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Chemistry Books Chemistry 2018 Chemistry for Engineering Students, 4th Edition Lawrence S. Brown Texas A&M University, College Station Thomas Holme Iowa State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/chem_books Recommended Citation Brown, Lawrence S. and Holme, Thomas, "Chemistry for Engineering Students, 4th Edition" (2018). Chemistry Books. 1. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/chem_books/1 This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the Chemistry at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Chemistry Books by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Contents Preface xv11 Student Introduction xxv1 1 \ Introduction to Chemistry 1 1.1 1mna:11 Critical Materials 3 1.2 The Study of Chemistry 4 The Macroscopic Perspective 4 The Microscopic or Particulate Perspective 6 Symbolic Representation 9 1.3 The Science of Chemistry: Observations, Models, and Systems 10 Observations in Science 10 Interpreting Observations 11 Models in Science 12 1.4 Numbers and Measurements in Chemistry 13 Units 13 Numbers and Significant Figures 16 1.s Problem Solving in Chemistry and Engineering 19 Using Ratios 19 Ratios in Chemistry Calculations 20 Conceptual Chemistry Problems 22 Visualization in Chemistry 23 1.6 1unm:11 Touchscreen Technology 2 5 Focus on Problem Solving 26 Summary 27 Key Terms 27 Problems and Exercises 28 \ 2 Atoms and Molecules 33 2.1 1u11m:11 Conducting Polymers 34 2.2 Atomic Structure and Mass 36 Fundamental Concepts of the Atom 36 Atomic Number and Mass Number 37 Isotopes 37 Atomic Symbols 38 Atomic Masses and Weights 39 2.3 Ions 41 Mathematical Description 42 Ions and Their Properties 43 viii 2.4 Compounds and Chemical Bonds 43 Chemical Formulas 44 Chemical Bonding 45 2.5 The Periodic Table 47 Periods and Groups 48 Metals, Nonmetals, and Metal/aids 50 2.6 Inorganic and Organic Chemistry 51 Inorganic Chemistry-Main Groups and Transition Metals 52 Organic Chemistry 53 Functional Groups 56 2.7 Chemical Nomenclature 56 Binary Systems 56 Naming Covalent Compounds 58 Naming Ionic Compounds 59 2.8 1m1ttt:11 Polyethylene 60 Focus on Problem Solving 62 Summary 63 Key Terms 63 Problems and Exercises 64 3 \ M olecules, Moles, and Chemical Equations 69 3.1 1m>t@:11 Biomass and Biofuel Engineering 70 3.2 Chemical Formulas and Equations 72 Writing Chemical Equations 72 Balancing Chemical Equations 73 3.3 Aqueous Solutions and Net Ionic Equations 78 Solutions, Solvents, and Solutes 79 Chemical Equations for Aqueous Reactions 81 Acid- Base Reactions 83 3.4 Interpreting Equations and the Mole 87 Interpreting Chemical Equations 87 Avogadro's Number and the Mole 87 Determining Molar Mass 89 3.5 Calculations Using Moles and Molar Masses 90 Elemental Analysis: Determining Empirical and Molecular Formulas 92 Molarity 95 Dilution 96 3.6 llMM:ll Carbon Sequestration 97 Focus on Problem Solving 99 Summary 99 Key Terms 100 Problems and Exercises 100 4 \ Stoichiometry 107 4.1 11.11•1@:11 Gasoline and Other Fuels 108 Contents ix 4.2 Fundamentals of Stoichiometry 111 Obtaining Ratios from a Balanced Chemical Equation 112 4.3 L1m1ting Reactants 116 4.4 Theoretical and Percentage Yields 121 4.5 Solution Stoichiometry 123 4.6 1m1tct:11 Alternative Fuels and Fuel Add1t1ves 125 Focus on Problem Solving 127 Summary 128 Key Terms 128 Problems and Exercises 128 5 \ Gases 137 5.1 llMM:ll Natural Gas Production 138 Properties of Gases 140 5.2 Pressure 141 Measuring Pressure 142 Units of Pressure 143 5.3 History and Application of the Gas Law 144 Units and the Ideal Gas Law 147 5.4 Partial Pressure 148 5.5 Stoichiometry of Reactions Involving Gases 151 STP Conditions 152 5.6 Kinetic-Molecular Theory and Ideal Versus Real Gases 153 Postulates of the Model 154 Real Gases and Limitations of the Kinetic Theory 157 Correcting the Ideal Gas Equation 158 5.7 1m1ut:11 Gas Sensors 160 Capacitance Manometer 161 Thermocouple Gauge 161 Ionization Gauge 162 Mass Spectrometer 163 Focus on Problem Solving 163 Summary 164 Key Terms 1 64 Problems and Exercises 165 6 \ The Periodic Table and Atomic Structure 171 6.1 1u11m:11 Trace Analysis 172 6.2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 174 The Wave Nature of Light 174 The Particulate Nature of Light 179 6.3 Atomic Spectra 183 The Bohr Atom 185 6.4 The Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom 186 x Contents Potential Energy and Orbitals 187 Quantum Numbers 188 Visualizing Orbitals 191 6.5 The Pauli Exclusion Principle and Electron Configurations 194 Orbital Energies and Electron Configurations 194 Hund's Rule and the Aufbau Principle 196 6.6 The Periodic Table and Electron Configurations 198 6.7 Periodic Trends in Atomic Properties 199 Atomic Size 199 Ionization Energy 202 Electron Affinity 203 6.8 1£11'1M:JI Modern Light Sources: LEDs and Lasers 205 Focus on Problem Solving 207 Summary 208 Key Terms 208 Problems and Exercises 209 - 7 \ Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure 215 7.1 IU"1ttt:ll Materials for Biomedical Engineering 216 7.2 The Ionic Bond 217 Formation of Cations 217 Formation of Anions 219 7.3 The Covalent Bond 221 Chemical Bonds and Energy 221 Chemical Bonds and Reactions 223 Chemical Bonds and the Structure of Molecules 223 7.4 Electronegativity and Bond Polarity 225 Electronegativity 225 Bond Polarity 226 7.5 Keeping Track of Bonding: Lewis Structures 229 Resonance 234 7.6 Orbital Overlap and Chemical Bonding 235 7.7 Hybrid Orbitals 237 7.8 Shapes of Molecules 239 7.9 •V"1M:ll Molecular-Scale Engineering for Drug Delivery 246 Focus on Problem Solving 247 Summary 248 Key Terms 248 Problems and Exercises 249 8 \ Molecules and Materials 253 8.1 11mm:11 Carbon 254 8.2 Condensed Phases-Solids 256 Contents xi 8.3 Bonding in Solids: Metals, Insulators, and Semiconductors 262 Models of Metallic Bonding 262 Band Theory and Conductivity 264 Semiconductors 265 8.4 Intermolecular Forces 269 Forces Between Molecules 269 Dispersion Forces 269 Dipole-Dipole Forces 270 Hydrogen Bonding 2 71 8.5 Condensed Phases-Liquids 274 Vapor Pressure 274 Boiling Point 276 Surface Tension 277 8.6 Polymers 278 Addition Polymers 279 Condensation Polymers 281 Copolymers 283 Physical Properties 284 Polymers and Additives 285 8.7 1m;na:11 Micro-Electrical-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) 285 Focus on Problem Solving 287 Summary 287 Key Terms 287 Problems and Exercises 288 9 \ Energy and Chemistry 293 9.1 1u11t11:11 Energy Use and the World Economy 294 9.2 Defining Energy 297 Forms of Energy 297 Heat and Work 298 Energy Units 298 9.3 Energy Transformation and Conservation of Energy 299 Waste Energy 301 9.4 Heat Capacity and Calorimetry 302 Heat Capacity and Specific Heat 302 Calorimetry 305 9.5 Enthalpy 307 Defining Enthalpy 307 6H of Phase Changes 308 Vaporization and Electricity Production 310 Heat of Reaction 311 Bonds and Energy 312 Heats of Reaction for Some Specific Reactions 313 9.6 Hess's Law and Heats of Reaction 313 Hess's Law 314 Formation Reactions and Hess's Law 316 9.7 Energy and Stoichiometry 318 Energy Density and Fuels 319 xii Contents 9.8 IUJ1ltf:ll Power Distribution and the Electrical Grid 320 Focus on Problem Solving 322 Summary 323 Key Terms 323 Problems and Exercises 323 10 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics 331 10.1 1m1@11 Recycling of Plastics 332 10.2 Spontaneity 333 Nature's Arrow 333 Spontaneous Processes 334 Enthalpy and Spontaneity 335 10.3 Entropy 335 Probability and Spontaneous Change 336 Definition of Entropy 337 Judging Entropy Changes in Processes 338 10.4 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 339 The Second Law 339 Implications and Applications 340 10.5 The Third Law of Thermodynamics 341 10.6 Gibbs Free Energy 343 Free Energy and Spontaneous Change 343 Free Energy and Work 346 10.7 Free Energy and Chemical Reactions 347 Implications of t.G 0 for a Reaction 348 10.8 11mm:11 The Economics of Recycling 349 Focus on Problem Solving 352 Summary 353 Key Terms 353 Problems and Exercises 353 11 Chemical Kinetics 361 11.1 IUJ>1td:ll Urban Air Pollution 362 11.2 Rates of Chemical Reactions 364 Concept of Rate and Rates of Reaction 364 Stoichiometry and Rate 365 Average Rate and Instantaneous Rate 366 11.3 Rate Laws and the Concentration Dependence of Rates 368 The Rate Law 368 Determination of the Rate Law 369 11.4 Integrated Rate Laws 372 Zero-Order Integrated Rate Law 373 First-Order Integrated Rate Law 374 Second-Order Integrated Rate Law 376 Half-Life 379 Contents xiii 11.s Temperature and Kinetics 380 Temperature Effects and Molecules That React 381 Arrhenius Behavior 383 11 .6 Reaction Mechanisms 388 Elementary Steps and Reaction Mechanisms 388 Mechanisms and Rate: The Rate-Determining Step 390 11 .1 Catalysis 391 Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysts 391 ~ Molecular Perspective of Catalysis 393 ~ < Catalysis and Process Engineering 393 -~-----1 11 .s 11mttt:11 Air Quality Monitoring 394 Focus on Problem Solving 396 Summary 397 Key Terms 397 Problems and Exercises 398 1~ Chemical Equilibrium 407 12.1 IUJ'1&:11 Concrete Production and Weathering 408 12.2 Chemical Equilibrium 410 Forward and Reverse Reactions 41 O Mathematical Relationships 412 12.3 Equilibrium Constants 414 The Equilibrium (Mass Action) Expression 414 Gas Phase Equilibria: KP vs. Kc 415 Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Equilibria 416 Numerical Importance of the Equilibrium Expression 41 7 Mathematical Manipulation of Equilibrium Constants 418 Reversing the Chemical Equation 418 Adjusting the Stoichiometry of the Chemical Reaction 419 Equilibrium Constants for a Series of Reactions
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