Design of Efficient TLB-Based Data Classification Mechanisms in Chip

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Design of Efficient TLB-Based Data Classification Mechanisms in Chip UNIVERSITAT POLITECNICA` DE VALENCIA` Dpto de Informatica´ de Sistemas y Computadores Design of Efficient TLB-based Data Classification Mechanisms in Chip Multiprocessors A dissertation submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Computer Science) Author: ALBERT ESTEVE GARCIA Advisors: Prof. ANTONIO ROBLES MART´INEZ Prof. MARIA ENGRACIA GOMEZ´ REQUENA Prof. ALBERTO ROS BARDISA Valencia, July 2017 Acknowledgment Cuatro a~nosde esfuerzo dan para mucho. Ech´andola vista atr´as,muchas son las personas que me han apoyado, muchos los que me han escuchado. Gracias a todos. A Ram´ony Lola. Sin ellos, sin su apoyo y su amor, no habr´ıallegado hasta aqu´ı. Sin su inspiraci´onno habr´ıasiquiera empezado el camino. Ellos plantaron la semilla de la curiosidad, tan necesaria para superar la frustraci´ony las dificultades a las que todo investigador tiene que enfrentar en su camino. A V´ıctor.Hermano y amigo. El espejo en el que me miro. Me has dado fuerza en cada etapa de mi vida. Gracias por todo. Habr´aque pensar una buena ruta en bici para celebrarlo. A Carla. Por su paciencia, por su ayuda, por respaldarme cuando lo he necesitado. Siempre me has animado a seguir adelante y has permanecido a mi lado en cada etapa del doctorado. M´asque eso, eres uno de los pilares principales de mi vida. A Salom´e,Eloy y Sergio. Por quererme y aceptarme como uno m´asde la familia. Realmente yo lo siento del mismo modo. Gracias. A mis amigos. Samuel, Eduardo, Manolo. Ya sea jugando a alg´unjuego, organiz´andoviajes juntos, o saliendo de fiesta o a tomar algo, siempre hab´eisestado ah´ı,siendo part´ıcipes de mis logros y mis frustraciones. Tanto como yo de las vuestras. Y espero que siga siendo as´ıpor muchos, muchos a~nos. All´apor 2007 empezaba mi andadura por la universidad, hace ya diez a~nos. Esta´ ha sido mi segunda casa, y le debo mucho. Y tengo muchos que agradecer tambi´ena toda la gente que he conocido en este etapa. Incluyendo ´esta´ultimafase en el Grupo de Arquitecturas Paralelas. Por supuesto y ante todo a mis directores, Alberto, Antonio y Maria Engracia. Me hab´eis guiado e inspirado, desafiado y ayudado en cada etapa de mi doctorado. Vuestra paciencia y esfuerzo han sido claves para la consecuci´onde este trabajo. He aprendido mucho durante estos a~nos.No s´oloen materia de arquitectura de computadores, sino tambi´enen investigaci´on cient´ıfica; a amarla, a observar los peque~nosdetalles, a analizar los datos y entender qu´e esta ocurriendo para as´ıpoder seguir avanzando. Ellos han cambiado mi vida, profesional y personal, para siempre. A N´uria,Salva y Eduardo. No nos vemos tanto como antes, nuestras vidas, sus obligaciones, nos alejan. Pero a´unnos quedar´anesas tardes de cervezas para ponernos al d´ıa.Siempre. A mis compa~nerosde laboratorio. Jos´eVicente, Jos´eMar´ıa,Migue, Vicent, Joan, Fran, Javi, Roberto, Carlos, Santi, y un largo etc´etera.A los que se fueron, Knut, Mario, Crisp´ın.Tantos y tantos. A todos os debo algo. Lo que ha unido el BoardGameArena que no lo separen nuestras exitosas carreras en el extranjero, como un tren de mercanc´ıasdesbocado y sin frenos. Y por supuesto a Ricardo. El verdadero pilar del laboratorio, en lo t´ecnicoy en lo personal. Tu increible paciencia y dedicaci´onte hacen pieza central del trabajo de todos nosotros en el grupo. A Stefanos Kaxiras y a toda la gente que conoc´ıen Uppsala. Trevor, David, Alexandra, Andra, etc. As tough as it was, it has been one of the most enriching experiences of my life. I cannot thank you enough. Observing first hand how another research group works really changed my i perspective towards investigation. Specially Kaxiras, your wisdom was inspirational. Thank you all. Already missing the snow. A.E. ii Contents Acknowledgment..........................................................i Preface................................................................ vii List of Acronyms.......................................................... viii List of Figures............................................................ xii List of Tables............................................................ xvi Abstract............................................................... xix Resum................................................................. xx Resumen............................................................... xxi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Context and Motivation..................................................1 1.2 Objectives............................................................3 1.3 Thesis Contributions....................................................3 1.4 Thesis Outline.........................................................6 2 Concepts and Background 7 2.1 Introduction..........................................................7 2.2 Classification-based Optimizations...........................................7 2.3 Data Classification Mechanisms............................................. 13 2.4 Architecting and Managing TLBs............................................ 17 3 Simulation Environment 23 3.1 Introduction.......................................................... 23 3.2 Simulation Tools....................................................... 24 3.3 Simulated System....................................................... 26 3.4 Metrics.............................................................. 27 iii Contents 3.5 Benchmarks.......................................................... 28 4 TLB-based Classification Mechanisms 37 4.1 Introduction.......................................................... 37 4.2 TLB Miss Resolution through TLB-to-TLB Transfers.............................. 38 4.3 Snooping TLB-based Private-Shared Classification................................ 38 4.4 TLB-based Classification with Distributed Shared TLBs............................. 42 4.5 Experimental Results.................................................... 46 4.6 Discussion............................................................ 54 4.7 Conclusions........................................................... 55 5 Token-counting TLB-based Classification Mechanism 57 5.1 Introduction.......................................................... 57 5.2 TokenTLB........................................................... 58 5.3 Read-only Data Optimizations and Full-adaptivity................................ 63 5.4 Experimental Results.................................................... 64 5.5 Conclusions........................................................... 71 6 Prediction-based Classification Mechanisms 73 6.1 Introduction.......................................................... 73 6.2 Usage Predictor (UP).................................................... 74 6.3 Shared Usage Predictor (SUP).............................................. 78 6.4 Approaching to the Ideal Scheme............................................ 81 6.5 Experimental Results.................................................... 83 6.6 Conclusions........................................................... 91 7 Cooperative TLB Page-Usage Prediction Mechanism 93 7.1 Introduction.......................................................... 93 7.2 Cooperative Usage Predictor (CUP).......................................... 95 7.3 Experimental Results.................................................... 100 7.4 Discussion............................................................ 105 7.5 Conclusions........................................................... 105 8 Conclusions 107 8.1 Contributions and Conclusions.............................................. 107 8.2 Scientific Publications.................................................... 111 8.3 Future Work.......................................................... 112 iv Contents Bibliography 113 v Preface Preface The current document has been elaborated with the aim to obtain a PhD degree in Computer Science. This work has been done under the advising and guidance of professors Antonio Robles, Alberto Ros, and Maria Engracia G´omez. This document can be divided in three parts. The first part introduced the state-of-art in classification approaches and private-based data optimizations. The second part present all the research work and its evaluation. This research activity has been developed within the Parallel Architectures Group (GAP) in the Department of Computer Engineering (DISCA) at the Universitat Polit`ecnicade Val`encia. In the last part, the contributions and conclusions are summarized. vii List of Acronyms TLB Translation Lookaside Buffer. CS-TLB Complete Subblock TLB. PS-TLB Partial Subblock TLB. CMP Chip Multiprocessor. NUCA Non-Uniform Cache Architecture. LLC Last-Level Cache. SC Sequential Consistency. ROB Reorder Buffers. TSO Total Store Ordering. RAWR Read-After-Write Races. NSRT Not Shared Region Table. CRH Cached Region Hash. TC Temporal Coherence. DRF Data Race Free. HRF Heterogeneous Race Free. nDRF Non Data Race Free. xDRF Extended Data Race Free. ROB Reorder Buffers. hLRC Heterogeneous Lazy Release Consistency. ix List of Acronyms PR Private Read-only. PW Private Written. SR Shared Read-only. SW Shared Written. OS Operating System. VIPS Valid/Invalid Private/Shared (set of cache coherence states). MOESI Modified Owned Exclusive Shared Invalid (set of cache coherence states). MESI Modified Exclusive Shared Invalid (set of cache coherence states). SWEL Shared Written Exclusivity-Level (set of cache coherence states). UNITD Unified Instruction/Translation/Data Coherence. DiDi Dictionary Directory. FAC First Accessing
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