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Lab 1: Body, Skeletal and Axial Systems

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Lab 1: Body, Skeletal and Axial Systems Lab 1: body, skeletal and axial systems Types of tissue • Epithelia tissue - Sheets of tissue covering other tissues or linin cavities - Protective tissue e.g. skin - Cell types: squamous, cuboid, columnar (can be single layer of cells or stratified) - Single layer epithelium: allows materials to pass, secretion, absorption - Stratified layer epithelium: protects against abrasion, secretes and protects - Pseudostratified: single layer that appears to be stratified, secretes mucus • Connective tissue - Connects and supports other tissue - Loose connective tissue: e.g. subcutaneous tissue or superfician fascia - Dense connective tissue: e.g. patella ligament or muscle tendon - Bones - Cartilage: 3 different types. Hyaline (covers joints), elastic (external ear), fibrocartilage (intervertebral disc) - Blood • Nervous tissue - Specialised tissue for conduction of nerve impulses to and from the CNS - Brain, spinal chord - Sciatic nerve: (should be able to identify in lab 4) • Muscle tissue - Smooth muscle: found in walls of hollow body organs, e.g. gut and blood vessels. Involuntary muscle - Cardiac muscle: heart and bases of great vessels. Involuntary muscle - Skeletal (voluntary muscle): greater mass of muscle in the body. Attach directly or indirectly to bones, cartilages, ligaments, fascia, organs and membranes *voluntary muscles: in arms, legs, hands – help you do basic or compex movements **Involuntary muscles: in lungs, intestines – help with breathing, propelling food through gut (don’t have to think about using these muscles. Types of bone • Long bones: found in limbs, length is greater than breadth, have a cylindrical shaft and a swelling at each end. Features: - Diaphysis is a shaft of a long bone (body of the bone) - Epiphyses are swellings at each end - Articular surfaces are the surfaces that participate in a joint - Periosteum is a membrane covering non-articular surfaces. Essential for bone repair and attachment of tendons, ligaments • Short bones: found in wrist and ankle, roughly cuboidal shape • Sesamoid bones: type of short bone found in certain tendons. E.g. patella • Flat bones: found mostly in vault of cranium (skull) • Irregular bones: nor long short or flat (e.g. vertebrae) Features of bones Word definition examples foramen A passage through a bone Foramen magnum Meatus A path or passage way to an organ External acoustic meatus Fossa Hollowed or depressed area Middle cranial fossa Process A projection Spinous process of vertebrae Facet A smooth flat articular process Facets on articular processes of vertebra Tuberosity Large flat convexity Iscial tuberosity of pelvis Tubercle A small raised eminence Greater tubercle of humerus Trochanter Large blunt elevation Greater trochanter of femur Malleolus A rounded process Medial malleolus of the tibia Condyle A rounded articular area Medial condyle of femur Head A bony expansion carried on a narrow Head of humerus neck Axial skeleton It is the axis of the body and provides posture and support for the body. It includes the skull, vertebral column, ribs and sternum **paired bones means there are 2 bones on either side of same shape. Cranial exterior Facial skeleton • Frontal bone • Zygomatic bones (paired) • Parietal bones (paired) • Maxillae (paired) • Temporal bones (paired) • Nasal bones (paired) • Occipital bone • Mandible • Sphenoid bone Foramina • Ethmoid bone • Foramen magnum (opening of skull • Cribriform plate of ethmoid where brain is continuous with spinal • Optic canal cord) • Superior orbital fissure • Occipital condyles • Foramen rotundum • External acoustic meatus • Foramen ovale • Mastoid process (part of temporal • Internal acoustic meatus bone) • Jugular foramen Cranial interior • Anterior cranial fossa (formed mainly by frontal bone) • Middle cranial fossa (formed by sphenoid and temporal bones) • Posterior cranial fossa (formed by occipital and temporal bones) • Hypophyseal (pituitary fossa) – within the sphenoid bone • Petrous part of temporal bone (boundary between middle and cranial fossa) NEED TO KNOW: all bones, position, what it articulates with, is it paired or not? Page 3 of 15 Vertebral column The central pillar of the body and provides support for the cranium, shoulder girdle, upper limbs and thoracic cage. It transmits weight to the lower limb. Within the cavity of the vertebral column is the vertebral canal. This is a space for the spinal cord to pass and gives rise to the peripheral nerves. There are 33 vertebrae within the vertebral column. Page 4 of 15 Vertebral column • cervical vertebrae (7, neck) • Thoracic vertebrae (12, thorax) • Lumbar vertebrae (5, abdomen) • Sacral vertebrae (5 fused to form sacrum) • Coccygeal (lower 3-4 fused to form coccyx) • *Intervertebral discs (fibrocartilaginous joints) • Intervertebral foramina (between vertebrae, formed by notes, spinal nerve exit here) • *Facet joints (between articular processes) **vertebral column covered in notes of lab 3 Isolated vertebrae • Vertebral body • Vertebral foramen (vertebral foramen of or vertebrae form the vertebral canal) • Pedicle • Lamina • Spinous process • Transverse process (paired) • Superior articular processes with facets (paired) • Interior articular processes with facets (paired) Superior articular process is above inferior articular process The process is the bone sticking out and the facet is the blue thing • Superior vertebra notch • Inferior vertebral notch Page 5 of 15 Thoracic cage • Sternum – consists of manubrium, sternal body and xiphoid process. Sits in front of the vertebral column (especially thoracic vertebrae) • 12 thoracic vertebrae • 12 pairs of ribs (numbered 1-12 from top to bottom) - True ribs: ribs 1-7, attach directly to the sternum via their own costa cartilage - False ribs: ribs 8-10, attach indirectly to the sternum via shared costal cartilage - Floating ribs: ribs 11-12, do not attach to sternum Sternal angle is at the manubrium-sternal joint. 2nd true rib articulates with sternum here. Lab 2 – Appendicular skeleton and articular system Appendicular skeleton Includes parts of the skeleton that connect off the axial skeleton. Includes upper and lower limbs. Be abe to identify and disucss the strcutre, function and features of appendicular skeleton. Shoulder girdle • Clavicle – articulates with sternum and scapula. Medial/sternal end is rounded. Lateral/acromial end is flattened. Clavicle connects shoulder girdle to axial skeleton. • Scapula – flat triangular bone that lies on posterior thoracic wall - Glenoid fossa (points laterally and articulates with humeral head) Page 6 of 15 - Anterior surface of scapula (formed by: coracoid process and subscapular fossa) - Posterior surface of scapula (formed by: prominent spine ends laterally as a flat acromion and articulates with clavicle, supraspinous fossae, Infraspinous fossae) The prominent spine at the back of the scapula is a good way of telling it which side of scapular we are looking at. Upper limb • Humerus - Proximal bone of upper limb (i.e. arm bone) - Proximal end: Head (articulates with scapula at glenoid fossa), greater tubercle (lateral), lesser tubercle (anterior) (groove in between tubercles for biceps brachii tendon), surgical neck (prone to fractures) - Middle part: shaft and deltoid tuberosity (small protrusion on lateral side of shaft) - Distal end: medial and lateral epicondyles (for muscle attachments), trochlea (medial side, articulates with trochlear notch of ulna), capitulum (lateral side, articulates with head of radius. cap--head) • Ulna - Medial bone of the forearm - Proximal end: olecranon process (elbow), trochlear notch (faces anteriorly and articulates with trochlea of humerus), ulna tuberosity (for brachialis attachment, small bump distal to notch). Radial notch (below the trochlear notch and articulates with radial head to form proximal radio-ulnar joint) - Middle part: shaft - Distal end: head (articulates with radius to form distal radio-ulnar joint, head is not proximal for ulna). Page 7 of 15 • Radius - Lateral bone of forearm - Proximal end: head (articulates to form 2 joints – elbow and proximal radio-ulnar joint), neck, radial tuberosity (for biceps brachii muscle) - Middle part: shaft - Distal end: wide carpal articular surface *proximal radio-ulnar joint: radial notch of ulna + head of radius **distal radio-ulnar joint: head of ulna + distal end of radius • Wrist or carpus: 8 carpal bones, 2 rows of 4 bones. • Metacarpals: bones of the hand (palm). Numbered 1-5 from lateral to medial (note in anatomical position hands facing up so this is from thumb to pinky) • Digits: fingers, comprise of bones called phalanges (singular phalanx) - Digit 1: thumb, 2 phalanges (proximal and distal) - Digit 2-5: three phalanges (proximal, middle and distal) Page 8 of 15 Pelvic girdle Pelvic girdle refers to a single pelvic bone. Bony pelvis refers to the ring formed by 2 pelvic bones • Hip bone (coxal bone) - Illium (superior) - Ischium (inferior to illium) - Pubis - Acetabulum (deep socket for attachment for the head of femur. The pubis, ischium and illium fuse here) - Iliac crest (structure that you feel when you put hands on hips) - Iliac fossa - Anterior superior iliac spines (ASIS) - Anterior inferior iliac spines (AIIS) - Gluteal surface (posterior surface of ilium, gluteus maximus muscles attach here – butt muscles) Page 9 of 15 - Ischial tuberosity (rounded part at ischium) - Obturator foramen (hole between pubis and ischium bone) - Greater sciatic notch (above foramen) *note this is LATERAL VIEW. As if looking side on from body Page 10 of 15 Lower
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