Risks, Rights & Health
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
GLOBAL COMMISSION ON HIV and the AW Risks, Rights & Health JULY 2012 ERRATUM • In the originally published version of “Risks, Rights and Health”, the following sentence was included on p 41: “In New Zealand, sex work has recently been prosecuted under the same law that officially decriminalizes it.” The sentence is not accurate and has been deleted from current on-line versions of the report. It will not be included in hard copies of the report distributed in the future. • At the time of the original publication of “Risks, Rights and Health”, the European Parliament had not yet made a final decision on whether or not to ratify the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA). Subsequent to original publication, the EU Par- liament made a decision on 4 July 2012 to not ratify the agreement. On-line versions of “Risks, Rights and Health” now include the following additional sentence on p. 82: “ACTA caused such controversy that on 4 July 2012, the European Parliament declined to ratify European Union participation in the Agreement.” • The ILO Recommendation concerning HIV and AIDS and the World of Work 2010 (no. 200) is applicable to all workers. The standard establishes key human rights principles to guide HIV responses in formal and informal work settings. These princi- ples include non-discrimination and gender equality, particularly non-discriminatory access to HIV-related prevention, treat- ment, care and support services for all workers. The recommendation calls for governments to take measures to provide for effective protections against HIV-related discrimination and provide for their effective and transparent implementation. Sex workers are not excluded from the scope and application of this recommendation. The content, analysis, opinions and policy recommendations contained in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations Development Programme. SECRETARIAT, GLOBAL COMMISSION ON HIV AND THE LAW UNDP, HIV/AIDS Group, Bureau for Development Policy, 304 East 45th Street, New York, NY 10017 Email: [email protected] Tel: (212) 906 6590 Fax: (212) 906 5023 Web: www.hivlawcommission.org Copyright © UNDP 2012 Images used with permission. Graphics Createch & Myriad Editions Lead writer Judith Levine Design & Printer Consolidated Graphics TABLE OF CONTENTS ABOUT THE GLOBAL COMMISSION ON HIV AND THE LAW ..................................................................................................................................................3 PREFACE ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................4 Acknowledgments .........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................5 Abbreviations .....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................6 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................7 INTRODUCTION: CAN LAWS SAVE LIVES? ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 11 CHAPTER 1: AGAINST DISCRIMINATION: HEALTH AND DIGNITY THROUGH LAW ................................................................................................ 15 CHAPTER 2: PUNISHING VULNERABILITY: CRIMINALISATION OF HIV TRANSMISSION, EXPOSURE AND NON-DISCLOSURE ...................................................................................................................................................................... 20 CHAPTER 3: RISK + STIGMA: KEY POPULATIONS ........................................................................................................................................................................ 26 3.1 PEOPLE WHO USE DRUGS ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 29 3.2 SEX WORKERS ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 36 3.3 MEN WHO HAVE SEX WITH MEN ............................................................................................................................................................................. 44 3.4 TRANSGENDER PERSONS ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 51 3.5 PRISONERS ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 55 3.6 MIGRANTS ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 59 CHAPTER 4: GENDER AND DISEMPOWERMENT: WOMEN ................................................................................................................................................... 62 CHAPTER 5: THEIR WHOLE LIVES TO LIVE: CHILDREN AND YOUTH ................................................................................................................................ 70 CHAPTER 6: MEDICINES FOR WHOM? INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW AND THE GLOBAL FIGHT FOR TREATMENT ................................................................................................................................................................... 76 CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 88 Annex I: Commission Terms of Reference ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 90 Annex II: Commissioner Biographies ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 92 Annex III: Technical Advisory Group Biographies ..................................................................................................................................................................... 94 Annex IV: Summary of Recommendations .................................................................................................................................................................................. 97 ENDNOTES ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................106 Table of Content :s I 1 GRAPHICS 1. Why the Law Matters ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------11 2. Written Submissions Received by the Commission ------------------------------------------------------------------------------14 3. Legal Shelter --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------16 4. Criminalising a Virus ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------21 5. Mitigating the Harm ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------33 6. Sex Work & Law ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------37 7. Men Who Have Sex with Men, Law & HIV -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------46 8. LGBT Rights & HIV Transmission Risk -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------47 9. Unprotected Sex Behind Bars ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------57 10. HIV Travel Restrictions ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------60 11. Rape within Marriage -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------64 12. Growing Contradictions ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------72 13. Generic Competition: Making ARVs Affordable ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------77