Course Material for Surface Observation (Self Study)
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WMO Bulletin, Volume XVI, No. 2: April 1969
WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION APRIL 1969 VOL. XVIII No. 2 THE WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION (WMO) is a specialized agency of the United N ations. WMO was created: to faci litate international co-operation in the establi shment of networks or sta tions and centres to provide meteorological services and observations, to promote· the establishment a nd maintenance of systems for the rapid exchange of meteorological information, to promote standardization of meteorological observations and ensure the uniform publication of observations and statistics, to further the application of meteorology to aviation, shipping, water problems, agriculture and other human activities, to encourage research a nd training in meteorology. T he World Meteorological Co ngress is the supreme body of the Organization. lt brings together the delegates or a ll Members once every fo ur years to determine general policies for the fulfilment or the purposes of the Organization. ' The Executive Committee is composed of 24 directors of national Meteorological Services serving in an individual capacity; it meets at least once a year to supervise the programmes a pproved by Congress. Six Regional Associations are each composed of Members whose task is to co-ordinate meteorological activities within their respective regions. Eight Technical Commissions composed of experts designated by Members, are responsible for studying the special technical branches relating to meteorological observation, analysis, forecasting, research and the applications of meteorology. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE President: A. NYBERG (Sweden) First Vice-President: W. J . GIBBS (Australia) Second Vice-President: E. K. FEDOROV (U .S.S.R.) Third Vice-President: N. A . AKINGBEHIN (Nigeria) Regional Association presidents Africa (1): M . -
Emergence, Attribution and Extremes Programme
Meteorological Society of New Zealand Annual Conference 2019 Wellington Monday 25th – Wednesday 27th November Presentation Abstracts Contents Our Sponsors ..................................................................................................................................... 3 Poster Presentation Abstracts .......................................................................................................... 4 Pecha Kucha Presentation Abstracts ............................................................................................. 24 Oral Presentation Abstracts ........................................................................................................... 41 Note: Abstracts are ordered alphabetically based on the presenting author’s surname. Victoria University of Wellington 2 Our Sponsors The Meteorological Society of New Zealand would like to acknowledge and thank the following two organisations for their support of our 2019 Annual Conference: 3 Poster Presentation Abstracts A machine learning approach to inferring the existence of extreme events in meteorological fields Leroy Bird1, Greg Bodeker1 and Jordis Tradowsky1 1Bodeker Scientific Automated detection of extreme weather events (EWEs) in meteorological fields is challenging for several reasons: (i) events of similar dynamical nature can have very different outcomes regarding extremes, (ii) some extremes result from features that are smaller than the spatial scale of the fields that are being analysed (e.g. thunderstorms), and (iii) the use of threshold -
Ships Observing Marine Climate a Catalogue of the Voluntary
WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION INTERGOVERNMENTAL OCEANOGRAPIDC COMMISSION (Of UNESCO) MARINE METEOROLOGY AND RELATED OCEANOGRAPHIC ACTIVITIES REPORT NO. 25 SHIPS OBSERVING MARINE CLIMATE A CATALOGUE OF THE VOLUNTARY OBSERVING SHIPS PARTICIPATING IN THE VSOP-NA WMO/TD-No. 456 1991 NOTE The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression ofany opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariats of the World Meteorological Organization and the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation ofits frontiers or boundaries. Editorial note: This publication is an offset reproduction of a typescript submitted by the authors and has been produced withoutadditional revision by the WMO and IOC Secretariats. SHIPS OBSERVING MARINE CLIMATE A CATALOGUE OF THE VOLUNTARY OBSERVING SHIPS PARTICIPATING IN THE VSOP-NA Elizabeth.C.Kent and Peter.K.Taylor .James .Rennell. centre for Ocean Circulation, Chilworth Research Park. Southampton. UK PREFACE Meteorological observations made onboard merchant vessels of the i'H) vollIDtary observing shipa (ves) scheme, when transmitted to shore in real-time:J are a substantial canponent of the Global Observing System of the World Weather Watch and are essential tc> the pr<>vision of marine lleteorological services ~ as well as tc> ID€:teorol.ogical analyses and forecasts generally. These observations are also recorded in ships r meteorological log1xx>ks:t for later exchange., archival and p:roc-essing -through the i'H) Marine CliJDa.tc>logical StlJllDa'ries Scheme, and as such. they conatitute an equally essential source of data for determining the cliJDa.tc>logy of the marineatlooaphere and ocean surface, and 'for OJIIIPUt.ing a variety of air-sea fluxes. -
Response to Comments the Authors Thank the Reviewers for Their
Response to comments The authors thank the reviewers for their constructive comments, which provide the basis to improve the quality of the manuscript and dataset. We address all points in detail and reply to all comments here below. We also updated SCDNA from V1 to V1.1 on Zenodo based on the reviewer’s comments. The modifications include adding station source flag, adding original files for location merged stations, and adding a quality control procedure based on the final SCDNA. SCDNA estimates are generally consistent between the two versions, with the total number of stations reduced from 27280 to 27276. Reviewer 1 General comment The manuscript presents and advertises a very interesting dataset of temperature and precipitation observation collected over several years in North America. The work is certainly well suited for the readership of ESSD and it is overall very important for the meteorological and climatological community. Furthermore, creation of quality controlled databases is an important contribution to the scientific community in the age of data science. I have a few points to consider before publication, which I recommend, listed below. 1. Measurement instruments: from my background, I am much closer to the instruments themselves (and their peculiarities and issues), as hardware tools. What I missed here was a description of the stations and their instruments. Questions like: which are the instruments deployed in the stations? How is precipitation measured (tipping buckets? buckets? Weighing gauges? Note for example that some instruments may have biases when measuring snowfall while others may not)? How is it temperature measured? How is this different from station to station in your database? Response: We have added the descriptions of measurement instruments in both the manuscript and dataset documentation. -
Creating an Atmosphere for STEM Literacy in the Rural South Through
JOURNAL OF GEOSCIENCE EDUCATION 63, 105–115 (2015) Creating an Atmosphere for STEM Literacy in the Rural South Through Student-Collected Weather Data Lynn Clark,1,a Saswati Majumdar,1 Joydeep Bhattacharjee,2 and Anne Case Hanks3 ABSTRACT This paper is an examination of a teacher professional development program in northeast Louisiana, that provided 30 teachers and their students with the technology, skills, and content knowledge to collect data and explore weather trends. Data were collected from both continuous monitoring weather stations and simple school-based weather stations to better understand core disciplinary ideas connecting Life and Earth sciences. Using a curricular model that combines experiential and place-based educational approaches to create a rich and relevant atmosphere for STEM learning, the goal of the program was to empower teachers and their students to engage in ongoing data collection analysis that could contribute to greater understanding and ownership of the environment at the local and regional level. The program team used a mixed- methodological approach that examined implementation at the site level and student impact. Analysis of teacher and student surveys, teacher interviews and classroom observation data suggest that the level of implementation of the program related directly to the ways in which students were using the weather data to develop STEM literacy. In particular, making meaning out of the data by studying patterns, interpreting the numbers, and comparing with long-term data from other sites seemed to drive critical thinking and STEM literacy in those classrooms that fully implemented the program. Findings also suggest that the project has the potential to address the unique needs of traditionally underserved students in the rural south, most notably, those students in high-needs rural settings that rely on an agrarian economy. -
Danish Meteorological Institute Ministry of Transport
DANISH METEOROLOGICAL INSTITUTE MINISTRY OF TRANSPORT ——— TECHNICAL REPORT ——— 98-14 The Climate of The Faroe Islands - with Climatological Standard Normals, 1961-1990 John Cappelen and Ellen Vaarby Laursen COPENHAGEN 1998 Front cover picture Gásadalur located north west of Sørvágur on the western part of the island of Vágar. Heinanøv Fjeld, 813 m high can be seen in the north and Mykinesfjørdur in the west. The heliport is located to the right in the picture - near the river Dalsá. The photo was taken during a helicopter trip in May 1986. Photographer: Helge Faurby ISSN 0906-897X Contents 1. Introduction....................................................................................................3 2. Weather and climate in the Faroe Islands..................................................5 3. Observations and methods............................................................................9 3.1. General methods...................................................................9 3.2. Observations........................................................................9 4. Station history and metadata.......................................................................13 5. Standard Normal Homogeneity Test..........................................................15 5.1. Background.........................................................................15 5.2. Testing for homogeneity.....................................................15 6. Climatological normals.................................................................................17 -
Joint Organizing Committee
GARP JOINT ORGANIZING COMMITTEE GARP PUBLICATION S SERIES No.' 4 INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL WORLD METEOROLOGICAL OF SCIENTIFIC UNIONS ORGANIZATION GLOBAL ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH PROGRAMME (GARP) WMO-ICSU Joint Organizing Committee THE PLANNING OF . , .. \ GARP TROPICAL EXPERI'ME,.NTS GARP PUBLICATIONS SERIES No. 4 January 1970 03···SO-76 C"2 © 1970, World Meteorological Organization International Conncil of Scientific Unions CONTENTS Page FOREWORD . V SUMMARY (English, French, Russian, Spanish) VII LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS . XIII 1. INTRODUCTION..... 1 1.1 The place of tropical experiments within the context of GARP. 1 1.2 Earlier recommendations concerning experiments in the tropics 2 1.3 The JOC Study Group on Tropical Disturbances ...... 3 1.4 The Report of the JOC to the Executive Committees of WMO and ICSU. 3 1.5 The genesis of the present report. ................. 4 2. SCIENTIFIC REQUIREMENTS FOR TROPICAL EXPERIMENTS. 5 2. 1 General considerations. ............ 5 2.2 The scales of atmospheric motions in the tropics. 5 2.3 The problems to be solved. ..... 6 2.4 The relation with previous experiments ..... 7 3. A IDERARCHY OF GARP EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES IN THE TROPICS. ..... .. 8 3. 1 The concept of GARP experimental studies ............ .. 8 3.2 An experimental study to define the interactions between the large wave- scale and the cloud-cluster scale (Scales A and B) ......... .. 9 3.3 An experimental study to determine the interaction between the scale of the cloud cluster and the meso-convective scales (Scales Band C). .... .. 10 3.4 Auxiliary experimental studies on convection over a tropical land mass. " 10 3. 5 Auxiliary experimental studies on the planetary boundary layer in the equa- torial region ......................... -
Guide Wave Analysis and Forecasting
WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION GUIDE TO WAVE ANALYSIS AND FORECASTING 1998 (second edition) WMO-No. 702 WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION GUIDE TO WAVE ANALYSIS AND FORECASTING 1998 (second edition) WMO-No. 702 Secretariat of the World Meteorological Organization – Geneva – Switzerland 1998 © 1998, World Meteorological Organization ISBN 92-63-12702-6 NOTE The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the World Meteorological Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities or concerning the delimitation of its fontiers or boundaries. CONTENTS Page FOREWORD . V ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . VI INTRODUCTION . VII Chapter 1 – AN INTRODUCTION TO OCEAN WAVES 1.1 Introduction . 1 1.2 The simple linear wave . 1 1.3 Wave fields on the ocean . 6 Chapter 2 – OCEAN SURFACE WINDS 2.1 Introduction . 15 2.2 Sources of marine data . 16 2.3 Large-scale meteorological factors affecting ocean surface winds . 21 2.4 A marine boundary-layer parameterization . 27 2.5 Statistical methods . 32 Chapter 3 – WAVE GENERATION AND DECAY 3.1 Introduction . 35 3.2 Wind-wave growth . 35 3.3 Wave propagation . .36 3.4 Dissipation . 39 3.5 Non-linear interactions . .40 3.6 General notes on application . 41 Chapter 4 – WAVE FORECASTING BY MANUAL METHODS 4.1 Introduction . 43 4.2 Some empirical working procedures . 45 4.3 Computation of wind waves . 45 4.4 Computation of swell . 47 4.5 Manual computation of shallow-water effects . 52 Chapter 5 – INTRODUCTION TO NUMERICAL WAVE MODELLING 5.1 Introduction . -
By: ESSA RAMADAN MOHAMMAD D F Superintendent of Stations Kuwait
By: ESSA RAMADAN MOHAMMAD Superintendent O f Stations Kuwait Met. Departmentt Geoggpyraphy and climate Kuwait consists mostly of desert and little difference in elevation. It has nine islands, the largest of which is Bubiyan, which is linked to the mainland by a concrete bridge. Summers (April to October) are extremely hot and dry with temperatures exceeding 51 °C(124°F) in Kuwait City several times during the hottest months of June, July and August. April and October are more moderate with temperatures over 40 °C uncommon . Winters (November through February) are cool with some precipitation and average temperatures around 13 °C(56°F) with extremes from ‐2 °Cto27°C. The spring season (Marc h) iswarmand pltleasant with occasilional thund ers torms. Surface coastal water temperatures range from 15 °C(59°F) in February to 35 °C(95°F) in August. The driest months are June through September, while the wettest are January through March. Thunderstorms and hailstorms are common in November, March and April when warm and moist Arabian Gulf air collides with cold air masses from Europe. One such thunderstorm in November 1997 dumped more than ten inches of rain on Kuwait. Kuwait Meteorology Dep artment Meteorological Department Forecasting Supervision Clima tes SiiSupervision Stations & Upper Air Supervision Communications Supervision Maintenance Supervision Stations and Upper air Supervision 1‐ SfSurface manned Sta tions & AWOS 2‐ upper air Stations & Ozone Kuwait Int. Airport Station In December 1962 one manned synoptic, climate, agro stations started to report on 24 hour basis and sending data to WMO Kuwait Int. Airport Station Kuwait started to observe and report meteorological data in the early 1940 with Kuwait Britsh oil company but most of the report were very limited. -
National Report From
WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION INTERGOVERNMENTAL OCEANOGRAPHIC COMMISSION (OF UNESCO) _____________ ___________ JCOMM SHIP OBSERVATIONS TEAM SECOND SESSION London, United Kingdom, 28 July – 1 August 2003 NATIONAL REPORTS OCA website only: http://www.wmo.ch/web/aom/marprog/Publications/publications.htm WMO/TD-No. 1170 2003 JCOMM Technical Report No. 20 C O N T E N T S Note: To go directly to a particular national report, click on the report in the "Contents". To return to "Contents", click on the return arrow ← in Word. Argentina......................................................................................................................................... 1 Australia .......................................................................................................................................... 5 Canada ......................................................................................................................................... 17 Croatia .......................................................................................................................................... 27 France........................................................................................................................................... 33 Germany ....................................................................................................................................... 45 Greece ......................................................................................................................................... -
Raincast Study
Proposal to ESA for the Raincast study In response to ITT AO/1-9324/18/NL/NA ESA AO/1-9324/18/NL/NA Raincast Technical Proposal Page 1 __________________________________________________________________________________ 1) TECHNICAL PART 1.1 TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS AND OBJECTIVES This technical proposal has been prepared by Dr. A. Battaglia (University of Leicester, UK), Prof. Dr. P. Kollias (McGill University), Dr G. Panegrossi, Dr .E. Cattani and Dr. M. Montopoli (CNR- ISAC) and Dr. Mengistu Wolde (CNR-Canada) in response to the ESA Invitation to Tender Raincast (ITT AO/1-9324/18/NL/IA) and to the technical requirements of the ITT. 1.1.1 Concise fUnctional analysis of the technical requirements The Raincast is a multi-platform and multi-sensor study to address the requirement from the research and operational communities for global precipitation measurements. Raincast aims at identifying and consolidating the science requirements for a satellite mission that could complement the existing space-based precipitation observing system and that could optimally liaise with concurrent efforts currently made by other agencies in this area (especially by NASA and JAXA). Because of the complexity of the cloud and precipitation processes the study must capitalize on the most recent advancement and mission concepts for precipitation observations with state-of- the-art instrumentation and should make full use of the most recent advancements in inversion methods for the estimation of precipitation variables from primary measurements (e.g. latest ice scattering libraries, physical relationships derived by in-situ measurements). 1.1.2 Understanding of the main technical objectives of the ITT The holistic understanding of the Earth’s water and energy cycle remains one of the grand challenges that the international scientific community needs to address in the next decade. -
Weather Monitoring Instruments & Systems
Weather Monitoring Instruments & Systems 2013 Catalog www.novalynx.com Table of Contents Applications 3 200-85000 Ultrasonic Anemometer ...................................... 54 System Design ......................................................................... 4 200-7000 WindSonic Ultrasonic Anemometer ..................... 55 Site Considerations .................................................................. 5 200-1390 WindObserver II Ultrasonic Anemometer ............ 56 Typical System Drawings ........................................................ 6 200-101908 Current Loop Wind Sensors.............................. 57 Typical System Drawings ........................................................ 7 200-102083 Wind Mark III Wind Sensors ............................ 58 Typical System Drawings ........................................................ 8 200-2020 Micro Response Wind Sensors ............................. 59 Weather Stations 9 200-2030 Micro Response Wind Sensors ............................. 60 110-WS-16 Modular Weather Station ................................... 10 200-WS-21-A Dual Set Point Wind Alarm ........................... 61 110-WS-16 Modular Weather Station ................................... 11 200-WS-23 Current Loop Wind Sensor ................................ 62 110-WS-18 Portable Weather Station.................................... 12 200-455 Totalizing Anemometer with 10-Min Timer ........... 63 110-WS-18 Portable Weather Station.................................... 13 200-WS-25 Wind Logger with Real-Time