads open or whales were somehow communicating were recorded. close as the wind and/or current shifts with one another. Using the above results the percent­ throughout the season, or refreeze dur­ Occasionally a lead closed so tightly age of time spent at and near the sur­ ing periods of calm, cold weather. that the whales' progress was hindered, face was calculated. Combining the When whales encounter a partially and the polynyas were too far apart to be 15.6 minutes mean sounding dive time closed lead interposed with polynyas reached in a single dive. Some whales with the derived 91.2 second mean rise (areas of open water surrounded by proceeded though the lead appeared time, a time of 17.1 minutes was calcu­ ice), they adjust their diving and surfac­ closed, but fewer did so than when the lated for the complete cycle. On the ing sequences to the size and location of lead was open. We heard blows though basis of these calculations some part of the open water. Whales encountering a there was no visible open water. It ap­ the whale was visible above the surface small polynya would surface and blow peared that the whales dove, searched, 3.1 percent of the time and was above or as many times as space allowed while and, if they did not find another near the surface between sounding traveling at normal speed; then they polynya, returned to mill in the avail­ dives 8.4 percent of the time. The would dive at the far edge of the able polynya, thus keeping the surface whales were below the surface and not polynya. If another polynya was close, water from freezing. Bowheads can visible from ice level 96.9 percent of the whales would surface there, take a break new ice as thick as 22 cm7. Sea the time and not visible from an aircraft few more breaths, and continue on. In ice is more flexible than freshwater ice, 91.6 percent of the time. This is consis­ this way they were able to move stead­ and bowheads and white whales, Del­ tent with the findings of Braham and ily through flaw zones that were mostly phinapterus leucas, have been sighted Krogman (footnote 5) that more whales covered with ice. pushing up young ice, forming hum­ per effort (time) were seen during aerial It is not known how bowheads ma­ mocks to breathe. surveys than from counting camps. neuver or navigate from one polynya to Tomilin (1957) mentioned several in­ Sounding dive times of three cow­ another. Because the irregularly stances of bowheads being trapped in and-calf pairs ranged from 5.9 to 7.0 shaped edges of pack and fast ice do not the ice in Soviet waters. Sleptsov (1961) minutes, with a mean duration of 6.6 usually fit tightly together, there is gen­ stated that bowheads have been trapped minutes. The calf usually surfaced with erally open water and/or patches of thin in heavy pack ice in various gulfs along its mother and often blew twice during a ice seaward of the shorefast ice edge. the Chukchi Peninsula, U.S.S.R., and surfacing period. Cows with calves ap­ The subsurface of the flaw zone seems that a mass mortality of bowheads oc­ peared to adapt their surfacing pat­ sufficiently different in appearance curred in Karaginskiy Bay, U.S.S.R., in terns to the diving capabilities of their from solid pack and shorefast ice that 1932. Unfortunately, no other details offspring. whales could follow it and successfully were available. Southwell (1898) Eskimo whalers are aware of the find open water or thin, breakable ice. quotes Eschricht and Reinhardt as say­ breathing pattern of undisturbed Using scuba gear we have observed that ing that bowheads perished in the ice in bowheads and utilize this knowledge to holes in the ice and areas with no snow Disko Bay near Greenland. Bowhead maneuver their boats into position cover (i.e., new ice) are easy to detect whales, then, are not always successful where they can strike the animal when it when visibility is fair to good, as there at finding or forming a breathing hole in surfaces. Hunters at Barrow often note is greater light penetration there. Pre­ the ice. the time that a bowhead sounds and sumably, these areas are apparent to the For periods of hours or days, whales utilize radios to notify crews farther whales. seemed to follow a similar course, sur­ along the lead to watch for it to resur­ During the spring of 1978 near Point facing on the same side of the lead and face 15-20 minutes later. If a whale's Barrow, Smithhisler observed three often in nearly the same location as the normal breathing pattern was dis­ bowheads surfacing together near the whales that preceded them. There could rupted, for example if it dove because it southwestern side of the only polynya be several explanations for this. Foote was being pursued by Eskimo whalers, within several miles. The opening was (footnote 2) interviewed some Eskimos it took fewer breaths and surfaced about 150 x 800 m, with the longest who bel ieved that whales follow a cloud sooner than during an undisturbed axis perpendicular to the edge of the of bubbles left by the preceding whale. sounding dive. Foote (footnote 2) stated frozen lead. The three whales dove at Water currents, which at times appear that wounded, frightened, or otherwise the same time and, minutes later, sur­ extremely disturbed bowheads could faced within 10 seconds of one another 7J. J. Burns, Alaska Dep. Fish Game, Fairbanks, stay underwater for up to 1.25 hours. on the northeastern edge of the polynya AK 99701, pers. commun.

82 Marine Fisheries Review to move in different directions in differ­ Outboard motors seldom are used in backs before they react. Also, smaller ent parts of the lead, may influence spring whaling at Barrow or Point Hope whales tend to travel closer to the near­ their direction of travel. Bowheads because they cause the whales to avoid shore edge of the lead than larger ones tended to surface in bights (small em­ the area. During autumn whaling, Bar­ and are thus more susceptible to attack bayments in the ice); their behavior row and Barter Island hunters are occa­ by the hunters. It is partly because of may then be related to the way a lead sionally successful at taking bowheads this availability along with the deliber­ forms and the shape it assumes. from boats propelled by outboard ate selection of small whales by most motors because the sea is generally hunters (Marquette, footnote 6), that up clear of pack ice and quite rough. The to 85 percent of the whales harvested Extra-Migratory Behavior whalers think that this turbulence are immature (Maher and Wilimovsky, masks the sound of the outboard, thus 1963). Reaction to Human Disturbance allowing them to approach the whales. On rare occasions bowheads react When bowheads are pursued by Es­ Oars and paddles used to propel aggressively. Near Barrow in 1976, an kimo whalers their usual reaction is boats can be a disturbing factor in the (skin boat) was capsized by a docile escape. When they perceive hunt for bowheads. A whale which is startled whale that apparently was rest­ something as threatening, bowheads being approached by hunters will usu­ ing when the boat approached; one of quickly dive and do not resurface in the ally dive if a paddle strikes the side of the crew was drowned. Also, near Bar­ immediate area. At the Point Barrow ice the boat or makes a loud splash in the row in 1977, a resting bowhead was camp in 1976, Carroll was observing a water. Bodfish (1936), a commercial startled when struck and one of the skin partially closed lead with several whaler, stated that bowheads reacted to boats was broken when it ended up par­ polynyas in view. Bowheads and white the disturbance of oars in the water and tially in the whale's mouth. Eskimo whales traveling through the lead sur­ that he was most successful when hunt­ whalers say that bowheads that are faced in one particular polynya even ing under sail. Eskimo whalers at St. copulating or courting are particularly though there were larger and apparently Lawrence Island have retained the dangerous and these whales are seldom equally suitable openings in the ice method of using skin boats rigged for approached by whalers. nearby. The whales surfaced in this sailing when pursuing bowheads. opening at a rate of about one every half Many skilled Eskimo whalers wait for a Resting hour, proceeded north to the far edge of whale to blow before they slide their Bowheads were occasionally seen in the polynya, and then sounded. Carroll boats into the water, believing that the an apparent resting state (Fig. 2). They had been observing this activity for 3 blow will mask the sound of a boat surfaced to blow and submerged in one hours when an Eskimo hunter fired a scraping across the ice. spot instead of proceeding forward as shot while a bowhead was surfacing Eskimo whalers also believe that during normal migration. Sometimes within view of the observation site. The bowheads have good eyesight. Accord­ they stayed at the surface taking several whale dove and was not seen again. ingly, the hunters take great care not to shallow breaths before slipping beneath During the next 3 hours of observation, be seen by the whales. Traditionally, the water. Often there was no visible no bowheads surfaced in or near that clothing and boats used on the ice blend blow although a blow could be heard. polynya, though an observer who was into the white surroundings. Bright Some whales exposed only their watching the lead 3 miles to the north­ colors, particularly red, are seldom blowholes above the surface while stay­ east reported that bowheads passed worn on the ice. Whalers cover bright ing in one place. Bowheads were seen steadily all day, even several hours past red floats that are attached to harpoons apparently resting for over an hour on the time they stopped surfacing in front for fear the whales will see the color and four occasions. of Carroll. We speculate that the star­ flee. Flat pieces of ice frequently are set on edge in front of whaling camps to tled bowhead somehow communicated "Exuberant" Behavior a warning signal, and following whales reduce the possibility of whales seeing avoided that particular polynya. movements of the Eskimos at their Approximately 95 percent of the Using a hydrophone in the lead at camps. The whalers also avoid standing time when bowheads passed our obser­ Point Barrow, NMFS personnel dis­ on mounds near the ice edge, thus creat­ vation sites near Point Barrow and Point tinctly heard sounds made by aircraft, ing dark silhouettes which they feel Hope they exhibited the normally ex­ snowmobiles, and outboard motors. frighten the whales away. Eskimo pected migratory surfacing patterns. Bowheads do not seem to be habituated whalers attempt to approach bowheads Occasionally they engaged in other ac­ to machine sounds. Aircraft flying head-on or from the rear to decrease the tivities. below 152 m, particularly helicopters, chance of the whales seeing the boat Bowheads breach, leaping out of the sometimes appeared to cause bowheads with their laterally located eyes. water and exposing up to two-thirds of to make a sounding dive. Walking or All whales do not react in the same their bodies above the surface before operating a snowmobile near the edge way to an approaching boat. Smaller falling back on their bellies, backs, or of the lead appeared to cause whales to whales seem less wary, as boats can sides (Fig. 3); spyhop, exposing the avoid surfacing near the disturbance. occasionally slide right up on their anterior third of their bodies above the

Sept.-Oct. 1980 83 surface and sliding back tail first; lob­ tail, hanging vertically in the water with only the tail above the surface and slap­ ping the water several times with their flukes; swim with one flipper above the surface and slap the water with it; lunge; and swim on their backs and sides. One whale was observed 19 May 1977 near Point Hope and another on 8 May 1978 near Point Barrow, engaging in a series of these exuberant activities for over 90 minutes each. Along with numerous flipper slaps, tail lobs, and lunges, the whale seen near Point Hope breached 57 times in 96 minutes. It is not known why whales breach. Eskimo hunters on St. Lawrence Island say that breaching occurs more fre­ Figure 2. -Bowhead whale resting at the surface. White spot on back is believed quently when atmospheric pressure is to be ice or glare. Photographed by Bruce D. Krogman, Natl. Mar. Mammal Lab., NMFS, 13 June 1976. dropping. Rugh and Cubbage (1980) report that such behavior might be re­ lated to display or communication. We observed a whale breaching and lobtail­ ing on 8 May at Barrow. A whale from farther out in the lead moved close to the first animal, and the two swam to­ gether, cavorting on their backs and sides, often with a flipper exposed above the surface. We do not know if the whales were of the same sex, or if anything more than a social encounter occurred, but the acti vi ties of one whale seemed to attract the other's at­ tention. On several occasions we have seen groups of whales rolling laterally and breaching in a tight group. In May 1978 near Point Barrow, Smithhisler and Ed lten of the NMFS National Marine Mammal Laboratory observed such be­ havior at close range. They, along with an Eskimo whaling crew8 , observed four bowhead whales surfacing to­ gether for 15 minutes about 20 m away Figure 3 -Breaching bowhead whale near Point Hope, Alaska. Note white chin patch. Photograph by Geoffry Carroll, 18 May 1977. in a polynya approximately 50 x 100 m. The largest of the four whales was approximately 13 m long, the next was about 12 m, and the other two were about 10 m long. The whales breached back to the center of the polynya as they havior was associated with mating, but and rolled laterally several times, often continued stroking, rolling, and show­ no obvious copulation was observed. in unison. At times these whales ing their flukes as they dove. The The behavior of these whales was simi­ grasped one another and rubbed each largest whale exhaled with a controlled lar to the sexual behavior described by other with their flippers. All move­ flatulent sound from its blowhole. It Everitt and Krogman (1979) (Fig. 4). surfaced very high and swam back­ ments were slow, controlled, and quite Feeding Behavior graceful. Several times one ofthe small­ wards (behavior also reported by er whales swam toward the edge of the Bodfish, 1936), pushing itself up with Stomachs of bowheads harvested in ice, but each time the others pushed it its flippers and pulling down with its the spring are generally empty or nearly flukes, all the while making a low empty, whereas stomachs of whales SR. Aiken, Barrow, AK 99723. groaning sound. We assumed their be- taken in the fall generally contain some

84 Marine Fisheries Review Figure 4.-Six bowhead whales engaged in sexual behavior near Point Barrow, Alaska. Photograph by Bruce D. Krogman, 8 May 1976 (from Everitt and Krogman. 1979).

food (Lowry et aI., 1978; Marquette, bowhead whale (Ba/aena mvsticetus): Prelimi­ McVay, S 1973 Stalking the Arctic whale. Am nary results of the 1979 spring research season. Sci. 61:24-37. 1978; Braham et aI., 1979; Marquette, Rep. Int. Whaling Comm. 30:391-404. Rugh, D. J., and J. C. Cubbage. 1980. Migration footnote 6). However, near Point Bar­ --__, , S. Leatherwood, W. of bowhead whales past Cape Lisburne, row in the spring of 1978, Jarrell9 ob­ Marquette. D. Rugh, M. Tillman, J Johnson, Alaska. Mar. Fish. Rev. 42(9-10):46-51. and G. Carroll. 1979. Preliminary report of the Scammon, C. 1874. The marine mammals of the served what appeared to be feeding by a 1978 spring bowhead whale research program north-western coast of North America; to­ few bowheads. The whales made sur­ results. Rep. Int. Whaling Comm. 29:291-306. gether with an account of the American whale face trawls, rostrums up and mouths Cook, J. A. 1926. Pursuing the whale, a quarter fishery. John H. Carmany and Co., San Fran­ century of whaling in the Arctic. Houghton cisco, Calif., 319 p. open, and short dives, coming up Mifflin Co., Boston, 344 p. Scoresby, w., Jr. 1820. An account of the Arctic breaching with their mouths open and Everitt, R., and B. Krogman. 1979. Sexual be­ regions, with a history and description of the water streaming out of the baleen. havior of bowhead whales observed off the northern whale-fishery. Vol. 2. Archibald Con­ north coast of Alaska. Arctic 32(3):277-280. stable and Co., Edinburgh, 574 p. Krogman, B. D. 1980. Sampling strategy for Sleptsov, M. 1961. 0 kolebannii chislennosti enumerating the western Arctic population of kitov v Chukotskom more v rasnyye gody Literature Cited the bowhead whale. Mar. Fish. Rev. 42(9­ (Fluctuations in the number of whales in the 10):30-36. in various years). Tr. Inst. Morfol. Bodfish, H. H. 1936. Chasing the bowhead. Har­ Lowry, L., K. Frost, and 1. Burns. 1978. Food of vard Univ. Press, Cambridge, Mass., 281 p. Zhivotnykh 34:54-64. [In Russ.] (Trans!. by Braham, H. w., M. A. Fraker, and B. D. Krog­ ringed seals and bowhead whales near Point U.S. Nav. Oceanogr. Off., Washington, D.C., Barrow, Alaska. Can. Field-Nat. 92(1):67-70. man. 1980. Spring migration of the western 1970. Transl. 478, 18 p.) Maher, J., and N. Wilimovsky. 1963. An­ Southwell, T. 1898. The migration of the right Arctic population of bowhead whales. Mar. W. 1. nual catch of bowhead whales by Eskimos at whale (Balaena mysticetus). Part I- In the Fish. Rev. 42(9-10):36-46. ____, B. Krogman, 1. Johnson, W. Mar­ Point Barrow, Alaska, 1928-1960. J. Mammal. Greenland waters. Nat. Sci. 12(76):397-414. 44: 16-20. quette, D. Rugh, R. Sonntag, T. Bray, J. Tomilin, A. G. 1957. Zveri SSSR i Marquette, W. M. 1976. Bowhead whale field prilezhashchikh stran Brueggeman, M. Dahlheim, M. Nerini, and S. (Mammals of the USSR studies in Alaska, 1975. Mar. Fish. Rev. and adjacent countries). Vol. 9. Kitoobraznye Savage. 1980. Population studies of the 38(9):9-17. (Cetacea). Izd. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Moskva, Marquette, W. 1978. Bowhead whale. In D. 756 p. [In Russ.] Translated by lsI'. Program Haley (editor), Marine mammals of eastern Sci. Trans!., 1967,717 p.; avail. U.S. Dep. 9G. Jarrell, Inst. Arctic BioI., Univ. Alaska, Fair­ North Pacific and Arctic waters, p. 70-81. Pac. Commer., Natl. Tech. Inf Serv., Springfield, banks, AK 99701. pers. commun. Search Press. Seattle, Wash. Va., as TT65-50086.)

Sept.-Oct. 1980 85