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University Microfilms Inter National 300 N THE DISTRIBUTION, BIOLOGY, AND MANAGEMENT OF THE INDIAN HOUSE CRICKET GRYLLODES SUPPLICANS (INSECT, PEST, URBAN, INTRODUCED, SOUTHWEST UNITED STATES). Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Thomas, William Buford. Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 29/09/2021 15:53:12 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/275465 INFORMATION TO USERS This reproduction was made from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this document, the quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help clarify markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1.The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark, it is an indication of either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, duplicate copy, or copyrighted materials that should not have been filmed. For blurred pages, a good image of the page can be found in the adjacent frame. If copyrighted materials were deleted, a target note will appear listing the pages in the adjacent frame. 3. 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Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 1327058 Thomas, William Buford THE DISTRIBUTION, BIOLOGY, AND MANAGEMENT OF THE INDIAN HOUSE CRICKET GRYLLODES SUPPLICANS The University of Arizona M.S. 1985 University Microfilms International 300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 PLEASE NOTE: In all cases this material has been filmed in the best possible way from the available copy. Problems encountered with this document have been identified here with a check mark V . 1. Glossy photographs or pages 2. Colored illustrations, paper or print 3. Photographs with dark background 4. Illustrations are poor copy 5. Pages with black marks, not original copy 6. Print shows through as there is text on both sides of page 7. Indistinct, broken or small print on several pages ^ 8. Print exceeds margin requirements 9. Tightly bound copy with print lost in spine 10. Computer printout pages with indistinct print 11. Page(s) lacking when material received, and not available from school or author. 12. Page(s) seem to be missing in numbering only as text follows. 13. Two pages numbered . Text follows. 14. Curling and wrinkled pages 15. Dissertation contains pages with print at a slant, filmed as received 16. Other University Microfilms International THE DISTRIBUTION, BIOLOGY, AND MANAGEMENT OF THE INDIAN HOUSE CRICKET QRYLLOPES SUPPLICANS by William Buford Thomas A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 19 8 5 STATEMENT BY THE AUTHOR This thesis has been submitted 1n partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and Is deposited 1n the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission* provided that accurate acknowledgement of source In made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript 1n whole or 1n part may be granted by the head of the major department or Dean of the Graduate College when In his/her judgment the proposed use of the material 1s 1n the Interests of scholarship. In all other Instances* however* permission must be obtained from the author. APPROVAL BY THESIS DIRECTOR TM-fthesTS-vhas bepn approved on the date shown below: ROBERT L. SMITH Professor of Entomology ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The completion of this thesis and the research contained here would not have been possible were 1t not for the patience and guidance of my major professor* Dr. Robert Smith* whose encouragement and advisement are sincerely appreciated. I am much Indebted to my committee members Dr. Nutting* and Dr. Watson* for their valuable comments on my research and editorial assistance 1n the writing of this thesis. I thank my wife Elizabeth Lee, for her help and patience on my course of study, and for pulling me away from the books and computer occasionally to see the light of day. My thanks to the biologist 1n my father for Introducing me to Insects and their ways, and to my mother for teaching me the frame of mind to complete my masters. 111 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES vl LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS vll ABSTRACT vlll INTRODUCTION 1 LITERATURE REVIEW 3 Nomenclature and Distribution ..3 Behavior 7 Life History........ 9 Acoustics 10 Physiology 11 Insecticides..... 13 Fabric Chevlng ...13 Statistics 13 MATERIALS AND METHODS 15 Identification .15 Rearing 15 Longevity and Development 19 Distribution 20 University of Arizona Tunnels 20 Tucson Basin 21 Southvestern United States 22 Insecticide Testing 23 Pyrethrlns 23 Dursban 24 Fabric Chewing 26 Statistics 27 RESULTS 28 Identification 28 Longevity and Development.. 28 Distribution 28 University of Arizona Tunnels 28 Tucson Basin 29 Southvestern United States 46 Insectlcldal Testing 52 Pyrethrlns 52 Dursban ..52 Fabric Chevlng......... .56 1v TABLE OF CONTENTS—Cont 1 nued DISCUSSION 57 Longevity and Development 57 Distribution 57 University of Arizona Tunnels . 57 Tucson Basin 58 Behav 1oral Observations. 62 Southwestern United States *.63 Insectlcldal testing 69 Pyrethrlns 69 Dursban 69 Fabric Chewing 69 CONCLUSION 71 APPENDIX A - Habitat Study Site Locations 73 APPENDIX B - Precision Automatic Pesticide Applicator 74 REFERENCES 75 v LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Results of longevity studies on adult C. supplleans In relation to temperature and humidity..... .........31 2. Statistical results of comparison between cricket nunbers trapped in the city of Tucson# Arizona and Pima county 32 3. Statistical results of a comparison between sales and females captures In the city of Tucson* Arizona and Pima county 33 4. Statistical results of a comparison between crickets captured In the city of Tucson* Arizona* and Pima county at the four directions; north* south* east and west 34 5. Pesticide survey results of participants In the Tucson habitat choice study 35 6. Results of survey of county Agents In Arizona* New Mexico* and California on distribution of IL. suppl leans 48 7. Results of 1L. suppl leans distribution survey of county agents in the southwestern states of Arizona* New Mexico* and California 50 8. Insecticide test data for five synthetic pyrethrolds on first Instar JL. suppl leans 53 9. Soil analysis data for the Insecticide Dursban (chlorpyrlfos) after the soil was subjected to environ­ mental conditions for varlng periods of time 54 10. Mortality of first instar &. suppl leans when exposed to 0.2SI 50N Dursban on soil ....55 vl LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1. Photograph of aale and feaale fL. supplleans 2 2. Numbers of sale and feaale crickets found In traps during the Tucson habitat choice study 36 3. Nunbers of crickets found 1n directional traps during the Tucson habitat choice study....... 37 4. Total nuaber of crickets found In traps during the Tucson habitat choice study 38 5. Nap of Tucson* Arizona and surrounding P1na county showing trap sites for the Tucson habitat choice study 39 6. Numbers of crickets found In high density residential zone traps during the Tucson habitat choice study .40 7. Nuabers of crickets found In aedlua density residential zone traps during the Tucson habitat choice study 41 8. Nuabers of crickets found 1n the low density residential zone traps during the Tucson habitat study 42 9. Nuabers of crickets found In trailer park zone traps during the Tucson habitat study 43 10. Nuabers of crickets found In business zone traps during the Tucson habitat choice study ....44 11. Nuabers of crickets found In Industrial zone traps during the Tucson habitat choice study 45 12. Nap of the southwestern United States showing locations of suppl leans collection and sightings 51 vl 1 ABSTRACT The Southwestern U.S. distribution# biology, life history# and management of the Indian house cr1cket» Gryllodes supplleans (Orthoptera: GrylHdae)# were studied. This Insect occurs In association with human dwellings only. The species Is not found 1n unpopulated areas In the Southwest. Within these populated areas* the cricket occured In the greatest numbers In high density residential neighborhoods. It 1s found In the warmer areas of the Southwest# extending to the Pacific ocean. The populations of supplleans flucuate with environmental conditions of temperature and rainfall# attaining their highest development 1n hot moist conditions.
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