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RESEARCH ARTICLE Two New Species of Neoxabea, Three New

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RESEARCH ARTICLE Two New Species of Neoxabea, Three New TRANSACTIONS RESEARCH ARTICLE TAES 140: 163-184 AMERICAN ISSO 0002-8320 ENTOMOLOGICAL www.aes.entomology.org SOCIETY Two new species of Neoxabea, three new species of Oecanthus, and documentation of two other species in Nicaragua (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Oecanthinae) Nancy Collins, Eric van den Berghe and Lisa Carson [NC] [email protected] [EVDB] [email protected] (University of the Americas, Managua, Nicaragua) [LMC] [email protected] (Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA) ABSTRACT Two new species of Neoxabea and three new species of Oecanthus are described from Nicaragua: N. cerrojesusensis and N. ottei, O. belti, and O. symesi occur at higher elevations in the northern half of Nicaragua. A large population of O. bakeri was found in dry tropical forest west of Lake Nicaragua. The presence of O. allardi in Nicaragua is documented as the first record outside of the West Indies, and waveforms from the first known recordings of a singing maleO. leptogrammus are provided. Keys are provided for Neoxabea and Oecanthus in Central America. INTRODUCTIONS of forest along waterways, transitioning to cloud Oecanthinae have been described from the forest around 1,100 m. Domitila Reserva Silvestre Americas, Europe, Africa, Asia, India, Australia Privada (DRSP) is located 46 km southeast of San and islands in the Caribbean and Pacific. Eadeset Marcos, Nicaragua. The property extends to the al. 2013 lists 11 species in the genus Neoxabea and western shore of Lake Nicaragua (Lago Cocibolca). 65 species in the genus Oecanthus. All 11 of the Other sites where Oecanthines were Neoxabea species (Table 1) and 23 of the Oecanthus encountered or collected include: Cerro Tisey, species (Table 2) occur in the Western Hemisphere Datanli Diablo, Jinotega, Kahka Creek, Kilambé, south of the United States. Only five species have Montelimar, San Marcos and Tepesomoto. been previously documented in Central America: N. bipunctata, O. comma, O. leptogrammus, O. MATERIALS AND METHODS prolatus and O. varicornis (Walker 1967). Collections by EV and NC from ten sites in Genus verification.—There are nine genera Nicaragua (Fig. 1) yielded two unknown species of of Oecanthinae worldwide, but only two occur in Neoxabea and three unknown species of Oecanthus. the New World – Oecanthus and Neoxabea. Tree The principal collection sites are Cerro Jesus (cloud crickets encountered in Nicaragua were identified forest) and Domitila Reserva Silvestre Privada to genus with a key from Walker (1967). Two of (tropical dry forest). Cerro Jesus (peak elevation the new species were identified as members of the 1,792 m), is northwest of Jalapa, Nicaragua, and genus Neoxabea due to the lack of spines on the straddles the northern border with Honduras. The hind tibiae, and the presence of a tubercle on the top 600 m is covered in dense virgin cloud forest distal border of the scape (Figs. 4 & 12). Three of on the Nicaraguan side, but is clear-cut on the the new species were identified as members of the Honduran side. The lower slopes on the Nicaraguan genus Oecanthus due to the presence of spines on side are cultivated with shade coffee and corridors the hind tibiae (Figs. 20, 26, 34 & 58). Publication date:15 May 2014 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:5534B48B-DDD3-40E4-AFD3-859F0CD4F0FF 164 NEOXABEA AND OECANTHUS OF NICARAGUA Collection methods, sites and dates.—Areas including antennae, tegmina, limbs or cerci. The inhabited by Oecanthines at DRSP and Montelimar tegminal width (at the widest portion) and the were determined by locating actively singing males; length to width ratio (l/w) were measured with the tree crickets were collected by hand or with sweep tegmina resting together atop the abdomen. Femur nets. Oecanthines at other collection sites were length was measured from the proximal to distal drawn to sheets set up in conjunction with 120-175 ends of the femur. watt mercury vapor bulbs, and BioQuip model Number of teeth on the stridulatory file.—The 2807A 15 watt blacklight tubes. The collection dates right tegmen was mounted on a slide and viewed for all species ranged from April 2006 to June 2013. using a First Lab microscope with a 10X digital Dates for Cerro Jesus were 28-29 April 2006, 1-6 eyepiece through a 10X power objective lens in June 2011, 17-20 May 2012, and 6-11 June 2013. order to count the stridulatory file teeth. Other collection dates are: Cerro Tisey ca 25 April Metanotal glands.—The metanotal glands of 2011; Datanli Diablo ca 17-21 May 2011; DRSP 2-7 male specimens can be an important taxonomic January 2010 and 20-25 January 2011; Jinotega July character for tree crickets (Walker TJ and Gurney 2013; Kahka Creek 5-11 May 2011; Kilambé 22-25 AB 1967). Since not all species have been May 2011; Montelimar 2-7 January 2010 and 20-25 catalogued by metanotal gland appearance, they January 2011; San Marcos 15 March 2011 and 6-11 are not yet a reliable diagnostic tool. This paper June 2013; and Tepesomoto April 2011. provides photographs for documentation and Specimens relevant to this study were comparisons (Figs. 48-56). Photographs were taken examined in the entomological collections at the using a Canon Powershot S5IS though a First Lab Museo Entomologico in Leon, Nicaragua, and at microscope with a 10X digital eyepiece through a Ave Maria University, San Marcos, Nicaragua. 4X power objective lens. None were identified beyond genus. Tibial armature.— Subapical, dorsal, hind Documentation and preservation of tibial spines on Oecanthus specimens were specimen.— Males and females were collected examined using a First Lab microscope with a 10X and photographed; singing males were video digital eyepiece through a 4X power objective lens. recorded with sound. Measurements and visual Song and temperature recordings.—Songs were observations for morphological study were made recorded using a Canon PowerShot S5 IS digital after the specimens were euthanized using acetone. camera set in video mode at 30 frames/sec, with Specimens were preserved in alcohol or dried using the camera held as close to the singing tree cricket anhydrous calcium sulfate crystals. Some specimens as possible. An avi-to-wav converter marketed had their forewings removed in order to photograph online by 008soft.com was used to extract the the metanotal gland and to count the teeth on the sound track from the video file. AVS4YOU Audio stridulatory file. Editor Software versions 4.2 and 6.1 were used to Depositories.—Academy of Natural Sciences analyze the sound tracks and to make images of of Philadelphia (ANSP); Bernice Pauahi Bishop their waveforms. The temperatures within 15 cm Museum (BPBM); California Academy of Sciences of actively singing males were recorded using a (CAS); Florida State Collection of Arthropods hand-held digital thermometer attached to a 3-meter (FSCA); Museo Entomologico, Leon (MEL); and wire cord manufactured by LaCrosse Technology. University of Wisconsin-Madison (UW-Mad). Accuracy of the digital thermometer was confirmed Photographs, audio files and videos of all seven by comparing, in a water bath, its readings with a species discussed in this paper will be made precision glass laboratory thermometer. available as supplementary material for viewing The pulse rate is documented as pulses per at www.oecanthinae.com and http://orthoptera. second (p/s), and is calculated during periods of speciesfile.org. continuous pulse production. It should be noted that Morphological measurements.—The total the tree crickets presented in this paper sang only at length refers to the midline length from the night. Recordings were made during limited visits fastigium to the apex of the subgenital plate--not to Nicaragua since import permits of live specimens NANCY COLLINS ET. AL. 165 into the U.S. for longer observations could not be areas (Figs. 3 & 18). Specimen deposited at ANSP. obtained. Due to consistent night temperatures Song diagnosis - The calling song of males while in locations visited in Nicaragua, the consists of intermittent bursts of rapid trilling. recordings of singing males were made within an This species starts out with staccato-like clicking extremely narrow range of temperatures; therefore, sound for 5-25 seconds, then has 0.9-1.3 seconds no graphs of pulses per second over ranges of of a continuous trill with ascending volume. No temperatures are possible. set patterns of silence, staccato or trilling were Molecular Analysis.—Specimens were identified. Pulse production rate 90 pulses per sequenced at the 12S locus using primers and second (Figs. 7, 8 & 9) and a dominant frequency of conditions from Robillard and Desutter-Grandcolas 2.7 kHz at 26.1 C. (2006). Molecular analysis - The aligned and trimmed 12S of sequences of N. cerrojesusensis [Genbank RESULTS Accession Number (GAN): KJ024364] were 278 base pairs. Neoxabea cerrojesusensis n. sp. Paratypes: one male and one female (Cerro Collins & van den Berghe Jesus, Jun 2013) to: MEL and UW-Mad; one male urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A9A7771B-EB7B-4557-931B- and one female (Cerro Jesus, Apr 2006) to: BPBM, D2C273671C04 CAS and FSCA. Neoxabea cerrojesusensis (Figs. 2 & 3) is Neoxabea ottei n. sp. currently known only from northern Nicaragua. Collins & van den Berghe urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:C8CCE77F-C462-45B8-B0AB- Etymology.— Named for the mountain where BD7F4DC72720 this new species was discovered. Habitat.—Drawn to lights; host plants/trees Neoxabea ottei (Figs. 10 & 11) is currently unknown. known only from northern Nicaragua. Holotype.—Male. Cerro Jesus, in northern Etymology.—Named in honor of Dr. Daniel Nicaragua. GPS – 13° 59’ N; 86° 11’ W, elevation Otte who has described over 60 species of tree 1,100m. 6 Jun 2013. E. van den Berghe, collr; crickets, and is founder of the Orthoptera Species deposited at ANSP. Body length 15.5 mm; femur File (an online orthoptera database).
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