WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION

APRIL 1969 VOL. XVIII No. 2 THE WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION (WMO) is a specialized agency of the United N ations. WMO was created: to faci litate international co-operation in the establi shment of networks or sta­ tions and centres to provide meteorological services and observations, to promote· the establishment a nd maintenance of systems for the rapid exchange of meteorological information, to promote standardization of meteorological observations and ensure the uniform publication of observations and statistics, to further the application of meteorology to aviation, shipping, water problems, agriculture and other human activities, to encourage research a nd training in meteorology. T he World Meteorological Co ngress is the supreme body of the Organization. lt brings together the delegates or a ll Members once every fo ur years to determine general policies for the fulfilment or the purposes of the Organization. ' The Executive Committee is composed of 24 directors of national Meteorological Services serving in an individual capacity; it meets at least once a year to supervise the programmes a pproved by Congress. Six Regional Associations are each composed of Members whose task is to co-ordinate meteorological activities within their respective regions. Eight Technical Commissions composed of experts designated by Members, are responsible for studying the special technical branches relating to meteorological observation, analysis, forecasting, research and the applications of meteorology.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE President: A. NYBERG (Sweden) First Vice-President: W. J . GIBBS (Australia) Second Vice-President: E. K. FEDOROV (U .S.S.R.) Third Vice-President: N. A . AKINGBEHIN (Nigeria)

Regional Association presidents Africa (1): M . SECK (Senegal) ( acting) North and Central America (IV): Asia (II): M . H. GANJI (Iran) J. R . H. NoBLE (Canada) South America (Ill): South-West Pacific (V) : A. GARciA S. (Ecuador) K . RAJ END RAM (Si ngapore) (acting) Europe (V I): M. PEROVIC (Yugoslavia)

Elected members F. A. A. A cQUAA H (Ghana) R . VEN ERAND O PEREIRA (Brazil) (acting) H. B . ANDRADA (Argentina) RAMANISARIVO (Madagascar) M. AYADI (Tunisia) Y. SHIBATA (Japan) L. DE AZCA RRAGA (Spain) E. SOssENBERGER (Fed . Rep. of Germany) J. BESSEMOULIN (France) M. F. TAHA (United Arab Republic) B. J. MASON (U.K.) J. VAN MIEGHEM (Belgi um) L. S. MATHUR (India) R. M . WHITE (U .S.A.)

TECHNICAL COMMISSION PRESIDENTS Aeronautical Meteorology: Hydrometeorology: E. G . Porov N . A. LlEURANCE 1nstruments and Methods of Observation: Agricultural Meteorology: L. P. SMITH V. D . ROCK NEY (acting) Atmospheric Sciences: Maritime Meteorology: S. L. TIERNEY J. S. SAWYER (acting) Synoptic Meteorology: N. G. LEONOV Climatology: C. C. BOUGHNER (acting) The Secretariat of the Organization is located at 41, Avenue Giuseppe-Motta, Geneva, Switzerland

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2 2 . . No XVIII XVIII

VOL. VOL.

1969 1969 APRIL APRIL FORD FORD ASH ASH . . M . . 0 EDITOR: EDITOR:

~~[[~[~~ ~~[[~[~~ lW~~ lW~~

J. J. RIVET RIVET R. R. SECRETARY-GENERAL: SECRETARY-GENERAL: DEPUTY DEPUTY

DAVIES DAVIES . . A . . D SECRETARY-GENERAL: SECRETARY-GENERAL:

ORGANIZATION ORGANIZATION METEOROLOGICAL METEOROLOGICAL LD LD R R 0 0 W W EXCEPTIONAL WEATHER EVENTS IN 1968

The survey of weather conditions in 1967, prepared by Mr. N. Rosenan (WMO Bulletin, Vol. XVII, No. 2, pp. 50-62), was greatly appreciated as an interesting attempt to carry out a most difficult task. The purpose was to combine a survey of the extent to which the over-all atmospheric circulation conditions had deviated from normal with a report on unusual weather events which had resulted from these deviations. In view of the difficulties in making such a report complete, it was decided to narrow the scope of the 1968 report to include only catastrophic events and exceptional weather conditions which resulted in heavy losses of human life or had substantial economic consequences. Members of WMO were requested to report such events only, and the following article is a summary of the information received. As an introduction, a short survey is given of the most important meteorological peculiarities of the year 1968; for this, as for 1967, use has been made of the summary of the world meteorological conditions made by Professor Scherhag (1968).*

Characteristic features of world weather in 1968 A fundamental characteristic of the world pressure pattern in 1968, particularly during the latter part, was the predominance of positive pressure anomalies over the Arctic Sea and surrounding area of north-western Europe, Greenland, and northern Asia. This was a reversal of the conditions during 1967 and a return to the pattern of 1965 and 1966. These positive anomalies extended over the areas of the semi­ permanent low-pressure systems over Iceland and the Aleutians, while during most of the same period there were negative anomalies over the areas of the subtropical high-pressure cells. This resulted in pressure gradients between the centres of action about 20 per cent lower than normal and a slowing down in the general circulation of the atmosphere over the northern hemisphere. The mean pressure pattern for the year showed a typical picture of a low-index circulation with the semi-permanent low split into two cells and all centres of action displaced somewhat south of the normal position. Tropical areas also showed negative pressure a nomalies. No assessment about pressure can be made for the southern hemisphere. Not surprisingly, this low-index circuLation pattern resulted in temperatures being considerably lower than normal during 1968 in large parts of the northern hemisphere. In the middle of the cold pole, centred on Franz-Joseph Land, Scherhag calculated the mean temperature for the year to have been nearly TC lower than the 1931-1960 normal. Below-normal temperatures extended over J.arge areas of northern Asia, and northern and north-western Europe. The cold area extended also over the northern Atlantic and Greenland; even as fiar south as the Azores, both air and water temperature for the year were considerably below normal. Over most of North America, mean temperatures for 1968 were below normal. The only areas in the nor.thern hemisphere with considerably above norma:! mean temperatures were found in the southern parts of Siberia across the U.S.S.R. to central Europe and in parts of Canada. In the tropics, temperature was also in general lower than normal, except in the Pacific.

* See reference on p. 80.

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73 73

the the in in and and 11 11 Davos Davos in in d d e kill were were persons persons 10 10 , , January 27 27 and and 26 26 On On 1950-51. 1950-51. since since

SWITZERLAND SWITZERLAND in in catastrophes catastrophes avalanche avalanche worst worst the the to to ed ed l snow snow of of amounts amounts These These

. . area the the in in cm cm 290 290 to to 250 250 of of covers covers snow snow up up building building received, received, were were precipitation precipitation

of of mm mm 500 500 1 1 to to 300 300 days, days, 1 1 three three In In . . Alps eastern eastern the the in in fell fell snow snow of of amounts amounts mous mous

enor­ , , current air air north-westerly north-westerly strong strong a a with with connexion connexion in in , , ry a Janu of of end end the the At At

February. February. in in mm mm 228 228 and and 234 234 of of precipitation precipitation daily daily of of amounts amounts record-breaking record-breaking

reported reported Iceland Iceland south south n n

high high exceedingly exceedingly reported reported ITALY ITALY and and ND ND LA CE I both both contrast, contrast, In In April. April. and and February February

in in t t -wes north and and west west the the in in precipitation precipitation normal normal the the of of cent cent per per 10 10 only only with with July, July,

early early and and February February between between drought drought intense intense an an experienced experienced HuNGARY HuNGARY 1968. 1968. of of

half half first first the the of of most most during during dry dry was was Europe Europe Central Central floods: floods: and and on on pitati eci Pr

. . SCOTLAND and and SCANDINAVIA SCANDINAVIA southern southern

over over warm warm and and dry dry was was it it while while Europe Europe eastern eastern and and central central .and .and FRANCE, FRANCE, ENGLAND, ENGLAND, in in

wet wet and and cold cold both both Europe, Europe, northernmost northernmost in in cold cold remarkably remarkably was was summer summer Late Late

q. q. · (3o September September . .

in in aga:in aga:in and and q, q, · 4o - (38· June June of of end end the the at at recorded recorded were were temperatures temperatures high high

lly lly abnorma N N I SPA north-west north-west in in but but areas, areas, ost ost m in in normal normal was was summer summer Early Early

million. million. $3 $3 US US reached reached

orchards, orchards, pear pear and and apple apple in in heavy heavy particularly particularly agriculture, agriculture, · to to loss loss total total the the where where

, , ISRAEL northern northern as as south south far far as as reported reported was was May May in in damage damage Hail Hail May. May. 28 28 on on

hail hail by by destroyed destroyed were were francs francs Swiss Swiss million 1.6 1.6 of of value value a a to to Lausanne Lausanne near near vineyards vineyards

SWITZERLAND, SWITZERLAND, In In . . hail and and frost frost intense intense by by maged maged a d severely severely were were crops crops of of hectares hectares

000 000 35 35 , , ITALY In In Europe. Europe. south south and and central central both both in in cold cold rather rather was was spring spring Late Late

8. 8. 196 to to circulation circulation similar similar a a with with normal, normal, than than colder colder been been have have years years recent recent

ral ral seve at at th jndication jndication significant significant a a but but weather, weather, r's r's yea one one only only of of effect effect n n a course course

of of not not is is sea-ice sea-ice the the of of increase increase This This . . temperatures low low unusually unusually the the and and , , Arctic

the the and and Greenland Greenland over over pressure pressure high high the the by by caused caused winds, winds, north-easterly north-easterly persistent persistent

the the of of effect effect combined combined the the to to due due were were sea-ice sea-ice drifting drifting of of amounts amounts great great such such

that that 8) 8) 196 (Marshall, (Marshall, believed believed is is . . July It It in in late late until until disappear disappear not not did did sea-ice sea-ice areas, areas,

some some in in coasts; coasts; northern northern the the along along periods periods long long for for impossible impossible or or difficult difficult were were

fishing fishing and and shipping shipping al al , Commerci years. years. 66 66 last last the the least least at at for for than than coast coast the the along along

ice ice - sea more more with with year year the the as as remembered remembered particularly particularly be be will will 1968 1968 and and year, year,

the the of of months months eight eight in in normal normal below below were were temperatures temperatures monthly monthly mean mean ND, ND, ICELA

In In normal. normal. the the of of cent cent per per 10 10 only only was was Finland Finland northern northern in in potatoes potatoes of of yield yield

The The . . million 2 2 1 $ US US at at estimated estimated great, great, very very was was frost frost to to due due damage damage Crop Crop c. c. · -28

to to down down temperatures temperatures minimum minimum with with century, century, this this of of coldest coldest the the was was October October

normal. normal. below below 6·c 6·c to to 2 2 were were October October to to July July from from months months all all FINLAND, FINLAND, northern northern

In In cold. cold. was was year year whole whole the the Europe, Europe, of of north north extreme extreme the the In In Temperature: Temperature:

EUROPE EUROPE

events events and and tions tions i cond weather weather l l Regiona

droughts. droughts. seasonal seasonal of of reports reports were were there there although although normal, normal,

than than heavier heavier general general in in was was precipitation precipitation again, again, , , tropics the the In In normal. normal. the the of of cent cent

per per 50 50 as as low low as as was was amount amount annual annual the the India India north-west north-west In In normal. normal. below below was was tion tion

precipita­ Europe, Europe, and and America America North North of of parts parts northernmost northernmost the the in in as as well well as as Africa, Africa,

north north and and Asia Asia of of areas areas subtropical subtropical the the in in contrast, contrast, In In months. months. summer summer later later

the the in in mainly mainly usual, usual, than than rain rain more more y y l considerab received received America America North North of of

parts parts most most and and Mediterranean Mediterranean eastern eastern S.R., S.R., . U.S the the Europe, Europe, Central Central areas. areas. large large

over over normal normal above above considerably considerably was was hemisphere hemisphere northern northern the the in in Precipitation Precipitation canton of Uri. Another very severe ava,lanche catastrophe occurred in POLAND in the Karkonosze mountains on 20 March, when 19 persons were killed. Runoff from snowmelt and exceptionally heavy rainfall in April and May in the u.s.s.R. caused very high river stages in the Caucasus. The maximum discharges of many rivers were nearly the highest ever observed; on the Kura river, they were the highest for 50-70 years, and the station at Tbilisi recorded a maximum of 2 600 m3 sec- 1 as compared with the previous maxi mum (19 15 and 1928) of I 860 m 3 sec-'. Tbilisi, Bodomi, Gori and other towns were flooded; bridges, roads, irrigation canals and communications were damaged and riverine lands inundated.

Thunderstorms and torrential rains on 10 to 11 July led to floods in southern and central ENGLAND. Thousands of acres of farmland were inundated, roads and railways were cut, and hundreds of bridges swept away. In south-east Devon, which was described as a disaster area, several persons disappeared and loss or damage to property was impossible to assess. Again, from 14 to 16 September, rain was almost continuous over much of south-east England with daily amounts of 150 to 200 mm. Flooding was widespread with many places under 1 to 1.5 m of water. In SWITZERLAND, the continuous rains caused spoilage of nearly half the 380 000 tons of cereals normally harvested. Around Fribourg, Berne and Lucerne, the loss of crops amounted to 60 per cent of the total in large areas. On 20 to 21 September rains, reaching 130 to 170 mm in 24 hours, caused landslides and floods in several areas; three persons were killed. In TURKEY, heavy rains in Koycegiz on 25 September flooded 12 000 hectares of crops including cotton, sesame and maize. Some domestic animals were lost. Torrential November rains were reported from ITALY; Piemonte and Liguria were particularly affected. Hundreds of dead and many missing and injured, as well as enormous material damage, were reported.

Storms: In ICELAND, the frequency of severe winter storms was higher than normal. Four ships were lost in storms on 26 January and 4 February and 45 seamen lost their lives.

An early January cold spell affecting the whole of northern and western Europe ended over the British Isles with the approach of depressions from the Atlantic during mid-January. One of these deepened very rapidly as it approached SCOTLAND on 14 January, and the following night the westerly gales across central and southern Scotland were the worst in living memory with gust speeds up to 102 knots. Nineteen people were killed. Building damage was assessed at £18 million. Damage to woodlands represented about twice the annual output of timber. Agricultural losses were estimated at £2.5 million. On 15 and 16 January, gusts of around 75 knots and up to 91 knots were recorded in EASTERN GERMANY, along the Baltic Sea coast. January also brought storms in the Mediterranean. On 12 and 13 January, a low-pressure system in the eastern Mediterranean approached the coast of SYRIA, deepened rapidly and caused strong winds with 80 knots in gusts. Great damage was caused to Lattakia harbour; several ships went aground, and three were destroyed. Total economic loss was estimated at US $1.5 million. A severe storm on 17 to 19 February damaged the port of <;:a nakkale in TURKEY, sinking one ship with some loss of life.

In the FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY, on the evening of 10 July, a tornado created in the warm humid air ahead of a cold front crossed the Black Forest with severe damage over a distance of 27 km. The decrease of pressure in its core exceeded 30 mb. In Pforzheim, 550 houses were destroyed and 1 200 damaged.

74

75 75

000. 000. 2 2

exceeded exceeded have have may may toll toll death death the the and and away, away, washed washed were were villages villages Entire Entire mm. mm. 700 700 1 1

over over of of total total 3-day 3-day a a had had station station One One . . days consecutive consecutive three three or or two two for for rainfall rainfall

daily daily of of mm mm 350 350 than than more more recorded recorded stations stations Several Several landslides. landslides. and and floods floods erious erious s

caused caused Bengal Bengal West West sub-Himalayan sub-Himalayan over over rains rains heavy heavy , , October early early In In . . 000 1 1 to to up up

ran ran floods floods the the to to due due tolls tolls death death of of reports reports Unofficial Unofficial mm. mm. 350 350 near near to to amounted amounted

rainfalls rainfalls daily daily Some Some August. August. early early in in Bombay Bombay of of north north states states the the in in particularly particularly

, , floods to to led led rain rain of of pells pells s heavy heavy very very India, India, north north of of states states many many in in season season

mid-monsoon mid-monsoon the the During During . . food and and water water drinking drinking of of lack lack the the of of because because evacuated evacuated

were were villages villages of of hundreds hundreds nd nd a , , fodder of of lack lack for for moved moved be be to to had had cattle cattle of of head head

of of Millions Millions conditions. conditions. drought drought serious serious caused caused This This y. y. Jul in in period period short short a a during during

cept cept x e rain rain little little received received consequently consequently Rajasthan Rajasthan of of parts parts north-western north-western INDIA. INDIA.

some some penetrate penetrate o o t failed failed and and east east the the to to shifted shifted was was monsoon monsoon south-west south-west the the but but , , Asia

southern southern of of parts parts large large in in rainfall rainfall above-normal above-normal brought brought season season monsoon monsoon The The

damage. damage. flood flood

serious serious in in resulting resulting rainfall, rainfall, normal normal the the times times three three places places many many to to brought brought cyclones cyclones

deep deep several several of of Mediterranean Mediterranean the the from from passage passage The The . . country the the of of parts parts central central

and and north-western north-western the the in in particularly particularly , , wet exceedingly exceedingly was was May May 15 15 to to April April 15 15

period period the the in in but but , , normal than than drier drier rather rather areas areas most most in in was was N N IRA Spring Spring

ary. ary. u Febr wet wet very very a a reported

although although , , Asia in in normal normal irly irly fa was was precipitation precipitation N N Winter Winter JAPA n: n: o i t ipita ec Pr

years. years. 30 30 to to 25 25 for for

year year the the of of time time .this .this at at experienced experienced been been not not had had frosts frosts Such Such disorganized. disorganized. were were

supplies supplies water water and and traffic traffic halted; halted; was was work work outside outside all all and and , , normal below below C C ' 26 was was

temperature temperature y y l ai d mean mean the the , , Sverdlovsk In In . . C ' 56 - was was maximum maximum the the parts parts higher higher the the

in in December; December; of of part part first first the the in in C C ' -46 to to dropped dropped temperatures temperatures air air Urals, Urals, central central

the the In In town. town. the the round round roads roads of of km km 500 500 covered covered depth depth m m 2 2 to to up up of of Drifts Drifts 1967. 1967. of of

whole whole the the during during recorded recorded amount amount the the times times 1.5 1.5 was was November November during during Novosibirsk Novosibirsk

in in Snowfall Snowfall 11 11 - to to amounted amounted C. C. ' Siberia Siberia western western in in temperatures temperatures monthly monthly mean mean

of of normals normals the the from from deviation deviation November; November; in in recorded recorded were were temperatures temperatures low low very very

the the In In . . 1896 , , since since R. u.s.s. October October in in temperature temperature minimum minimum lowest lowest the the recorded recorded

Taipei Taipei air. air. cold cold polar polar by by invaded invaded was was (Taiwan) (Taiwan) , , October 26 26 on on islands; islands; A A N HI C

nd nd a continent continent the the of of most most over over autumn autumn in in re-established re-established were were conditions conditions ld ld Co

record. record. low low new new a a C- ' 11.7 only only was was month month the the for for temperature temperature

mean mean the the and and , , itories Terr New New the the in in points points high high at at observed observed was was sleet sleet , , February 15 15

on on 2SC 2SC - to to dropped dropped ature ature temper as as south south far far As As continent. continent. , , KONG HONG HONG

the the over over all all cold cold remarkably remarkably was was February February 1876. 1876. since since warmest warmest second second its its recorded recorded

Tokyo Tokyo whereas whereas , , 1878 since since January January coldest coldest its its recorded recorded Nagasaki Nagasaki cold. cold. was was it it west west

the the in in though though of of east east and and nqrth nqrth .the .the in in winter winter warm warm a a in in resulted resulted JAPAN, JAPAN, distribution distribution

temperature temperature abnormal abnormal an an East, East, Far Far the the In In surpluses. surpluses. temperature temperature notable notable showed showed

months months spring spring the the only only and and normal, normal, .than .than colder colder were were months months most most continent, continent,

the the of of parts parts other other In In . . century last last the the of of decades decades last last the the since since coldest coldest the the were were

months months Several Several normal. normal. than than colder colder considerably considerably be be to to Asia Asia central central and and northern northern of of

most most caused caused Siberia Siberia and and Arctic Arctic the the over over pressure pressure gh gh hi Persistent Persistent : : mperature e T

ASIA ASIA

killed. killed. were were people people

two two Madrid; Madrid; in in recorded recorded was was years, years, 40 40 for for highest highest the the knots, knots, 60 60 of of gust gust a a July July 27 27 on on

storm storm a a during during In In killed. killed. were were persons persons three three than than more more not not that that outside outside were were SPAIN, SPAIN,

people people few few when when night night at at passed passed tornado tornado the the that that fact fact the the to to thank-s thank-s only only was was It It In almost all of THAILAND, the rainy season was drier than normal. Over the northern parts, there was a shortage of water for agriculture over more than 200 000 hectares. KoREA experienced a very dry period in June and July with 16 to 22 consecutive days with less than 5 mm of rain. Crops in an area of 4 000 km2 were severely damaged, and primary production was far below normal.

Winds and storms: In mid-January, Arctic air penetrating southwards caused intensification of cyclone activity. A depression generated over the Arabian peninsula deepened rapidly as it moved over south TURKEY and IRAN, and absorbed tons of dust and fine sand which were deposited after its passage over the Turkmen­ Kharosan mountains into the u.s.s.R. on the Turkmen capital, Askhabad, on 16. January. Visibility during the duststorm was reduced to 1 to 2 m, and a dust layer of 2 to 5 cm was deposited; transport and water supplies were completely disrupted. On an average, 42 dustsiorms may be observed during a year, so they are not a rare phenomenon in this area; but one of such intensity had never before been observed.

In south-east Asia, the first tropical cyclone of the year affected BURMA on 9 and 10 May with the maximum winds above 112 knots. Tidal waves higher than 3 m swept the coast near Akyab. More than 1 000 persons, 17 000 head of cattle and 55 000 houses were lost. It was the most disastrous storm in Burma for the last 100 years. Five tropical cyclones affected THAILAND during August and November. The worst was Bess, which caused heavy rains and floods in the north­ east; 24-hour rainfall amounted to more than 225 mm, and over 1 600 hectares of rice were destroyed. Bess also caused floods in LAOS where four persons were killed, and over 8 000 families lost their homes. D amage to rice in the province of Savan­ nakeht alone was estimated at 300 000 000 in local currency (k ips).

The typhoon Shirley passed HO NG KONG on 21 August with winds of 110 knots and rainfall amounting to 260 mm over a period of three days. No great damage was done, thanks· to the fact that early warnings had been issued. Two severe typhoons also affected JAPA N. One caused many shipwrecks in the east China Sea, killing 57 persons. On 18 August, two sightseeing buses were washed into the Hida river by landslides caused by heavy precipitation associated with the passage of this typhoon, killing 104 persons. On 26 September, a typhoon of middle scale brought 806 mm of rain, the highest amount ever recorded in 24 hours in JAPAN . The typhoon Elaine caused high floods in eastern CHI NA (Taiwan) on 1 October. In four days, no less than I 200 mm of rain fell in the most affected area, 38 persons were killed, 1 400 houses were destroyed and many more damaged. Losses were estimated at about US $2 million.

AFRICA

T emperature: Temperatures in Africa remained near normal throughout the year, though cold spells were reported in certain areas. ZAMBIA experienced remarkably low temperatures in mid-June. An air temperature of - 7.l"C (g round temperature, -10.7oC) was recorded at Sesheke (17° S at an elevation of 1 000 m), which is the lowest temperature ever recorded in Zambia. Rime and hoar frost occurred on branches of trees for the first time in living memory. The economic losses due to damage to grazing and horticulture were very great.

Precipitation: Most of the continent was drier than normal. TUNISIA was very dry during the latter part of the year. In contrast, in tropical West Africa there

76

77 77

rth rth No in in places places at at recorded recorded were were C C ' --45 below below Temperatures Temperatures the the of of STATES. STATES. UNITED UNITED

lf lf a h eastern eastern the the in in cold cold extremely extremely was was January January of of half half first first The The Temperature: Temperature:

AMERICA AMERICA CENTRAL CENTRAL AND AND NORTH NORTH

villages. villages. three three in in houses houses 100 100

than than more more yed yed destro m m stor second second the the ing ing follow fires fires Widespread Widespread March. March. 12 12

and and January January 12 12 on on occurred occurred s s m sandstor severe severe very very , , REPUBLIC ARAB ARAB UNITED UNITED

the the In In mm. mm. 320 320 to to 230 230 of of amounts amounts precipitation precipitation 24-hour 24-hour with with together together recorded recorded

were were knots knots 100 100 of of gusts gusts and and knots knots 50 50 of of Winds Winds January. January. 16 16 and and 15 15 on on GASCAR GASCAR

of of tip tip northern northern the the passed passed gette gette r o e G cyclone cyclone MADA­ tropical tropical The The Storms: Storms:

. . rands million million 30 30 reached reached age age dam material material the the and and lives, lives, their their lost lost people people

Nine Nine points. points. other other at at recorded recorded were were falls falls higher higher n n Eve airport. airport. the the at at mm mm 429 429

of of rainfall rainfall 24-hour 24-hour a a in in resulted resulted which which September September 1 1 on on ge ge delu disastrous disastrous a a by by struck struck

was was inhabitants, inhabitants, 000 000 300 300 of of port port industrial industrial an an in in zabeth, zabeth, li E Port Port AFRICA, AFRICA, SOUTH SOUTH

homeless. homeless. made made people people 000 000 150 150 nd nd a

destroyed destroyed re re we ses ses u o h 000 000 10 10 production; production; of of cent cent per per 35 35 to to unt unt amo to to estimated estimated

were were rain rain and and oods oods l f to to due due losses losses Crop Crop August. August. and and July July in in average average the the times times 8 8 to to

up up received received districts districts l l centra The The record. record. on on highest highest the the were were totals totals annual annual south, south,

) ) Japan , , a oy ag N Shimbun Shimbun ahi ahi s A of of sy sy ourte c y b Photo Photo (

968 968 1 August August 18 18

on on precipitation precipitation y y v hea by by caused caused Valley Valley Hidagawa Hidagawa e e h t in in Landslides Landslides Japan: Japan:

the the in in stations stations most most For For floods. floods. severe severe and and rains rains heavy heavy of of year year a a was was 1968 1968 also, also,

In In caused. caused. was was 000 000 £10 £10 over over at at estimated estimated age age Dam GHANA GHANA August. August. 23 23 on on country country

the the of of mid-west mid-west the the in in waterlogged waterlogged completely completely were were farmlands farmlands and and homeless, homeless,

rendered rendered were were people people 350 350 collapsed, collapsed, houses houses Many Many August. August. into into continued continued period period

wet wet The The month. month. whole whole the the for for mm mm 850 850 than than more more of of total total record-breaking record-breaking a a and and

July, July, 30 30 on on mm mm 216 216 registered registered Lagos Lagos properties. properties. and and roads roads to to damage damage substantial substantial

with with floods floods severe severe caused caused rains rains abnormal abnormal the the In In August. August. to to June June from from NIGERIA, NIGERIA,

season season rainy rainy the the during during normal normal than than rainfall rainfall more more considerably considerably with with areas areas were were

78 78

of of winds winds Strong Strong region. region. Lake Lake upper upper the the and and Mississippi Mississippi upper upper Plains, Plains, Great Great central central

and and northern northern the the over over spread spread snow snow heavy heavy and and blizzards blizzards , , December late late In In

life. life. human human of of

loss loss no no was was there there fortunately fortunately but but killed, killed, were were animals animals Several Several minutes. minutes. 45 45 in in rain rain

of of mm mm 110 110 than than more more and and knots knots 120 120 to to 100 100 to to up up speeds speeds wind wind with with September September 27 27

on on n n i occurred occurred tornado tornado severe severe A A Florida. Florida. of of areas areas URAS URAS other other HOND and and y y Ba

Tampa Tampa in in particularly particularly damage damage caused caused and and severe, severe, most most the the was was , , Gladys Gladys hurricanes

autumn autumn the the Of Of damage. damage. crop crop in in million million $2 $2 US US causing causing June, June, 23 23 on on Texas Texas hit hit Candy Candy

hurricane hurricane early early An An normal. normal. than than frequent frequent ess ess l were were floods floods and and storms storms Tropical Tropical

. . estimated

were were dollars dollars million million 20 20 of of losses losses May; May; 23-24 23-24 on on ity ity C Oklahoma Oklahoma in in occurred occurred years years 55 55

for for hailstorm hailstorm worst worst The The . . injured 350 350 and and killed killed were were persons persons 34 34 where where Arkansas Arkansas

through through passed passed day day same same the the tornado tornado severe severe very very Another Another million. million. $3.5 $3.5 US US

to to amounting amounting damage damage property property caused caused May May 15 15 on on ity ity C Iowa Iowa in in diameter diameter cm cm 8 8

of of Hailstones Hailstones million. million. $30 $30 US US reached reached losses losses property property and and injured injured 450 450 , , killed

were were persons persons 13 13 where where Iowa, Iowa, in in occurred occurred these these of of destructive destructive most most The The states. states. 9 9

affected affected tornadoes tornadoes 37 37 May, May, On On damage. damage. severe severe 15 15 of of cases cases some some with with normal normal

about about was was the the in in tornadoes tornadoes and and storms storms l hai of of frequency frequency The The STATES STATES UNITED UNITED

. . dollars

ian ian Canad of of millions millions into into ran ran storm storm the the from from Losses Losses stopped. stopped. transportation transportation and and

collapsed collapsed lines lines telephone telephone and and power power fell, fell, nches nches a br and and Trees Trees cm. cm. 25 25 of of cover cover snow snow a a

accumulated accumulated rea rea a same same the the over over January January 14 14 on on Snowfalls Snowfalls zero. zero. ow ow l be temperatures temperatures at at

rainfall rainfall from from resulting resulting ice ice e e z gla of of cm cm 5 5 to to 2 2 than than more more with with covered covered was was Toronto Toronto of of

area area large large A A snowstorms. snowstorms. and and ice ice by by affected affected also also was was in in Ontario Ontario southern southern CANADA CANADA

y, y, Januar 14 14 to to 13 13 From From deaths. deaths. n n ze do a a than than more more causing causing , , achians l Appa the the to to River River

Mississippi Mississippi the the from from area area the the a,ll a,ll affected affected similarly similarly January January 16 16 to to 13 13 from from drifts drifts

and and snow snow Heavy Heavy . . collapsed buildings buildings and and closed closed were were schools schools paralysed, paralysed, was was tation tation

transpor­ where where , , states England England New New the the over over January January 8 8 to to 6 6 from from snow snow of of mounts mounts a

large large brought brought knots knots 50 50 of of gales gales with with snowstorm snowstorm a a the the In In Storms: Storms: STATES, STATES, UNITED UNITED

year. year. crop crop excellent excellent otherwise otherwise an an of of production production total total the the diminished diminished considerably considerably and and

operations operations harvesting harvesting delayed delayed seriously seriously September September as as early early as as snow snow of of amounts amounts large large

even even and and rains rains autumn autumn Heavy Heavy normal. normal. than than wetter wetter and and colder colder much much were were months months

autumn autumn the the and and summer summer late late the the western western of of areas areas grain-growing grain-growing the the In In CANADA, CANADA,

million. million. 133 133 $ US US at at estimated estimated damage damage caused caused

May May 30 30 to to 28 28 on on Jersey Jersey New New in in flood flood disastrous disastrous A A evacuated. evacuated. be be to to had had persons persons of of

Thousands Thousands million. million. $100 $100 US US over over well well at at estimated estimated damage damage caused caused river-ice river-ice of of up up

breaking breaking and and snowmelt snowmelt with with together together rain rain heavy heavy when when England, England, New New southern southern in in

rch rch -Ma mid in in occurred occurred floods floods worst worst the the of of one one the the In In . . year the the out out , , STATES UNITED UNITED

through­ precipitation precipitation above-normal above-normal experienced experienced region region the the of of Most Most on: on: Precipitati

. . Valley Okanagan Okanagan the the in in orchards orchards commercial commercial many many of of survival survival the the for for

expressed expressed was was Fear Fear Victoria. Victoria. and and Vancouver Vancouver at at recorded recorded were were C C ' -16 and and C C ' 18 -

of of minima minima record record all-time all-time normal, normal, below below C C ' IO were were Columbia Columbia British British northern northern

and and Yukon Yukon the the in in points points some some cold, cold, very very was was December December western western In In CANADA, CANADA,

fruit. fruit. to to damage damage of of worth worth lars' lars' l do million million several several caused caused freeze freeze Oregon Oregon The The Ohio. Ohio.

and and Oregon Oregon in in horticulture horticulture the the damaged damaged frosts frosts severe severe May, May, and and April April In In 1917-18. 1917-18.

since since time time first first the the for for over over froze froze Massachusetts Massachusetts in in harbour harbour Nantucket Nantucket . . C ' -20 as as

low low as as temperatures temperatures had had see see · Tennes and and Arkansas Arkansas Texas, Texas, northern northern even even C; C; ' -40

almost almost to to fell fell temperatures temperatures England, England, New New northern northern In In Minnesota. Minnesota. and and Dakota Dakota

79 79

most most throughout throughout burning burning fires fires were were there there north, north, the the In In land. land. pasture pasture of of kilometres kilometres

square square of of thousands thousands over over control control of of out out raged raged which which fires, fires, bush bush destructive destructive very very in in

resulted resulted droughts droughts The The cent. cent. per per 35 35 by by production production farm farm reduced reduced and and million, million, $A660 $A660

about about farmers farmers cost cost have have to to said said is is drought drought 68 68 - 1967 The The record. record. on on October October driest driest

its its had had Sydney Sydney around around district district The The worse. worse. even even became became conditions conditions dry dry extremely extremely

the the Queensland Queensland and and Victoria Victoria in in and and precipitation, precipitation, in in deficit deficit a a had had Australia Australia of of

half half about about October, October, In In . . Wales South South New New in in persisted persisted still still conditions conditions severe severe August August

in in but but precipitation, precipitation, some some received received areas areas these these of of most most , , winter the the Towards Towards . . Wales

South South New New and and Queensland Queensland of of parts parts Victoria, Victoria, southern southern and and Tasmania Tasmania in in months months

summer summer the the during during persisted persisted conditions conditions drought drought Severe Severe 1968. 1968. during during AUSTRALIA AUSTRALIA

in in occurred occurred condition condition weather weather extreme extreme of of type type every every Almost Almost Droughts: Droughts:

PACIFIC PACIFIC SOUTH-WEST SOUTH-WEST

increased. increased. also also has has transpiration transpiration

evapo­ temperature, temperature, in in rise rise the the with with since, since, industries industries power power - water and and agriculture agriculture

for for conditions conditions the the worsens worsens combination combination This This warmer. warmer. also also and and drier, drier, become become to to

Chile Chile in in climate climate the the for for 1940 1940 about about since since trend trend a a is is there there that that also also but but , , drought

1968 1968 the the of of consequences consequences severe severe the the only only not not indicates indicates Chile Chile from from report report The The

escudos. escudos. million million 500 500 I I than than more more was was droughts droughts the the to to due due country country whole whole the the

for for loss loss estimated estimated total total The The cent. cent. per per 15 15 by by reduced reduced was was country country the the in in generated generated

power power electric electric The The . . them feed feed to to transported transported been been had had fodder fodder of of tons tons 000 000 27 27 and and

, , evacuated been been had had goats goats and and sheep sheep , , cattle of of head head 000 000 50 50 around around November, November, By By

activities. activities. rescue rescue arrange arrange to to and and conditions conditions drought drought extraordinary extraordinary the the of of

consequences consequences the the study study to to committee committee special special a a up up set set and and , , disaster national national a a declared declared

President President The The etc. etc. , , industries power power hydro-electric hydro-electric , , ture l agricu for for hardship hardship great great

created created This This summer. summer. the the of of start start the the at at mountains mountains the the in in snow snow no no almost almost was was

there there , , precipitation winter winter of of lack lack the the to to Owing Owing Arenas). Arenas). (Punta (Punta south south the the in in cent cent

per per 36 36 to to (Atacama) (Atacama) north north the the in in cent cent per per 100 100 from from varied varied deficit deficit the the country; country;

the the throughout throughout general general was was drought drought The The . . mm 330 330 normal normal the the with with compared compared

mm mm 69 69 only only received received Santiago Santiago years. years. 119 119 in in corded corded e r year year driest driest second second the the was was It It

drier. drier. even even was was 1968 1968 and and rainfall, rainfall, low low very very experienced experienced had had country country the the of of area area

central central the the 1967, 1967, In In in in droughts droughts by by caused caused were were problems problems greater greater Even Even . . E HIL C

droughts. droughts. severe severe by by

affected affected badly badly was was agriculture agriculture , , also northern northern In In area. area. the the in in consumption consumption human human PERU PERU

for for water water drinking drinking of of Jack Jack cause cause to to enough enough serious serious was was situation situation the the season, season, dry dry

long long the the after after 1968, 1968, of of end end the the At At stock-raising. stock-raising. and and agriculture agriculture to to hardship hardship severe severe

causing causing , , marked more more even even became became deficit deficit the the , , season rainy rainy the the in in Later Later area. area. the the

in in records records previous previous below below cent cent per per 50 50 were were days days rainy rainy of of number number and and precipitation precipitation

of of amounts amounts both both January, January, in in late; late; very very began began season season rainy rainy The The precipitation. precipitation. in in

deficit deficit marked marked a a suffered suffered equator equator the the of of south south region region coastal coastal the the In In ECUADOR, ECUADOR,

(Chile). (Chile). latitudes latitudes temperate temperate

and and sub-tropical sub-tropical from from and and Peru) Peru) and and (Ecuador (Ecuador areas areas tropical tropical the the from from both both reported reported

were were droughts droughts intense intense America America South South From From drought. drought. severe severe was was 1968 1968 in in sphere sphere

hemi­ southern southern the the in in weather weather of of characteristic characteristic over-all over-all important important most most The The

AMERICA AMERICA SOUTH SOUTH

areas. areas. many many in in standstill standstill

ete ete l comp a a to to brought brought was was traffic traffic and and high, high, m m 25 25 to to up up drifts drifts caused caused knots knots 60 60 of the year, and altogether 15 000 km2 were destroyed. The bushfires caused at least seven deaths, property damage exceeded $A500 000, and 160 000 hectares of land were burnt out.

NEw CALEDONIA also experienced a serious deficit in prectpttation, which was most pronounced on the east coasts of the islands. This was the driest year since 1952, and in certain areas there was a lack of drinking water for the population.

Floods: In tropical AUSTRALIA and in New South Wales severe flooding was caused by heavy rainfall in January. In the latter region, damage to bridges and drainage works exceeded one million Australian dollars. In contrast with the drought areas, South Australia had by June experienced its wettest six months since 1963 .

Exceptional weather conditions in INDONESIA were mostly due to the fact that the west monsoon, which normally ends in May in south Indonesia, continued through June, Jul y and August. This caused excessive rain and floods in Java. Damage to sugar cane and tobacco crops was great. In contrast, the latter part of the year was very dry. The monsoon circulation over Indonesia may give a clue to the special circulation conditions in 1968 which caused so many droughts in the southern hemisphere.

Storms: Three tropical storms formed off the northern coasts of AUSTRALIA in January, one causing damage in the Gulf of Carpentaria and another to Cocos Island. The cyclone Giselle in April affected the coast of Queensland. Tornadoes on various occasions give rise to very high wind velocities with considerable damage. A duststorm with winds reaching 87 knots caused severe damage estimated at $A100 000 at Mount Magnet (Western Australia).

A tropical cyclone that developed south of the Solomon Islands in early April reached the northern tip of NEW ZEALAND on 9 April and passed on 10 April only 100 km east of Wellington. Wind speeds reached about 80 knots in general, and gusts of 107 knots were recorded; these are the highest wind speeds recorded in New Zealand. 200 houses were damaged in Wellington. The storm caused the 9 000-ton vessel Wahine to strike a reef near Wellington and sink with the loss of 51 lives .

Concluding remarks It is very evident th at it is not possible, in a short survey of this kind, to report all of the important weather events which occur around the world in a year. An attempt has been made to include at least a portion from each national report received and to choose those events most indicative of the world pattern as a whole. This article therefore does not include all the material received. It is hoped that Members will understand and appreciate the problems involved. c. c. w. REFERENCES MARSHALL, N. (1968): The icefields round Iceland in spring 1968. Weather, London, September 1968. 23, 9, pp. 368-376. ScHERHAG, R. (1968): Bemerkungen zur Welt-Wetterlage im M ete orologischen Jahr 1967-1968. Berliner Wetterkarte, Berlin, December 1968. Beilage 174/68 , KWJ 67/68.

80 USE OF ENVIRONMENTAL ISOTOPES IN HYDROLOGY RESULTS FROM WMO/IAEA NETWORK By G. L. MEYER

For the past seven years, more than 100 weather stations from 67 countries and territories have been collecting monthly precipitation samples for the WMO/IAEA Isotopes-in-Precipitation Network. Analyses of the oxygen and hydrogen isotope content from these samples have been used to answer successfully, and sometimes uniquely, questions and problems in the fields of meteorology, oceanography and hydrology. This article reveals some of these developments and future plans.

Background In 1957, Begemann and Libby 1 * published a paper on using the T (tritium) content in natural waters, including rain and snow, as the basis for determining the continental water balance and for studying related problems. This paper aroused considerable interest among specialists in meteorology and hydrology. The basic facts about T , its occurrence, its measurement and its possible uses in meteorology and hydrology were discussed in detail in this Bulletin by Eriksson 2 in 1961. As early as 1934, but mainly concurrentJy in the 1950s, Gilfillen, Epstein, Mayeda, Friedman, Dansgaard, Craig and others published papers on the fractionation of the heavy isotopes of water, D (deuterium) and 180 (oxygen-18) during the hydro­ logic cycle. Under the impetus of these two separate lines of research on the isotopes in water, the IAEA, in coll aboration with WMO, organized a world-wide network of precipitation stations in 1960 to collect the basic data for isotope hydrological and meteorological studies. The original network of approximately 110 stations was composed of meteoro­ logical stations from 67 co-operating countries and territories in the WMO family. To make the coverage more global, stations in Antarctica, in Greenland, in the upper Amazon basin and in the Sahara were requested to co-operate. Response by all Meteorological Services was very favourable, and in spite of the remoteness of some stations, a 90 per cent efficiency in coll ection frequency was obtained. Station keepers participating in the network collect and composite total rainfall for each month and then bottle 1-litre or 0.5-l it re and 20- ml samples of the composite for T and for D and 1 8 0 analyses respectively. The D and 1 8 0 samples are shipped to Copenhagen for measurement under a contract with the Oersted Institute, Univer­ sity of Copenhagen. Approximately half of the samples for tritium analys is and selected weather data from al'l network stations are sent to the IAEA laboratory in Vienna. The remaining samples are forwarded for analysis to co-operating tritium laboratories in Canada, India, Israel, New Zealand, Sweden and the U.S.A. Supple­ mentary T data are received by the IAEA from other tritium laboratories in France, Germany, Iceland and the U.S.A. The IAEA acts as the coHection and co-ordinating agency for these data, and publishes them at regular intervals. The network has just undergone its first major revision in seven years. Some stations have been dropped because the results showed insufficient variation in isotope content to justify collection and analysis. At the same time, Meteorological

NOTE : Mr. Meyer is a member of the Section of Hydrology in the International Atomic Energy Agency. * See references on p. 85.

81

82 82

is is it it if if , , groundwater particular particular a a on on study study a a in in , , Thus , , necessary as as combinations combinations in in

problem problem hydrological hydrological given given a a to to applied applied currently currently are are isotopes isotopes Environmental Environmental

evaporation. evaporation. to to subjected subjected been been has has water water a a not not or or whether whether and and sources, sources,

different different of of waters waters of of intermixing intermixing groundwaters, groundwaters, of of source source the the about about on on i informat

provide provide

water water in in content content and and D D in in 0 0 differences differences Thus, Thus, and and

H H /

D of of 0. 0. / 0

8 1 6 1 8 1

ratios ratios the the on on effects effects definite definite have have location location geographical geographical and and precipitation precipitation of of altitude altitude

, , temperature air air as as such such factors factors Environmental Environmental condensation. condensation. and and evaporation evaporation by by

preferentially preferentially affected affected is is water water in in concentration concentration their their , , mass greater greater slightly slightly their their of of

Because Because . . range significant significant statistically statistically a a over over vary vary they they but but respectively), respectively), , , ppm 000 000 2 2

and and ppm ppm (320 (320 small small very very are are waters waters natural natural in in concentrations concentrations and and D D

0 0

8 1

content. content. C C "' or or T T their their from from ice, ice, and and snow snow and and springs springs

, , streams lakes, lakes, and and groundwaters groundwaters between between relationships relationships important important determine determine and and ment ment

­ move groundwater groundwater of of velocity velocity the the estimate estimate to to possible possible be be may may it it , , Thus estimated. estimated.

be be may may recharge recharge as as underground underground went went precipitation precipitation time time the the groundwater, groundwater, of of case case

the the In In atmosphere. atmosphere. the the from from removed removed was was water water given given a a when when time time the the establish establish to to

possible possible be be may may it it precision, precision, some some with with estimated estimated is is be be can can or or known known precipitation precipitation

of of content content C C "' or or T T the the If If groundwaters. groundwaters. recent recent in in identified identified be be may may which which

marker marker time time excellent excellent an an makes makes 1961 1961 in in atmosphere atmosphere the the into into introduced introduced T T of of pulse pulse

strong strong the the , , addition In In rate. rate. fixed fixed known known a a at at decaying decaying of of property property their their from from stem stem

studies studies hydrological hydrological to to T T of of extent extent some some to to and and C C of of applications applications main main The The

'

1 1

date. date. to to 1964 1964 from from decay decay its its follow follow to to subsequently subsequently and and 1963 1963 and and 1962 1962

in in rise rise its its follow follow to to 1961, 1961, late late in in testing testing weapons weapons nuclear nuclear of of resumption resumption to to prior prior

T T atmospheric atmospheric for for level level base base approximate approximate an an establish establish to to possible possible been been has has it it 1961, 1961,

in in early early began began T T for for sampling sampling systematic systematic Because Because . . tritium atmospheric atmospheric of of pulse pulse

major major a a contributed contributed 1961 1961 in in weapons weapons nuclear nuclear of of testing testing surface surface Renewed Renewed 1959. 1959. to to

1954 1954 from from considerably considerably increased increased HC HC and and T T atmospheric atmospheric of of concentration concentration the the that that

t t l resu the the with with isotopes, isotopes, these these produce produce also also explosives explosives Thermonuclear Thermonuclear respectively. respectively.

years years 568 568 5 5 approximately approximately and and 12.26 12.26 of of half-lives half-lives with with decay decay and and atmosphere atmosphere

the the in in nitrogen nitrogen of of bombardment bombardment ray ray cosmic cosmic by by produced produced both both are are C C and and T T

14

. . flows water water the the which which through through minerals minerals and and rocks rocks by by adsorption adsorption selective selective

to to subject subject not not normalJy normalJy are are and and water water of of

parts parts integral integral are are and and D D , , T Further, Further, 0 0

8 1

studies. studies. hydrological hydrological in in use use for for attractive attractive especially especially isotopes isotopes these these make make which which

properties properties are are and and H H , , water , , 0 natural natural of of

isotopes isotopes common common more more the the to to relation relation

6 1

in in and and D D of of weight weight 0 0 heavier heavier slightly slightly the the and and rate rate known known a a at at

C C ' · ' and and T T of of 18

decay decay The The waters. waters. natural natural in in quantities quantities measurable measurable but but small small in in found found are are and and D D

0 0

8 1

isotopes isotopes stable stable heavy heavy the the and and (carbon-14) (carbon-14) 'C 'C · ' and and T T isotopes, isotopes, radioactive radioactive The The

isotope isotope on on i applicat Environmental Environmental

zone. zone. unsaturated unsaturated the the in in processes processes by by caused caused water water of of composition composition isotopic isotopic

the the in in changes changes study study to to countries countries seven seven in in stations stations lysimeter lysimeter from from collected collected being being are are

percolate percolate lysimeter lysimeter and and precipitation precipitation of of samples samples Monthly Monthly . . studies oceanographic oceanographic and and

meteorological meteorological hydrological, hydrological, for for used used be be so so l a will will samples samples these these from from data data Isotope Isotope

analysis. analysis. for for Vienna Vienna to to water water river river of of samples samples monthly monthly send send and and collect collect IHD IHD of of

auspices auspices the the under under organized organized stations stations Sampling Sampling . . network river river a a started started IAEA IAEA the the

(IHD), (IHD), Decade Decade Hydrological Hydrological International International Unesco's Unesco's with with co-operation co-operation in in 1965, 1965, In In

Figure Figure 1. 1.

in in shown shown is is stations stations added added newly newly with with network network The The zones. zones. climatic climatic arid arid and and arid arid

semi­ monsoon, monsoon, on on emphasis emphasis particular particular with with Asia Asia and and Africa Africa America, America, South South and and

Central Central in in added added were were stations stations new new The The rainfalL rainfalL little little too too or or much much too too from from arising arising

problems problems water water with with areas areas of of coverage coverage improving improving on on placed placed was was emphasis emphasis Special Special

network. network. the the to to stations stations new new 28 28 add add to to requested requested were were countries countries 19 19 in in Services Services ISFJORO~

ADAX• IS. ADAK• IS.

CHICAGO Navire • Na~>in: FLAGSTAFF~HATI{RA 5 SHI: E. 8 SHIP V. • HID'fiAY IS. 8 !!WACO BE~MUOA GAO

WAKE 15 . • HAWAII ,...... '"" ) ... ~. -·~ '" .~.. ·· • JOHNSTON IS. ... D 8UAM IS . " ~\ UZ - 8 BAMA~KO.~T. • LAMY ~ I ....PANAMAle ''----::Pan ama CA B os?· 0. UAUPES BELEH. FOR TALEZA N SION \... ~.. ' " ""~'"'DIE SUKARNAPURA • CANTON IS. '..." """"::,. """"' " '"""""'"'" ..... ,-SALAA • G:GARCIA "' ...... ~AOANG QUIT 6 MANAUS ~;•l8 HALANGENTO. J &ANANARIVE .APIA VEL.HO. NA~"SALVADO R .S ERPAPI \ SALISBURY• ,r " · , • r """'"' ~ ,J Ll MA) CIUABA . BRAZllll o ; .fl i li ne WINOH\_jEK R.ETORIA ALIC~O-e;l)N IIRAROTONGA ASUNCION ~ RIO '1 1 P BRISBANE I. de Pdques B ~e ALE GRE CAPE TOWN ' PASCUA KAITAIA • Lf:Cap P. HONTT GOUGH• IS. .• Tt, MELLJURNE (/Jv MAR• ION IS . IS.

(MIIll'illa.~) INVERCAAGILL • PRESENT NETWORK STATIONS RCseau de stations actuel/es 6 STATIONS RECOMMENDED FOR

ADDITIOtJ AR6ENTINE 15. Stations dont/'odjonction est recommandJe

Figure 1. - Stations co-operatin g in the JAEA /WMO isotopes-in-water network, including new stations a nd those recommended for additio n

84 84

approximate approximate an an establish establish to to and and years years previous previous during during content content T T the the estimate estimate to to used used

were were Tokyo Tokyo and and Pohang Pohang in in stations stations network network from from data data isotope isotope with, with, begin begin To To

interpretation. interpretation. data data on on advice advice and and samples samples water water for for analyses analyses isotope isotope furnish furnish

to to agreed agreed IAEA IAEA the the which which in in 1965 1965 September September in in up up drawn drawn was was contract contract research research

A A . . reservoir groundwater groundwater the the of of location location and and size size the the determining determining for for tracers tracers

artificial artificial and and isotopes isotopes environmental environmental using using of of feasibility feasibility the the about about 1965 1965 in in contacted contacted

was was IAEA IAEA The The capacity. capacity. productive productive low low of of wells wells found found generally generally and and table, table, water water

deep deep a a and and extent extent limited limited of of reservoir reservoir a a indicated indicated Drilling Drilling . . discouraging were were results results

Preliminary Preliminary island. island. the the of of resources resources groundwater groundwater the the exploit exploit to to best best how how and and of of size size

the the determine determine to to programme programme drilling drilling exploratory exploratory an an started started Government Government The The

resources. resources.

land land island's island's the the of of use use best best the the for for located located properly properly not not are are these these but but springs, springs,

coastal coastal in in again again reappears reappears water water this this of of Some Some flows. flows. Java Java surface surface permeable, permeable,

fractured, fractured, highly highly the the into into percolates percolates quickly quickly it it because because usable usable not not is is precipitation precipitation

the the of of much much However, However, purposes. purposes. domestic domestic and and agricultural agricultural normal normal for for precipitation precipitation

adequate adequate than than more more receives receives Cheju Cheju rocks, rocks, basaltic basaltic fractured fractured highly highly of of mainly mainly

Composed Composed Korea. Korea. of of coast coast south south the the off off origin origin volcanic volcanic of of island island smaLl smaLl a a is is Cheju Cheju

used. used.

are are network network WMO WMO / IAEA the the from from data data how how of of example example excellent excellent an an is is project project

3 3

Cheju Cheju The The stations. stations. two two between between precipitation precipitation of of amount amount or or e e temperatur estimates estimates

meteorologist meteorologist the the as as much much area area field field new new a a to to interpolated interpolated and and correlated correlated are are

stations stations or or station station network network a a from from data data Isotope Isotope area. area. new new a a in in studies studies their their begin begin

hydrologists hydrologists isotope isotope which which from from data data basic basic the the forms forms precipitation precipitation in in T T and and , , D 0 0 of of

8 1

variation variation and and levels levels monthly monthly the the on on network network WMO WMO / IAEA the the from from Information Information

use use in in data data Network Network

costs. costs. handling handling and and processing processing cover cover to to charge charge minimum minimum a a at at

cards cards punch punch IBM IBM or or tape tape magnetic magnetic on on available available are are data data above above the the format, format, published published

the the to to addition addition In In . . developed being being are are data data the the of of interpretation interpretation and and interpolation interpolation

correlation, correlation, for for Programmes Programmes pressure. pressure. vapour vapour atmospheric atmospheric mean mean and and temperature temperature

mean mean precipitation, precipitation, of of amount amount , , concentrations 0 0 and and D D T, T, are are

sample sample monthly monthly

8 1

each each accompanying accompanying Information Information format. format. computer-composed computer-composed in in issued issued are are published, published,

previously previously those those including including data, data, These These . . tape magnetic magnetic on on stored stored now now are are part, part, major major

the the form form network network IAEA/WMO IAEA/WMO the the from from data data which which of of , , analyses and and D D T, T, 0 0

8 1

monthly monthly of of collections collections regular regular All All data. data. the the of of publication publication and and analysis analysis for for both both used used

be be will will which which system system computer-based computer-based a a introduced introduced recently recently has has IAEA IAEA The The

organizations. organizations.

Nations Nations United United and and states states member member to to training training and and advice advice services, services, analytical analytical provide provide

to to Vienna Vienna in in laboratory laboratory tritium tritium a a and and geochemists geochemists and and hydrologists hydrologists of of staff staff small small

a a maintains maintains . . It It meteorology and and hydrology hydrology to to techniques techniques nuclear nuclear of of application application

the the on on information information of of co-ordination co-ordination and and symposia symposia training, training, services, services, analytical analytical

advice, advice, technical technical providing providing by by this this does does . . It It problems hydrological hydrological solving solving in in

techniques techniques nuclear nuclear of of application application practical practical and and in in research research encourages encourages IAEA IAEA The The

hydrology hydrology isotope isotope in in IAEA IAEA of of Activities Activities

. . sources different different from from waters waters of of mixing mixing about about something something teH teH to to possibly possibly and and

Ages, Ages, Ice Ice recent recent the the from from waters waters identifying identifying as as such such recharge recharge during during cycles cycles climatic climatic

estimate estimate to to area, area, recharge recharge the the of of elevation elevation mean mean the the estimate estimate to to used used be be then then may may

groundwater groundwater this this 0 0 of of content content

and and D D the the of of Analysis Analysis water. water. the the of of time time transit transit

8 1

mean mean the the estimate estimate to to used used be be may may years years 000 000 40 40 to to up up range range dating dating a a with with C C

14

short, short, too too is is half-life half-life T's T's because because T T by by dating dating for for old old too too is is water water the the that that found found

85 85

367. 367. . . No Contract Contract Research Research

IAEA IAEA for for Report Report Progress Progress . . island volcanic volcanic a a of of ogy ogy hydrol e e th in in tracers tracers introduced introduced

artificially artificially and and isotopes isotopes environmental environmental of of application application The The (1968): (1968): Kun Kun Chong Chong (3) (3) , , LEE

212-216. 212-216. pp. pp. , , 4 No. No. , , X Vol. Vol.

, , Bull. WMO WMO nature. nature. in in water water f f o circulation circulation e e th and and Tritium Tritium (1961): (1961): (2) (2) . . E ERIKSSON, ERIKSSON,

277-96. 277-96. , , 12 Acta Acta Cosmochim. Cosmochim. . . Geochim tritium. tritium. bomb bomb and and ray ray cosmic cosmic from from patterns patterns

circulation circulation world-wide world-wide and and rates rates mixing mixing ocean ocean Surface Surface . . times storage storage and and ntory ntory e inv

groundwater groundwater balance, balance, water water : : ntal ntal e (1957) . . Contin W and and F. F. F. F. (1) (1) LIBBY, LIBBY, BEGEMANN, BEGEMANN,

REFERENCES REFERENCES

. . required information information the the provide provide to to designed are are

the the that that ensures ensures This This specialist. specialist. isotope isotope investigation~ investigation~ the the and and meteorologist meteorologist or or logist logist

hydro­ the the between between collaboration collaboration close close with with used used when when gained gained is is value value greatest greatest Their Their

techniques. techniques. hydrological hydrological in in shortcuts shortcuts magical magical offer offer not not do do techniques techniques Isotope Isotope

IAEA. IAEA. the the from from

available available also also is is hydrology hydrology in in techniques techniques nuclear nuclear of of application application the the on on Consultation Consultation

chart. chart. and and guidebook guidebook the the prepared prepared secretariat, secretariat, the the provides provides IAEA IAEA the the which which for for logy, logy,

Hydro­ in in Techniques Techniques Nuclear Nuclear on on Group Group Working Working IHD IHD / Unesco The The request. request. upon upon

available available is is references references and and development development of of state state method's method's each each , , methods nuclear nuclear

appropriate appropriate problem, problem, hydrological hydrological the the states states which which chart chart A A research. research. hydrological hydrological in in

ed ed us present present at at methods methods isotopic isotopic and and nuclear nuclear of of applications applications and and principles principles e e th · on tion tion

informa­ provides provides guidebook guidebook The The Hydrology. Hydrology. in in Techniques Techniques Nuclear Nuclear on on Guidebook Guidebook

, , a a and and (1957-1965) I I Vol. Vol. y, y, og l o Hydr in in Techniques Techniques e e p soto I n o Bibliography Bibliography

a a of of 968) 968) release release recent recent the the by by situation situation (I (I this this correct correct to to tried tried has has IAEA IAEA The The

agencies. agencies. meteorological meteorological and and hydrological hydrological than than rather rather agencies agencies energy energy atomic atomic national national

by by conceived conceived often often are are problems problems hydrological hydrological on on support support research research or or advice advice for for

Requests Requests hydrologists. hydrologists. practising practising by by than than rather rather scientists scientists nuclear nuclear by by mainly mainly read read

are are and and publications publications Nations Nations United United and and journals journals nuclear nuclear in in published published frequently frequently

most most are are articles articles hnical hnical ec t and and reports reports Field Field . . communication and and publicity publicity of of lack lack

to to partly partly and and field field the the of of s s newnes the the to to due due partly partly is is This This meteorologists. meteorologists. and and

hydrologists hydrologists many many to to level level working working the the at at known known well well not not is is hydrology hydrology Isotope Isotope

plans plans future future and and Present

programme. programme. drilling drilling

expensive expensive and and extensive extensive an an after after only only some some data; data; isotope isotope of of interpretation interpretation from from

determined determined be be only only could could and and unique unique are are conclusions conclusions above above the the of of Several Several

reservoir. reservoir.

main main the the in in mixing mixing good good of of evidence evidence impressive impressive gives gives content content tritium tritium consistent consistent

The The Hawaii. Hawaii. at at as as groundwater groundwater of of compartmentation compartmentation suggest suggest springs springs high-altitude high-altitude

some some of of composition composition isotopic isotopic and and flow flow large large The The springs. springs. submarine submarine through through

also also probably probably and and perimeter perimeter l l sta coa the the along along springs springs from from discharges discharges reservoir reservoir

This This water. water. fresh fresh of of reservoir reservoir well-mixed well-mixed large, large, a a to to is is recharge recharge main main the the However, However,

springs. springs. high-altitude high-altitude from from quickly quickly discharges discharges groundwater groundwater Some Some flow. flow. sub-surface sub-surface

and and infiltration infiltration rapid rapid with with permeability permeability fracture fracture has has heju heju C , model a a As As . . water

ground­ of of amount amount and and movement movement origin, origin, the the on on comment comment to to and and Cheju Cheju for for model model

hydrologic hydrologic a a construct construct to to possible possible was was it it data, data, the the of of interpretation interpretation From From

estimates. estimates. original original the the of of refinement refinement

permitted permitted progressed progressed programme programme the the as as precipitation precipitation Cheju Cheju from from values values actual actual

with with Pohang-Tokyo Pohang-Tokyo from from values values of of comparison comparison Continued Continued Pohang-Tokyo. Pohang-Tokyo. from from

Cheju Cheju for for estimated estimated values values the the with with streams streams and and wells wells springs, springs, from from taken taken water water

of of values values T T and and D, D,

the the 0 0 comparing comparing by by made made was was situation situation hydrological hydrological the the of of

8 1

estimate estimate preliminary preliminary A A Cheju. Cheju. at at precipitation precipitation from from recharge recharge the the in in 0 0 / D for for level level 18

86 86

* * 90. 90. on on references references See See . . p

view. view. of of point point statistical statistical the the from from

minimal minimal is is analysis analysis the the of of error error square square mean mean the the that that so so analysed, analysed, being being parameter parameter

the the of of on on i funct ation ation l autocorre the the on on data data from from determined determined are are weights weights ation ation l po

inter­ , , method this this In In 1964). 1964). Maskovic, Maskovic, 1963; 1963; , , Belousov 1962; 1962; Cetverikov, Cetverikov, 1963; 1963;

1960, 1960, (Gandin, (Gandin, method method ation ation l interpo optimal optimal the the of of means means by by R. R. . U.S.S the the of of Centre Centre

l l Hydrometeorologica the the by by out out carried carried are are analyses analyses objective objective operational operational Lastly, Lastly,

co-ordinates. co-ordinates. geographical geographical of of functions functions spherical spherical the the of of help help the the with with

analysis analysis the the of of area area the the throughout throughout field field the the of of approximation approximation the the by by France France in in

out out carried carried are are analyses analyses obective obective , , (1965) communication communication Dady's Dady's G. G. by by Judging Judging

. . U.S.S.R the the in in purposes purposes operational operational for for used used is is 1964) 1964)

(1960, (1960, Kurbatkin Kurbatkin . . P . . G and and Bykov Bykov V. V. . . V by by developed developed , , method similar similar A A 1967). 1967).

(Skoda, (Skoda, in Belgium Belgium in and and 1966) 1966) , , Bull ; ; 1957 , , Huclcle and and (Bushby (Bushby Kingdom Kingdom United United the the

in in operationally operationally used used is is method method This This network. network. the the in in point point the the from from distance distance the the

with with declining declining as as given given is is approximation approximation the the of of accuracy accuracy The The . . used are are forecast, forecast,

numerical numerical the the of of results results the the as as well well as as approximation), approximation), geostrophic geostrophic a a (in (in data data wind wind

with with together together observations observations height height surface, surface, isobaric isobaric an an of of height height the the approximating approximating

In In point. point. grid grid the the at at value value unknown unknown the the found found is is approximation approximation this this from from and and

steps, steps, co-ordinate co-ordinate in in polynomial polynomial the the by by approximated approximated are are point point grid grid each each around around

area area given given a a in in data data observational observational , , method this this In In . . principle different different entirely entirely an an on on

based based is is 1954) 1954) , , Cressman and and (Gilchrist (Gilchrist method method interpolation interpolation polynomial polynomial The The

times. times.

of of number number a a made made generally generally are are corrections corrections Such Such grid. grid. the the in in point point the the and and station station

the the between between distance distance the the on on depending depending ghts, ghts, i we different different with with introduced introduced are are and and

grid, grid, ar ar l regu the the in in point point the the to to station station the the from from on on i at l extrapo linear linear by by at at arrived arrived are are

Corrections Corrections field. field. initial initial the the correct correct to to used used are are they they obtained, obtained, are are data data l l observationa

.as .as , , Then . . parameters meteorological meteorological other other for for time time that that at at data data observational observational

and and question question in in moment moment the the for for forecast forecast numerical numerical a a of of results results the the , , (standards)

data data climatological climatological be be may may purpose purpose this this for for used used information information source source The The . . time in in

point point given given the the at at question, question, in in parameter parameter the the for for data data observational observational the the using using without without

, , constructed is is field field initial initial certain certain a a all, all, of of First First . . same the the is is use use they they algorithm algorithm the the of of

principle principle basic basic the the but but , , details important important less less or or more more in in differ differ methods methods These These

1960). 1960). 1959, 1959, (Haug, (Haug,

Norway Norway and and 1967) 1967) Rinne, Rinne, and and (Si:iderman (Si:iderman Finland Finland , , 1962) Arakawa, Arakawa, and and (Masuda (Masuda

Japan Japan 1959), 1959), (Cressman, (Cressman, U.S.A. U.S.A. the the in in used used also also is is concerned, concerned, countries countries the the of of ogists ogists l

meteoro­ the the by by respects respects certain certain in in modified modified method, method, corrections corrections successive successive The The

. . Service Meteorological Meteorological Swedish Swedish the the by by used used

* * is is method method Di:ii:is Di:ii:is and and Bergthorsson Bergthorsson The The (1955). (1955). Di:ii:is Di:ii:is R. R. B. B. and and Bergthorsson Bergthorsson P. P.

by by proposed proposed first first method, method, corrections corrections successive successive ed ed ll so-ca the the is is common common most most The The

countries. countries. different different of of centres centres forecasting forecasting the the at at forecasts forecasts weather weather numerical numerical tional tional

opera­ for for fields fields initial initial of of analysis analysis objective objective the the for for used used are are methods methods Various Various

LuGJNA LuGJNA M. M. and and GANDIN GANDIN K. K. S. S. By By L. L.

ANALYSES ANALYSES OBJECTIVE OBJECTIVE OF OF ACCURACY ACCURACY THE THE OF OF COMPARISON COMPARISON A A

87 87

were were s s n evaluatio the the , , country to to country country from from er er diff analyses analyses objective objective by by covered covered

areas areas the the As As charts. charts. sis sis ly ana objective objective from from interpolated interpolated values values and and values values height height

observed observed between between differences differences square square mean mean the the calculating calculating by by out out carried carried was was

evaluation evaluation The The . . 1964-65 in in countries countries various various in in out out carried carried charts, charts, level level mb mb 500 500

of of es es lys ana objective objective operational operational of of evaluation evaluation · · an of of results results the the gives gives 1 1 Table Table

first. first. studied studied therefore therefore were were and and , , l e lev mb mb 500 500 the the for for primarily primarily ble ble a l avai are are charts charts

Such Such countries. countries. various various in in out out carried carried analyses analyses the the of of accuracy accuracy the the concerning concerning charts charts

these these of of basis basis e e th on on drawn drawn be be n n a c s s conclusion rtain rtain Ce charts. charts. analysis analysis objective objective

also also but but charts charts forecasting forecasting numerical numerical y y l on not not cover cover exchanges exchanges These These . . month)

each each of of fifteenth fifteenth (the (the dates dates certain certain on on centres centres forecasting forecasting main main between between calculations calculations

projection) projection) homolographic homolographic Lambert's Lambert's 75,000,000; 75,000,000; 1 : : 1 (Scale (Scale

s s rie t coun s s riou va in in out out carried carried yses yses l a n a the the

comparing comparing for for basis basis a a as as sed sed u areas areas of of boundaries boundaries nd nd a s ion stat of of ution ution strib Di - . . I Figure Figure

of of ults ults es r the the of of change change ex the the for for made made were were arrangements arrangements , , 4 96 1 in in Meteorology Meteorology

Synoptic Synoptic and and Aerology Aerology for for Commissions Commissions the the of of Prediction Prediction r r e Weath Numerical Numerical

on on Group Group Working Working Joint Joint e e th of of recommendation recommendation the the with with accordance accordance In In

comparisons comparisons of of Organization Organization

88 88

made made by by the the same same method method and and using using the the data data of of different different objective objective analyses, analyses, carried carried

At At the the same same time, time, it it might might be be recommended recommended that that numerical numerical forecasts forecasts should should be be

to to evaluate evaluate the the accuracy accuracy of of the the analyses. analyses.

the the basic basic data data used used in in the the analysis, analysis, so so that that comparisons comparisons with with them them could could be be used used

Moreover, Moreover, the the observations observations of of a a certain certain number number of of stations stations should should be be omitted omitted from from

using using different different methods methods and and the the data data of of one one and and the the same same group group of of stations. stations.

in in greater greater detail, detail, a a series series of of objective objective analyses analyses should should be be carried carried out out experimentally experimentally

With With a a view view to to the the refinement refinement of of the the conclusions conclusions arrived arrived at at and and their their presentation presentation

objective objective analysis analysis varies varies for for different different analyses. analyses.

readily readily comparable, comparable, as as the the group group of of stations stations whose whose observations observations are are used used in in the the

objective objective analysis analysis process. process. Moreover, Moreover, the the objective objective analyses analyses themselves themselves are are not not

with with observations observations from from stations stations which which are are used, used, although although not not entirely , , during during the the

analysis analysis charts , , and and because because the the comparison comparison is is made made not not with with independent independent data data but but

objective, objective, because because they they entail entail subjective subjective interpolation interpolation on on the the basis basis of of objective objective

In In conclusion, conclusion, it it may may be be stated stated that that the the evaluations evaluations used used are are not not completely completely

Conclusion Conclusion

comparisons comparisons confirmed confirmed the the conclusions conclusions presented presented above. above.

individual individual peculiaritie s s of of the the fields fields analysed analysed were were examined. examined. The The results results of of these these

different different pairs pairs of of objective objective analyses analyses were were calculated , , and and the the reproductions reproductions of of

In In addition addition to to these these evaluations evaluations of of objective objective analyses , , the the differences differences between between

northern northern hemisphere. hemisphere.

objective objective analyses, analyses, to to use use approximation approximation of of a a field field over over an an area area comparable comparable to to the the

used used in in France. France. follows follows that that it it It It is is hardly hardly desirable , , for for the the purpose purpose of of operational operational

Finally, Finally, Table Table 1 1 shows shows that that the the least least accurate accurate result result is is achieved achieved by by the the method method

operational operational meteorological meteorological information. information.

areas . . This This conclusion conclusion confirms confirms the the urgent urgent need need to to speed speed up up the the transmission transmission of of

This This is is obviously obviously explained explained by by delays delays in in the the receipt receipt of of information information from from such such distant distant

poor e st st for for areas areas th e e farthe s t t from from the the country country in in which which the the analysis analysis is is carried carried out. out.

Table Table 1 1 also also shows shows that , , in in all all analyses analyses except except the the French, French, the the results results are are the the

geopotential geopotential data , , whereas whereas in in the the other other analyses analyses wind wind observations observations also also are are used. used.

analyses . . Specifically, Specifically, the the optimum optimum interpolation interpolation method method used used in in the the U.S.S.R. U.S.S.R. uses uses

used used by by these these countries countries in in the the compilation compilation of of their their analyses analyses than than in in the the Soviet Soviet

Norway. Norway. This This fact fact is is all all the the more more noteworthy noteworthy because because far far more more information information was was

ensures ensures slightly slightly better better results results than than the the methods methods used used in in the the U.S.A., U.S.A., Sweden Sweden and and

may may nevertheless nevertheless be be drawn drawn that that the the objective objective analysis analysis method method used used in in the the U . S . S . R . .

period. period. Of Of course, course, th e e statistics statistics available available in in this this case case are are limited , , but but the the conclusion conclusion

of of the the analyses analyses of of the the U.S.S.R. , , U.S.A., U.S.A., Sweden Sweden and and Norway Norway for for area area 1 1 for for each each

analysis analysis is is usually usually the the best. best. This This may may be be seen seen from from Table Table 2 , , which which gives gives evaluations evaluations

Moreover , , an an evaluation evaluation of of the the charts charts for for individual individual periods periods shows shows that that the the U . S.S.R. S.S.R.

average average evaluations evaluations of of these these analyses analyses is is small, small, and and cannot cannot be be regarded regarded as as significant. significant.

U.S.A. , , Sweden Sweden and and Norway are are Norway the the most most accurate. accurate. The The difference difference between between the the

is is clear clear from from Table Table It It 1 1 that that the the objective objective analyses analyses carried carried out out in in the the U.S.S.R., U.S.S.R.,

Results Results of of comparisons comparisons

column column gives gives an an evaluation evaluation for for the the entire entire area area covered covered by by each each objective objective analysis. analysis.

figure figure also also indicates indicates the the stations stations whose whose data data were were used used in in the the evaluation.) evaluation.) The The last last

carried carried out out in in respect respect of of four four areas areas (see (see Figure Figure 1) 1) to to facilitate facilitate comparison. comparison. (This (This

89 89

24 24 25 25 33 33 26 26 28 28 Average Average 23 23 29 29 -

33 33 - er er mb ece D 15 15 - -

31 31 mber mber Nove 15 15

- 37 37 - 34 34 October October 15 15 38 38 -

- - - 9 9 1 ember ember pt Se - 15 15 - 1 1 2 -

22 22 23 23 28 28 20 20 27 27 - August August 15 15 - -

- 25 25 3 3 2 18 18 July July 5 5 1 - - -

20 20 June June 5 5 1

29 29 - 29 29 28 28 May May 15 15 --

19 19 7 7 29 29 2 23 23 April April 5 5 1 - -

32 32 27 27 March March 15 15 - - - -

23 23 6 6 1 29 29 26 26 22 22 y y r a bru Fe 5 5 1 -

25 24 24 25 26 26 - 27 27 - y y Januar 5 5 1 - -

I I I I R. R. . . U.S.S. R U.S.S. Norway Norway Sweden Sweden U.S.A. U.S.A.

vay vay n No den den e Sw U.S.A. U.S.A.

e e Dat

1965 1965 4 4 96 1

s s countrie

s s u o ri va in in charts charts analysis analysis objective objective o[ o[ basis basis the the on on interpolated interpolated s s alue v and and el el ev l mb mb 500 500

the the of of s s height the the of of es es lu va observed observed een een w bet a a are for for s s difference 1 1 quare quare -s mean - Root

2 2 TABLE TABLE

25 25 88 88 1 - 4 4 1 25 24 24 25 U.S.S.R. U.S.S.R. -

26 26 366 366 26 26 30 30 27 27 23 23 S.A. S.A. . U 3 3

- 28 28 273 273 33 33 26 26 25 25 Sweden Sweden 7 7

30 30 1 1 9 -- - 30 30 0 0 1 Norway Norway -

45 45 327 327 6 6 4 36 36 46 46 1 1 5 24 24 Japan Japan

47 47 370 370 49 49 42 42 46 46 53 53 16 16 France France

33 33 181 181 - 33 33 33 33 0 0 1 and and l Fin

365 365 43 43 46 46 65 65 39 39 5 5 1 36 36 um um gi l Be

s s tation s

0' 0' 0' 0' (J (J (J (J (J (J

of of No. No. 4 4 (93) (93) (86) (86) 3 3

(81) (81) 1 1 (104) (104) 2 2 charts charts

Country Country

of of . . o N s s i ys anal

of of ea ea r a

the the

within within

( ) ) ( stations stations of of r r numbe

and and a a e

r

A

ons ons tati s all all for for ge ge ra e Av

s s countrie

various various out out carried carried s s in in chart analysis analysis objective objective of of sis sis ba the the on on interpolated interpolated values values and and el el v le

500 500 mb mb he he t of of s s ight e h the the of of lues lues va d d ve obser between between s s (m) (m) difference square square - Root-mean u u

1 1 E E TABL

methods. methods.

analysis analysis objective objective s s u vario of of shortcomings shortcomings and and advantages advantages the the g g in l vea re in in ul ul sef u

be be also also would would forecasts forecasts uch uch s of of accuracy accuracy e e th of of comparison comparison A A . . network regular regular

the the in in int int po same same the the ly ly exact at at ion ion at inform ic ic s ba l l entica id of of is is as b the the on on out out The preliminary results of comparing various analysis schemes are given in the periodic report of the Hydrometeorological Service of the U.S.S.R. for 1967 on work connected with numerical forecasting methods. The authors are grateful to S. L. Belousov, who kindly made available objective analysis charts obtained from different countries, as well as to R. L. Kagan, for his valuable advice.

REFERENCES

BELOUSOV, S. L. (1963): Scheme for a programme of operational analysis and for forecasting the geopotential fields of three atmospheric levels. From Scetnye masiny V meteoro­ logii (Computers in Meteorology), by M. V. Zavarina and M. I. Yudin. Gidrometeo­ izdat, Leningrad, p. 239. BERGTHORSSON, P. and Dbbs, B. R. (1955): Numerical weather map analysis. Tellus, 7, 3, p . 329. BYKOV, V. V. and KuRBATKIN, G. P. (1960): Analysis of meteorological and aeronautical data using electronic computers. A c. Sci. U.S.S.R., Doklady, 134, 5, pp. 1065-1068. BYKOV, V. V., KURBATKIN, G. P. and GORELISEVA , I. V. (1964): Experience with the construction of a multi-level scheme for the numerical analysis of meteorological data. MMC, Leningrad, Trudy, 4, p. 56. BuLL, G. A. (1966): Objective analysis in th e numerical weather forecasting system. Meteorological Office, Bracknell, Forecasting Techniques Branch Memorandum No. 10. BuSHBY, F. H . and HuCKLE, V . M. (1957): Objective analysis in numerical forecasting. Quart. Journ. Roy. Met. Soc. 83, 356, p. 232. CETVERIKOV, I. A. (1962) : Scheme for an objective analysis of contour charts by the optimal interpolation method. Moscow, Central Forecasting Inst., Trudy, 102, pp. 3-12. CRESSMAN, G. P. (1959): An operational objective analysis system. Mon. Weath. Rev. 87, 10, p. 367. DADY, G . (1965): Unpublished communication at the WMO Regional Training Seminar on Numerical Weather Prediction, Moscow. GANDIN, L. S. (1960): The optimum interpolation and extrapolation of meteorological fields. Glavnaia Geofiz. Obs., Trudy, 114, pp. 75-89. GANDIN, L. S. (1963): The objective analysis of meteorological fields. Leningrad, Gidro­ meteoizdat. GILCHRIST, B. and CRESSMAN, G . P. (1954): An experiment in objective analysis. Tellus, 6, 4, p. 309. HAua, 0. (1959) : A method for numerical weather map analysis. Det Norske Meteor. Inst., Sci. Rep. No. 5. HAUG, 0. (1962): On the optimum use of available observations in numerical map analysis. Tokyo, Proc. Int. Symp. Num. Weath. Pred., Japan Met. Agency Tech. Rep. No. 14, p. 67. HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL SERVICE OF THE U.S.S.R. (1968): Progress report on numerical weather prediction methods in th e U.S.S.R. for 1967. Moscow. MASKOVIC, S. A. (1964): The objective analysis of contour charts for the northern hemi­ sphere. Leningrad, MMC, Trudy, 4, pp. 3-16. MASUDA , Y. and ARAKAWA , A. (1962) : On th e objective analysis for surface and upper-level maps. Tokyo, Proc. Int. Symp. Num. Weath. Pred., Japan Met. Agency Tech. Rep. No. 14, p. 55. SKODA, M . (1967): Objective analysis by means of the optimum interpolation and automatic data processing of aerological reports. Studia. Geophys. et Geodet. 11, 1, p. 80. SODERMAN, D. and RINNE, T. (1967): Numerical weather prediction in Finland during 1966. Helsinki.

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Meteorology. Meteorology. Aeronautical Aeronautical for for Commission Commission the the of of president president is is Lieurance Lieurance Mr. Mr. : : NOTE NOTE

viewpoint viewpoint the the from from critical critical most most the the is is area area This This terminal. terminal. the the over over km km 10 10 about about to to up up

extending extending diameter diameter km km 160 160 about about of of cylinder cylinder a a within within volume volume air air the the as as defined defined is is area area

terminal terminal the the discussion, discussion, following following the the of of purpose purpose the the For For . . traffic increased increased of of light light

the the in in especially especially improvements, improvements, future future for for eliminated eliminated be be must must gaps gaps Technical Technical

conditions. conditions. most most under under maintained maintained be be can can

take-off take-off and and landings landings visual visual for for visibility visibility adequate adequate that that so so techniques techniques on on i modificat

weather weather by by improved improved be be can can fog fog of of result result a a as as bility bility i s i v Poor Poor control. control. air-traffic air-traffic to to

conflicts conflicts traffic traffic of of displays displays providing providing and and weather weather severe severe detecting detecting of of capable capable be be will will

Radar Radar computers. computers. high-speed high-speed utilizing utilizing km, km, 30 30 to to up up atmosphere atmosphere the the of of state state the the of of

prediction prediction and and analysis analysis the the and and satellites, satellites, weather weather radar, radar, weather weather including including capability capability

d d ve impro greatly greatly have have should should Watch Watch Weather Weather World World the the period, period, post-1970 post-1970 the the In In

realized. realized. be be can can traffic traffic of of flow flow safe safe and and

orderly orderly the the in in s s nt e m ve impro e e immediat and and noticeable noticeable , , liminated e s i problem problem this this

. . es If If capabiliti communications communications of of limitations limitations the the within within tay tay s to to services services in in made made

are are adjustments adjustments often often too too All All . . requirements ic ic s ba with with pace pace eep eep k to to struggling struggling are are

communications communications Existing Existing planners. planners. operational operational and and pilots, pilots, controllers, controllers, the the for for basis basis

timely timely a a on on information information weather weather significant significant operationally operationally the the present present and and display display

distribute, distribute, , , y l app to to them them between between communication communication of of means means effective effective an an be be must must there there

iation, iation, av to to responsibilities responsibilities interrelated interrelated have have both both ince ince s and and autonomous autonomous are are m m syste

control control .air-traffic .air-traffic the the and and system system weather weather world world the the Since Since system. system. transportation transportation

air air world world the the in in elements elements important important are are system system control control air-traffic air-traffic the the and and This This

. . atmosphere the the concerning concerning information information vital vital produces produces system system weather weather world world The The

aviation. aviation. of of use use the the for for predicted predicted are are e) e) temperatur and and , , winds , , turbulence

, , precipitation visibility, visibility, height, height, (cloud (cloud elements elements weather weather specific specific and and , , determined is is

pressure) pressure) and and wind wind (temperature, (temperature, globe globe the the over over atmosphere atmosphere the the of of state state dynamic dynamic

the the that that system system world world this this through through is is It It operations. operations. aircraft aircraft of of classes classes all all of of

basis basis national national and and international international an an on on operation operation efficient efficient and and safe safe the the to to important important

is is nations, nations, of of community community a a by by operated operated services, services, meteorological meteorological of of system system world world The The

quickly. quickly. more more even even increase increase will will operations operations local local and and regional regional however, however, time, time, same same

the the At At longer. longer. even even become become will will flights flights range range - long , , 1970s the the of of decade decade the the In In

short. short. is is time time lead lead The The tomorrow. tomorrow. better better done done be be must must

today today do do we we everything everything aircraft, aircraft, (SST) (SST) transport transport supersonic supersonic the the and and aircraft, aircraft, landing) landing)

and and take-off take-off short short / (vertical STOL STOL / V V the the aboard, aboard, passengers passengers 500 500 to to with up up with jets jets

jumbo jumbo the the , , flying business business and and pleasure pleasure in in aircraft aircraft of of use use expanded expanded aircraft, aircraft, speed speed

high­ of of advent advent the the With With aeronautics. aeronautics. of of record record safety safety excellent excellent the the continue continue to to

order order in in solved solved be be must must These These . . ahead years years the the in in operations operations aircraft aircraft with with associated associated

problems problems control control traffic traffic - air of of and and meteorological meteorological of of spectrum spectrum whole whole a a is is There There

A A By By N. N. LIEURANCE LIEURANCE

1970-1980 1970-1980

REQUIREMENTS REQUIREMENTS AND AND SERVICE SERVICE WEATHER WEATHER AVIATION AVIATION of planning, dispatch, operations and air-traffic control. The meteorological elements of most serious concern are visibility, turbulence and icing. Accurate observations and forecasts of these elements are imperative in the years ahead. The inability of the weather system to provide this service by producing observations and forecasts with the accuracy and detail required in the future is a serious technical gap demanding increased attention by the research community.

Weather requirements and deficiencies in the terminal area

The highest priority weather requirements in the terminal area relate to the following elements: Terminal area visibility for approach, landing and take-off for the ranges of 5 000 metres or less, with special emphasis on the very low visibility of less than 1 500 metres. Turbulence in the free atmosphere in the terminal area and over the runway, regardless of the cause, with special consideration given to thunderstorms and squall lines, including areas of hail. Freezing rain and areas of moderate and heavy icing in clouds for the terminal area. Deficiencies exist in the following terminal area weather observations and fore­ cast services: Wind shear and temperature profile with special emphasis on the wind shear in the lowest 60 metres on the final approach path. Visibility in the final approach with specific emphasis on the runway visibility. This involves new methods of measuring and techniques for predicting the very low ranges- i.e., 800 metres and below. Airport and, more specifically, runway wind measurements which would provide a more precise index of gustiness. Precisely locating, identifying intensity, and tracking of areas of turbulence, icing and hail.

Other meteorological problems

Much more effort needs to be put forth related to the meteorological problems of en route operations up to 30 km in the following areas: Turbulence of all classes perhaps is the most elusive parameter for the meteoro­ logist to observe, analyse and predict. This is particularly true of clear air turbulence (CAT). Very little is known about the magnitude of this turbulence above 12 km, but there is sufficient evidence to know that CAT does occur in the region between 12 km and 30 km. Thunderstorms have been observed to extend above 20 km, parti­ cularly in tropical latitudes. The extent to which turbulence exists in these convective storms above 13 km is relatively unknown. Here, again, there is sufficient evidence by isolated experiences to indicate that severe turbulence can occur at these altitudes in, above, and in the vicinity of thunderstorm clouds. Mountain waves above and downwind of the major mountain ranges of the world can produce severe turbulence in the stratosphere. This is evidenced by actual flight experience at altitudes to 20 km over the great Rocky Mountain range of the western United States. More exploratory effort, research, and development work is needed in this area to provide sufficient techniques to predict and identify areas of severe turbulence, particularly as it is related to the SST operation. The presence of suspended ice and water particles at very high altitudes is a somewhat unknown quantity, although it is known that they can and do exist. Some evidence exists of the presence of hail at very high altitudes in the tops of thunder-

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93 93

. . e b will will it it as as and and is is it it as as nt nt e m

environ­ e e th e e in ef d y y ivel effect will will t t tha form form a a in in information information e e minut e- h -t up-to nd nd a

d d e il eta d providing providing ices, ices, serv air-traffic air-traffic world world e e th of of requirements requirements the the meet meet to to as as so so

operated operated and and planned planned e e b must must n n o iati av il il v ci of of port port up s in in es es ic serv ical ical g olo eor Met

. . ahead years years the the in in

a a is is areas areas must must metropolitan metropolitan r r o j a m the the over over ms ms stor severe severe track track nd nd a etect etect d to to radar radar

weather weather with with package package observational observational weather weather terminal terminal automatic automatic An An n. n. operatio

ed ed l schedu continuous continuous nd nd a e bl ependa d a a maintain maintain o o t need need e e th nd nd a nt nt e m on ir env

mixed mixed a a in in l l o ntr co air-traffic air-traffic y y b aft aft ircr a ese ese th of of g g ndlin a h the the of of se se u eca b important important

e e b will will factors factors ese ese h T quicker. quicker. and and (heliports), (heliports), s s rt o rp ai more more for for needed needed e e b will will

information information e e m sa e e th , , However . . d e i f identi are are that that problems problems weather weather unique unique o o n

be be to to appear appear there there on), on), ti transporta urban urban (short-haul (short-haul operations operations STOL STOL / V V For For

world. world. e e th of of services services meteorological meteorological the the of of guidance guidance the the for for st st li

priority priority a a in in placed placed nd nd a d d e ntifi a qu e e b should should s s n eratio p o n n o i aviat of of ctra ctra spe ll ll a for for

requirements requirements tional tional a r e p o The The ill-defined. ill-defined. are are iation iation av general general for for requirements requirements

e e h t , , in aga Here, Here, on. on. i aviat l l era n ge to to d d oppose as as carriers carriers r r i a e th to to service service for for

priorities priorities different different so so l a are are There There communications. communications. ore ore m ar ar rad sus sus r e v weather weather e e mor

., ., i.e - vices r se ious ious var the the of of importance importance ve ve lati re the the to to as as industry industry the the or or ent ent m govern

within within unanimity unanimity o o n s s i there there nd nd a , , defined ll ll we y y r ve ot ot n are are es es ic v r se expanded expanded

for for requirements requirements r r e th wea operational operational e e th e e inc s , , em l prob icult icult ff di a a poses poses This This

. . safety increased increased or or / nd a s n o i operat of of nomics nomics eco improved improved of of terms terms in in investment investment

the the for for return return e e bl a n reaso a a on on based based ion ion stificat ju of of e e n o s i ere ere h problem problem The The

. . ature n this this of of items items nd nd a sense, sense, broad broad the the in in communications communications facilities, facilities, g g in ef bri

airports, airports, at at observations observations of of case case the the in in true true particularly particularly s s i This This . . ilable ava e e d a m

e e b could could funds funds more more if if bout bout a brought brought be be n n a c improvements improvements areas, areas, many many In In

. . e Programm ch ch esear R

Atmospheric Atmospheric Global Global the the through through achieved achieved e e b will will that that atmosphere atmosphere e e th of of fluctuations fluctuations

e e l a c e-s larg of of knowledge knowledge roved roved imp e e th to to head head a ook ook l to to d d an , , iation av of of upport upport s in in

ogy ogy l eoro met of of field field the the in in a a n e m o n phe microscale microscale nd nd e a e l esosca m of of s s udie st national national of of

number number g g in eas incr the the ote ote n to to encouraging encouraging is is It It . . gaps technical technical ese ese h t ate ate imin el to to rld rld wo

the the of of services services l l a ic og l eteoro m the the y y b nded nded expe be be st st mu effort effort Adequate Adequate services. services.

l l a ic g lo eteoro m ll ll a to to common common problem problem a a is is This This time. time. of of period period long long a a over over pace pace

l l a du gra a a at at research research amental amental und f through through only only eved eved hi ac e e b ll ll wi removal removal s s It . . n o ti a limit

scientific scientific the the is is This This . . g tin forecas in in d d expecte e e b can can ghs ghs hrou eakt br revolutionary revolutionary

any any e e r fo be d d equire r is is ere ere h atmosp e e th of of knowledge knowledge ntific ntific scie more more Much Much

m. m. oo b nic nic so the the of of meteorology meteorology e e th pecifically pecifically s ntify ntify e id o o t needed needed is is work work research research

nd nd a problem, problem, ious ious ser s a a s i his his T . . ors corrid climb-out climb-out the the for for nd nd a areas areas d d ate popul over over

operations operations the the e e both both ut o r for for en en track track a a of of e e is o ion ion ct t-n di e eas l pr a a provide provide to to d d e r requi

be be ay ay m services services meteorological meteorological the the that that expect expect to to unreasonable unreasonable not not s s i It It programme. programme.

SST SST the the facing facing problems problems l l critica most most the the of of ne ne o be be to to eged eged ll a s i boom boom Sonic Sonic

craft. craft. ir a the the of of equipment equipment and and design design opriate opriate pr ap by by overcome overcome

be be well well may may s s d azar h l potentia ese ese h T . udied st be be must must aft aft ircr a nd nd a passengers passengers

on on ozone ozone and and protons) protons) and and (neutrons (neutrons sions sions is em flare flare ar ar l so of of effects effects The The

temperatures. temperatures. le le b ria va or or

temperatures temperatures high high to to sensitive sensitive very very s s i which which , , nt a pl power power the the of of ed ed d an dem is is effort effort

maximum maximum the the t t a th flight flight of of phase phase this this during during d d an es es ltitud a these these at at is is tropopause. tropopause. It It

the the of of l l ve le the the r r ea n or or at at , , . .e i 15 15 and and 0 0 I I between between place place akes akes t s s peed s c km- ni so

uper­ s to to ic ic son b su m m fro transition transition their their ince ince s ns ns o i operat SST SST for for critical critical very very be be ll ll i w

opopause opopause r t e th at at wind wind nd nd e a e tur era temp of of y y bilit a i var l l a nt zo i or h and and rtical rtical ve The The

research. research. meteorological meteorological and and flight flight ual ual act through through area area

s s hi t in in needed needed is is t t r effo More More . . . d d oo rst e und clearly clearly t t no is is phenomenon phenomenon the the but but storms, storms,

94 94

reference reference in in all all aspects aspects of of air air pollution pollution meteorology . .

disciplines, disciplines, and and the the Note Note will will not not only only be be useful useful in in agriculture agriculture but but will will be be a a useful useful

logy . . The The experts experts composing composing the the group group represented represented a a broad broad s pectrum pectrum of of sc ientific ientific

Note Note is is the the report report of of a a working working group group of of the the Co mmission mmission for for Agricultural Agricultural Meteoro ­

Met eo rol ogy ogy and and Plant Plant Injury wh - i ch ch has has just just been been published published (see (see page page 132). 132). This This

NoTE: NoTE: This This article article is is based based in in the the main main on on WMO WMO Technica l l Note Note 96- No. No. Air Air Pollutants , ,

according according to to l ocation, ocation, season, season, proximity proximity of of source, source, and and meteoro · logica l l condit i ons. ons.

Some Some are are of of natural natural origin, origin, but but most most are are man - made . . Their Their concentrations concentrations vary vary

Large Large quantities quantities of of many many kinds kinds of of impurit i es es are are dispersed dispersed in in the the atmosphere . .

Sources Sources of of po ll uta n ts ts

experience experience and and observation observation in in this this field. field.

handbook handbook on on air air pollution pollution damage damage in in 1903 , , there there were were already already several several decades decades of of

damage damage to to plants plants in in London. London. By By the the time time Hase l hoff hoff and and Landau Landau issued issued their their

German German and and British British scientists scientists wrote wrote about about smoke smoke damage damage to to forests forests in in Germany Germany and and

agricultural agricultural production production to to feed feed a a rapidly rapidly increasing increasing populat i on. on. In In the the early early 1 1 870s, 870s,

time time when when the the attention attention of of the the entire entire world world is is being being drawn drawn to to the the needs needs of of expanding expanding

The The problem problem i s s not not new , , but but it it is is growing growing in in its its effect effect on on food food product i on on at at a a

Automobile Automobile exhausts exhausts are are often often a a source source of of lead lead products . .

decreases decreases and and th ere ere i s s danger danger of of toxic toxic effects effects of of the the crops crops on on man man and and an imals. imals.

the the soi l l i s s contaminated contaminated If If with with materi a l s s like like l ead ead or or arsenic, arsenic, productivity productivity

sufficiently sufficiently to to cause cause annual annual lo sses sses ranging ranging to to many many million s s of of do l lars . .

to to leaf leaf damage . . These These are are thou g ht ht to to reduce reduce total total production production or or quality quality of of crops crops

difficult difficult to to assess, assess, are are the the r ed uctions uctions in in photosynthesis, photosynthesis, p l ant ant growth growth and and yield yield due due

of of tobacco tobacco have have been been ruined ruined by by pollutant pollutant effects. effects. Of Of greater greater importance , , but but more more

ornamental ornamental plants. plants. In In Ca nada nada and and the the north-eastern north-eastern United United States , , mill i ons ons of of pounds pounds

million million dollars dollars annually, annually, without without including including the the va l ue ue of of home home vegetable vegetable gardens gardens or or

agricultural agricultural losses losses in in the the Los Los Angeles, Angeles, California, California, area area were were set set at at from from six six to to ten ten

where where destruction destruction or or visible visible physical physical damage damage could could be be observed. observed. For For examp l e, e,

importance. importance. In In some some isolated isolated cases cases it it has has been been possible possible to to make make some some estimates estimates

estimate estimate accurate l y, y, but but all all investigators investigators agree agree that that they they are are of of great great economic economic

These These losses, losses, like like losses losses due due to to insects insects and and diseases, diseases, are are almost almost impossible impossible to to

Extent Extent of of damage damage

are are susceptible. susceptible. Valuab l e e production production of of food, food, f i bre, bre, and and lumber lumber is is lost. lost.

mental mental plants, plants, forests, forests, pastures, pastures, forage forage crops, crops, wheat, wheat, corn, corn, cotton cotton and and many many others others

Fru i t t orchards, orchards, citrus citrus groves, groves, vineyards, vineyards, tobacco tobacco fields, fields, home home gardens, gardens, orna­

results. results.

visible visible damage damage and, and, more more important, important, invisible invisible the the reduction reduction of of yield yield which which often often

of of human human survival. survival. This This is is the the effect effect of of air air pollutants pollutants on on plants, plants, both both t h e e direct direct

pollution, pollution, in in another another setting, setting, which which is is possib l y y more more serious serious from from the the point point of of view view

This This is is often- too too often- close close to to the the truth, truth, yet yet there there is is another another aspect aspect of of air air

city city in in which which citizen s s grope grope about about with with red red streaming streaming eyes, eyes, gasping gasping for for breath. breath.

The The words words ai r r pollution pollution commonly commonly bring bring to to mind mind a a picture picture of of a a crowded, crowded, smoky smoky

AIR AIR POLLUTANTS POLLUTANTS AND AND AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURE Among the natural contaminants are dust from deserts, ashes from forest fires, particles of salt, meteoric dust, pollen and volcanic dust. Natural gases, mostly of volcanic origin, include sulphur dioxide, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride and hydrogen sulphide. Lightning discharges produce some nitrogen dioxide and ozone. Ozone is also brought down from high levels in certain atmospheric disturbances. Normally only a few of these natural contaminants are found in concentrations high enough to be harmful.

Most harm is done by the products of civilization. Probably the greatest source of man-made air pollutants is the combustion of fuel to meet the energy requirements of industry and transport and for other heat and power uses. These pollutants include hydrocarbons, nitrogen dioxide, aldehydes, fluorides, sulphur dioxide, organic

Radiation measurement over an experimental site in a tobacco plantation acids, ammonia and tars. The quantities are enormous, being estimated in millions of tons per year in the United States alone. Other industrial pollutants are the result of waste products emitted in certain manufacturing and chemical processes.

Domestic and small business sources also contribute in substantial measure. Some of these sources include motor vehicles, garbage dumps, detergents, dry­ cleaning fluids and incinerators. Even agriculture itself contributes through the use of sprays and dusts for control of insects, plant di seases and weeds.

Smog A great deal of work has been done in the study of the effects of single pollutants on plants. The degree of injury is often dependent upon other factors affecting the physioldgy of the plant, factors such as light, nutrition, moisture and temperature. However, in recent years more attention has been given to pollution involving combinations of contaminants.

Smog is the word often used to identify such a polluted atmosphere. This term was first applied to mixtures of smoke and fog and was initially used in connexion with the London type of air pollution. It was later applied to the Los Angeles type

95

96 96

. . udy st special special of of er er tt a m e a a e b uld uld sho , , dilution normal normal without without lid lid a a under under held held are are

pollutants pollutants l l a loc which which under under conditions conditions meteorological meteorological those those s, s, n o i vers in of of frequency frequency

e e h T percentages. percentages. hine hine s un s to to and and precipitation precipitation of of amounts amounts and and kinds kinds to to n n e iv g

e e b should should Attention Attention ted. ted. o n e e b should should directions directions nd nd a speeds speeds e e bl a unfavour of of ncy ncy e requ f

e e th nd nd a s wind iling iling eva r p of of d d e pe s and and direction direction The The s. s. human or or s s animal , , plants to to

ul ul f m ar h s s material forth forth ur ur po may may which which operation operation other other r r o l l a ri st indu any any of of e e it s the the

choosing choosing to to given given be be should should are are c same same The The s. s. condition l l a ic g meteorolo ible ible s pos of of

ety ety i var a a under under calculated calculated carefully carefully are are ccident ccident a of of case case in in s s l eria t a m radioactive radioactive of of

ovement ovement m of of speed speed nd nd a on on i ect dir e e l ab prob The The . . s n o i stat reactor reactor power power nuclear nuclear for for

e e it s the the choosing choosing when when climate climate nal nal regio and and l l ca lo to to n n give is is ght ght u o th Much Much . . re e h sp

­ o m at the the in in carried carried materials materials of of reactions reactions photochemical photochemical nd nd a l l a mic e ch certain certain in in

so so l a nd nd a deposition, deposition, their their nd nd a atmosphere atmosphere e e th from from removal removal their their in in , , pollutants of of

on on diluti nd nd a ion ion s r spe di the the in in concerned concerned y y ctl e dir are are conditions conditions l l a ic g lo eoro Met

. . e lon s a s ntration e nc co pollutant pollutant the the than than other other factors factors

by by d d e nc e influ e e b may may n n atio t vege e e th on on s s ffect e the the e e inc s simultaneously, simultaneously, recorded recorded

e e b should should data data l l a ic g biolo nd nd a ical ical g Meteorolo crop. crop. e e th above above existing existing radient radient g

e e h t ow ow h s o t l eve l gher gher hi a a at at another another nd nd a nopy nopy ca ant ant l p the the of of e e surfac upper upper the the near near

taken taken e e b should should mple mple sa e e On . . sampling of of ls ls eve l two two ave ave h to to e e bl a ir es d is is it it areas areas

crop-growing crop-growing In In . . s le samp -period -period t shor y y b detected detected be be to to concentration concentration . . nt e ici suff

in in found found be be y y ll occasiona y y nl o may may and and , , peaks intermittent intermittent with with , , y ll a diurn vary vary to to

known known e e r a ts ts n oxida as as h h suc pollutants pollutants certain certain of of ons ons i at r ent nc Co sential. sential. s s e s i g g lin samp

continuous continuous s, s, udie st l l ra icultu agr In In . . results the the of of representativeness representativeness e e th determining determining

in in nt nt porta im all all are are e e l samp the the of of size size e e th nd nd a period period g g lin p m sa e e th of of h h gt n e l

e e th , , taken are are es es l samp which which at at ht ht g i e h the the e, e, t si ling ling p m sa the the of of on on locati The The

made. made. g g in e b

is is progress progress some some nd nd a situation, situation, s s thi ct ct e corr to to es es bodi l l a rnation e int and and ional ional at n

l l a r seve in in way way r r e und s s i rk rk o W e. e. impossibl almost almost are are es es urc so other other from from ata ata d

of of se se u nd nd a s ult es r of of n n ariso mp Co er. er. mann uniform uniform a a in in presented presented t t no are are results results

e e th nd nd a , , sed u are are hods hods et m sis sis ly a n a and and techniques techniques g g mplin sa Various Various . . ison compar

for for pollution pollution und und ackgro b "normal" "normal" or or " " natural " of of s s ic statist reliable reliable few few very very are are

ere ere h T . . zed ndardi sta een een b not not have have analysis analysis and and measurement measurement of of ethods ethods m and and s s unit

procedures, procedures, y, y, inolog Term . . n o lluti po air air g g urin s mea in in difficulties difficulties ny ny a m are are There There

poUution poUution air air Measuring Measuring

e. e. n o l a rce rce u so this this from from y y il a d ns ns o t 000 000 approach approach city city large large a a I I in in

d d e tt emi pollutants pollutants of of quantities quantities the the of of es es timat es nd nd a , , source principal principal the the is is st st u exha

automobile automobile d d e uncontroll e e th areas, areas, many many In In . . ted s li dy dy ea lr a sources sources the the of of ny ny a m

from from come come mog mog s l l a mic e h otoc h p of of formation formation e e th in in d d ve l o inv s s pollutant The The

problem. problem. tional tional a rn e int an an e e b may may but but l l a loc a a only only t t o n s s i pollution pollution air air sense, sense,

this this In In sources. sources. llutant llutant po e e th m m fro km) km) hundred hundred two two or or e e n o o t (up (up e e distanc d d goo a a

, , production s s it for for s s rial ate m e e th or or smog, smog, the the arry arry c may may masses masses ir ir a suitable conditions, conditions, suitable

Under Under . . insolation nt nt e ici ff u s and and winds winds light light inversions, inversions, l l eve l - low with with sses sses ma ir ir a

e e bl a t s of of persistence persistence the the g g includin conditions conditions meteorological meteorological favourable favourable certain certain

with with associated associated ly ly se clo s s i g g mo s uch uch s of of ion ion format The The aerosols. aerosols. nd nd a pours pours va gases, gases,

t t n a irrit hly hly g hi of of compositions compositions varying varying of of e e ur xt mi s a a s i smog smog al al mic e Photoch

world. world. the the around around countries countries many many

from from reported reported been been ave ave h effects effects ul ul f harm its its and and damage, damage, plant plant in in rn rn e conc principal principal

of of is is r r e latt The The atmosphere. atmosphere. oxidizing oxidizing an an is is mog) mog) s photochemical photochemical (the (the second second e e th

eas eas r e wh atmosphere, atmosphere, reducing reducing a a chemical terms, terms, chemical in in is, is, fog) fog) s s lu p e (smok these these of of first first

The The . . n o conditi ry ry essa c e n a a not not is is fog fog case, case, latter latter the the in in though, though, even even pollution pollution air air of of

97 97

experiments experiments numerous numerous the the of of picture picture impressive impressive an an drawing drawing techniques, techniques, satellite satellite

of of survey survey a a gave gave Suomi Suomi (U.S.A.) (U.S.A.) subject, subject, the the of of mastery mastery well-known well-known his his With With

instrumentation instrumentation Satellite Satellite

ect. ect. j sub whole whole the the on on informed informed

becoming becoming of of unity unity opport the the fields fields other other in in zed zed li specia were were who who those those gave gave papers papers

introductory introductory Eleven Eleven dynamics. dynamics. or or climatology climatology with with connexions connexions and and spectroscopy, spectroscopy,

, , transfer radiative radiative of of theory theory instrumentation, instrumentation, as as such such topics topics gle gle in s on on specialization specialization a a

is is there there research, research, radiation radiation atmospheric atmospheric as as eld eld i f restricted restricted a a such such within within Even Even

writer. writer. the the

to to noteworthy noteworthy arly arly l particu appeared appeared which which papers papers those those only only but but symposium symposium entire entire

the the cover cover not not does does therefore, therefore, , , report This This lectures. lectures. the the all all to to listen listen to to e e l ab was was

nobody nobody that that so so sessions sessions parallel parallel in in partly partly , , presented be be could could these these of of 84 84 only only However, However,

announced. announced. been been had had papers papers 144 144 than than less less no no 53) 53) p. p. 1, 1, No. No. , , XVIII Vol. Vol. , , Bulletin WMO WMO

(see (see 1968 1968 August August 28 28 to to 22 22 from from Norway, Norway, , , Bergen in in WMO WMO and and IUGG IUGG by by jointly jointly

organized organized techniques, techniques, te te i satell including including radiation, radiation, on on ium ium sympos the the For For

1968 1968 AUGUST AUGUST BERGEN, BERGEN, IN IN SYMPOSIUM SYMPOSIUM

TECHNIQUES TECHNIQUES SATELLITE SATELLITE INCLUDING INCLUDING RADIATION, RADIATION,

B. B. M. M. L. L.

ants. ants. lut pol air air by by damage damage against against crops crops protecting protecting in in teamwork teamwork similar similar for for

well well promise promise forecasts) forecasts) meteorological meteorological involving involving (all (all frosts frosts and and diseases diseases , , insects

by by damage damage against against crops crops of of protection protection the the in in shed shed li estab eady eady lr a precedents precedents The The

further. further. ed ed lor exp be be to to need need which which , , etc. sprays, sprays, using using plants, plants, the the covering covering as as such such

measures measures protection protection of of possibilities possibilities other other are are There There forecasts. forecasts. such such justify justify y y l amp

might might year year per per cases cases two two or or one one only only in in savings savings The The warning. warning. advance advance an an of of case case

in in injury) injury) of of advance advance (in (in harvest harvest early early by by protection protection of of degree degree some some to to themselves themselves

lend lend would would which which tobacco) tobacco) on on fleck fleck leaf leaf e, e, l examp (for (for damage damage of of types types some some

are are There There effective. effective. not not are are pollutants pollutants of of emission emission the the reducing reducing for for measures measures if if

even even , , promise additional additional hold hold forecasts forecasts such such view, view, of of point point agricultural agricultural an an From From

disaster. disaster. potential potential

the the avoid avoid and and period period danger danger the the during during emissions emissions pollutant pollutant the the reduce reduce to to possible possible

be be should should it it g) g) in speak (meteorologically (meteorologically high high is is potential potential pollution pollution the the where where

and and when when of of knowledge knowledge with with However, However, known. known. not not are are areas areas danger danger the the in in ssions ssions i em

the the because because concentration, concentration, pollutant pollutant expected expected the the predict predict actually actually not not do do forecasts forecasts

Such Such potential. potential. on on uti air-poll high high expected expected of of forecasts forecasts daily daily issue issue to to possible possible s s i

it it , , e l examp for for States, States, United United the the in in as as Further, Further, periods. periods. dangerous dangerous potentially potentially of of

persistence persistence even even and and frequency frequency expected expected the the of of data, data, climatological climatological on on based based forecast, forecast,

statistical statistical a a make make to to possible possible is is it it , , paragraph preceding preceding the the in in suggested suggested As As done. done.

being being is is work work useful useful of of deal deal great great a a already already and and em, em, l prob meteorological meteorological a a exclusively exclusively

is is these these of of first first The The . . itself pollution pollution the the of of forecasts forecasts and and smog) smog) (or (or pollution pollution air air

of of occurrence occurrence the the favouring favouring conditions conditions meteorological meteorological of of forecasts forecasts between between carefully carefully

distinguish distinguish to to necessary necessary is is it it forecasts, forecasts, making making of of question question the the to to comes comes it it When When

forecasting forecasting pollution pollution Air Air

problems. problems. existing existing correcting correcting

in in assist assist to to and and problems problems pollution pollution air air future future prevent prevent to to experience, experience, and and knowledge knowledge

present present using using contribute, contribute, can can Services Services Meteorological Meteorological that that deal deal great great a a is is There There

98 98

theory. theory. this this of of discussion discussion thorough thorough a a for for time time sufficient sufficient not not was was

there there , , Unfortunately . . unstable very very is is climate climate our our Thus, Thus, . . latitude of of degrees degrees by by 10 10

boundary boundary ice ice the the of of advance advance an an to to lead lead would would this this C; C; ' 5 by by earth earth the the of of temperature temperature

mean mean the the diminish diminish would would eruptions, eruptions, volcanic volcanic from from result result could could which which cent, cent, per per 1 1

only only by by radiation radiation of of decrease decrease a a that that and and age age ice ice an an in in living living are are we we that that concludes concludes He He

cap. cap. ice ice polar polar the the of of latitude latitude lowest lowest the the of of and and profile, profile, temperature temperature meridional meridional

the the of of earth, earth, the the of of temperature temperature mean mean the the of of changes changes the the with with radiation radiation solar solar of of

variations variations the the connecting connecting equations equations derives derives and and Balance, Balance, Heat Heat of of Atlas Atlas well-known well-known

s s hi for for studies studies the the in in obtained obtained had had e e h which which radiation, radiation, and and rature rature e temp between between

ions ions at rel empirical empirical uses uses He He variations. variations. climatic climatic of of theory theory new new a a with with surprise surprise a a

produced produced (U.S.S.R.) (U.S.S.R.) Budyko Budyko climatology, climatology, radiation radiation on on talk talk introductory introductory the the In In

climatology climatology Radiation Radiation

region. region. micron micron 6-7 6-7 the the in in atmosphere atmosphere

upper upper the the in in origin origin unknown unknown of of emission emission additional additional an an of of observations observations independent independent

reported reported however, however, .S.R.), .S.R.), .S (U Kondratyev Kondratyev and and (U.K.) (U.K.) Houghton Houghton spectra. spectra. measured measured

of of details details the the even even interpreting interpreting for for d d e develop well well sufficiently sufficiently is is gases gases atmospheric atmospheric

most most for for spectra spectra infra-red infra-red of of theory theory the the that that was was spectroscopy spectroscopy on on session session e e th

of of conclusion conclusion significant significant most most The The iewpoint. iewpoint. v instrumental instrumental e e th from from Germany) Germany) of of

Republic Republic (Federal (Federal Bolle Bolle by by and and viewpoint, viewpoint, theoretical theoretical e e th from from .S.A.) .S.A.) (U Benedict Benedict by by

given given were were igations igations vest in spectroscopic spectroscopic of of results results nt nt ece r most most the the on on ts ts epor R

Spectroscopy Spectroscopy

. . measurements

radiation radiation from from profiles profiles concentration concentration gas gas and and temperature temperature of of derivation derivation the the ., ., i.e

­ problem inversion inversion the the of of solution solution the the on on depend depend also also techniques techniques These These (U.S.A.). (U.S.A.).

n n a Lusign by by paper paper one one in in symposium symposium the the at at ntioned ntioned e m only only was was this this but but techniques, techniques,

infra-red infra-red of of instead instead countries countries several several in in considered considered being being now now is is region region cm-wave cm-wave

2 2 2 the the in in bands bands 0 0 H and and 0 using using techniques techniques microwave microwave of of introduction introduction The The

discussions. discussions. fruitful fruitful many many

stimulated stimulated papers papers both both and and achieved, achieved, been been have have to to seems seems progress progress scientific scientific essential essential

Here Here field. field. pressure pressure the the immediately immediately derive derive to to order order in in radiation radiation of of equations equations

integral integral the the into into equation equation static static the the inserted inserted (U.K.) (U.K.) Rodgers Rodgers D. D. C. C. transfer. transfer. radiation radiation

measuring measuring in in clouds clouds scattered scattered by by caused caused difficulties difficulties the the overcoming overcoming for for procedure procedure

statistical statistical a a proposed proposed (U.S.A.) (U.S.A.) Smith Smith W. W. L. L. computations. computations. model model for for values values initial initial

providing providing thus thus areas, areas, inaccessible inaccessible over over atmosphere atmosphere the the of of structure structure the the determining determining

of of means means practical practical only only the the offer offer they they because because Programme Programme Research Research Atmospheric Atmospheric

Global Global the the for for value value great great of of are are methods methods These These radiation. radiation. outgoing outgoing long-wave long-wave

the the in in measurements measurements spectral spectral from from vapour vapour water water of of stratification stratification the the and and profile profile

temperature temperature vertical vertical the the of of derivation derivation the the and and measurements measurements spectral spectral of of evaluation evaluation

physical physical the the more more emphasized emphasized , , (U.S.A.) Wark Wark by by presented presented was was paper paper whose whose (U.S.A.), (U.S.A.),

Hanel Hanel while while view, view, of of point point statistical statistical and and descriptive descriptive mainly mainly a a from from R.), R.), . S . (U.S

Boldyrev Boldyrev by by reported reported were were satellites satellites Soviet Soviet from from measurements measurements of of Results Results

results results and and observations observations Satellite Satellite

. . theory to to back back experiments experiments new new and and society society of of benefit benefit the the to to back back fed fed are are results results

the the how how society, society, of of requirements requirements the the from from and and theory theory dynamical dynamical from from stimulation stimulation

receive receive experiments experiments how how demonstrated demonstrated also also He He planned. planned. being being or or conducted conducted already already

99 99

F. F. MOLLER MOLLER

atmosphere. atmosphere. er er low the the in in those those from from considerably considerably deviate deviate conditions conditions numbers, numbers, collision collision

low low y y l extreme the the of of because because where, where, above above and and km km 80 80 of of titudes titudes l a at at molecules molecules

of of motion motion rmal rmal e th the the to to energy energy radiative radiative of of transfer transfer the the about about ideas ideas new new developed developed

(U.S.A.) (U.S.A.) Drayson Drayson and and (U.K.) (U.K.) Houghton Houghton meteorology. meteorology. for for ortant ortant imp were were sphere sphere

thermo­ and and mesosphere mesosphere the the of of physics physics the the with with dealing dealing papers papers the the topic topic this this Within Within

atmospheres. atmospheres. planetary planetary in in radiation radiation was was programme programme ve ve i extens the the of of topic topic last last The The

. . direction this this in in proposals proposals e e l valuab made made eady lr a

have have meeting, meeting, the the attend attend to to unable unable were were who who authors authors Soviet Soviet some some as as well well as as , , (U.S.A.)

London London and and Sasamori Sasamori . . thumb of of rules rules of of instead instead methods methods accurate accurate highly highly developing developing

prefer prefer usually usually experts experts radiation radiation , , r eve how theory; theory; dynamical dynamical of of state state present present e e th

in in suffice suffice may, however, however, may, influences influences radiation radiation of of estimations estimations Coarse Coarse lopments. lopments. eve d

dynamic dynamic for for l l essentia not not are are processes processes radiation radiation that that ion ion s conclu wrong wrong the the draw draw

not not must must one one , , this From From models. models. these these in in calculations calculations radiation radiation of of plicability plicability ap

the the tricts tricts s re naturally naturally This This precision. precision. sufficient sufficient with with models models dynamical dynamical by by fields fields

cloud cloud predict predict to to e e l ossib imp yet yet as as is is it it conditions, conditions, radiation radiation on on influence influence decisive decisive

a a have have patterns patterns cloud cloud Although Although . . (Norway) Eliassen Eliassen , , logist eoro met dynamical dynamical

a a of of opinion opinion the the earn earn l to to interesting interesting was was It It Programme. Programme. Research Research Atmospheric Atmospheric

l l Globa the the of of plans plans the the in in part part important important an an plays plays ysis ysis l ana weather weather numerical numerical

of of models models theoretical theoretical the the in in ence ence influ radiative radiative the the of of determination determination The The

. . survey brief brief this this in in discuss discuss to to space space enough enough not not have have we we which which

presented presented were were developments developments s s ingeniou new new several several , , field experimental experimental e e th In In

Israel). Israel).

(Joseph, (Joseph, observations observations of of evaluation evaluation by by and and U.K.), U.K.), , , Hunt and and (Grant (Grant theoretically theoretically

Germany), Germany), of of Republic Republic Federal Federal (Grass!, (Grass!, technique technique experimental experimental new new by by attacked attacked

been been has has and and , , well as as radiation radiation a-red a-red infr and and solar solar for for important important is is This This . . s cloud e e ic

thin thin through through radiation radiation of of propagation propagation the the is is attention attention g g in attract ntly ntly e curr topic topic A A

. . sky twilight twilight

the the of of polarization polarization the the measuring measuring by by means means limited limited with with results results essential essential obtaining obtaining of of

y y ilit possib the the demonstrated demonstrated Germany) Germany) (Eastern (Eastern Dietze Dietze survey. survey. broad broad a a in in (U.S.S.R.) (U.S.S.R.)

Kondratyev Kondratyev by by reported reported were were experiments experiments of of results results the the and and methods methods Both Both . . aerosols

measuring measuring for for methods methods counting counting direct direct the the than than reliable reliable more more are are methods methods optical optical e e th

that that ow ow n appears appears It It methods. methods. different different by by property property this this d d e investigat had had Germany) Germany)

of of Republic Republic (Federal (Federal Quenzel Quenzel and and Germany) Germany) of of Republic Republic (Federal (Federal collaborators collaborators and and

Bullrich Bullrich studies. studies. interesting interesting particularly particularly of of field field a a were were scatter, scatter, to to y y l on assumed assumed

were were times times former former in in which which haze, haze, and and aerosols aerosols of of properties properties absorption absorption e e Th

cent. cent.

per per 2 2 about about of of reflectivity reflectivity a a has has still still but but , , cent per per 100 100 of of absorptivity absorptivity

2 an an have have not not does does !J.), !J.), 6.3 at at band band 0 0 (H absorption absorption strongest strongest of of range range spectral spectral

the the in in even even , , thickness half-infinite half-infinite of of cloud cloud a a that that conclusion conclusion surprising surprising the the to to

led led vapour, vapour, water water in in and and droplets droplets cloud cloud in in absorption absorption as as well well as as scattering scattering multiple multiple

account account into into took took which which calculations, calculations, careful careful very very own own His His clouds. clouds. in in transfer transfer

ation ation i rad g-wave g-wave lon on on (Japan) (Japan) Yamamoto Yamamoto of of report report the the was was highlight highlight Another Another

climatology. climatology. radiation radiation

of of heading heading e e th under under given given were were conditions conditions radiation radiation local local on on papers papers of of number number A A

. . radiation for for Centre Centre Data Data World World the the of of activity activity the the on on reported reported (U.S.S.R.) (U.S.S.R.) Berlyand Berlyand

. . presented was was development development ice ice of of theory theory physical physical interesting interesting an an paper, paper, this this In In . . neath

under­ currents currents sea sea warm warm of of effects effects the the g g includin , , ice of of thickness thickness possible possible maximum maximum

the the of of theory theory a a developed developed He He . . radiation of of influence influence the the under under ice ice sea sea polar polar of of

production production the the with with dealt dealt A.) A.) . (U.S Untersteiner Untersteiner by by paper paper introductory introductory further further A A REDUCING TYPHOON DAMAGE IN SOUTH-EAST ASIA INAUGURAL SESSION OF THE TYPHOON COMMITTEE

One of the most powerful incentives to initiating new scientific projects is that they should be capable of producing tangible economic benefits. The damage inflicted by typhoons on countries in south-east Asia each year costs them about US $500 million at present, and it is clear that better protective measures could bring about a worthwhile reduction in this sum. Whilst it is difficult to assess the extent of the potential saving, one conservative estimate has put the figure at US $100 million. The importance of this saving to the economic development of the region needs no emphasis. Considerations such as these have led to the ECAFE/WMO project for typhoon damage prevention, the progress of which has been reported in the Bulletin on a number of previous occasions. The project entered a new and more active phase with the creation in 1968 of the Typhoon Committee as an inter-governmental body to promote and co-ordinate efforts to minimize typhoon damage in the ECAFE region. The committee held its inaugural session in Bangkok from 17 to 20 December 1968. The seven governments forming the committee - Republic of China, Hong Kong, Japan, Republic of Korea, Laos, Philippines and Thailand - were all present, and observers from Australia, France, Netherlands, U.S.S.R., U.S.A., as well as from the UNDP, ICAO and the League of Red Cross Societies also took part. The Executi ve Secretary of ECAFE, U Nyun, and the Secretary-General of WMO, Mr. D. A Davies, attended part of the session. At the opening meetin g Vice-Admiral Sanit Vesa-rajananda (Thailand) was elected chairman of the Typhoon Committee and Mr. Roman L. Kintanar (Philip­ pines) was elected vice-chairman. The main problems facing the committee were the preparation of a practical and detailed plan of action, and the development of a reali stic implementation programme. It was recognized that the task of minimizing the enormous damage caused by typhoons and associated floods is a complicated one involving not only techni cal difficulties, but also problems of an economic and social character. The committee therefore agreed that in addition to meteorological observing and tele­ communications networks, and flood forecasting and warning services, a wider variety of complementary services must be available covering all activities necessary to reduce loss of life and damage to property. In order to identify the major shortcomin gs in these three spheres, the committee began its work with a review of the basic meteorological, hydrological and other supporting faci lities essential to an efficient detection, forecasting and warning service. Each member of the committee reported on the improvements made in his country si nce the survey completed by the ECAFE/WMO Preparatory Mission on Typhoons almost two years earlier. It was felt that an encouraging start had been made in most of the countries concerned, although it was noted that no plans had yet been made for some very important facilities. For each of the three components the committee had before it tentative sugges­ tions for an action programme prepared by the ECAFE/WMO Joint Unit on

100 Typhoons which had begun its work in October 1968. These suggestions received careful and detailed attention and it was agreed that they would be most useful as general guidelines for the future work of the Typhoon Committee. The action programme was therefore endorsed. When considering the meteorological component of the programme, particular importance was given to certain points requiring priority treatment. The fundamental need to complete as a matter of urgency the basic synoptic network and the associated telecommunications required under the World Weather Watch Plan was strongly advocated. The closely associated need for additional data from sea areas where typhoons breed, and for tracking their subsequent movement and development was also stressed. To obtain these data and thereby facilitate more precise typhoon forecasting, the value of the present aircraft reconnaissance fl ights was emphasized and the hope expressed that they could be extended. The earlier recommendations of the preparatory mission for weather radar at various locations and for an ocean weather ship and an automatic weather station east of the Philippines were also felt to warrant special attention. One of the keys to reducing loss of life and damage to property is undoubtedly the availability of an effective system of flood forecasting and warning. As a first step in this direction, the Typhoon Committee agreed that pilot systems should be established in a selected river basin in each of the countries represented on the committee, except Hong Kong and Japan. For each of the basins selected, a thorough investigation of the existing facilities and a detailed analysis of the available data will precede the drawing up of a comprehensive plan for flood fore­ casting and warning services. The complementary protective measures forming the third component of the action programme should range from pre-disaster planning to emergency disaster prevention measures to relief and rehabilitation operations. The committee pointed out the vital need for co-ordination of these measures so that a typhoon and flood protection plan could be drawn up for each of the countries affected by typhoons. In the limited time available at its first session, the committee also discussed financial and technical support for new facilities, research and training activities and the proposed regional typhoon centre. On the first of these topics it underlined the need to tap all possible sources of funds to implement the programme, and requested ECAFE and WMO to assist the committee in arranging appropriate financial support. The discussion on research and training revealed a desire for the widest possible distribution of the results of studies relating to typhoons and also for the compilation of information on training courses of interest in this context. It was agreed that the Joint Unit on Typhoons should serve as a focal point for the collection and distribution of such information. Noting that the ECAFE/WMO Joint Unit had only recently begun its work, the committee agreed that it would be premature to expand it into a full regional typhoon centre. It decided to review the matter when some progress had been made with the action programme. At the same time, it supported the strengthening of the unit, and specifically mentioned the urgent need for a telecommunication and electronics expert. In concluding this report, it is worth remarking upon the enthusiasm shown by all who attended the session. The widespread recognition of the technical, economic and social benefits to be reaped from a successful attack on the problems of typhoon damage augur well for the future of this project. P. R .

101 APPLICATIONS OF METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITE DATA REGIONAL TRAINING SEMINAR IN MELBOURNE

The observation of the earth from space by means of meteorological satellites has been a routine task for the past ten years. Sensors used on these spacecraft are of two main types: for measuring the radiant and reflected energy from the earth's atmosphere and for taking cloud photographs. Of these types of data, the latter are still the easiest to obtain and also the most readily applicable in routine meteorological analysis. Recently two other forms of data have become available- namely, photographs from space, including high-resolution colour phqtographs from manned space vessels, and the data from earth-synchronous applications technology satellites (ATS). The photographs taken by astronauts and time-lapse films from geostationary satellites have greatly increased our ability to interpret the photographs obtained from meteorological satellites. T)l.e wealth of knowledge contained in these data is such that their analysis and interpretation call for unremitting effort. The advances in this field are so rapid that meteorologists using satellite data in their daily work often find that their knowledge is inadequate or out-of-date even before they have had time to analyse their discoveries properly. It is for this reason that WMO, mindful of the need to keep its Members informed of developments in this new technique, is making every effort to ensure the maintenance of close links between the advanced and small er weather services. One of the means whereby this is achieved is the organization of training seminars. The third seminar on the interpretation and use of meteorological satellite data was held in Melbourne, Australia, from 25 November to 6 December 1968. It was organized by WMO, under its participation in the United Nations Development Programme, for the benefit of its Members in Regions II (Asia) and V (South-West Pacific); the first such seminar was held in Tokyo in November-December 1964, and the second in Moscow in October 1966. The third seminar was held in the newly constructed National Science Centre, a magnificent building destined for scientific meetings and conferences, and containing excell ent facilities, including lecture rooms and up-to-date projection and sound equipment.

The conference officers were Dr. W. J. Gibbs (director of the Australian Bureau of Meteorology), honorary president; Mr. J. V. Oliver (U.S.A.), technical director; Mr. G. T. Rutherford (Australia) and Dr. H. Taba (WMO Secretariat), eo-directors. The consultants and lecturers were Mr. R. K. Anderson (U.S.A.); Dr. V. G. Boldyrev (U.S.S.R.); Dr. T. T. Fujita (U.S.A.); Mr. M. Malick and and Dr. W. Nordberg (U.S.A.). Lectures were also given by Mr. J. S. Hickman (New Zealand), one of the participants. The seminar was divided into 50 sessions, each consisting of 40 minutes of fectures or laboratory work and 10 minutes of discussion. Participants were in groups of ten, each guided by a consultant. The programme of lectures included ESSA, NIMBUS and ATS satellite systems; COSMOS and METEOR satellite systems; data interpretation; tropical cloud systems; seasonal changes in the tropics; tropical storms; extra-tropical cloud systems; estimating 1 000-500 mb thickness values in convective cell situations; and geostationary satellites. All lectures were supplemented by practical work and exercises.

102

103 103

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that that g g in suggest by by Hydrometeorology Hydrometeorology for for ion ion s mmis Co the the of of session session third third

the the

opened opened , , Davies A. A. D. D. . . Mr WMO, WMO, of of Secretary-General Secretary-General the the , , rvation se con their their

toward toward

agencies agencies specialized specialized s s it and and Nations Nations United United the the by by activity activity ed ed increas the the with with

and and supplies supplies water water dwindling dwindling our our about about concern concern e e world-wid the the with with g g in keep In In

1968 1968 , , GENEVA , , SESSION THIRD THIRD

HYDROMETEOROLOGY HYDROMETEOROLOGY FOR FOR COMMISSION COMMISSION

T. T. . H

standpoints. standpoints. technical technical and and l l socia from from both both ent ent ll exce

were were

Meteorology Meteorology of of Bureau Bureau Australian Australian the the by by made made arrangements arrangements local local The The

. . R . S . S . U and and U.S.A. U.S.A. , , Viet-Nam of of

Republic Republic

, , Thailand Tahiti, Tahiti, Africa, Africa, South South Singapore, Singapore, Philippines, Philippines, Pakistan, Pakistan, Zealand, Zealand,

New New

Caledonia, Caledonia, New New Mauritius, Mauritius, Malaysia, Malaysia, , , Laos Korea, Korea, of of Republic Republic Japan, Japan, Iraq, Iraq,

Iran, Iran,

Indonesia, Indonesia, , , India Reunion, Reunion, la la de de lie lie Kong, Kong, Hong Hong China, China, , , Australia Afghanistan, Afghanistan,

seminar: seminar: the the attended attended countries countries 25 25 following following the the from from participants participants 40 40 over over all, all, In In methods and techniques were included. These mainly concern the use of modern approaches to hydrology, particularly in connexion with computer techniques and system analysis. Other problems considered were the determination of river discharge under ice, and use of weirs, flumes and other stream-gauging structures. A Technical Note on all these will be prepared by a special working group of the commission.

Since network design is one of the most important of WMO activities in hydrometeorology, the commission considered it necessary to implement the proposal of the Symposium on Network Design, held in Quebec in 1965, to prepare a casebook of examples of networks, together with explanatory notes on objectives and principles applied. The examples will be selected from various geographical and climatic zones in countries in different stages of water resources development, and will include the elements of network design now contained in the Guide.

The commission recommended the organization of a symposium on evaluation of precipitation in mountainous areas and another on assessment of drought, and concurred with proposals that WMO eo-sponsor the symposia on hydrometry (Coblenz, 1969), on the world water balance (United Kingdom, 1970), and on snow and ice hydrology and the forecasting of runoff resulting from the melting of snow and ice (Canada, 1972).

International Hydrological Decade A considerable part of the discussions was devoted to WMO's co-operation in the IHD and to a possible long-term programme of international co-operation in hydro­ logy. The commission considered it necessary to express its views on the principles of WMO co-operation in the IHD and to suggest effective ways for co-ordinating all IHD activities in relation to activities of the commission, as specificall y requested by the Fifth Congress of WMO.

In the light of the decisions of Congress and the Executive Committee, the commission considered that the primary responsibilities of WMO and CHy within the IHD programme should be centred on the operational aspects of hydrology, and particularly on the following: network design and operation; standardization of instruments and methods of observation in hydrology; operational systems for acquisition, transmission and processing of data in hydrology (which are closely related with the World Weather Watch); meteorological and hydrological data for water resources projects; methods of computation of hydrometeorological elements for purposes of water balances; hydrological forecasting; assistance in the development of meteorological and hydrological services; and preparation of guidance material for operational purposes in the above fields. At its twentieth sess ion , the Executive Committee had expressed the view that WMO should co-operate with Unesco in the organization of the conference on the practical and scientific results of the IHD and on international co-operation in hydrology, to be held from 6 to 11 October 1969 in Paris, and had authorized the Secretary-General to take appropriate steps to that end. A long-term plan of action in hydrology will be discussed at this conference and, at the request of the Executive Committee, the commission considered the WMO contribution to the conference and also possible steps to be taken by WMO on a long-term plan of action in the field of hydrology after the end of the IHD.

The commission agreed that, in view of the close relationship between meteoro­ logy and hydrology and of WMO's experience and organization, it would be

104

105 105

J. J. N. N.

. . WMO

of of anguages anguages l official official four four the the in in published published ion, ion, sess the the of of report report final final abridged abridged the the in in

contained contained are are commission commission the the of of ions ions scuss di the the concerning concerning details details complete complete More More

commission. commission. the the of of work work the the to to knowledge knowledge scientific scientific and and experience experience his his

contribute contribute to to continue continue would would Kohler Kohler Mr. Mr. that that hoped hoped · · He stence. stence. i ex s s it of of years years eight eight

the the during during commission commission the the of of work work the the d d ecte dir had had e e b which which in in way way ient ient effic

the the and and efforts efforts untiring untiring his his for for Kohler Kohler A A Max Max Mr. Mr. to to participants participants the the all all of of behalf behalf

on on appreciation appreciation great great his his sed sed pres ex Hydrology, Hydrology, Scientific Scientific for for Association Association national national

Inter­ the the of of Secretary-General Secretary-General Tison, Tison, r r o J. J. L. L. Profess session, session, closing closing the the At At

(France). (France). Rodier Rodier Jean Jean Mr. Mr. vice-president, vice-president, new new a a

and and (U.S.S.R.), (U.S.S.R.), v v Popo G. G. E. E. Professor Professor president, president, new new a a elected elected commission commission The The

commission commission the the of of ent ent id vice-pres and and president president New New

hydrology. hydrology. in in fication fication

assi­ l C Decimal Decimal Universal Universal and and terminology terminology floods, floods, maximum maximum hydrology, hydrology, in in training training

, , design network network continental drought, drought, continental evaporation, evaporation, e e lak y, y, hydrolog in in instruments instruments

subjects: subjects: following following e e th with with deal deal to to d d e int appo were were rapporteurs rapporteurs of of number number A A

s. s. ion sess between between arise arise may may which which · topics topics important important on on consultation consultation

for for e e labl avai be be to to and and es es ti vi i act commission's commission's the the of of planning planning and and ordination ordination

­ co in in president president the the assist assist to to group group g g in work advisory advisory an an and and ects ects proj resources resources

water water for for data data design design on on group group working working new new a a ed ed blish esta also also commission commission The The

ns. ns. si ba

experimental experimental and and representative representative nd nd a ing, ing, forecast hydrological hydrological , , data meteorological meteorological

hydro­ of of processing processing machine machine Watch, Watch, Weather Weather World World the the of of aspects aspects hydrological hydrological

discharges, discharges, and and evels evels l water water , , observation of of methods methods and and instruments instruments ns, ns, o Regulati

cal cal hni c e T and and Guide Guide the the are: are: activity activity of of fields fields Their Their session. session. this this at at shed shed li estab

re­ were were commission commission the the by by rlier rlier ea shed shed bli esta groups groups working working the the of of Seven Seven

data. data. al al logic eteoro hydrom of of processing processing machine machine and and , , forecasting

ogical ogical hydrol are are future future ear ear n e e th in in groups groups working working commission's commission's the the by by prepared prepared

e e b to to Notes Notes Technical Technical in in with with t t l ea d be be to to expected expected are are which which topics topics the the Among Among

groups. groups. working working of of shment shment i establ the the or or rapporteurs rapporteurs of of appointment appointment the the by by continued continued

were were session session second second the the since since way way under under been been had had which which projects projects Several Several

rapporteurs rapporteurs and and groups groups working working New New

interests. interests. their their ing ing affect decisions decisions any any in in account account into into taken taken be be

can can ers ers Memb WMO WMO of of services services l l a hydrologic of of views views the the that that so so WMO, WMO, of of e e l ro

bove bove a the the also also examine examine might might logy, logy, ro hyd in in ations ations l regu technical technical the the consider consider to to is is

which which services, services, hydrological hydrological and and meteorological meteorological both both from from experts experts l l a nt governme of of

conference conference technical technical the the that that possibility possibility the the considered considered also also commission commission The The

terminology. terminology.

over over confusion confusion minimize minimize to to and and responsibilities responsibilities its its er er bett reflect reflect to to changed changed

be be reference reference of of terms terms its its that that and and Hydrology Hydrology for for on on i Commiss to to changed changed be be

name name its its that that ed ed mmend reco commiSsion commiSsion the the erations, erations, id s con these these of of view view In In

. . IHD the the of of d d en the the after after hydrology hydrology of of aspects aspects operational operational the the

on on co-operation co-operation l l ernationa int for for responsibilities responsibilities assume assume to to WMO WMO for for appropriate appropriate

106 106

as as an an operational operational forecaster forecaster in in the the Libyan Libyan Meteorological Meteorological Department. Department.

Mr . . Turesson Turesson (Sweden) (Sweden) L. L. 0. 0. completed completed in in October October 1968 1968 a a three-year three-year mission mission

Libya Libya

var i ous ous responsibilities. responsibilities.

training training to to forecasters, forecasters, and and provided provided on-the-job on-the-job training training to to chiefs chiefs of of sections sections in in their their

in in the the field field of of agricultural agricultural meteorology meteorology were were initiated. initiated. He He also also gave gave c l assroom assroom

s tations tations was was expanded ; ; the the analysis analysis of of rainfall rainfall data data was was undertaken; undertaken; and and activities activities

in in fields fields outside outside aeronautica l l meteorology. meteorology. For For example , , the the network network of of rainfall rainfall

in in Iraq. Iraq. Under Under his his guidance guidance the the Meteorological Meteorological Department Department developed developed its its activities activities

In In February February 1969, 1969, Mr . . S. S. N. N. Naqvi Naqvi (Pakistan) (Pakistan) completed completed a a three-year three-year miSSIOn miSSIOn

Iraq Iraq

the the required required meteorological meteorological personnel. personnel.

of of a a national national Meteorological Meteorological Service Service including including detailed detailed a a plan plan for for the the training training of of

Cyprus. Cyprus. He He assisted assisted the the Government Government in in the the preparation preparation of of a a plan plan for for the the development development

In In January January 1969, 1969, Mr. Mr. M. M. Gilead Gilead (Israel) (Israel) completed completed a a three-month three-month mission mission in in

Cyprus Cyprus

logy logy and and telecommunications . .

since since September September 1966 1966 and and previously, previously, from from March March 1965 , , adviser adviser in in synoptic synoptic meteoro­

He He had had been been WMO WMO chief chief of of mission mission in in the the Democratic Democratic Republic Republic of of the the Congo Congo

E . . Mr. Mr. S . . Vourlakis Vourlakis (Greece) (Greece) also also terminated terminated his his assignment assignment in in December December 1968. 1968.

a a regional regional project project in in late late 1967 . .

the the chair chair of of meteorology meteorology at at Lovanium Lovanium University , , Kinshasa , , which which was was established established as as

Dr . . B . . Dobrilovic Dobrilovic (Yugoslavia) (Yugoslavia) completed completed in in December December 1968 1968 his his assignment assignment to to

Congo Congo (Democratic (Democratic R e public) public)

upper-level upper-level charts . .

tion tion was was supplemented supplemented by by daily daily map map discussions discussions of of nephanalyses nephanalyses and and surface surface and and

logists logists on on the the practical practical applications applications of of APT APT satellite satellite meteorological meteorological data. data. This This instruc ­

operation operation of of an an APT APT station station and and gave gave lectures lectures to to students , , technicians technicians and and meteoro­

mission mission in in Chile Chile during during which which he he assisted assisted the the national national Meteorological Meteorological Service Service in in the the

Mr. Mr. Lester Lester Jordan Jordan (U.S.A.) (U.S.A.) completed, completed, C. C. in in February February 1969 , , a a 10-month 10-month

Chil e e

December December 1968. 1968. · ·

logy; logy; 13 13 first-year first-year students students and and 8 8 second-year second-year students students passed passed examinations examinations in in

During During 1968, 1968, he he taught taught the the first- and and second-year second-year students students of of the the section section of of meteoro­

also also gave gave lectures lectures in in meteoro l ogy ogy to to students students in in the the phys i cs cs and and mathematics mathematics section. section.

training training of of meteorologists meteorologists and and conducted conducted training training in in theoretical theoretical meteorology . . He He

in in the the Faculty Faculty of of Science Science at at Kabul Kabul Univers i ty, ty, prepared prepared plans plans and and syllabi syllabi for for the the

a a 23-month 23-month mission . . He He assisted assisted in in establishing establishing a a separate separate section section of of meteorology meteorology

In In January January 1969 , , Mr. Mr. A. A. V . . Popov Popov (U . S.S . R.) R.) left left Afghanistan Afghanistan after after completing completing

Afghanistan Afghanistan

Recen tl y y completed completed m i ssions ssions

UNDP UNDP TECHNICAL TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE ASSISTANCE

Technical Technical co-operation co-operation

107 107

countries countries eight eight from from meteorologists meteorologists African African Sixteen Sixteen 20). 20). p. p. No. No. , , XV Vol. Vol. , , tin e , , 1 Bull

(see (see meteorologists meteorologists II II Class Class as as them them qualify qualify to to Africa Africa eastern eastern of of countries countries speaking speaking

sh­ li Eng of of l l personne meteorological meteorological to to training training provide provide to to continues continues Nairobi Nairobi in in

1965 1965 in in shed shed li estab was was which which Centre Centre Training Training Meteorological Meteorological Regional Regional The The

Nairobi Nairobi , , ntre e C Training Training Meteorological Meteorological Regional Regional

Bulletin. Bulletin. the the of of issue issue this this of of 102 102 and and 114 114 pages pages on on given given are are seminars seminars these these of of

Reports Reports WMO. WMO. from from assistance assistance financial financial received received second second the the in in xteen xteen i s and and seminar seminar

first first the the in in participants participants Fifteen Fifteen Australia. Australia. Melbourne, Melbourne, in in held held was was data data satellite satellite

meteorological meteorological of of interpretation interpretation the the on on inar inar sem a a and and Malaysia, Malaysia, , , Lumpur Kuala Kuala

in in held held was was floods floods and and rains rains heavy heavy of of forecasting forecasting the the on on seminar seminar a a Pacific): Pacific): West West

­ (South V V and and (Asia) (Asia) II II Associations Associations Regional Regional in in Members Members WMO WMO from from participants participants

for for 1968 1968 November-December November-December during during organized organized were were seminars seminars training training Two Two

s s minar e S

projects projects Regional Regional

observations. observations. meteorological meteorological making making in in controllers controllers traffic traffic

air air trained trained and and country country the the in in airports airports other other to to trips trips inspection inspection made made also also rt rt e exp

e e Th . . forecasting and and analysis analysis chart chart in in training training job job e- -th on additional additional and and training training

classroom classroom formal formal ved ved i rece ters ters s foreca assistant assistant Eight Eight assistants. assistants. and and rvers rvers e obs

meteorological meteorological for for courses courses training training formal formal conducted conducted and and , , Airport Kathmandu Kathmandu

at at e e offic briefing briefing and and forecasting forecasting a a of of organization organization the the in in assisted assisted he he which which during during

xpert xpert e aeronautical aeronautical as as mission mission two-year two-year a a completed completed (Finland) (Finland) Venho Venho N. N. S. S. . . Mr

pal pal e N

Desert. Desert. Gobi Gobi

the the in in station station synoptic synoptic new new a a of of establishment establishment the the . in in and and stations stations noptic noptic y s two two

of of ocation ocation l re the the in in assisted assisted nd nd a out-stations out-stations to to trips trips inspection inspection made made also also rt rt e exp

e e Th s. s. instrument meteorological meteorological of of variety variety e e rg a l a a on on work work maintenance maintenance and and repair repair

Hursgul Hursgul at at tablished tablished s e

station station New New Mongolia: Mongolia:

perform perform to to equipped equipped well well now now is is Service Service Hydrometeorological Hydrometeorological Mongolian Mongolian the the WMO, WMO,

by by provided provided equipment equipment the the with with and and mission mission this this of of result result a a As As technicians. technicians. to to

training training in-service in-service gave gave and and instruments, instruments, meteorological meteorological of of repair repair and and calibration calibration

the the for for facilities facilities improved improved on on advised advised He He Mongolia. Mongolia. of of Republic Republic People's People's the the in in

mtsston mtsston one-year one-year a a completed completed ) ) . (U.S.S.R Briaszgin Briaszgin N. N. N. N. Mr. Mr. 1969, 1969, January January In In Mongolia Mongolia VACANCIES IN WMO TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION PROGRAMMES

Country Nature of post Date of Duration Language co mmencement needed Burundi Meteorological Second half 1969 42 months French organization and (initial training contract of 12 months) Central African Actinometry To be one month French Republic determined Chad Actinometry Second half 1969 2 months French Colombia (SF) Instruments and To be 36 months Spanish meteorological determined (initial laboratory contract of 12 months) Cuba Agrometeorology As soon as 12 months Spanish possible Dahomey Meteorological Second half 1969 2 months French telecommunications Ethiopia Agrometeorology * As soon as 6 months E ngli sh possible Indones ia (West Project ;1 As soon as 7 months English Irian) manager possible (FUNDWI) Iraq (SF) Aeronautical June 1969 18 months English (Initial meteorology * (initial operation new contract of Baghdad airport) 12 months) Radiosonde To be 12 months E nglish operations * determined Jordan Agrometeorology To be 3 months Engli sh determined Mongolia (SF) Aerology July 1969 24 months Russian (Expansion of (initial meteorological contract of and hyd rological 12 months) services) N iger Actinometry Second half 1969 2 months French Philippines (SF) Training and research As soon as 50 months English (Meteorological wi th specialization in possible (initial research and tropical meteorology contract of training, Ma nila) 12 months) Advanced techniques March 1970 24 months Engli sh of data processing (o ne month (initial preliminary contract of mission in 1969) 12 months) Saudi Arabia Meteorological Summer 1969 6 months E nglish telecommunications Hydrometeoro- 3 months English To be lo gy 1 To determined Climatology form To be 3 months English Js uravey determined Meteorological team To be 3 months English training determined

108

9 9 10

was was (Sweden) (Sweden) Forsman Forsman A. A. Mr. Mr. experts; experts; of of team team a a by by 1968 1968 October/December October/December during during

conducted conducted was was survey survey The The s. s. ie agenc Nations Nations United United other other with with collaboration collaboration in in

ECA ECA by by organized organized was was which which Africa, Africa, West West in in countries countries of of number number a a in in development development

resources resources water water for for eeds eeds n research research and and manpower manpower the the of of survey survey a a in in participated participated

WMO WMO (ECA), (ECA), Africa Africa for for ission ission Comm Economic Economic the the of of invitation invitation the the At At

Africa Africa West West in in nt nt e opm l e v e d s s ource es r Water Water

uctor. uctor. str in senior senior new new the the as as ed ed int appo being being s s i (India) (India)

Pant Pant S. S. P. P. Dr. Dr. and and 1968, 1968, of of end end the the at at country country his his to to , , returned returned 1967 July July from from

centre centre training training the the at at instructor instructor senior senior been been had had who who , , (India) Mazumdar Mazumdar S. S. Mr. Mr.

activities. activities. its its in in interest interest

keen keen evinced evinced and and 1968 1968 September September in in centre centre the the visited visited , , Community the the of of General General

Secretary­ , , Bigirwenkya K. K. . . Z. Z. H Mr. Mr. Community. Community. African African East East the the by by given given

support support strong strong the the to to due due largely largely been been has has e e ntr ce the the of of operation operation successful successful e e Th

ities. ities. l faci local local all all provided provided has has nity nity Commu African African East East the the and and instructors, instructors,

WMO WMO three three by by conducted conducted is is training training The The . . 1970 May May in in completion completion for for scheduled scheduled is is

and and 1968 1968 May May in in began began , , 4) Zambia Zambia nd nd a I, I, Somalia Somalia 2, 2, Malawi Malawi , , 4 a a ic Afr East East , , I (Burundi (Burundi

students students 12 12 with with course, course, third third The The forecasters. forecasters. l l ationa r ope now now are are some some ; ; courses

two two first first the the in in centre centre the the at at training training professional professional their their eted eted l comp y y ll successfu have have

Geneva. Geneva. WMO, WMO, Secretary-General, Secretary-General, the the from from ed ed in obta be be may may formation formation in er er urth F

UNDP UNDP by by approval approval to to * * Subject Subject

Irian Irian West West of of Development Development the the for for Nations Nations United United of of Fund Fund FUNDWI FUNDWI

project project Fund Fund Special Special SF SF = =

Region) Region) ECAFE ECAFE in in

months) months) 12 12 Programme Programme

of of contract contract electronics* electronics* and and (Typhoon (Typhoon

al al iti (in s s t t s telecommunication Ea Far Far

English English months months 18 18 1969 1969 July July 1 1 Meteorological Meteorological and and Asia Asia

* * possible possible processing processing

sh sh i months months Engl 12 12 as as soon soon As As Data Data

possible possible

English English s s month 12 12 as as soon soon As As surveyor surveyor Topographic Topographic

* * technician technician laboratory laboratory

h h s Engli Hydrologtcal Hydrologtcal Albert) Albert) months months 12 12 and and 1969 1969 Kioga Kioga half half Second Second

. . Victoria, Victoria, Lakes Lakes of of

* *

instruments instruments

catchments catchments the the

h h s Engli

months months 12 12

1969 1969

half half Second Second Meteorological Meteorological of of survey survey logical logical

ible ible s pos (Hydrometeoro-

months months English English 12 12 as as soon soon As As atology atology lim C (SF) (SF) Africa Africa

s s project Regional Regional

French French month month one one 1969 1969 half half Second Second y y Actinometr Volta Volta Upper Upper

months months English English 6 6 1969 1969 July July Agrometeorology Agrometeorology and and l Thai

months) months) 12 12

of of contract contract

al al iti (in ible ible s pos forecasting forecasting

English English months months 24 24 as as soon soon As As Aeronautical Aeronautical Leone Leone Sierra Sierra

needed needed commencement commencement

e e Languag Duration Duration of of Date Date post post of of Nature Nature y y Countr

110 110

ows ows ll fe Eight Eight project. project. the the of of out out sing sing i ar hydrology hydrology nd nd a rology rology eteo hydrom in in lities lities

­ ibi respons increased increased the the support support y y l adequate can can countries countries the the that that so so technicians technicians and and

personnel personnel professional professional of of training training the the on on aid aid l been been has has s s i emphas e e l Considerab

s. s. month 8 8 1 first first the the during during established established been been have have project, project, e e th der der n u anned anned l p network network

total total the the of of nt nt ce per per 30 30 representing representing stations, stations, hydrological hydrological and and meteorological meteorological

hydro­ 7 7 30 training. training. in in and and e e programm field field the the in in both both progress progress good good very very made made

has has 80) 80) . . p 2, 2, No. No. XVII, XVII, , , Vol. Vol. in et ll Bu (see (see America America ntral ntral Ce in in services services hydrological hydrological

and and hydrometeorological hydrometeorological the the of of improvement improvement and and n n expansio the the for for project project The The

rica rica e Am tral tral Cen

cution cution exe in in Projects Projects

FUND FUND SPECIAL SPECIAL UNDP UNDP

. . meteorology

l l a ltur icu r ag y y ud st to to Korea Korea from from ents ents ud st two two to to (UNKRA) (UNKRA) Korea Korea for for programmes programmes

Nations Nations ed ed it Un ial ial spec the the r r e und awarded awarded were were fellowships fellowships addition, addition, In In

ntenance ntenance i ma radar radar , , (1). (1). operation(!) radiosonde radiosonde , , (1) equipment equipment

e e l facsimi ), ), 1 ( statistics statistics ogical ogical l imato l c (1), (1), radiation radiation ar ar l so , , (1) hydrometeorology hydrometeorology

ogy ogy l hydro , , ) meteorology meteorology (1), (1), (l (l satellite satellite modification modification (1), (1), weather weather artificial artificial (1), (1), ing ing

) ) photograph

y y it un m Com can can i Afr East East (

Nairobi Nairobi e, e, tr Cen

Training Training Meteorological Meteorological

l l Regiona the the at at ents ents tud s

addressing addressing Community, Community,

African African East East the the of of General General

Secretary­ Bigirwenkya, Bigirwenkya,

K. K. H. H. Z. Z. Mr. Mr. Africa: Africa: East East

forecast- meteorological meteorological meteorology meteorology synoptic synoptic ), ), I ( (2), (2), meteorology meteorology tropical tropical (2), (2), ments ments

­ instru meteorological meteorological (5), (5), meteorology meteorology agricultural agricultural , , (7) ecommunications ecommunications l te ogical ogical l

­ eoro met (8), (8), meteorology meteorology aeronautical aeronautical 0), 0), meteorology meteorology general general (1 (1 fields: fields: following following

the the in in study study will will ows ows ll fe The The countries. countries. 25 25 of of nationals nationals to to programmes programmes UNDP UNDP the the

under under awarded awarded been been have have fellowships fellowships , , 45 45 etin ll Bu the the of of issue issue last last the the Since Since

Fellowships Fellowships

on. on. i preparat under under are are survey survey the the of of tions tions

recommenda­ and and report report The The . . Volta Upper Upper d d an Togo Togo Chad, Chad, Leone, Leone, Sierra Sierra Senegal, Senegal,

Nigeria, Nigeria, Niger, Niger, Mauritania, Mauritania, Mali, Mali, Liberia, Liberia, Coast, Coast, Ivory Ivory Ghana, Ghana, Gambia, Gambia, ahomey, ahomey, D

Cameroon, Cameroon, vey: vey: ur s the the by by covered covered were were countries countries following following The The expert. expert. WMO WMO the the

Ill Ill

instruments. instruments. necessary necessary the the with with equipped equipped and and ected ected l se were were

relationship relationship rainfall-runoff rainfall-runoff of of study study tensive tensive in for for basins basins index index Seven Seven completion. completion.

nearing nearing is is field, field, the the in in facilities facilities observation observation of of networks networks various various the the of of establishment establishment

the the phase, phase, first first The The operation. operation. of of year year second second its its entered entered it it as as progress progress good good make make

to to continued continued 142) 142) p. p. , , 3 No. No. , , XVII Vol. Vol. , , lin (see (see Bulle Albert Albert nd nd a Kioga Kioga , , Victoria

Lakes Lakes of of s s nt catchme e e th of of survey survey hydrometeorological hydrometeorological the the for for project project The The

ca ca Afri East East

n. n. seaso oon oon h typ

1970 1970 the the in in tested tested e e b can can development development under under techniques techniques forecasting forecasting the the that that and and

study, study, for for cases cases several several provide provide will will season season typhoon typhoon ext ext n e e th that that expected expected is is It It

. . continuing is is maintenance maintenance equipment equipment electronic electronic in in technicians technicians local local of of

ning ning i tra The The basin. basin. Choshui Choshui the the in in started started be be soon soon will will installation installation and and , , basin Tanshui Tanshui

the the in in installed installed been been have have stations stations raingauge raingauge ing ing er lemet e t The The soon. soon. l l operationa

e e b to to expected expected are are radars radars both both and and progress, progress, in in are are g g n Kaohsiu near near radar radar second second a a

of of ation ation ll sta in the the and and radar radar this this of of repair repair The The 196). 196). p. p. 4, 4, No. No. XVII, XVII, Vol. Vol. , , in et Bull

(see (see winds winds typhoon typhoon by by damaged damaged was was en en li Hwa at at installed installed been been had had which which radar radar

the the when when 1967 1967 November November in in setback setback a a received received project project the the start, start, good good a a After After

basins. basins. river river Choshui Choshui and and Tanshui Tanshui the the , , namely country- the the

of of s s basin river river main main two two the the cover cover to to project project the the under under established established be be to to network network

basin basin

hui hui Chos the the in in raingauge raingauge

telemetering telemetering a a of of ion ion at ll sta in

the the for for equipment equipment ing ing

transport­ porters porters and and team team

: : ) Project Project Tai1va11 ( Chi11a Chi11a

raingauge raingauge the the and and radars radars two two of of made made be be will will Use Use patterns. patterns. precipitation precipitation associated associated

their their and and typhoons typhoons of of studies studies of of basis basis the the on on techniques techniques forecasting forecasting flood flood develop develop to to

is is China China of of Republic Republic the the in in project project the the of of purpose purpose the the that that recalled recalled be be may may It It

China China

far. far. so so courses courses these these in in training training

received received have have observers observers 130 130 Nicaragua. Nicaragua. and and Rica Rica Costa Costa Panama, Panama, Salvador, Salvador, El El

in in given given were were observers observers hydrometeorological hydrometeorological for for courses courses Intensive Intensive Salvador. Salvador. l l E and and

Guatemala Guatemala , , Honduras in in conducted conducted and and organized organized were were hydrology hydrology in in courses courses Training Training

. . vigorously proceeding proceeding so so l a is is experts experts international international by by technicians technicians of of training training l l Loca

fellowships. fellowships. awarded awarded been been have have more more seven seven and and abroad, abroad, trammg trammg commenced commenced have have In January 1969, two short-term consultant mtstons were arranged to advise the project manager on special aspects of the project: Mr. W. L. Isherwood (U.S.A.) was appointed to advise on the most appropriate arrangements for the processing of hydrometeorological and hydrological data being collected, and Dr. M. Pycha (Czechoslovakia) to advise on the best methods of collection of evapotranspiration and evaporation data required in the study of the water balance of the catchments. Since observations of precipitation and evaporation over Lake Victoria would require the establishment of automatic weather stations on the islands in the lake, a consultant will be appointed in the first quarter of 1969 to advise on the most appropriate automatic system that can be used. Dr. R. Czelnai (Hungary), one of the two meteorologists originally appointed to the project, completed his one-year assignment in October 1968. During this

Central America: Trainin g of hydrological observers in E l Sa lvador under the WMO/ Special Fund project time he drew up detailed plans for the network of hydrometeorological observing stations, including lists of equipment, and assisted in the installation of new stations and the upgrading of existing stations. Two more hydrologists [Messrs. A M. Khalifa (U.A.R.) and D. H. Morton (Canada)] joined the project in early 1969. The project will soon enter its second main phase of activity during which various parameters involved in the water balance of the lakes will be analysed, using the data collected from the new and existing stations. The analysed data wi ll be presented in maps of mean monthly and annual evapotranspiration, precipitation, streamflow and evaporation during excessively wet and dry years.

Mongolia The project manager, Mr. E. G. Pichugin (U.S.S.R.), carried out a short preliminary mission in August-September 1968, during which he drew up a work plan for the execution of the project for the expansion of meteorological and hydro­ logical services in the People's Republic of Mongolia. He also assisted in the development of the plan of operation and established the list and specifications of the equipment required during the first year of the project. He returned to Mongolia in February 1969 to commence his main mission.

112

113 113

N.Y. N.Y. 10016, 10016, U.S.A. U.S.A.

Geneva, Geneva, or or the the WMO WMO Public at o i ns ns Ce nter , , UNIPUB, UNIPUB, Inc . , , P . . 0 . . Bo x x 433, 433, New New York, York,

All All the the reports reports ( in in E ngli s h h only) only) ma y y be be ordered ordered f rom rom the the WMO WMO Secret ar i at, at,

5. - . . Sw. Sw. fr. fr.

9 9 - No. No. H y dr o l og i c c r e quirements quirements fo r r wea lh e r r radar radar A A F. F. data, data, by by FLANDERS. FLANDERS.

8 8 - No. No. H y dr o l ogica l l be W n . . ch ch B. B. marks , , b y y 5. -. -. Sw. Sw. fr. fr. LANGBE I N. N.

5.-. 5.-. Sw. Sw. fr. fr.

No. No. 7 7 - Sar e ll ite ite a ppli cat i o n s s / o o s n ow ow h y dr o l ogy, ogy, 1 968, 968, by by W . . R. R. P OPHAM. OPHAM.

(see (see Bu ll e rin , , Vol. Vol. XVII, XVII, No. No. 2, 2, p. p. 147 ) ) the the following following are are n ow ow ava i lable: lable:

the the regular regular programm e e of of WMO WMO pub li cat i ons. ons. In In a dditi on on to to the the above above s i x x report s s

attract attract a a much much wider wider interest , , and and they they have have now now been been converted converted to to a a series series w ithin ithin

concerne d d w ith ith these these projects . . The The demand demand for for the the repo r ts ts h as as shown shown that that they they

for for the the inform a tion tion of of permanent permanent representatives representatives of of WMO WMO and and tho se se dire c tl y y

The The first first six six reports reports on on WMO / IHD IHD projects projects were were originally originally issued issued in in 1967 / 1 968 968

Rep o rl s s on on WMO / IHD IHD pr o j ec ts ts

of of the the Bull e rin. rin.

the the WMO WMO Secretariat Secretariat in in March March and and April April 196 9, 9, will will be be contained contained in in t h e e n ext ext i ss u e e

Reports Reports on on t h e e sess i o n s s of of severa l l IHD IHD panels panels of of expe r ts, ts, due due to to ta k e e place place in in

p l an an of of action action in in hydrology hydrology after after the the en d d of of the the D eca d e. e.

second second half half ( until until 1974) , , and and wi ll ll a l so so di scuss scuss the the ne eds eds a nd nd possibilities possibilities for for a a l ong-ter m m

a nd nd make make proposa l s s for for t h e e scientific scientific pr ogramme ogramme to to b e e acco m p li s h ed ed during during it s s

a nd nd p lannin g g of of ne tworks. tworks. The The co nferen c e e will will rev iew iew the the past past activ ities ities of of the the IHD IHD

prese nt a tion tion of of two two key n o t e e reports: reports: on on h ydro lo g ic a l l forecasting forecasting a nd nd on on the the design design

will will include include the the provision , , with with U n es co , , of of a a j o in t t conference conference sec r etar i at at and and th e e

General General of of WMO WMO to to co-operate co-operate with with Unesco Unesco in in it s s preparat i on. on. WMO 's 's participati o n n

participation participation b y y all all Members Members of of WMO WMO in in this this conference conference a nd nd requested requested t he he Secretary­

Bulletin , , Vol. Vol. XVII, XVII, No. No. p. p. t hat hat th e e WMO WMO Exec 4, 4, uti ve ve 2 11 Co ) ) mmitt ee ee urged urged full full

h y dr o lo gy, gy, to to be be held held in in Paris Paris f r om om 6 6 to to 14 14 O cto b e r r 1969. 1969. will will b It It e e r eca ll e d d (see (see

pract ic a l l and and scie n t ifi c c results results of of t h e e IHD IHD a nd nd on on international international co-operation co-operation in in

discussions discussions concerning concerning the the conve nin a g nd nd organization organization of of the the conference conference o n n the the

D eca d e e (IHD) (IHD) m et et in in Paris Paris in in D ece mber mber 1 968. 968. WMO WMO was was invited invited to to b e e present present at at

The The Bur ea u u of of the the Co - o rdin ati n g g Cou ncil ncil for for the the International International Hydrological Hydrological

International International Hydrological Hydrological Decade Decade

in in September September 1968. 1968.

An An expert expert in in radar radar m H. H. eteoro logy , , Mr. Mr. J . . Hender so n n (U.K. ), ), took took up up his his assignment assignment

menc e d d in in th e e In st itut e e of of Meteorology Meteorology attached attached to to the the Philippine s s We a th er er Bur ea u . .

t h U e ni ve rsit y y of of the the Philippin es. es. Co ur ses ses for for meteorological meteorological observers observers h ave ave com­

Seven Seven stude nt s s will will soon soon complete complete the the first first postgraduate postgraduate course course in in meteorology meteorology a t t

Vol. Vol. XVI , , No. No. 2 , , p. p. 92) 92) for for meteorological meteorological training training a nd nd research research in in the the Philippin es. es.

ass i g nm e nt nt in in Jul y y 1 968, 968, completed completed the the work work sc h edu l e e for for the the project project (s ee ee Bull e rin , ,

The The project project manager, manager, Dr. Dr. E. E. I. I. M. M. Watts Watts (New (New Zea l a nd ), ), w ho ho to ok ok up up hi s s

Philippin es es

for for th e e equipment equipment ne e ded ded in in 196 9. 9.

exe cution, cution, advance advance allocation allocation was was obtained obtained from from th e e UNDP , , and and orders orders were were placed placed

b y y the the Go ve rnm e nt , , th e e UN DP DP a nd nd WMO. WMO. In In o rd e r r to to pr oceed oceed without without delay delay with with it s s

The The plan plan of of operation operation was was f in a li ze d d and and will will b eco m e e operational operational after after sig n a tur e e

114 114

form; form; digital digital in in data data meteorological meteorological of of y y l supp the the satellites; satellites; from from obtained obtained data data

ogical ogical l meteoro of of use use the the operations; operations; aviation aviation general general to to and and aircraft aircraft transport transport sonic sonic

super­ to to services services meteorological meteorological of of provision provision the the for for procedures procedures proposed proposed concern concern

covered covered tems tems i The The rapporteurs. rapporteurs. by by reports reports as as ll ll we as as practices) practices) documentation documentation

and and briefing briefing on on and and system system forecast forecast area area an an of of aspects aspects l l ogica l meteoro (on (on mission mission

com­ the the of of groups groups g g n worki two two of of 1968 1968 October October n n i sessions sessions the the during during prepared prepared

papers papers working working of of form form the the taken taken have have Contributions Contributions 1969). 1969). May May 3 3 April- 9 9

(Montreal, (Montreal, ICAO ICAO of of Conference Conference Navigation Navigation Air Air 6th 6th the the with with conjointly conjointly held held be be to to

session session extraordinary extraordinary its its for for preparations preparations on on concentrated concentrated been been have have months months few few

past past the the during during Meteorology Meteorology Aeronautical Aeronautical for for Commission Commission the the of of activities activities The The

ogy ogy l eoro t Me al al tic au Aeron

commissions commissions technical technical the the of of Activities Activities

. . N J. J.

region. region. the the of of countries countries

many many to to disasters disasters major major cause cause floods floods and and rains rains heavy heavy where where world, world, the the of of part part this this in in

future future in in held held be be should should nature nature this this of of seminars seminars more more that that participants participants the the by by made made

was was recommendation recommendation A A . . region the the of of countries countries the the of of development development economic economic the the

for for hydrology hydrology and and meteorology meteorology of of importance importance the the of of awareness awareness an an brought brought which which

, , seminar the the by by aroused aroused was was interest interest public public Wide Wide Yuen. Yuen. Tong Tong Ho Ho Mr. Mr. Service, Service,

Meteorological Meteorological Malaysian Malaysian the the of of Director Director the the and and , , Tan Berhormat Berhormat Yang Yang Mr. Mr.

Federation, Federation, Malaysian Malaysian the the of of Transport Transport of of Minister Minister the the by by shown shown was was interest interest

great great participants; participants; of of accommodation accommodation and and rooms rooms exercise exercise the the including including seminar, seminar,

the the conducting conducting for for facilities facilities excellent excellent provided provided country country host host The The . . authorities

host host the the by by organized organized trip trip field field a a during during systems systems flood-warning flood-warning of of establishment establishment

the the in in applications applications practical practical seeing seeing of of opportunity opportunity the the had had also also participants participants The The

Kingdom. Kingdom. United United the the and and Thailand Thailand , , Singapore

, , Philippines Pakistan, Pakistan, Malaysia, Malaysia, Laos, Laos, of), of), (Republic (Republic Korea Korea Japan, Japan, Iran, Iran, Indonesia, Indonesia,

of), of), (Republic (Republic China China Ceylon, Ceylon, Burma, Burma, , , Afghanistan seminar: seminar: the the attended attended countries countries

following following the the from from participants participants 40 40 of of total total A A Kong). Kong). (Hong (Hong Chin Chin C. C. P. P. Mr. Mr. and and

(Japan) (Japan) Ishihara Ishihara Dr. Dr. K. K. (India), (India), Chelam Chelam V. V. E. E. Dr. Dr. seminar; seminar; e e th of of director director technical technical

also also was was who who (Australia), (Australia), F. F. Rainbird Rainbird A. A. Mr. Mr. were: were: exercises exercises practical practical the the conducted conducted

and and lectures lectures the the delivered delivered who who consultants consultants The The . . rivers on on forecasting forecasting flood flood and and

precipitation, precipitation, maximum maximum probable probable radar, radar, by by observation observation their their and and rainstorms rainstorms mesoscale mesoscale

of of structure structure region, region, the the in in rainfall rainfall heavy heavy of of prediction prediction quantitative quantitative of of subjects subjects

the the on on exercises exercises practical practical and and lectures lectures of of weeks weeks two two of of consisted consisted seminar seminar The The

Service. Service. Meteorological Meteorological Malaysian Malaysian the the by by made made were were arrangements arrangements

Local Local 1968. 1968. November November 23 23 to to from from Lumpur Lumpur Kuala Kuala in in Government, Government, 11 11 Malaysian Malaysian

the the of of invitation invitation kind kind the the at at held, held, was was programme, programme, assistance assistance technical technical UNDP UNDP the the

within within organized organized floods, floods, and and rains rains heavy heavy of of forecasting forecasting on on seminar seminar a a Pacific), Pacific), West West

(South­ V V and and (Asia) (Asia) II II Associations Associations Regional Regional WMO WMO by by proposal proposal a a Following Following

1968 1968 NOVEMBER NOVEMBER , , LUMPUR UALA UALA K N N I SEMINAR SEMINAR

FLOODS FLOODS AND AND RAINS RAINS HEAVY HEAVY OF OF CASTING CASTING E FOR

115 115

commission. commission.

the the of of development development the the for for important important questions questions other other as as well well as as session session coming coming

forth­ the the for for gements gements rran a the the discuss discuss to to order order in in 1969 1969 March March in in met met commission commission

the the of of Group Group Working Working Advisory Advisory The The preparation. preparation. under under is is session session the the for for agenda agenda

provisional provisional The The . . activities technical technical and and scientific scientific other other of of needs needs the the meeting meeting and and

purposes purposes practical practical serving serving to to view view a a with with climatology climatology in in es es i stud theoretical theoretical and and logy logy

methodo­ of of promotion promotion the the be be will will considered considered be be to to subject subject main main The The 1969. 1969. October October

in in Geneva Geneva in in held held be be will will Climatology Climatology for for ssion ssion i Comm the the of of session session fifth fifth The The

Climatology Climatology

fields. fields. data data

for for grids grids standard standard of of design design the the to to and and networks networks meteorological meteorological of of aspects aspects temporal temporal

and and ial ial spat the the to to given given was was Consideration Consideration sets. sets. data data such such of of assembly assembly the the for for

formulated formulated plan plan a a and and xamined, xamined, e was was sets sets data data basic basic for for workers workers research research

of of need need The The developments. developments. future future probable probable the the discussed discussed and and prediction prediction weather weather

l l erica num of of status status nt nt prese the the studied studied up up gro The The Prediction. Prediction. Weather Weather Numerical Numerical on on

ium ium s Sympo WMO/IUGG WMO/IUGG the the after after immediately immediately 1968 1968 r r e Decemb lO lO 5 5 to to from from Tokyo Tokyo

in in held held was was Meteorology Meteorology Synoptic Synoptic for for and and Sciences Sciences Atmospheric Atmospheric for for Commissions Commissions

the the of of Prediction Prediction Weather Weather Numerical Numerical on on Group Group Working Working Joint Joint the the of of session session A A

Sciences Sciences Atmospheric Atmospheric

wheat. wheat. on on study study similar similar a a out out carry carry will will (Israel) (Israel)

Lomas Lomas . . J Mr. Mr. and and rice, rice, on on study study a a for for rapporteur rapporteur as as act act to to agreed agreed has has (Netherlands) (Netherlands)

Weille Weille de de G. G. Ir. Ir. A. A. Dr Dr crop. crop. that that of of varieties varieties certain certain of of production production e e l profitab the the to to

limits limits setting setting factors factors those those of of also also and and crop crop food food ed ed i specif a a of of production production the the for for

e e l suitab areas areas defining defining factors factors climatological climatological the the of of knowledge knowledge present present on on report report a a

prepare prepare to to and and review review to to are are tasks tasks whose whose rapporteurs rapporteurs new new g g in appoint resolutions resolutions two two

approved approved has has Meteorology Meteorology Agricultural Agricultural for for Commission Commission the the of of president president The The

Meteorology Meteorology Agricultural Agricultural

setting. setting. altimeter altimeter for for values values pressure pressure and and clouds clouds wind, wind, range, range,

l l visua runway runway ar ar l particu in in flight, flight, of of phases phases take-off take-off and and landing landing approach, approach, the the for for

required required information information meteorological meteorological concerning concerning regulations regulations the the with with mainly mainly deal deal They They

1969. 1969. September September in in emented emented impl be be will will Members, Members, WMO WMO and and States States contracting contracting ICAO ICAO

of of consultation consultation joint joint usual usual the the of of subject subject the the been been have have which which amendments, amendments, These These

. . WMO by by approval approval subsequent subsequent to to subject subject il il Counc ICAO ICAO the the by by adopted adopted been been have have

CAeM CAeM of of session session fourth fourth and and Conference Conference Navigation Navigation Air Air 5th 5th joint joint the the of of mendations mendations

­ recom the the from from derived derived 12.2) 12.2) chapter chapter Regulations, Regulations, Technical Technical PANS-MET/WMO PANS-MET/WMO

(ICAO (ICAO material material regulatory regulatory WMO WMO nd nd a ICAO ICAO common common the the to to amendments amendments The The

Personnel. Personnel. Meteorological Meteorological of Training Training

and and on on i Educat on on Experts Experts of of Panel Panel ee ee itt Comm Executive Executive the the by by prepared prepared personnel personnel

meteorological meteorological of of categories categories all all of of training training the the for for abi abi ll sy suggested suggested the the in in included included be be

will will sections sections These These personnel. personnel. meteorological meteorological of of classes classes various various the the by by acquired acquired be be

to to knowledge knowledge aviation aviation to to relating relating ons ons i sect special special the the up up draw draw to to was was session session the the of of

purpose purpose The The 1969. 1969. March March 7 7 to to 3 3 from from Stockholm Stockholm in in met met Personnel Personnel Meteorological Meteorological

Aeronautical Aeronautical of of Training Training and and Qualifications Qualifications on on Group Group Working Working the the , , Institute

Hydrological Hydrological and and Meteorological Meteorological Swedish Swedish the the of of hospitality hospitality kind kind the the Through Through

rapporteurs. rapporteurs. by by papers papers separate separate in in with with dealt dealt are are aircraft aircraft

by by conditions conditions meteorological meteorological of of reporting reporting the the and and turbulence turbulence of of forecasting forecasting or or

detection detection for for prospects prospects The The charts. charts. producing producing for for computers computers ronic ronic elect of of use use the the and and Instruments and Methods of Observation The first session of the Working Group on the Use of Meteorological Radar for Aeronautical Purposes of the Commission for Instruments and Methods of Observation was held in Geneva from 20 to 24 January 1969 under the chairman­ ship of Mr. H. Treussart (France). The working group considered the use of radar for the detection of hail and turbulence, the transmission of radar data to air-traffic services and to aircraft, and the relative capabilities of different types of radar. The session felt that much more information would be obtained from weather radar

A contoured weather radar display photographed at the ESSA National Severe Storm Laboratory, Norman, Oklahoma. The equipment used was referred to at the recent ClMO working group session described above. The device known as the Video Integrator and Processor is used in conjunction with the WSR-57 weather radar and provides signal-intensity information in up to si x levels of intensity in steps of approximately ten dB. These are displayed in con­ toured form on the radar screen as white, black, grey, white, black. The circuitry provides range compensa- tion correction

if practising meteorologists were aware of the techniques which have been developed by radar specialists. The group therefore recommended to the president that a technical conference on the uses of meteorological radar be organized, and drew up a tentative programme for such a conference.

Maritime Meteorology As reported in the previous issue of the Bulletin (Vol. XVIII, No. 1, p. 27), the fifth session of the Commission for Maritime Meteorology established six working groups and nominated three rapporteurs to carry out the technical pro­ gramme of the commission. The necessary formalities have now been completed, and these groups and rapporteurs are able to start their work. The translation of the WMO Sea Ice Nomenclature (1968 edition) into Russian has been made by Dr. A. F. Treshnikov, Director of the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute in Leningrad, and his staff. Translation into French and Spanish is being arranged by Dr. J. Heap, rapporteur on sea ice nomenclature. Mr. W. E. Markham, newly appointed rapporteur on the Illustrated Ice Nomenclature, is engaged in the final compilation of ice photographs for publication.

Synoptic Meteorology Two sub-groups of the Working Group on Data Needs and Codes of the Commission for Synoptic Meteorology met in Geneva during the period from 11 to 15 November 1968.

116

117 117

ment. ment. epart D Meteorological Meteorological India India e e th of of Saxena Saxena S. S. . . R K. K. Mr. Mr. y y b nted nted eprese r was was

WMO WMO . . 1968 r r e b ecem D 13 13 to to er er mb ve No 19 19 m m o r f es, es, n i Philipp a, a, nil a M in in ld ld e h was was

O O ICA of of Meeting Meeting n n o Navigati Air Air l l a ion g Re Asia Asia East East uth- East/So Middle Middle The The

N N RA SEA SEA / MID

determined. determined. be be could could systems systems nt nt ffere di e e th of of duction duction o intr e e th for for es es l sca

time time nd nd a it it ef n e t/b cos y, y, priorit efore efore b essary essary c e n sidered sidered con was was work work Additional Additional

temperatures. temperatures. r r i per-a up and and tops tops cloud cloud of of s s t eigh n h n o

information information in in a bt o to to order order in in pictures pictures cloud cloud e e llit e t sa of of nt nt e uipm eq round round g ed ed nc va d a

ore ore m by by read-out read-out the the and and es es llit sate from from directly directly obtained obtained present present at at be be cannot cannot

which which winds winds upper upper of of determination determination the the for for lloons lloons a b constant-level constant-level g g floatin free- of of

es es llit sate by by ion ion errogat nt i includes includes so so l a t t s li The The nt. nt. e m p qui e nd nd grou inexpensive inexpensive nd nd a

e e l p im s relatively relatively to to ata ata d relevant relevant of of transmission transmission pictorial pictorial the the nd nd a , , pilots to to terest terest in

of of a a n ome n e h p weather weather imilar imilar s and and storms storms tropical tropical , , areas thunderstorm thunderstorm ve ve i act of of

dissipation dissipation and and ent ent m ove m development, development, e e th of of es es llit sate ry ry a n o i at t geos y y b ion ion vat r se b o

the the as as ll ll we as as platforms, platforms, n n ocea g g floatin of of and and regions) regions) uninhabited uninhabited in in ally ally i c pe (es

s s n o i stat und und gro automatic automatic of of e e llit sate by by interrogation interrogation the the , , s n operatio distance distance

g­ n o l and and medium- of of planning planning flight flight for for arts arts h c weather weather nt nt a nific g i s of of provision provision e e th

in in pictures pictures cloud cloud e e it satell of of use use the the turbulence, turbulence, air air clear clear of of g g n warni and and g g in forecast

, , n o i etect d for for techniques techniques e e llit sate of of use use the the comprise comprise ion ion at ic appl of of areas areas potential potential

of of st st li the the in in included included nd nd a panel panel e e th by by ected ected l se items items l l a ic og l eoro met The The

l. l. ica ut a n aero than than er er h ot te te lli sate a a th th i w

ed ed t associa e e b to to eed eed n might might s s n o uncti f ese ese th that that agreed agreed was was it it meteorology; meteorology; affecting affecting

s s n o i ct n fu those those ps ps u gro which which ata, ata, d atmospheric atmospheric of of ssion ssion i sm n tra and and detection detection the the

ed ed includ category category atter atter l The The s. s. n ctio un f al al n o i addit d d an ary ary nd seco , , principal categories: categories:

e e hre t o int ll ll fa to to panel panel the the by by considered considered re re we m m syste e e llit sate nautical nautical aero an an

f f o functions functions The The operations. operations. on on i aviat il il civ international international of of omy omy n eco and and ncy ncy e ici eff

, , y it ar l regu , , safety the the improving improving for for system system e e llit sate l l a nautic aero an an in in of of age age nt adva

n n take be be could could which which techniques techniques space space those those identify identify to to was was meeting meeting the the of of scope scope

The The (U.S.A.). (U.S.A.). son son u Ferg W. W. E. E. Mr. Mr. by by d d represente v

to to 5 5 from from Montreal, Montreal, ers, ers, rt eadqua h ICAO ICAO at at ld ld e h was was Panel Panel Aviation) Aviation) to to g g in elat R

es es hniqu Tec Space Space of of (Applications (Applications ASTRA ASTRA ICAO ICAO the the of of g g in eet m first first The The

l l e Pan ASTRA ASTRA

ICAO ICAO

organizations organizations international international other other with with Collaboration Collaboration

codes. codes. observation observation ric ric e h atmosp radio radio nd nd a COB COB RO PILOT, PILOT, the the for for suggested suggested

anges anges h c e m so and and considered, considered, was was codes codes er er h ot of of revision revision The The ata. ata. d radar radar l l a ic g

meteorolo­ and and te te lli sate meteorological meteorological of of ge ge han exc l l a ion at rn e int the the for for ms ms for code code

oped oped l eve d codes codes ptic ptic o n sy ace ace urf s than than other other of of n n o i s i ev r the the n n o up up -gro ub s The The

Members. Members. m m o r g f g min o thc for code code e e th on on s s nt e mm co

y y n a in in interested interested e e b e e r efo her t will will they they and and points, points, many many n n o controversy controversy r r fo room room

considerable considerable ill ill st was was there there that that e e r awa were were up up -gro b su the the of of members members e e th , , task s s hi t

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surface surface c c nopti sy for for s s m for code code of of development development the the n n o oup oup r -g ub s The The

118 118

programmes. programmes. the the in in information information

new new of of inclusion inclusion the the govern govern should should which which criteria criteria the the defined defined also also panel panel the the 3; 3; phase phase

· · in in programmes programmes of of contents contents the the to to and and system, system, MOTNE MOTNE the the by by carried carried load load the the to to

proposed proposed were were additions additions Certain Certain meeting. meeting. RAN) RAN) (EUM (EUM Navigation Navigation Air Air Regional Regional

European-Mediterranean European-Mediterranean next next the the to to modifications modifications other other of of consideration consideration defer defer to to

decided decided was was it it but but altered altered slightly slightly was was network network MOTNE MOTNE the the of of periphery periphery The The

Europe. Europe. to to America America from from reports reports forecast) forecast)

(aerodrome (aerodrome TAF TAF of of transmission transmission the the in in with with met met difficulties difficulties the the to to paid paid was was Attention Attention

. . ions eg r Al'lantic Al'lantic North North and and East East Middle Middle , , Ocean Africa-Indian Africa-Indian ICAO ICAO the the with with larly larly

particu­ information, information, operational operational meteorological meteorological of of exchange exchange inter-regional inter-regional adequate adequate

nsuring nsuring e for for proposed proposed also also were were s s Measure transmissions. transmissions. of of automation automation the the and and

system system the the of of functioning functioning the the facilitate facilitate to to order order in in MOTNE, MOTNE, of of 3 3 phase phase of of operation operation

the the in in procedures procedures certain certain of of modification modification the the for for made made were were ions ions at Recommend

. . Region European European ICAO ICAO the the of of system system forecast forecast

area area the the of of and and 1965, 1965, May May 31 31 on on operation operation in in put put was was it it nce nce si MOTNE MOTNE of of 3 3

phase phase of of functioning functioning of of conditions conditions the the examine examine to to was was session session the the of of object object The The

. . Service Meteorological Meteorological

French French the the of of Nicod, Nicod, G. G. Mr. Mr. and and Leclercq Leclercq P. P. Mr. Mr. by by represented represented was was WMO WMO part; part;

took took experts experts 40 40 About About 1968. 1968. October October 30 30 to to 14 14 from from Paris Paris in in office office regional regional ICAO ICAO

the the in in held held was was nel nel a P Implementation Implementation and and Development Development urope) urope) E in in Network Network tions tions

Telecommunica­ Operational Operational (Meteorological (Meteorological MOTNE MOTNE the the of of session session sixth sixth The The

NE NE MOT MOT

. . states r r e memb the the by by consideration consideration

urgent urgent for for recommended recommended also also s s wa ceiling ceiling cloud cloud and and range range visual visual runway runway uring uring eas m

for for instruments instruments electronic electronic of of provision provision The The aviation. aviation. to to ice ice serv logical logical eteoro m for for

ial ial essent considered considered were were these these as as s s n statio transmission transmission picture picture automatic automatic through through

information information satellite satellite meteorological meteorological and and radars radars weather weather of of provision provision the the for for made made also also

were were Recommendations Recommendations . . meeting the the by by made made were were recommendations recommendations e e bl suita and and

emphasized emphasized was was data data meteorological meteorological basic basic as as reports reports aircraft aircraft of of importance importance The The

met. met.

ly ly adequate be be would would aviation aviation for for requirement requirement the the WMO WMO by by programme programme the the of of tation tation

implemen­ complete complete on on that that noted noted meeting meeting The The Watch. Watch. Weather Weather World World the the of of frame frame

the the within within networks networks observational observational of of mentation mentation e impl and and planning planning the the in in efforts efforts

WMO's WMO's of of tion tion apprecia an an was was s s n ssio discu the the of of aspect aspect important important other other The The

WMO. WMO. and and ICAO ICAO between between co-ordination co-ordination perfect perfect

of of example example an an are are decisions decisions The The consideration. consideration. full full given given were were purposes purposes tical tical

aeronau­ for for criteria criteria operational operational , , requirements these these g g developin In In . . nation ssemi di of of

mode mode nd nd a charts, charts, of of projections projections nd nd a scales scales products, products, deciding deciding in in AFCs AFCs for for guide guide

useful useful a a as as d d serve , , participated had had Saxena Saxena Mr. Mr. which which in in 1968, 1968, October October during during lhi lhi e D

New New at at held held meeting meeting planning planning informal informal WMO WMO the the of of report report The The centres. centres. logical logical

meteoro­ regional regional as as WMO WMO by by chosen chosen also also those those were were (AFC) (AFC) centres centres forecast forecast area area

the the for for chosen chosen locations locations The The regions. regions. MID/SEA MID/SEA e e th in in aviation aviation for for system system forecast forecast

area area an an of of lopment lopment e dev the the was was s s ion s discus the the of of feature feature important important most most The The

networks. networks. observation observation logical logical

­ meteoro and and ; ; dures e proc supplementary supplementary meteorological meteorological stations; stations; ground ground n n ee betw

data data operational operational of of exchange exchange functions; functions; their their and and offices offices meteorological meteorological nautical nautical

aero­ meeting: meeting: the the by by considered considered were were WMO WMO to to interest interest of of subjects subjects following following The The

19 19 I I

Assembly Assembly the the to to prior prior held held were were groups groups tudy tudy s other other and and CCITT CCITT e e th of of meetings meetings of of

number number A A . . 1968 October October 25 25 to to 14 14 from from Argentina, Argentina, Plata, Plata, del del Mar Mar in in held held was was (ITU) (ITU)

Union Union International Telecommunication Telecommunication International the the of of (CCITT) (CCITT) e e mmitte Co tive tive a nsult Co

Telephone Telephone and and Telegraph Telegraph International International the the of of Assembly Assembly y y Plenar IVth IVth The The

(CCITT) (CCITT) ITU ITU

. . research ources ources s re water water of of development development

scientific scientific the the for for profitable profitable most most d d e consider is is WMO WMO and and OWAR OWAR C n n etwee b

co-operation co-operation the the , , activities respective respective their their to to interest interest common common of of subjects subjects important important

ral ral seve are are there there Since Since recreation. recreation. and and therapy therapy and and biosphere biosphere the the in in water water to to cycle, cycle,

water water global global the the and and Earth Earth e e th of of s s urce eso r water water through through substance, substance, a a as as water water

of of on on i considerat from from range range will will which which research research water water rnational rnational e int of of ew ew i v re a a

prepare prepare to to intends intends also also committee committee The The lakes. lakes. man-made man-made on on ium ium sympos y y ar disciplin

multi­ a a organize organize to to proposal proposal a a was was session session the the of of conclusions conclusions important important the the of of

One One s. s. programme ientific ientific sc ese ese th in in WMO WMO of of activities activities the the of of review review a a presented presented

e e representativ WMO WMO The The Watch. Watch. er er Weath World World the the and and programme, programme, research research

atmospheric atmospheric global global e e th in in interests interests its its nd nd a de, de, eca D Hydrological Hydrological International International

the the in in participation participation its its were were e e committe the the by by red red e consid s s question the the Among Among

Unesco. Unesco. nd nd a WHO WHO IAEA, IAEA, FAO, FAO, , , WMO including including Nations Nations United United the the of of es es ci agen

specialized specialized of of observers observers by by attended attended lso lso a are are sessions sessions plenary plenary s s it and and research, research,

water water in in ted ted es r e int ICSU ICSU f f o s union ntific ntific e i sc nt nt e r e diff of of composed composed s s i OWAR OWAR C

e. e. d eca D Hydrological Hydrological tional tional erna Int the the concerning concerning questions questions on on WHO, WHO, and and IAEA IAEA

FAO, FAO, , , WMO as as uch uch s organizations organizations other other nd nd a nesco nesco U to to CSU, CSU, I of of lf lf a h e b on on , , iser adv

ntific ntific e i sc of of e e rol the the s s play it it addition, addition, In In water. water. of of ms ms e probl the the with with concerned concerned

non-governmental, non-governmental, nd nd a ntal ntal e rnm gove both both organizations, organizations, l l a rnation e int with with contacts contacts

ry ry ecessa n the the es es h s bli esta it it purpose purpose s s thi For For resources. resources. water water world world of of problem problem

the the into into rch rch esea r of of es es programm promotes promotes and and formulates formulates e e committe This This . . Italy

e, e, Rom in in ICSU ICSU of of rs rs e dquart ea h e e th in in 1969 1969 January January 9 9 to to 7 7 from from ld ld e h was was (COWAR) (COWAR)

ch ch esear R Water Water on on ee ee mmitt Co ntific ntific e Sci ICSU ICSU the the of of ion ion sess plenary plenary fifth fifth e e Th

(COWAR) (COWAR) ICSU ICSU

ICAO. ICAO. nd nd a WMO WMO n n etwee b

ration ration o collab e e clos in in mined mined exa e e b hould hould s problem problem this this that that considered considered was was it it

charts, charts, forecast forecast area area of of broadcasting broadcasting the the in in duplication duplication id id avo to to order order in in , , Finally

exchanges. exchanges. se se tho out out carrying carrying

for for ns ns ea m technical technical appropriate appropriate the the e e determin and and , , regions other other the the and and it it n n etwee b

and and region region the the within within information information meteorological meteorological operational operational of of exchange exchange the the for for

requirements requirements the the of of analysis analysis d d e detail e a a e mak should should meeting meeting RAN RAN EUM EUM ext ext n e e Th

ures. ures. eas m

planning planning g-term g-term lon recommend recommend to to group group study study the the ask ask to to and and possible; possible; wherever wherever

circuits circuits mission mission s tran landline landline of of establishment establishment the the recommend recommend to to and and equipment, equipment,

reception reception and and transmission transmission of of ency ency i c i eff the the in in ments ments e improv recommend recommend to to : : measures

following following the the e e tak to to decided decided ore ore ef ther panel panel the the and and , , tisfactory sa entirely entirely not not was was

e e l facsimi radio radio by by charts charts forecast forecast area area of of broadcast broadcast the the that that agreed agreed was was It It

ds. ds. ee n

those those satisfying satisfying for for ns ns a me the the into into research research as as well well as as formation formation in operational operational logical logical

meteoro­ of of exchanges exchanges in in aviation aviation l l civi of of needs needs future future the the influence influence to to ely ely lik factors factors

technical technical and and operational operational the the all all of of study study the the e e includ should should This This system. system. the the for for plan plan

rm rm e long-t a a shing shing li estab for for necessary necessary data data consider consider to to up up set set was was group group study study A A

120 120

certainly certainly benefit benefit the the arrangements arrangements for for this this project. project.

addition, addition, the the timing timing of of this this symposium, symposium, a a year year before before the the s tart tart of of CICAR, CICAR, will will

The The Pr ocee dings dings will will be be of of great great interest interest for for the the scientific scientific world world and, and, in in

for for a a period period of of thr ee ee years years from from 1 1 January January 1970 . .

b e e used used as as p e rtirrent rtirrent proposals proposals for for the the CICAR CICAR project project (see (see opposite opposite which which will will last last

techniques , , instruments , , and and observation observation platforms. platforms. These These recommendations recommendations could could

formulate formulate recommendations recommendations on on further further investigations investigations and and on on the the use use of of new new

and and rapporteurs rapporteurs in in each each of of th e e four four sections sections were were asked asked to to draft draft a a report report and and to to

In In order order to to identify identify gaps gaps in in the the present present knowledge knowledge of of th e e area, area, the the chairmen chairmen

and and areas areas with with upwelling upwelling deep deep sea sea water water will will need need closer closer investigation. investigation.

canal canal between between the the Ca ribbean ribbean and and the the Pacific. Pacific. was was also also lt lt not e d d that that deep deep trenches trenches

effect effect th e e m a rine rine lif e e of of th e e w es tern tern part part Oil Oil of of the the area area of of th e e construction construction of of a a new new

water water and and its its currents currents was was shown. shown. Subjects Subjects not e d d for for inv es tigation tigation includ e d d the the

effect effect of of the the passage passage of of a a hurrican e e on on th e e t e mp e ratur e e of of th s e urface urface l aye r r of of the the

with with their their e normous normous energy energy a r e e formed formed in in th e e area area and and fr e quently quently enter enter it. it. The The

enters enters from from the the east east and and the the north north and and flows flows out out to to the the Gulf Gulf of of Mexico. Mexico. H;urricanes H;urricanes

numb e r r of of pa ssages ssages throu gh gh which , , how e ve r , , a a hug a e m o unt unt of of ocea n n water water

Th e e Car ibb ea n n Sea Sea forms - to to some some exte nt - a a clo sed sed basin basin with with a a limited limited

made made for for presentation presentation ill ill th e e sy mp osiu m ; a ; ll ll p ape r s s will will b e e includ e d d in in th e e Pr o c e ed in gs. gs.

of of s cientific cientific paper s s available available for for presentation presentation w as as so so large large th a t t a a selectiorr selectiorr had had to to be be

marin e e geology geology a nd nd geo phy s i cs; cs; marin e e biol ogy; ogy; a nd nd fish ery ery resources. resources. The The number number

participants participants on on s ubjects ubjects und er er four four sections: sections: phy s ical ical and and ch e mic a l l oceanography; oceanography;

r ev i ew ew paper s s pres e nted nted by by invited invited experts experts and and other other scientific scientific papers papers pr e par e d d by by

by by Profe F. F. s sor sor M. M. Bayer , , was was the the first first lecture lecture in in a a programm e e which which con siste d d of of

An An excell e nt nt hi s torical torical survey survey of of marin e e r esea rch rch in in th e e Cari bbean bbean area , , given given

Marine Marine Biologic a l l Institute Institute in in C ura9ao. ura9ao.

240 240 s cientist s s and and was was held held in in th e e C ura9 ao ao Hilton Hilton Hot e l , , ne xt xt to to th e e Ca ribb ea n n

l a nd s s Antill es , , f rom rom 18 18 to to 23 23 November November 1 968. 968. The The sy mposium mposium was was attended attended by by

Government Government of of th e e Netherlands Netherlands Antilles, Antilles, was was held held in in the the island island of of Cura9ao, Cura9ao, Neth e r­

regio n s , , s pon sored sored by by Unesco Unesco a nd nd FAO, FAO, eo-sponsored eo-sponsored by by WMO WMO and and host e d d by by the the

A A symposium symposium orr orr investigations investigations and and resources resources of of the the Ca ribbean ribbean Sea Sea and and a dj a c e nt nt

Unesco/FAO Unesco/FAO

information information or or act i on on to to th e e competent competent t ec hnic a l l commissions commissions of of the the Or ga ni z a tion . .

recommendations recommendations a nd nd studies studies which which are are of of int e r est est to to WMO WMO will will be be r efe rr e d d for for

incr ease ease in in th e e s p ee d d of of facsimile facsimile transmissions transmissions and and data data tran sm i ss iorr iorr m atte r s. s. The The

relevant relevant to to th e e World World W eat h e r r Watch - nam e ly , , the the qu est ions ions conc e rnin g g t ar iff s, s,

for for the the stud y y period period 1968-1972 1968-1972 will will be be of of great great interest interest to to WMO , , particul a rly rly those those

A A lar ge ge number number of of revised revised o n r ew ew study study que s ti o n s s adopted adopted by by th e e Assembly Assembly

s uch uch as as data data tr a n s mi ss ion , , was was proposed. proposed.

irr irr particular particular on on th s e urch a r ge ge a pplicable pplicable to to certain certain type s s of of circuits circuits for for s p ec i f ic ic u ses, ses,

circuits circuits for for private private se rvice s s wa s s undertakerr ; ; considerable considerable r e ductiorr ductiorr on on th e e r ate ate l eve ls , ,

A A revision revision of of th e e recomm e nd a tions tions dealin g g with with the the l ease ease of of telecommunication telecommunication

mi SS IOn . .

d ea lin g g with with tariff tariff matters , , facsimile facsimile tran s mis s ion ion and and eq ui p m e nt nt and and d ata ata trans­

73 73 countries. countries. T h e e WMO WMO r eprese ntative ntative participated participated in in th e e work work of of th g e roup s s

Mr . . R . . Albarino Albarino R. R. (Argentin a), a), wa s a s e tt nded nded by by a bout bout 780 780 participants , , repr ese nting nting

from from 23 23 Sept e mb e r r to to 11 11 Octob e r r 1968 . . The The Assembly , , which which was was ch ai r e d d by by

121 121

basic basic give give or or figures figures precise precise include include should should plan plan the the whether whether contain, contain, should should

sections sections and and parts parts various various the the what what namely, namely, - agencies specialized specialized the the of of tives tives

representa­ and and committee committee the the of of members members by by faced faced be be to to questions questions of of number number a a , , ever

how­ were, were, There There plan. plan. the the of of parts parts different different in in scattered scattered was was meteorology meteorology which which

in in draft, draft, previous previous the the on on improvement improvement distinct distinct a a was was This This resources. resources. atmospheric atmospheric

on on section section a a includes includes now now committee, committee, the the of of session session tenth tenth the the by by consideration consideration for for

submitted submitted plan, plan, draft draft new new A A IAEA. IAEA. the the and and agencies, agencies, specialized specialized Nations Nations United United

the the countries, countries, developing developing the the of of wishes wishes the the account account into into taking taking party, party, working working

hoc hoc an an ad ad by by reviewed reviewed was was session session ninth ninth the the for for prepared prepared been been had had which which plan plan draft draft

The The discussion. discussion. considerable considerable evoked evoked action action of of plan plan world world the the of of question question The The

agencies. agencies. specialized specialized the the and and Nations Nations United United the the of of framework framework the the within within

activities activities technical technical and and scientific scientific of of organization organization the the and and , , countries developing developing the the of of

resources resources natural natural the the action, action, of of plan plan world world the the were were WMO WMO to to interest interest greatest greatest the the of of

items items agenda agenda The The 1968. 1968. December December 6 6 to to November November 25 25 from from Vienna Vienna in in headquarters headquarters

IAEA IAEA the the at at held held was was (ACASTD) (ACASTD) Development Development to to Technology Technology and and Science Science of of

Application Application the the on on ommittee ommittee C Advisory Advisory Nations Nations United United the the of of on on i sess tenth tenth The The

ACASTD ACASTD

NATIONS NATIONS UNITED UNITED

Mexico. Mexico. in in centre centre sorting sorting biological biological a a and and project project the the of of duration duration

the the for for Curac;ao Curac;ao in in CICAR CICAR for for centre centre operations operations an an establish establish should should IOC IOC that that

recommended recommended was was It It fisheries. fisheries. of of charge charge in in co-ordinator co-ordinator international international assistant assistant elected elected

was was (Mexico) (Mexico) Lemus Lemus Cifuentes Cifuentes J. J. L. L. Mr. Mr. CICAR; CICAR; for for co-ordinator co-ordinator international international

elected elected unanimously unanimously was was , , IOC of of chairman chairman , , Langeraar . . W Rear-Admiral Rear-Admiral

west. west. the the on on Mexico Mexico of of

Gulf Gulf the the include include to to east east the the on on River River Amazon Amazon the the from from area area the the cover cover will will , , forms

plat­ observing observing other other by by and and stations stations observing observing unmanned unmanned and and manned manned by by , , vessels

these these by by out out carried carried research research The The . . involved countries countries the the by by announced announced been been already already

has has time time ship ship of of months months 325 325 with with vessels vessels research research 23 23 of of participation participation The The

countries. countries. participating participating other other of of activities activities research research with with up up link link to to adjusted adjusted

be be might might practicable, practicable, where where , , which programmes programmes national national tentative tentative their their introduced introduced

countries countries Some Some planned. planned. is is project project the the which which for for years years three three the the during during execution execution

for for up up drawn drawn were were interest interest primary primary of of programmes programmes and and , , Recommendations . . research

scientific scientific of of sections sections major major four four of of each each in in problems problems basic basic indicated indicated , , these by by guided guided

and, and, symposium symposium the the by by accepted accepted recommendations recommendations the the considered considered group group The The

attended. attended. also also organizations organizations other other and and ACMRR ACMRR , , SCOR

, , WMO FAO, FAO, Unesco, Unesco, from from Observers Observers future. future. the the in in participate participate will will countries countries other other

Venezuela; Venezuela; and and U.S.S.R. U.S.S.R. S.A., S.A., . U , , Kingdom United United , , Netherlands Mexico, Mexico, Jamaica, Jamaica,

, , Guatemala , , France , , Germany of of Republic Republic Federal Federal Cuba, Cuba, session: session: this this at at represented represented

were were countries countries following following The The above). above). (see (see regions regions adjacent adjacent and and Sea Sea Caribbean Caribbean

the the of of resources resources and and investigation investigation on on symposium symposium the the following following , , 1968 November November 26 26

and and 25 25 on on Antilles, Antilles, Netherlands Netherlands , , Curac;ao in in held held was was project project this this for for group group

co-ordinating co-ordinating international international the the of of session session first first The The (ClCAR). (ClCAR). Regions Regions Adjacent Adjacent

and and Caribbean Caribbean the the of of Investigation Investigation Co-operative Co-operative the the for for project project a a start start will will (IOC) (IOC)

Commission Commission Oceanographic Oceanographic Intergovernmental Intergovernmental Unesco Unesco the the 1970 1970 January January 1 1 On On

(IOC) (IOC) Unesco Unesco

122 122

in in the the pro g r a mm e e of of wat e r r r es ourc es es conduct e d b d y y EC A FE. FE.

All All th ese ese acti v iti es es w e r e e r ev i e wed wed b y y th e e c o nf e renc a e nd nd gi v en en hi g h h pri o rity rity

pr ec ipitation ipitation a tl as , , fo r r purpo ses ses of of flo o d d f or e c as ting ting in in the the r e gi o n . .

pr e liminary liminary p l a n s s fo r r th e e pr e p a r a ti o n n of of a a r a infall infall frequ e nc a y nd nd ma x imum imum pr o bable bable

and and control control ( see p. p. 100). 100). T h e e WMO WMO and and EC A FE FE secretariat s a s r e e al s o o co-op e r a ting ting in in

mitt ee ee in in m eas u res res fo r r typhoon typhoon warning, warning, a nd nd c o nnect e d d fl oo f d o r e c as tin g , , wa rning rning

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o j f o int int WMO/ EC A FE FE s e min a r o s n n th e e h y dr o l og ical ical and and h y dr o meteor o l og ical ical pro­

Riv e r r Basin Basin pl a n , , flo o d d control control m e thods thods and and hydr o logical logical s tudi es es a nd nd the the o r ga ni za ti o n n

impl e m e ntati o n n o f f water water re s ourc es es proj e ct s s in in th e e r eg ion. ion. Th es e e include include th e e M e k o ng ng

o ut ut the the cl ose ose c o - o peration peration b e tw ee n n th e e WMO WMO a nd nd EC A FE FE se cr e t a ri a t s s in in th e e

e f fo rt s s o a f ll ll e int rn a ti o n a l l o r ga ni zat ion s s of of th e e U nited nited N at i o n s s f a mil a y nd nd p o int e d d

in in v i ew ew of of th e e n ee d o s f f nati o n a l l e c o nomi es es of of t h ese ese countri es. es. H e e p a id id tribut e e t o o th e e

s t resse d d th e e im po rt a nc e e of of w a t e r r r eso urc es es fo r r th e e c o untri es es o f f the the r eg ion , , p a rti c ularl y y

Exe cuti ve ve S e cr e t a ry ry of of EC A FE, FE, U U Nyun , , in in hi s s op e nin a g nd nd clo s in s g t ate m e nts , ,

Th e e c o n fe r e n ce ce w as as a e tt nd e b d y y r e pr ese nt a tiv es es of of all all m e mb e r o s f f EC A FE . . T h e e

pr og r a mm e e of of wo rk rk a nd nd pri o ri t i es. es.

of of t h e e EC A FE FE Secre t a ri a t t in in t h e e d ev el o pm e n t t of of w a t e r r eso urc es es and and of of it f s uture uture

of of n at i o n a l l w a t e r r a nd nd e con o mic mic d e v e lopm e nt nt p l a n s; s; and and fin a ll y a a y r ev i e w w o f f a cti v iti es es

m a na ge m e nt nt op e r a tion tion and and m a int e nance nance of of w ate r r r eso urc es es p r o j e ct s; s; int eg r a ti o n n

f in a n c in g g of of w a t e r r es our ces ces proj e ct s , , a nd nd p a yment yment o f f p r o j ec c t os t s; s; effect i ve ve

m e nt nt in in th e e EC A FE FE r eg i o n n fo 1 r 96 6 - 1 96 8 ; ; p o lici es es a nd nd m e th o d s s p e rt a inin g g t o o th e e

T h e e age nd a a of of th e e co n fe r e nc e e includ e d d a a bi e n . ni a l l rev i ew ew of of wate r r eso u rces rces d e v e l o p ­

1 8 8 t o o 2 5 5 N ove mb e 1 r 9 6 8 8 in in th e e h ea dqu a rt e r s s of of th e e EC A FE FE in in B a n g k o k , T , h a il a nd . .

of of th e e U nit e d d Na ti o n s E s con o mic mic Co mmis s i o n n fo r A r s i a a and and th e e Fa r r East East w as as h e ld ld fr o m m

Th e e e i g hth hth sess ion ion of of th e e R eg i o n a l l C onf e r e nc o e W n a t e R r eso urc es es D eve l op m e nt nt

EC A FE FE

r epo rt , , f o r r inclu s i o n n in in th e f e in a l l ve r s i o n . .

th e e co mmitt ee ee w e r e e r e qu es t e t d s o ubmit ubmit th e ir ir o b se r v ati o n o s n n and and propo sa l s s f o r r th e e

t h s e p e ci a li ze d d age nci es es w o uld uld c o ntribut e e t o o thi s s r ep ort. ort. F in a ll y, y, the the m e mb e r s s of of

l a id id no no cl ai m m to to co m p l e t e n ess ess o f r i nalit y . . T h e e co mmitt ee ee ex pr ess ed ed th e e h o p e e th a t t

th at at th e e r epor t w t as as o nl y y a a s t a rtin g g po int int for for th e s e tud y y of of thi s s co mpli c at e d d pr o bl e m , a , nd nd

pr ese nted nted b y y M r. r. G. G. B . . Gr es f o rd , , th e e committ ee ' s s chief chief o f f sec r e t a ria t, t, wh o o b se r ve d d

se ni o f r e llow llow in in th C e ent e r r fo r r Int e rn a tion a l l S tudi e s s of of N e Y w o rk rk Uni ve r s it y , , w as as

with with sc i e nc a e nd nd t e chnolo gy , , pr e p a r e b d a s a y p e cial cial consult a nt , , Mr. Mr. H . . R ey m o nd , ,

A A rep o r o t n n th e e machin e r y y ava il a bl e e to to th e e U nited nited N a ti o n s s y s t e m m fo d r ea ling ling

d eve l o pin g g co untri es es which which w as as l a id id b ef or e e th e e co mmitt ee ee w as as unanimou s l y y ap p rove d. d.

A A f ourth , , r ev i se d d ve r s i o n n o f f th e e r e p o rt rt o n n th e e n a tur a l l r es our ces ces of of th e e

d eve l o pin g g countri es. es.

m e nt s, s, which which mu s l t e ad ad to to th e e swifte s t t e c o nomic nomic and and cultur a l l pro g r ess ess in in th e e

ti o n s s on on th e e m a in in direction f s o r r th e e applic a ti o n n o f f sci e ntifi a c nd nd t e chni ca l l ac hi e ve­

b ea rin g g in in mind mind t h a t t a ll ll p a rt a s nd nd se ction s s of of th e e plan plan w o uld uld c o ntain ntain r e c o mm e nda ­

i t t w as as d e cid e t d o o accept accept th e e dr a ft ft plan plan s ubmit te d d by by th e e c o mmitt ee ' s s se cr e t a riat , ,

Development Development Dec a de - none none o f f this this was was cle a r r a t t the the outset. outset. After After det a iled iled di s cussion cussion

m e nt, nt, and and in in wh a t t respect s s it it s hould hould e diff r r from from the the plan plan o f f th e e Unit e d d N a tions tions

dir e ction s s for for th e e application application o f f s ci e nc e e and and t e chnology chnology t o o the the purpo ses ses of of d e v e l o p ­

123 123

for for s s m e t sys hy hy ap r eg l e dio-t a r d n a sets) sets) SSB SSB e, e, mpl exa (for (for ny ny o h ep l e -t o di a r es, es, ndlin a l

g g in s u s s twork e n iate iate r op r p ap h h s bli a t es o o t d e it v in e e b uld uld o h s ers ers mb e M t a th d d ee r ag

up up gro e e Th s). s). (RTH s s hub n n o ti a communic ele t l l a n o i eg r d ate ci asso e e th o o t nd nd a y ntr cou

e e th within within th th o b n o ti a min sse di r r e urth f nd nd a y r t un co h h c a e ithin ithin w ata ata d l a n o ti va r se b o of of

n n o cti e ll o c e e l ab i l e r nd nd a rapid rapid e a a e r u s n e to to d d e nn a l n p n ee b ve ve ha s s rk o tw e n l l nationa e e Th

. . n a pl e e th n n i

d d e lud c n i e e r a II II n n o i eg R r fo es es dur e c o r p n n o ti a c i mmun o c e l e t nd nd a res, res, nt e c and and s s t i circu

o o di ra of of g g rin ee in g n e r r o f es es lin e id gu es, es, mm a r prog ge ge han Exc s. s. n egio R g g urin o hb g i e n

with with ata ata d of of ge ge n a ch ex l l a n o i -reg r e int e e th nd nd a cuit cuit r ci runk runk t in in a m e e th , , s rk o tw e n

n n o ti ca mmuni o c e l e t l a n o i eg r and and l l a n o ti a n e e th , , ly e m a n a; a; i s A g g in ect ff a m m e t s y s n n o i cat

­ i mmun o c e l e t l a b o l g e th f f o s nt e n o mp co e e th to to ate ate l e r n a pl d d adopte e e th f f o s il ta e D

. . n o pti o d a al al m for r r i e th to to or or ri p s nt e mm o c for for n n o ciati asso e e th of of s s r e mb Me e e th o o t

n n o i ss ubmi s r r fo d d approve e e r e w s s n o ti a nd e mm eco r x x i s nd nd a , , d sse u isc d so so l a were were s s n o i eg r

g g urin o hb g i e n th th i w nd nd a a i s A within within n n tio rma o inf l l a ic og l o r eo t e m c c i s a b of of ge ge n a h exc e e h t

r r fo ts ts n e m ge n a rr a with with d d e t a i c asso s s m e probl t t n ta r po im r r e th O . . m e t s y s n n o ti ca muni

m­ eco l e t l a b o l g WWW WWW e e h t of of t t r a p as as d d e p o l deve was was a a i s A r fo n n a l p l l a n o i eg r A A

968. 968. 1 er er mb e Dec 2 2 1 n n o

, , s e i v a D . A A . D . . Mr , , O M W of of l l a r e n ary-Ge t e r Sec e e h t by by d d se s e r add s s wa h h ic h w n n essio s

e e h t of of ays ays d ur ur fo st st r fi e e h t d d e nd tte a , , nji Ga . . H . M Dr. Dr. , , II n n o i at i Assoc l l a n egio R of of

nt nt e id pres e e h T V. V. nd nd I a I s n o ti a ci so s A l l a n o i eg R of of ves ves i tat n represe d d e lud c in s s nt a ip c i t r pa

20 20 e e Th . . ion sess e e th nd nd e tt a o t s s rt e p ex nd nd se to to d d vite n i n n ee b d a h n o ti a i assoc e e th of of

s s r e mb e M ll ll a ce, ce, n a t por im unt unt o m a r a p of of are are s s n sio ci e d ese ese th As As . . n o i eg R e e th r r fo s s nt e m

ge­ n arra n n o ti ca mmuni eco l e t e e h t n n o e d eci d to to nd nd a , , ess r g n Co th th f i F by by ed ed t adop s s a an an Pl

h h atc W r e th ea W rld rld o W e e th of of ht ht g li e e h t in in a a i As for for n n a l p n n o i cat mmuni o c e l e t l l ogica l

o­ r eteo m l a n o i eg r e e th of of s s l i eta d ut ut o rk rk o w to to as as w n o i sess e e h t of of k k as t in in ma e e Th

. . .) R . S . (U.S ev ev u Z G. G. . . r A A M , , n a irm a h c

s s t i r r e nd u 968 968 1 er er mb J3 J3 ece D 5 5 o o t m m o r f lhi lhi e D New New in in t t n tme r epa D l a ic og l oro e Met

a a ndi I e h t f f o g buildin s s r e rt a dqu ea h e e h t in in n n o i sess t t s ir f s it ld ld e h sia) sia) (A II II n n o ti cia

­ sso A l a n io g e R of of s s n o ti ca mmuni eco l Te ical ical og l o r eteo M n o p u Gro g g kin r Wo e e h T

Asia Asia

ata. ata. d of of n n o ti na mi sse di

e e th r r fo nd nd a a Afric in in s s nt e m re u eas m n o ti a di ra of of y y lit a qu d d n a y ntit a qu e e h t of of

nt nt e m ove impr e e th for for e e mad e e r e w s s n o ti a mmend eco r y, y, l g Accordin ses. ses. urpo p l l a ri st ndu i

and and tic tic es dom r r fo ergy ergy en ar ar l o s of of se se u e e th to to and and g g rin ee in g n e l l i v i c o t , , e) ultur c ri ag to to

r r a particul n n i ( nt nt e pm o l eve d mic mic o n eco to to ation ation i d a r n o data data of of ce ce n a rt o imp e e h t d d esse tr s

n n o i sess e e Th t. t. n e m e ur eas m tion tion a di a r in in s s nt e m op l eve d w e n nd nd a a, a, dat tion tion a di a r f f o

n n atio public e e th a, a, Afric in in s s n so ri a mp o c r e t e m o di a r nd nd a s rk o tw e n n o ti a di a r l l ationa n

e e r e w d e r e id s n co s s ct e subj e e th t t gs n o Am a). a). i s (Tuni di di ya A . . M Mr. Mr. of of hip hip s n a irm a h c e th

r r e und ld ld e h as as w which which , , n o i s s se e e th t t a d d e nt ese r ep r e e r e w ion ion eg R e e h t f f o s r e mb e M n Te

8. 8. 6 9 1 er er mb ve o N 9 9 2 o o t 25 25 from from eva eva n e G in in s s r e rt a adqu e H WMO WMO e e th in in ion ion sess fifth fifth

s s it d d l e h (Africa) (Africa) I I ociation ociation ss A l a n o i eg R of of n n o diati a R on on up up o Gr g g Workin e e h T

Africa Africa

associations associations egional egional r the the of of Activities Activities

124 124

t o o the the forthcoming forthcoming fifth fifth sess ion ion of of RA RA VI VI (Varna , , May May 1969) . .

The The final final report report and and r ecom m e ndation s s of of the the working working g roup roup will will b s e ubmitted ubmitted

will will be be given given in in the the next next issue issue of of Bulletin. Bulletin. th e e

and and to to agree agree on on the the target target elat e e for for its its implem e ntation. ntation. A A fuller fuller r epo rt rt of of this this session session

it s s main main purpo se se w as as to to finali ze ze the the regional regional m e t eo rological rological telecommunication telecommunication plan plan

R eg ional ional A ssoc i atio n n VI VI (Europe) (Europe) was was h e ld ld in in Geneva Geneva from from 4 4 to to 15 15 March March 1 969; 969;

The The eig hth hth sess ion ion of of th e e W o rkin g g Group Group on on Meteorological Meteorological Transmis s ions ions of of

Europe Europe

b e e h e ld ld towards towards the the e nd nd of of September September 1969. 1969.

s ubj ects. ects. Th e e Gove rnm e nt nt of of Br az il il has has offe r ed ed to to ho st st this this se minar , , which which will will

s up erv i s ion ion of of experie nc e d d analysts , , a nd nd l ect ur es es by by exper t s o s n n re l eva nt nt m eteoro og l ic a l l

se l ecte d d ser i es es of of appropriate appropriate weather weather charts charts a nd nd preparation preparation of of forecasts forecasts und er er the the

og l ists ists in in th ese ese Re g ions. ions. The The se minar minar will will b e e organized organized in in two two parts: parts: a n a l ys i s s of of

ana l yses yses and and fo r ecast in i g n n the the tropics tropics in in R eg i on s s III III and and IV IV for for practising practising m eteo r o ­

Arrangements Arrangements are are b eing eing m a d e e to to orga ni ze ze a a training training se min ar ar o n n synoptic synoptic

vis it s s to to C hil e , , Argentina Argentina a nd nd Brazil. Brazil.

countries countries concerned. concerned. The The first first se ri es es of of s ucl1 ucl1 mi s s ions ions started started in in March March 969 969 w ith ith J J

Pl a n , , it it was was ag r eed eed that that v i s it s s b y y t ec hnic a l l officers officers of of th e e Secretariat Secretariat b e e mad e e to to the the

In In or d e r r to to achieve achieve th e e co-ope r atio n n of of Members Members in in the the ob j ect i ves ves of of the the WWW WWW

ton ton meteorological meteorological telecommunication telecommunication link link it it was was decided decided to to postpo n e e it. it.

but but in in v i ew ew of of such such s i gn ifi ca nt nt developments developments as as th o e perati on on of of th e e Bra s ili a- W as hin g ­

the the r eg ion a l t l e l ecom munication s s plan. plan. This This session session had had be e n n sc h ed uled uled for for April April 1 969, 969,

concerning concerning the the m e t eo rologic a l l telecommunications telecommunications within within th e e R eg ion ion a nd nd to to o utline utline

America). America). The The group group will will meet meet in in September September 1 969 969 to to review review th e e pr ese nt nt s ituation ituation

Group Group on on M e t eo rological rological Te l ecom munication s s of of Region a l l Association Association lli lli (South (South

Arrangements Arrangements are are b e in g g made made to to convene convene t h e e second second sessio n n of of the the W o rkin g g

South America America South

soo n n as as possible possible a nd nd not not lat er er than than mid-1971. mid-1971.

th e e workin g g group group recommend e d d a a minimum minimum programm e e to to b e e impl e m e n te d d as as

After After consid e ring ring the the t ec hnical hnical and and financial financial implication s s of of the the t a rg e n t e twork , ,

m e t eo rologic a l l centres centres to to meet meet th e e requirement s s of of Memb e rs. rs.

plan plan for for the the di str ibution ibution of of the the proces se d d information information of of world world a nd nd regional regional

with with th e e associated associated RTHs. RTHs. The The regional regional n e tw o rk rk also also includ es es a a regional regional f acs imile imile

This This target target n e twork twork gives gives th e e r eg ional ional circuit s s linking linking national national m e teorologic a l l centres centres

provide provide better better continuity continuity of of operation operation in in th e e case case of of outages outages of of circuits circuits and and centres. centres.

n ec ted ted with with at at least least two two circuit s s in in order order to to facilitate facilitate th e e rout e ing ing of of d a ta ta a nd nd to to

RTHs RTHs by by main main regional regional circuits circuits in in such such a a way way as as to to ensure ensure that that each each RTH RTH i s s con­

The The plan plan includ es es a a targ e t t e l e communicati o n n network network int erco nnecting nnecting th e e seve n n

(Bangkok, (Bangkok, Kh a barovsk , , New New D e lhi , , Novo s ibir sk, sk, Tashkent, Tashkent, Tehran Tehran and and Tokyo). Tokyo).

The The regional regional network network was was b ase d d on on th e e designation designation of of seve n n centr es es as as RTH s s

territorial territorial transmission transmission to to the the RTH s. s.

RTHs RTHs on on point - t o-po int int link s s or, or, until until such such links links are are established, established, by by b ea min g g their their

the the collection collection of of their their national national data data and and to to tr a n s mit mit these these data data to to th e e associa ted ted

125 125

Mr. Mr. L. L. by by R. R. d d e ccompani a was was e e h where where ), ), ABQ C (A tions tions es Qu tary tary ge Bud and and

ve ve rati st Admini n n o ee ee ommitt C ry ry so Advi the the of of ing ing eet m a a ; ; nt e m art Dep tion tion a r e p Co-o

l l a Technic the the of of tor tor ec dir Sebastian, Sebastian, . . H Dr. Dr. by by accompanied accompanied was was e e h which which at at UNDP UNDP

e e th of of (IACB) (IACB) rd rd a Bo ve ve ultati s n Co ncy ncy -Age r e Int e e th of of ion ion sess sixth sixth the the ed ed lud c in

ese ese th : : s headquarter Nations Nations United United e e th at at held held meetings meetings other other few few a a and and C) C) (AC tion tion

­ Co-ordina n n o ee ee mmitt Co Administrative Administrative the the of of n n sessio 46th 46th e e th attend attend to to States States United United

e e th in in as as w Secretary-General Secretary-General e e th , , 1968 r r e b o t c O 27 27 to to 14 14 od od peri the the During During

States States d d e nit U

. . Goad Mr. Mr. , , ral e C. C. n Ge

Secretary­ s s it with with s s ion ss cu s di for for ation ation z ni a Org onsultative onsultative C e e Maritim mental mental

­ rn ove Inter-G e e h t d d e it s i v lso lso a nd nd a , , WMO with with gdom gdom Kin d d e nit U e e th of of ve ve ti a nt ese repr

permanent permanent , , n aso M . . J . . B Dr. Dr. with with s s matter s s u o i var on on s s n o i ss u sc di d d a h He He

. . s n o ncti fu d d e t a ci asso r r e h ot e e th nd nd a 57), 57), p. p. No. No. , , XVIII , , I Vol. Vol.

tin, tin, e Bull see see ( WMO WMO of of nt nt e id es Pr e e th by by Sutton Sutton Graham Graham r r i S to to ze ze Pri IMO IMO th th 3 1

the the of of presentation presentation the the r r fo October October 9 9 on on nell nell ack Br at at Office Office l l a Meteorologic the the at at

ld ld e h ceremony ceremony e e h t d d e nd e tt a e e h n o i s occa t t s fir e e th On On . . 968 1 r r e mb ece D to to 8 8 I I 1 1 from from

nd nd a r r e b o Oct 14 14 to to 8 8 from from London, London, to to s s t Si I V o o tw d d pai neral neral -Ge cretary e S e e Th

dom dom g in K ted ted ni U

visits visits cretary-General's cretary-General's Se

Secretariat Secretariat WMO WMO the the from from News News

ion. ion. ct tin s di d d ve r ese d - ll e w s s thi n n o s s congratulation our our offer offer e e w WMO WMO in in eagues eagues ll co

nd nd a friends friends ny ny a m s s hi of of half half e b On On 1967. 1967. in in Vice-President Vice-President first first d d e t ec l e was was nd nd a

963 963 1 e e inc s tee tee mmit Co ve ve uti Exec WMO WMO e e th of of er er mb e m a a been been as as h Gibbs Gibbs Dr. Dr.

ity. ity. v cti a of of e e r e h sp

's 's r e th o e th in in e e nc e ri expe ave ave h to to each each for for d d ee n the the of of nd nd a field field same same the the in in s s worker

research research the the and and teorology teorology e m as as such such science science a a of of practitioners practitioners the the between between affinity affinity

the the of of spoke spoke Gibbs Gibbs Dr. Dr. ogy), ogy), l ro eo met in in tes tes i satell of of use use the the and and Antarctica Antarctica and and

n n ea Oc Southern Southern e e th of of rology rology eo met , , rology eo met tropical tropical in in arch arch e (res teorology teorology e m

Australian Australian to to contributions contributions jor jor a m s s hi to to referred referred which which , , citation e e th to to ply ply e r In In . . 1962

e e inc s Interior Interior the the of of rtment rtment epa D lth lth a mmonwe Co the the in in gy gy lo o r eteo M of of Director Director

s, s, Gibb . . J . . W Mr. Mr. on on conferred conferred s s wa causa causa ris ris o n o h Science Science of of Doctor Doctor of of ee ee r eg d

e e th 1968 1968 cember cember e D 14 14 on on Melbourne Melbourne of of ity ity s r e Univ the the at at ceremony ceremony degree degree a a At At

. . J Gibbs Gibbs . . W . . Mr to to Award Award

Territories. Territories. 10 10 and and States States 121 121 131: 131: is is WMO WMO of of Membership Membership present present e e Th

. . 1969 February February 27 27 on on WMO WMO of of State State Member Member

e a a e becam thus thus Yemen Yemen Southern Southern . . Washington in in State State of of Department Department the the with with

Convention Convention Meteorological Meteorological World World e e th to to ccession ccession a of of instrument instrument an an deposited deposited Yemen Yemen

Southern Southern of of Republic Republic s s ' People the the of of rnment rnment e Gov the the 1969 1969 January January 28 28 On On

n n e m e Y Southern Southern

WMO WMO of of Membership Membership

notes notes and and News News Munteanu, chief of the Administrative and Common Services Division; and the Outer Space Committee of the United Nations, at which he made a statement. He also attended for a short while the XIXth International Astronautical Congress which was being held in New York at that time. In New York the Secretary-General had discussions with Mr. M. Malitsa, Deputy Foreign Minister of Romania, Ambassador Degersuren of the People's Republic of Mongolia, Admiral Langeraar, Chairman of the IOC, and some officials of the United Nations including Mr. L. Kutakov, Under-Secretary-General, Depart­ ment of Political and Security Council Affairs, Mr. Abdel Ghani, Chief, Outer Space Affairs Group, and Mr. G. B. Gresford, Director for Science and Technology. In a one-day visit to Washington, the Secretary-General had discussions with Mr. N. A. Lieurance, president of CAeM, Dr. W. A. Townsend, Deputy Administrator of the Environmental Science Services Administration, and Mr. J. Simsarian of the Department of State.

Italy At the invitation of the Italian Government, the Secretary-General visited Rome from 28 to 30 October 1968 in order to attend the ceremony for the inaugura­ tion of the first project to be implemented under the WMO Voluntary Assistance Programme (seep. 128). The headquarters of the Italian Meteorological Service and the main meteoro­ logical office at the international airport in Rome were also vis ited. The Secretary­ General, who was a guest of the Italian Government, met many important personalities of the Government and was afforded warm hospitality.

Sweden The main purpose of a brief visit by the Secretary-General to Stockholm, from 3 to 5 November 1968, was to attend the meeting on 4 November of the directors of Meteorological Services in western Europe and experts in the field of satellite meteorology. The meeting, under the chairmanship of Professor B. Bolin, discussed the possibility of developing a European satellite programme in meteorology and the aims of such a programme. The opportunity was taken to hold discussions with the President of WMO on a number of questions.

India

On hi s way to Bangkok, the Secretary-General visited New Delhi from J 2 to 14 December 1968. A busy programme had been arranged for him for this brief visit. He had discussions, particularly on India's participation in the World Weather Watch, with the Minister and Deputy Minister of Tourism and Civil Aviation and with the Secretary to the Ministry. He also had discussions with Dr. L. S. Mathur, permanent representative of India with WMO, and Mr. John McDiarmid, UNDP resident representative. The Secretary-General was shown the scientific and technical activites at the headquarters of the Meteorological Department. He gave a press conference, and addressed the staff and also participants at the session of the RA II Working Group on Meteorological Telecomunications, then being held in New Delhi.

126

127 127

$ 172 172 000 000 was was received received in in financial financial contributions contributions to to the the programme; programme; many many times times that that

Assistance Assistance Programme Programme (V (V AP) AP) approved approved by by Fifth Fifth Co ngr ess, ess, approximately approximately US US

is is gratify in g g It It to to report report that that for for 1968, 1968, the the first first year year of of the the WMO WMO Voluntary Voluntary

Volunra r y y Assistance Assistance Pr og rarnm e e

World World Weather Weather Watch Watch Implementation Implementation

of of the the welcome welcome and and the the generous generous hospitality hospitality extended extended to to him. him.

This This first first v isit isit of of the the Secretary-Genera l l to to Pakistan Pakistan was was marked marked by by the the warmth warmth

P e rsson , , assistant assistant A A UNDP UNDP resident resident r e presentative presentative in in Dacca. Dacca.

Mr. Mr. Svennevik, Svennevik, acting acting 0. 0. UNDP UNDP resident resident representativ e e in in Rawalpindi , , and and Mr. Mr.

he he met met many many senior senior officers officers of of the the Service Service at at different different plac es. es. He He a l so so met met

as as well well as as a a wide wide range range of of the the activities activities of of the the Pakistan Pakistan Meteorological Meteorological Service, Service, and and

at at different different places places in in Pakistan , , including including the the famous famous Taxila Taxila museum museum in in Islamabad, Islamabad,

The The Secretary-Genera l l had had the the opportunity opportunity of of seeing seeing some some historical historical monum e nts nts

being being done done at at the the Upper Upper Atmospheric Atmospheric Research Research Station. Station.

Pass Pass and and Karachi. Karachi. At At Peshawar, Peshawar, he he had had the the opportunity opportunity of of see ing ing the the scientific scientific work work

Other Other places places in in Pakistan Pakistan visited visited by by the the Secretary - Gen e ral ral w e re re Peshawar , , Khyber Khyber

Vice- C hancellor hancellor of of the the Islamabad Islamabad University. University.

a nd nd high high officia ls ls of of the the Ministries Ministries of of Defence Defence and and Foreign Foreign Aff ai r s s as as well well as as with with th e e

Islamabad , , capital capital of of Paki sta n, n, where where he he had had meeting s s with with the the Minister Minister of of Defenc e e

Meteorological Meteorological Offic e . . The The Secretary-Genera l l then then proceeded proceeded to to Rawalpindi Rawalpindi a nd nd

ment ment of of East East Pakistan. Pakistan. At At Lahore , , a a brief brief stop stop was was made made for for a a visit visit to to the the Region a l l

including including the the C hi ef ef Justice Justice of of East East Pakistan Pakistan and and the the C hief hief Secretary Secretary to to the the Govern­

Dacca Dacca for for Lahore Lahore on on the the fo ll ow in g g day, day, meetings meetings were were h e ld ld with with some some high high officials , ,

Mr. Mr. M. M. Samiullah, Samiullah, permanent permanent represe ntati ve ve of of Pakistan Pakistan with with WMO. WMO. Before Before l eaving eaving

the the capital capital of of East East Pakist a n, n, on on 19 19 December December from from Bangkok, Bangkok, he he was was met met b y y

an an officia l l visit visit to to the the country country from from 19 19 to to 23 23 December December J J 968. 968. On On his his arriva l l in in Dacca , ,

At At the the invitation invitation of of the the Government Government of of Pakistan , , the the Secretary-General Secretary-General paid paid

Pakistan Pakistan

and and from from ECAFE. ECAFE.

The The Secretary-General Secretary-General received received warm warm hospitality hospitality both both from from the the Thai Thai authorities authorities

and and with with U U Nyun, Nyun, Executive Executive Secretary Secretary of of ECAFE . .

Admiral Admiral Sanit Sanit Vesa-rajananda , , permanent permanent representativ e e of of Thailand Thailand with with WMO , ,

office, office, and and had had a a brief brief discussion discussion with with him. him. He He had had discussions discussions also also with with Vic e­

The The Secretary-General Secretary-General was was received received by by the the Prime Prime Minister Minister of of Thailand Thailand in in his his

town town of of Chiangmai . .

of of the the committee . . His His programme programme a lso lso included included a a visit visit to to the the northern northern capital capital

of of the the Typhoon Typhoon Committee Committee ( see see p . . 00) 00) and and attended attended a a I I part part of of the the technical technical sessions sessions

Delhi . . He He addressed addressed the the opening opening meeting meeting on on 17 17 December December of of the the inaugural inaugural session session

On On 14 14 December December 1968 , , the the Secretary-General Secretary-General arrived arrived in in Bangkok Bangkok from from New New

Thailand Thailand

n earby earby historical historical monuments monuments was was also also arra nged. nged.

and and received received warm warm hospitality; hospitality; a a tour tour to to Agra Agra to to see see the the famous famous Taj Taj Mahal Mahal and and other other

During During his his visit, visit, the the Secretary-Genera l l was was an an official official guest guest of of the the Governm e nt nt

128 128

of of nt nt e rnm ve Go the the by by ade ade m as as w ement ement ir requ this this eet eet m o o t r offe An An tions. tions. va r se b o

upper-air upper-air out out carrying carrying in in assistance assistance for for Tunisia Tunisia of of Government Government the the from from est est qu e r a a of of

nt nt e lm fulfi in in was was d d e nt e m e impl e e b to to project project first first e e th , , nt e uipm eq of of ld ld fie the the In In

tch. tch. a r W r e th ea W World World of of aims aims the the

g g in z li ea r in in ration ration e co-op l l a n o internati of of e e importanc the the to to es es h speec their their in in referre::l referre::l

Fea, Fea, G. G. sor sor Profes Service, Service, ical ical og rol eteo M lian lian a It the the of of ector ector dir the the and and General General

Secretary­ e e th th th o B circles. circles. t t n e rnm gove and and diplomatic diplomatic , , mic e d aca from from s s n so r e p

nt nt e min e of of r r e numb a a of of presence presence the the in in e, e, Rom ca, ca, nauti o r e A zzo zzo the the Pala in in d d el h was was

ceremony ceremony The The . . Government Italian Italian the the of of guest guest official official n n a as as r, r, tobe c O 29 29 on on , , urse co

g g nin ai tr e e th of of ion ion at ur g u a in the the nd nd e t at to to d d e it v n i was was Secretary-General Secretary-General The The

g. g. inin a tr in in ect ect proj YAP YAP rst rst i f

e e h t became became s s Thi . . 968 1 er er b o Oct in in in in eg b to to course course the the for for time time in in staff staff training training nd nd a

course course anned anned l p a a , , ion accommodat m m oo r ass cl nd nd a g livin g g idin prov in in y y nc e ici eff and and

d d spee with with acted acted es es uthoriti a Italian Italian e e th and and , , s t s logi eoro t e m n ee thirt for for fellowships fellowships

ows ows ll fe ese ese l Congo

the the and and s s ial offic ese ese l go n Co

nd nd a n n a li ta I er er h ot erebaut; erebaut; l C

Mr. Mr. Fea; Fea; . . G ssor ssor Profe M. M.

; ; 0 0 W W of of l l enera -G y r a t e r Sec M M

vies, vies, Da . . A D. D. s s include Mr. Mr.

group group The The . . 968 1 October October 29 29

e, e, Rom , , project P P YA

first first the the of of n n o i at ur g u a In

offered offered Italy Italy of of Government Government the the , , ts s rologi eo met II II ss ss la C ed ed i f i qual for for training training and and

es es tudi s practical practical for for ngo ngo Co of of ublic ublic ep R tic tic a Democr e e th from from request request a a Following Following

ects ects j o pr AP AP V V st st ir f e th of of n n o Initiati

contributions. contributions. al al i financ

l l substantia as as well well as as , , fellowships m m er long-t including including es, es, ic v r se and and quipment quipment e in in

million million $2.3 $2.3 US US to to y y l ate pproxim a amount amount one one l a which which pledges pledges new new two two with with , , notified

n n ee b eady eady lr a ve ve ha 1968 1968 in in than than e e cal s arger arger l much much a a on on contributions contributions , , 1969 For For

s. s. nt e m e ng arra ral ral e bilat through through

s s r e h ot five five and and , , Account s s ntribution Co Voluntary Voluntary e e th er er und mentation mentation e impl for for

selected selected n n e be ve ve ha projects projects YAP YAP two two addition, addition, In In Secretariat. Secretariat. the the and and countries countries

contributing contributing , , cipients e r mong mong a n n o ti a ti go ne of of phases phases various various in in are are s s other the the e e whil

ese, ese, th of of n n eve s to to respect respect with with ay ay w er er und s s i tion tion a ment e Impl d. d. e iv e c e r were were ereof, ereof, th

parts parts or or , , projects AP AP V V 28 28 eet eet m to to es es rvic se or or nt nt e uipm eq of of offers offers , , 1968 During During

riod. riod. e p ancial ancial in J J f 1 1 97 1968/ 1968/ the the for for 000 000 0 0 $50 US US than than more more of of value value a a to to

s s nt e m e rrang a bilateral bilateral through through WWW WWW e e th support support uld uld o w it it at at th r r e Memb one one from from

d d ve i ece r was was tion tion a m or inf , , addition In In services. services. and and nt nt e uipm eq in in offered offered was was amount amount

129 129

for for the the full full implementation implementation of of th e e mi ss ing ing observations observations a t t th e ir ir sta tion s s in in th e e b as ic ic

world. world. is is e ncour It It ag in g, g, howe ve r , , that that most most of of th e e M e mb e r s s concerned concerned h ave ave plans plans

in in certain certain regions regions cannot cannot compensate compensate for for th e e lack lack of of stations stations in in ot h e r r parts parts of of the the

r e quir ed ed by by the the b as i c c n e twork . . Ob v i o u s ly , , the the ve r y y hi g h h numb er er of of o b serv in g g s tations tations

s p a rs e ly - inhabit ed ed r eg i o n s s th e e d e n s ity ity of of the the ex i s ting ting stations stations do es es not not reach reach th e e l eve l l

the the b as ic ic ne t w o rk o s n n th e e other other h a nd , , may may b e e exp l a in e d d by by th e e fact fact that that in in some some

impl eme n ta tion tion (about (about 90 90 per per cent) cent) of of th e e corresponding corresponding observations observations r eq uir e d d in in

contradiction contradiction b etwee n n these these figures figures o n n the the one one h a nd , , and and th e e sti ll ll o nl y y pa r t ial ial

r eq uir e d d at at these these h ou r s s at at stations stations i n n th e e ba s i c c n etwo rk s s is is o nly nly 3 3 600. 600. Th e e appare nt nt

m a in in s t a ndard ndard times times r ea ched ched 6 6 300 300 (daily) (daily) whereas whereas th e e total total numb e r r of of observations observations

s t at i o n s. s. At At th e e nd nd of of 1968 1968 the the mean mean g l obal obal total total numb e r r of of o b se r va ti o n s s fo r r the the

maintained maintained mainl y y for for n at ion a l l pu r poses. poses. This This i s s true true p artic ul a rl y y for for s ur face face l and and

n etworks etworks represent , , in in ge n era l , , o nl y a a y se l ect i o n n from from a a d enser enser n etwo r k k which which i s s

sho It It uld uld be be r e called called that that th e e statio n s s included included in in the the r eg ional ional b asic asic synoptic synoptic

o b servatio n s s (ie. (ie. 00 , , 06, 06, 12 12 a nd nd 1 8 8 GMT) GMT) are are c l ose ose to to 80 . .

co rr espo nding nding f i g ur es es fo r r s urfac e e o b se r vat ion s s at at th e e m a in in s tand a rd rd tim es es of of

(radiosonde (radiosonde and and rad i ow ind ) ) o b se r vations vations at at 00 00 and and 12 12 GMT GMT are are around around 70; 70; the the

The The g l oba l l average average p e r ce nt age age figu r es es fo r r th e e l eve l l of of impl e mentation mentation of of upp e r -a ir ir

( ( Pho10 Pho10 Ho c h/ af , , Tunis } }

Ser v ice . .

Tu n is a i n n Me t eoro l ogica l l

Mr. Mr. M. M. Ayad i , , H ead ead of of the the

Ambassador Ambassador of of Sweden ; ; and and

H .E. .E. Mr. Mr. M . . Hedstrom , ,

Dr . . H. H. Seba s ti a n ; ;

re s id e nt nt r ep r ese nt at i ve; ve;

Dr. Dr. S . . Linn e r , , UNDP UNDP

Dir ec tor tor of of Tr a n s port; port;

L e[! e[! to to r i ght: ght: Mr. Mr. T. T. Amira, Amira,

8 8 J a nu ary ary 19 69. 69.

V V A A P P project project in in Tunis , ,

Official Official inauguration inauguration of of the the

s how how no no significant significant change change with with r es p ect ect o th to e e l eve l l attained attained by by the the e nd nd of of 1 967. 967.

regional regional basic basic n etwor k s s of of s urfac e e and and upper-air upper-air stations stations as as a t t 3 D 1 e cemb e r r 1968 1968

Statistics Statistics prepared prepared ea rl y y in in 1 969 969 concerning concerning th e e level level of of impl e m e ntation ntation of of the the

Gl o bal bal obse rvin g g system system

th e e n ext ext three three yea r s. s.

full full programme programme of of two two so undin gs gs per per day day at at Tunis-Carthage Tunis-Carthage i s s assured assured for for at at l eas t t

b y y Sweden Sweden will will assist assist th e e Meteorological Meteorological Service Service of of Tunisia Tunisia to to s uch uch a a degr ee ee that that the the

The The four four hundred hundred r a diosond e e transmitters transmitters and and th e e hydrog e n n ge nerator nerator pro v id e d d

a tt e ntion ntion d evo t e d d to to it it by by press, press, radio radio a nd nd tel ev isi o n . .

attendance attendance of of a a numb e r r of of prominent prominent personalit i es es at at the the functi o n n as as well well as as b y y the the

Th e e importan ce ce with with which which this this eve nt nt was was r egar d ed ed i n n Tunisia Tunisia was was shown shown by by the the

by by the the director director of of the the Technica l l Co-ope ration ration D e p art m e nt , , Dr. Dr. H. H. S e bastian . .

th e e Secretary-General Secretary-General was was unabl e e t o o b e e pres e nt nt at at this this function, function, h e e was was represented represented

Sweden, Sweden, a nd nd th e e officia l l pr ese nt a t io n n of of equipment equipment was was made made on on 8 8 J a nuary nuary 1 969. 969. As As network during the period 1969-1971 as a contribution to the World Weather Watch. In 1968 (the first year of the WWW period 1968-1971) action on the implementation of observational projects was in many cases started but not completed and is, therefore, not reflected in the statistics relating to 31 December 1968.

Status reports To keep all Members informed of the status of the implementation of projects under YAP, a series of status reports was begun in 1968 and will be continued. Information on the over-all implementation of the WWW was distributed in the first status report, and similar reports will be issued annually in the future.

World Weather Watch planning Collection, storage and retrie val of meteorological data As already mentioned in the October 1968 issue of the Bulletin (Vol. XVII, No. 4, pp. 218-219), several working groups of technical commissions, informal planning meetings and scientific symposia have been tackling various aspects of problems related to the collection, processing, storage and retrieval of meteorological data. Besides the quality control to be used at the various stages, there are the questions of which types of data should be stored and where, how to arrange an efficient system for the search and distribution of requested data, how to reduce to reasonable proportions the physical volume of archived data, and many other connected problems. The chairmen of the working groups were requested to submit progress reports to the Secretariat, and these reports as well as other relevant material were used by a consultant, Mr. J. Nord0 (Norway), in the preparation of a preliminary report. In November 1968, an informal planning meeting was convened to review the present status of the activities on collection, storage and retrieval of meteorological data and to make proposals for future action. The meeting pointed the way towards a rationalized system whereby climatologists and research workers will be able to obtain the data they need with the minimum of difficulty and in a form suitable to their requirements. The proposals of the meeting are contained in WWW Planning Report No. 28, which is briefly reviewed on page 133.

Presentation and exchange of processed data in digital form. There is already a requirement for processed data to be presented in digital form, and this requirement is expected to increase with the greater use of electronic computers for meteorological purposes and for other purposes for which meteoro­ logical information is required. A planning study was therefore initiated in the second half o( 1968 to which 11 Members have contributed with reports. These reports were circulated among the contributory Members for comments, and in the middle of January 1969 two experts, Mr. E. T erauchi (Japan) and Mr. J. R. Neilon (U.S.A.) arrived in Geneva to study the problem further and to write a final report on the basis of the contributions received.

Staff changes Mr. R. H . Foote was appointed on 17 January 1969 as a technical officer in the Planning Division of the Scientific and Technical Department. Mr. Foote holds degrees in meteorology from the University of California at Los Angeles (1956) and in

130

131 131

methods methods these these harmonizing harmonizing for for made made recommendations recommendations some some describes describes chapter chapter final final

The The . . surveys atest atest l the the by by covered covered countries countries 30 30 some some in in stations stations monitoring monitoring in in

use use in in be be to to und und fo were were equipment equipment and and iques iques n tech of of combinations combinations Different Different

determination. determination. radioactivity radioactivity the the for for equipment equipment

g g in count of of selection selection large large a a so so l a is is There There le. le. ab il ava e e r a sophistication sophistication of of degrees degrees

various various of of techniques techniques of of number number large large a a , , analysis radionuclide radionuclide detailed detailed more more For For

masses. masses. r r i a of of movement movement the the g g llowin fo for for lso lso a nd nd a purposes purposes warning warning for for sufficient sufficient

are are measurements measurements e e ud cr rather rather these these g- n processi further further any any without without measured measured is is

sample sample of of sort sort any any in in present present activity activity gamma gamma or or a a bet , , pha l a the the cases cases many many In In

les. les. samp precipitation precipitation and and air air collecting collecting for for used used methods methods different different various various

the the describe describe and and radioactivity radioactivity atmospheric atmospheric of of movement movement and and origin origin the the e e lin out

Note Note cal cal i Techn the the of of chapters chapters five five first first The The . . rposes u p l l contro health health or or fic fic i scient

serve serve may may measurement measurement their their and and , , processes l l remova and and transport transport atmospheric atmospheric

of of tracers tracers useful useful as as serve serve can can They They . . troposphere the the in in processes processes g g in scaveng by by

removed removed nd nd a masses masses air air with with transported transported are are nuclides nuclides these these , , properties l l chemica

and and physical physical their their upon upon Depending Depending ves. ves. losi exp nuclear nuclear of of testing testing the the by by them them of of

most most man, man, by by atmosphere atmosphere the the into into introduced introduced been been have have nuclides nuclides radioactive radioactive of of

amounts amounts e e l erab d consi , , addition In In molecules. molecules. air air with with ation ation i rad cosmic cosmic of of reaction reaction

the the of of products products and and chains chains decay decay thoron thoron and and radon radon the the of of members members including including

radionuclides radionuclides natural natural of of quantities quantities le le variab and and large large ins ins a cont atmosphere atmosphere The The

. . collaboration this this of of result result the the is is Note Note l l Technica present present the the and and , , Measurements

Radioactivity Radioactivity c c i Atmospher of of Intercomparison Intercomparison nd nd a on on i at z Standardi on on Group Group

Working Working CIMO CIMO the the of of members members by by wed wed ie rev was was Suschny Suschny Dr. Dr. by by prepared prepared survey survey

The The subject. subject. the the on on report report a a e e prepar to to , , Agency Energy Energy Atomic Atomic al al n ernatio t In the the of of

, , y n Susch Dr. Dr. invited invited 0. 0. commission commission the the measurements, measurements, radioactivity radioactivity of of standardization standardization

the the of of question question the the e e examin ld ld shou Observation Observation of of Methods Methods and and Instruments Instruments for for

on on i Commiss the the that that 964 964 1 in in Committee Committee Executive Executive the the by by request request a a wing wing llo Fo

-. -. 30.

Fr. Fr. . . Sw : : Price . . 231.TP.124 . . No WMO- Spanish. Spanish. and and sian sian s Ru , , French sh, sh, li Eng

+ + in in summaries summaries with with English English In In . . tables 10 10 figures; figures; 38 38 109; 109; Pp. Pp. 94. 94. . . o N x x

e e t No chnical chnical e T By By y. y. activit o 0. 0. radi c c ri e sph o atm f f o nt nt e m e ur s a e m e e Th HNY. HNY. C S u S

publications publications WMO WMO Recent Recent

tin. tin. e Bull the the of of issue issue ast ast l the the in in recorded recorded was was Geneva Geneva in in arrival arrival whose whose , , Mikhail

. . S R. R. Mr. Mr. is is , , 1968 in in oted oted m pro was was he he ich ich wh to to , , Division Implementation Implementation the the of of

chief chief of of post post the the in in uccessor uccessor s His His . . Division ation ation r Co-ope Technical Technical the the in in on on i Sect

Management Management Programme Programme the the of of chief chief as as 964 964 1 in in WMO WMO to to seconded seconded been been had had he he

which which from from Nations, Nations, United United the the to to 969 969 1 February February 1 1 on on returned returned ffennell ffennell R. R. G. G. Mr. Mr.

Belfast. Belfast. , , University s s ' Queen of of arts arts and and science science of of es es lti facu

the the in in graduate graduate s a a s i e e H Meteorology. Meteorology. al al ricultur Ag and and ogy ogy l ato lim C for for ommissions ommissions C

the the of of member member African African East East e e th was was he he years years several several For For . . ania z Tan and and Uganda Uganda

a, a, Keny of of WMO WMO with with e e v representati permanent permanent and and 15 15 s, s, year for for served served he he ch ch i wh

in in Department Department Meteorological Meteorological African African East East the the of of director director was was he he , , WMO joining joining

to to Prior Prior Department. Department. Co-operation Co-operation Technical Technical the the of of Section Section Experts Experts formed formed

newly newly the the of of chief chief appointed appointed was was Taylor Taylor C. C. M. M. Mr. Mr. 1969, 1969, February February 1 1 On On

Office. Office. Washington Washington , , Service

Weather Weather Air Air the the of of ef ef i ch puty puty e d was was he he , , Secretariat the the to to appointment appointment his his of of time time

the the At At (1960). (1960). Berkeley Berkeley at at ornia ornia lif Ca of of rsity rsity Unive the the from from stration stration i admin business business

132 132

Weather Weather Watch. Watch.

increased increased expenditure expenditure which which will will be be required required to to imp lem ent ent the the plan plan for for the the World World

soundness soundness of of investments investments hitherto hitherto made made in in meteorology, meteorology, and and fully fully justify justify the the

logical logical services, services, the the results results reported reported already already provide provide substantial substantial evidence evidence of of the the

Although Although much much remains remains to to be be done done in in assessing assessing the the economic economic value value of of meteoro­

services services in in developing developing countries. countries.

Development Development Programme , , comments comments on on the the economic economic role role of of meteorological meteorological

Republic Republic of of Germany, Germany, and and E. E. A. A. Bernard , , as as an an observer observer of of the the United United Nations Nations

E. E. Si.issenberger Si.issenberger on on the the quantitative quantitative benefit benefit of of meteorological meteorological services services in in the the Federa l l

improvements improvements in in meteorological meteorological information . . Finally, Finally, some some examples examples are are given given by by

simp l e e met eo r o l og ic -eco nomic nomic model model for for assessing assessing potential potential economic economic benefits benefits from from

in in assessing assessing the the value value of of meteorological meteorological .se rvices , , and and J . . C. C. Thompson Thompson suggests suggests a a

U.S.A. U.S.A. N. N. Scott Scott contributes contributes a a study study on on the the app li cability cability of of cost / benefit benefit analysis analysis

stikov; stikov; and and R . . M. M. White White discusses discusses Weath e r r and and the the construction construction indu st r y y in in the the

nelli , , for for the the United United Kingdom Kingdom by by J. J. B . . Mason Mason and and for for the the U.S.S.R. U.S.S.R. by by E. E. Tol­ I. I.

agriculture agriculture and and industries . . Similar Similar studies studies are are reported reported for for France France J. J. by by Giovan­ L. L.

demand demand for for meteorological meteorological information information by by the the general general public , , and and the the use use made made by by

In In Benefits Benefits of of meteorological meteorological se rvic es es in in Australia, Australia, W. W. Gibbs Gibbs examines examines J. J. the the

publication publication contains contains the the full full text text of of the the papers papers presented presented during during the se se discu ssio n s. s.

discussions discussions at at the the twentieth twentieth session session of of the the Executive Executive Committee. Committee. The The present present

in in their their own own countries, countries, and and in in addition addition the the subject subject was was chosen chosen for for the the scientific scientific

Members Members were were asked asked by by the the Ex ecutive ecutive Committee Committee to to report report on on surveys surveys carried carried out out

already already been been published published in in the the WWW WWW Planning Planning Report Report series series (N os . . 4 4 a nd nd 17). 17).

their their n a tional tional Meteorological Meteorological Services, Services, and and results results of of .so me me studies studies in in this this field field have have

incre ase d d atte ntion ntion to to the the economic economic that that Member Member benef~ts benef~ts countries countries derive derive from from

During During recent recent yea rs , , the the World World Meteorological Meteorological Or ga ni za ti o n n h as as been been pa y ing ing

Planning Planning Report Report No. No. 27. 27. English English and and French. French. Pp. Pp. xiv xiv + 56. 56. Price: Price: Sw. Sw. fr. fr. 10 .-. .-.

Th e e economic economic b e n e f it s s of of nationa( nationa( M eteo r o l ogical ogical Services. Services. World World W ea th er er Watch Watch

i ss ue ue of of the the Bulletin. Bulletin.

An An article article based based on on the the co nt e nt s s of of this this Note Note will will b e e found found on on p . . 94 94 of of this this

extent extent of of such such injur y. y.

lo g ists ists and and others others concerned concerned in in seeki ng ng me ans ans of of preventing preventing or or of of contro llin g g the the

reviews reviews the the problems problems and and the the present present state state of of knowledge knowledge in in order order to to ass ist ist meteoro ­

agr iculture iculture are are exte nsive nsive and and are are increasing increasing in in m a ny ny parts parts of of the the world . . This This report report

the the economic economic losses , , both both direct direct a nd nd indirect , , caused caused b y y air air pollution pollution injury injury to to

of of one one species species of of plant plant may may vary vary considerably. considerably. However, However, surveys surveys have have shown shown that that

concentration. concentration. The The susceptibility susceptibility of of different different species species and and even even of of different different varieties varieties

air air contaminants , , some some of of which which may may be be pre se nt nt in in the the atmosphere atmosphere in in relatively relatively low low

by by non-radioactive non-radioactive ai r r pollutants. pollutants. Plant Plant life life is is greatly greatly influenced influenced by by a a number number of of

ship ship of of Mr. Mr. E. E. Mukammal Mukammal I. I. (Ca nada) , , to to study study plant plant injury injury and and reduction reduction of of yield yield

Agricultural Agricultural Meteorology Meteorology its its third third session session (Toro at at nto , , 1962) , , under under the the chairman­

This This report report was was prepared prepared by by a a working working group group set set up up by by the the Co mmission mmission for for

Spanish. Spanish. WMO- No . . 234.TP .l 27. 27. Price: Price: Sw. Sw. fr. fr. 10.-. 10.-.

Pp. Pp. x x + + 73. 73. In In Eng li sh, sh, with with summaries summaries in in English, English, French, French, Russian Russian and and

R. R. NEUWIRTH, NEUWIRTH, D. D. H. H. PACK PACK a nd nd W. W. C. C. SwiNBANK . . Technical Technical Note Note No. No. 96. 96.

Air Air p o llutant s, s, meteorology meteorology and and plant plant injur y. y. By By E. E. M UKAMMAL I. I. , , C . . S. S. BRANDT, BRANDT,

of of networks. networks.

and and a l so so an an intercalibration intercalibration of of sampling sampling and and measurement measurement carried carried out out for for a a group group

133 133

. . 24) p. p. 1, 1, . . No , , XVIII (Vol. (Vol.

Bulletin Bulletin the the of of issue issue last last the the in in given given was was session session the the of of work work the the of of account account An An

. . recommendations 29 29 and and resolutions resolutions 10 10 the the of of texts texts the the and and

documents documents working working of of and and participants participants of of lists lists agenda, agenda, final final the the , , 1968) August August Island, Island,

(Rhode (Rhode session session the the of of work work the the of of summary summary a a contains contains . . Spanish It It and and Russian Russian

, , French in in published published be be lso lso a will will , , English in in present present at at available available report, report, This This

+ + . . .- 20 fr. fr. . . Sw Price: Price: 78. 78. . RP . 236 . . No WMO- 120. 120. x x Pp. Pp.

session. session. fifth fifth e e th f f o rt rt o p e r final final d d e Abridg - y og l o r eo t e M e e Maritim r r o f n o i ss mi Com

82-83. 82-83. pp. pp.

, , 2 . . No , , XVI Vol. Vol. , , tin e Bull WMO WMO in in described described been been already already has has publication publication This This

. . gravity of of values values and and longitude longitude or or latitude latitude of of degree degree a a of of length length

the the for for tables tables are are there there section, section, geodetic geodetic the the in in , , inally F . physics cloud cloud to to related related

questions questions and and , , transformations pseudo-adiabatic pseudo-adiabatic and and diabatic diabatic a , , parameters humidity humidity

different different between between relations relations the the air, air, moist moist of of properties properties thermodynamic thermodynamic the the with with

chiefly chiefly dealing dealing , , mics a thermodyn atmospheric atmospheric concern concern tables tables the the of of majority majority The The

temperature. temperature. and and geopotential geopotential , , pressure between between lations lations e r the the on on tables tables further further of of

addition addition the the by by completed completed is is statics statics atmospheric atmospheric on on section section the the place, place, first first the the In In

binder. binder.

ring ring the the in in places places ropriate ropriate app the the in in insertion insertion for for form form f f lea - loose in in is is presentation presentation

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a a giving giving subdivided, subdivided, are are which which of of several several tables, tables, main main 15 15 comprises comprises set set new new This This

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ccount ccount a into into took took also also nd nd a (Norway), (Norway), . . Mr by by prepared prepared report report Nord~ Nord~ minary minary J. J.

­ preli a a on on based based were were meeting meeting the the at at Discussions Discussions 1968. 1968. November November in in eva eva Gen m m

convened convened meeting meeting planning planning informal informal an an of of outcome outcome the the presents presents report report This This

+ + . . 8.- fr. fr. Sw. Sw. Price: Price: 43. 43. x x Pp. Pp. English. English. 28. 28. No. No. Report Report anning anning l P

Watch Watch Weather Weather World World data. data. meteorological meteorological of of l l eva tri e r and and storage storage , , n o ti ec ll Co Reviews

Cislenn.ye melody kratkosroi'nogo progn oza pogody (Numerical methods of short-range weather forecasting). By L. S. GANDIN and A. S. Dusov. Edited by M. I. YuDIN. Leningrad (Gidrometeoizdat) 1968. 428 pages; 50 figures. Price: lR. l5k. The need for a textbook such as the one under review has become particularly urgent now that hydrodynamical methods of forecasting are being taught at universities in the U.S.S.R. In its absence, monographs such as those by Kibel, Yudin, Marchuk and Belov have been used for training, but they are not really suitable for this purpose. The appearance of this book is therefore very welcome. The introduction presents a brief historical review of the development of research work in weather forecasting by hydrodynamical methods. The basic system of atmospheric dynamics is then given, and the equations of vorticity and divergency are analysed in detail. The second chapter deals with the system of equations derived from the so-called Kibel parameter and based on the quasi-geostrophic approximation. The third gives a derivation of the barotropic vorticity equation and its generalization suggested by Obukhov in 1949. The concept of Rossby inertial waves is also presented. The fourth chapter discusses the integration of the barotropic vorticity equation and analytical and numerical methods for solving the equation under local boundary conditions. The next chapter sets forth baroclinic prognostic models, including the Sawyer-Bushby 2 Y2 -d imensional model, and the Buleev-Marchuk three-dimensional quasi-geostrophic model. The sixth chapter presents methods for calculating large-scale vertical velocities in the free atmosphere and those caused by topography and surface friction. The problems of turbulent friction and the effect of relief on the time change in isobaric height are also discussed. The seventh chapter deals with forecasting humidity, cloudiness and precipitation with the help of adiabatic and non-adiabatic models. The eighth sets forth two simple non­ geostrophic models: the quasi-solenoidal model and an ageostrophic model suggested by M. I. Yudin. The problems of the adaptation of pressure and wind fields (A. M . Obukhov) and classification of wave processes in the atmosphere (A. S. Monin and A. M. Obukhov) are also considered. The ninth chapter is concerned with such special problems as fore­ casting the movement of typhoons and taking into account the tropopause in numerical forecasts. An approximate method for prediction of height and temperature fields in the stratosphere is also considered. The tenth and longest chapter describes the most recent research on forecasting meteorological fields with the help of the primitive equations. Three models are used to illustrate how these equations can be integrated, namely the Smagorinsky model, the two-level model of forecasting height and wind, proposed by Kibel and developed by Bortnikov, and the Marchuk model based on solving the equations with the help of the so­ called splitting method. The eleventh chapter deals with the practical application of numerical forecasts, the verification of numerical models and typical errors of numerical forecasts. The appendix contains some information from matrix algebra. This brief summary of the subject matter shows that the authors have managed to reflect the principal directions of recent investigations in short-range hydrodynamic fore­ casting of large-scale processes. Attention is of course concentrated mainly on complete investigations that have played an important role in the development of hydrodynamic methods of forecasting. Current research problems are discussed in chapters VII and X ; these relate not only to short-range weather forecasting but also to long-range weather prediction and the general circulation. On the whole, the presentation is clear and would be intelligible to senior students. Some sections are, however, treated rather at a higher level. In fact, not only is an advanced level of training necessary in order to understand these sections but also some statements are not proved and sometimes not even explained. Thus, for example, when

134

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136 136

independent independent inflows inflows and and seasonal seasonal inputs inputs to to reservoirs. reservoirs. Attention Attention is is devoted devoted also also to to

to to the the basic basic probability probability concepts , , a a theoretical theoretical and and numerical numerical treatment treatment on on non-seasonal non-seasonal

Lloyd ' s s review review of of the the stochastic stochastic reservoir reservoir theory theory includes , , after after a a short short introduction introduction

school. school.

omitted omitted from from the the review- namely , , the the whole whole Russian Russian classical classical and and modern modern hydraulic hydraulic

part part of of the the liter a ture ture reporting reporting theoretical theoretical and and experimental experimental work work in in this this field field has has been been

different different typ e s s of of channels channels and and conduits conduits (pipes). (pipes). It It is is to to be be regretted regretted that that an an extensive extensive

of of the the aeration aeration of of the the flow flow a nd nd treats treats the the jump jump in in all all its its varieties varieties and and milieu x, x, such such as as

based based on on the the liter a ture ture as as well well as as on on his his own own experiments. experiments. includes includes It It also also the the problem problem

Rajaratnam ' s s paper paper is is a a comprehensive comprehensive review review of of the the problem problem of of the the hydraulic hydraulic jump jump

ditch . . Sugge st ion s s for for field field studies studies and and for for further further research research are are also also gi ve n. n.

flow , , Stallman Stallman presents presents practical practical examples examples of of solutions , , such such as as seepage seepage from from a a shallow shallow

s hort hort theoret i cal cal treatment treatment of of the the fluid fluid flow flow and and review review of of hydraulic hydraulic models models of of isotherma l l

for for both both authors - it it is is the the zone zone of of aeration aeration below below the the ground ground surface . . How ever, ever, after after a a

similar similar problem s, s, although although in in a a s lightly lightly different different way . . The The milieu milieu of of the the water water is is the the same same

theory theory of of moisture moisture profile profile de ve lopment lopment and and the the rate rate of of infiltration . . Stallm a n n treats treats very very

mathematical mathematical solution solution of of soil soil moi st ure ure phenomena phenomena and and pay s s particular particular attention attention to to the the

C hild s, s, well well known known for for his his soil soil moisture moisture theory , , reviews reviews theoretical theoretical advances advances in in the the

Phillips. Phillips.

probably probably be be more more interested interested in in the the paper paper of of Bretschneider, Bretschneider, and and partly partly also also by by that that of of

and , , to to a a certain certain extent, extent, those those of of Lloyd Lloyd and and Rajaratnam, Rajaratnam, the the hydrometeorologi st st will will

sc hneider). hneider). Whil e e the the hydrologi st st will will be be most most attracte d d by by th e e papers papers of of Childs , , Stallman Stallman

ratnam) ; ; St oc ha s ti c c r e servoir servoir th eo ry ry (E. (E. H. H. Lloyd); Lloyd); and and Storm Storm surges surges (Charles (Charles L. L. Bret­

M . . Phillips) (0. (0. ; ; Fl ow ow in in th e e zo ne ne o a f e rati o n n (R . . W. W. Stallman ); ); H yd raulic raulic jumps jumps (N . . Raja­

(N. (N. Hogben) ; ; S o il il m o istur e e th eo r y y (E. (E. C. C. C hild s); s); The The th eo ry ry o f f wind wind g e n e rat e d d waves waves

This This vo lume lume contains contains the the fo llowing llowing seven seven papers: papers: H ove rin g g craft craft ove r r water water

a a p a per per of of direct direct int e re s t t to to him. him.

natural , , therefore , , that that the the hydrologi st st and and hydr01:neteorologi st st will will find find in in each each volume volume

water water to to evaporation evaporation retardation retardation by by monolayers monolayers and and the the soi l l moisture moisture theory. theory. is is It It

f rom rom hydrofoil a s nd nd hovering hovering craft craft ove r r water , , through through biological biological treatment treatment of of waste waste

science science i s s understood understood by by the the editor editor in in its its widest widest s ense , , so so that that the the fields fields covered covered vary vary

adva nc es es in in s a pecialized pecialized branch branch of of hydro sc ience . . should should It It be be stressed stressed that that hydro­

This This is is the the fourth fourth volume volume of of sc ientific ientific pap ers ers each each representing representing a a review review of of recent recent

(Academic (Academic Pr ess) ess) 1967. 1967. 428 428 pages ; ; numerous numerous figures . . Price : : US US $ 21. 21.

Advances Advances in in H yd r osc ienc e, e, V o lum e e 4 . . Edited Edited by by YEN YEN TE TE C HOW. HOW. New New York York and and London London

K .L. .L.

this this field field in in the the U.S.S.R. U.S.S.R.

and and gives gives in in particular particular interesting interesting information information about about the the con s iderable iderable work work carried carried out out in in

The The book book as as a a who l e e is is a a va luable luable contribution contribution to to the the literature literature on on atmospheric atmospheric ozone , ,

of of the the ozone ozone values values discussed discussed in in the the va rious rious chapters. chapters.

The The authors authors s hould hould be be complimented complimented for for clearly clearly drawing drawing attention attention to to the the limita t ions ions

so lar lar eclipse eclipse on on 15 15 February February 1961 1961 in in the the Azov Azov Sea Sea area. area.

Ku z netso v) v) discusses discusses the the ozone ozone measurements measurements carried carried out out from from aircraft aircraft during during t he he total total

ozone ozone caused caused by by vertical vertical motions motions in in the the atmosphere atmosphere and and the the last last chapter chapter (by (by Khrgian Khrgian and and

The The third third chapter , , by by Khrgian Khrgian and and Kondr at'eva, at'eva, describe s a a s theory theory for for va natwns natwns of of

August August 1962. 1962.

ba se d d on on observations observations carried carried out out at at different different altitudes altitudes on on the the mountain mountain El'brus El'brus in in

di sc uss es es briefly briefly ozone ozone observations observations in in mountains mountains and and the the aerosol aerosol component component of of scattering scattering

The The other other chapters chapters deal deal with with more more specialized specialized subjects. subjects. C hapter hapter 2 2 (by (by Kuznetsov) Kuznetsov)

general general features features of of it s s geographical geographical distribution distribution and and variation variation with with time. time.

measurements measurements of of the the total total amount amount of of atmospheric atmospheric ozone ozone and and discusses discusses in in some some detail detail the the

written written by by Khrgian, Khrgian, describes describes in in a a comprehensive comprehensive manner manner the the general general background background of of

values values at at IGY IGY stations stations for for the the IGY IGY period period (1957-1958) . . The The first first and and longest longest chapter , ,

graphy graphy of of 54 54 items items and and appendices appendices giving giving data data s uch uch as as maximum maximum and and minimum minimum ozone ozone

knowledge knowledge of of atmospheric atmospheric ozone ozone and and its its variations variations in in the the early early 1960s. 1960s. There There is is a a biblio ­

gat i o ns ns in in th e e Int e mational mational Geophysical Geophysical Year, Year, consists consists mainly mainly of of four four chapters chapters reviewing reviewing our our

This This volum

Price: Price: US US $3.75. $3.75.

(Israel (Israel Program Program for for Scientific Scientific Translations) Translations) 1967. 1967. 96 96 pages; pages; 25 25 figures; figures; 30 30 tables. tables.

G. G. KuzNETSOY KuzNETSOY I. I. and and V. V. KoNDRAT'EVA A. A. . . Translated Translated from from Russian. Russian. Jerusalem Jerusalem

Atmospheric Atmospheric Ozone Ozone (Section (Section IGY IGY Meteorology Meteorology IJ, IJ, Program Program No. No. 8). 8). By By A. A. Kh . . KHRGIAN , , correlated inflows and seasons. An enlightened approach to the problem reveals several new aspects of what is now considered the classical approach to hydrological reservoir design. Bretschneider presents the problem of storm surges from both meteorological and hydrodynamic aspects. The study also includes well-documented case histories and treats wind setups in closed basins as well as on the open coasts. Numerical solutions and empirical methods are offered. Finally, Phillips presents a short but highly theoretical fluid mechanics study of the generation and maintenance of waves by wind on the surface of the ocean. The physical process by which energy is transferred from wind to waves is analysed, and use of random processes analysis results in the presentation of the probability structure of the sea surface. In conclusion, the reviewer would like to mention that even without using the probability approach it could be ascertained that the wide spectrum of interests covered by this series, although escaping any law of spectral analysis, will guarantee it a wide popularity among "hydroscientists". In any case, its presence is desirable in every scientific library. J. N.

Les regimes hydrologiques en Guyane fran r; aise (Hydrological regimes in French Guiana). By G. H!EZ and P. DUBREU!L. Paris (Office de la recherche scientifique et technique outre-mer, Institut fran<;ais d'Amerique tropicale) 1964. Memoires de l'ORSTOM No. 3. 120 pages; 3 plates; 49 figures. Price: Fr. 70.-. French Guiana, with an area of 91 000 km', is the easternmost and the smallest of the three Guianas, lying on the north coast of South America between Venezuela and Brazil. After passing a narrow strip of Brazilian territory, easterly equatorial air sweeps continu­ ously in a broad front over the country. As a consequence, considerable rainfall is released which has caused a well-developed river system over the area. Guiana is said to mean land of waters, and thus is rightly named as the rivers are dependable in their regime and even today form the only means of communication with the hinterland. The paper under review is a pioneer work in a developing country. Meteorological, and, more so, hydrological data are few and of recent origin only. Records from ten rainfall stations and from eight river gauging stations for periods of eight to ten years form the basic material of the study. Nevertheless, the authors have drawn a thorough picture of the rainfall and the hydrological regimes of the country. They were able to prove that the ample rainfall (2 300 to 4 200 mm/year) is fairly dependable, both during the year and from year to year, and with it the hydrological regime of the two main river systems. The authors succeed in showing that under the prevailing conditions, the period of record available is sufficient for a reliable presentation of the facts. The layout of the study is straightforward, with chapters on the relief, the vegetational cover, the hydro­ graphic network, and the main characteristics of the climate with special emphasis on rainfall. A description of the network of hydrological stations follows, then an analysis of the available data and their representativeness, and an interpretation of the basic hydrological facts derived. The presentation is clear, and conclusions are carefully weighted considering the scarcity of data. The results will give the reader a clear and rather complete idea of the hydrological characteristics of the main rivers. The reviewer would criticize only the lack of bibliographical references, as climatological studies at least are known to exist for French Guiana and the adjacent areas. Summing up, this is an informative and well­ balanced hydrological study on a subject which really was terra incognito hitherto. N. ROSENAN

Proceedings of the Symposium on Mountain Meteorology, 26 June 1967, Fort Col/ins, Colorado. Edited by E. R . RE!TER and J. L. RASMUSSEN. Fort Collins (Colorado State University) 1968. 221 pages; numerous figures and illustrations. Price: US $3.50. The seven papers presented at this symposium deal mainly with the dynamic influence of relief on the local and general circulation of the atmosphere. H . H. Lettau, after examining the behaviour of the boundary layer on the slopes of various mountain masses, which is often difficult to explain, undertakes the study of the problem from the dynamic point of view, considering in particular the aspect of the

137

138 138

acti v ities ities associated associated w i th th artificia l l earth earth sate lli te te applications applications (i ncluding ncluding communication s, s,

Soviet Soviet biomedical biomedical space space re sear ch ch is is summarized summarized in in Part Part III , , and and Part Part IV IV reviews reviews

atmo s phere phere wind s s through through direct direct and and indirect indirect methods methods are are described . .

techniques techniques used used in in determining determining atmospheric atmospheric pre ss ure , , temp era ture , , den s ity ity a nd nd upper­

upper upper atmosphere atmosphere wou ld ld b e e of of s pecial pecial int e r es t t to to meteorologists . . Som e e intere st ing ing

satellites. satellites. C h apters apters 6 6 and and 7 7 on on the the optical optical phenomena phenomena and and physical physical propertie s s of of the the

t ion a s bove bove t h e e terrestrial terrestrial atmosphere , , and and technical technical and and scientific scientific s tudies tudies aboard aboard manned manned

so l ar ar a nd nd cosmic cosmic e l ectromagnetic ectromagnetic a nd nd charged charged p a rticle rticle radiation ; ; as tronomic a l l in ves tiga­

prop er ti es es of of the the upp e r r atmo s pher e ; ; magnetic magnetic fields; fields; i onospheric onospheric e lectron lectron den s ity ity studies; studies;

of of t h e e upp er er a tmosphere tmosphere and and interpl a net ary ary s pace ; ; optica l l phen o mena mena a nd nd physical physical

properties properties in ves tigat e d , , such such as as micrometeorites micrometeorites a nd nd meteoric meteoric du st ; ; chemical chemical comp os ition ition

Part Part II II contain s a a s summary summary of of the the results results and and the the type type of of physic a l l and and e n v ir o nmental nmental

s i gnif i cant cant public at i o n s s used used as as so urc e e material. material.

Zon.d Zon.d series . . Finally , , as as for for th e e succeeding succeeding p arts , , a a reference reference list list i s s given given of of th e e more more

a nnounc e d d Soviet Soviet lun a r r and and plan e t a ry ry pr o s s be including including the the Luna, Luna, Ve n era, era, Mars, Mars, and and

00 -4 73 73 km km i a s I I l so so pre se nted . . The The f inal inal chapter chapter of of thi s s part part contains contains a a review review of of all all

t o o the the effects effects on on s s dog and and ot her her animals animals of of ve rtical rtical flight s s in in r ockets ockets to to a l titudes titudes of of

associa ted ted in vest igati o ns . . An An e xce ll e nt nt technical technical d escr i ption ption of of biomedical biomedical studi es es relating relating

de sc ribed ribed in in so me me detai l , , with with photographs photographs and and dr a wing s s and and schedule s s of of launching s s and and

a tm os phere phere and and int e rplanetary rplanetary s pace . . The The met eo rological rological and and geophysica l l r oc k e t s s are are

l aunc h e d d durin g g this this period period for for s cientific cientific exp l or a t i o n n and and ex pl o it at ion ion of of the the upper upper

P a rt rt I I describ es es in in general general terms terms rockets , , sate llit es es and and space space probes probes whi c h h ha ve ve been been

d es ire s s to to sa ti sfy sfy a a p e r so nal nal c uri os it y a y bout bout the the U . S.S.R. S.S.R. s p a c e e pr og r a mm e . .

well well indeed ; ; but but wou ld ld ne ve r t h e l es s s pro v id e e m a ny ny enjoyable enjoyable h o ur s s to to th e e la y m an an who who

in in s p ace ace research research a nd nd h av ing ing limi ted ted ac c ess ess to to Soviet Soviet li terature . . In In thi s s aim aim i t t succeeds succeeds ve ry ry

m e nt s , , and and is is int e nd e d d as as r a efere nc e e too l l for for sc ienti sts, sts, e ngine e r s, s, and and st udent s s int e re s ted ted

assoc i ate d d with with th e e Soviet Soviet research research act i v ities ities in in the the upper-atm os ph e re re a nd nd s pa ce ce environ­

The The book book is is concerned concerned a lm o s t t e x clu s ivel y y with with sc ientific ientific p ay l oa ds , , objects objects a nd nd res ult s s

of of U.S.S. R. R. s pac e - science science searc re h. h.

comprehensive comprehensive a nd nd a uthoritati ve ve E ngli s h-l a nguag s e ummary ummary of of th e e first first 10 10 years years (1957-1966) (1957-1966)

gone gone quite quite far far in in dispe lling lling some some of of the the my s tery . . It It provid es es in in a a s ingle ingle vo lum e a a e

a nd nd to to so me me extent extent eve n n to to sc i e nti sts sts and and st ud e nt s s in in s pace pace resea r c h. h. This This h andbook andbook has has

T he he Sov i et et s pa ce ce programme programme ha s s been been one one of of my st ery ery and and unknowns unknowns for for the the l a ym a n n

numerous numerous fig ure s a s nd nd tabl es. es. Price: Price: £12 £12 Ss Ss

Od. Od.

London , , Paris Paris (Gordon (Gordon + + and and Breach Breach Science Science Publishers) Publishers) 1 x.x x.x 968. 968. 506 506 pages; pages;

Handb ook ook of of Soviet Soviet Space - Scienc e e R ese ar c h . . Edited Edited by by Georg e e E. E. New New York , , W UKE LI C . .

s. s. L. L.

factors factors was was studied studied by by Akira Akira Kasahara Kasahara on on num er ic a l l model s . .

s inks ; ; and and the the effect effect of of relief relief as as a a b arr ier. ier. The The rel a ti ve ve importance importance of of each each of of these these thr ee ee

s phere phere may may be be resolved resolved into into three three fa ctors, ctors, nam e ly ly friction, friction, larg e-sca le le heat heat so urc es es and and

L as tly , , the the influence influence of of orography orography on on the the global global circulati o p n atte rns rns of of the the atmo­

results results obtained. obtained.

D . . Fultz Fultz and and T. T. Spence Spence describe describe the the experimenta l l method method u se d d and and report report on on t he he main main

in in the the laboratory laboratory by by means means of of rotating rotating cylinders cylinders in in which which obstacle s s were were dispo s ed ed radially ; ;

The The effect effect exerted exerted by by a a north- so uth uth m ounta in in barrier barrier on on a a westerly westerly flow flow wa s s studied studied

provided provided by by s ynchronous ynchronous satellites satellites F . . Hubert). Hubert). (L. (L.

other other with with the the influence influence of of small small tropica l l isl a nds nds o n n convection convection clouds , , making making u se se of of data data

the the distribution distribution of of cloud cloud and and precipitation precipitation in in relati o n n to to th e e relief relief (Tetsuya (Tetsuya Fujita) Fujita) and and the the

Two Two articles articles are are devoted devoted to to the influence influence the of of relief relief on on cloud cloud systems; systems; one one de a l s s with with

a l oft. oft.

from from a a numerical numerical model model with with observed observed valley valley winds; winds; in in particular , , w i nd nd reversal reversal is is shown shown

s ubject ubject of of a a new new s tudy tudy by by R . . S . . Scorer. Scorer. J . . K. K. K. K. Buettner Buettner compare s s the the s re ults ults obta ined ined

Standing Standing waves waves over over ob s t a cles , , in in relation relation to to the the distribution distribution of of upper upper wind s , , are are t he he

scale scale phenomena. phenomena.

possible possible to to exp l ain ain t he he local local circulation circulation in in the the ca s es es quoted quoted earlier , , and and a l so so app lie s s to to large­

and and their their deph as ing s, s, le ad ad to to the the theory theory of of therm o -tidal -tidal winds ; ; and and this this theory theory makes makes it it

the the osci llati ons ons of of a a periodic periodic phenomenon, phenomenon, such such as as thermal thermal winds winds with with a a period period of of 24 24 hours, hours,

Ekman Ekman spiral spiral wit h h a a thermal thermal wind. wind. The The oscillations oscillations of of the the boundary boundary layer layer engendered engendered by by

9 9 13

Watch. Watch. Weather Weather World World planned planned e e th under under united united be be to to now now are are which which tasks tasks

the the to to relation relation in in , , is that that - le sca l l oba l g a a on on on on i informat meteorological meteorological of of collection collection

the the g g in organiz with with and and , , meteorology e e llit sate with with s s deal so so al Zverev Zverev Professor Professor

. . rology eo met ptic ptic o n sy

of of s s m e probl applied applied of of ion ion t lu so e e th to to s s relate it it as as re re e tmosph a e th f f o circulation circulation general general

e e th of of problem problem complicated complicated whole whole the the nd nd a eas eas r a cal cal hi geograp different different in in circulation circulation

the the of of peculiarities peculiarities he he t with with student student the the aints aints u acq but but , , irculation c ic ic atmospher f f o es es m e h sc

own own ll-kn we the the out out set set y y merel not not s s doe He He atmosphere. atmosphere. the the of of circulation circulation l l genera

e e th of of s s problem to to k k o textbo the the of of part part rge rge a l y y l comparative s a a s te vo de uthor uthor a e h T

ation. ation. i av

for for ts ts as rec fo to to nd nd a n n o ipitati ec pr nd nd a s cloud as as s s ment e el uch uch s ing ing ast forec of of s s method

numerical numerical to to v v re ve Z sor sor Profes by by given given ttention ttention a e th mention mention must must we we Here Here enomena. enomena. h p

weather weather and and nts nts e elem rological rological o mete s s ariou v g g in forecast of of ds ds o th e m te te e concr out out setting setting

to to d d vote de is is , , oritative h aut and and interesting interesting equally equally , , ok bo the the of of tion tion sec rth rth fou The The

. . s ld fie l l a ic g meteorolo of of is is s naly a ve ve bjecti o of of

methods methods and and g g in forecast of of systems systems ous ous ri va and and ters ters u comp electronic electronic th th o b of of e e s u necessary necessary

e e th h h wit , , l eve l h h g hi ry ry ve a a on on , , e tim me me sa the the t t a , , nd a e id s ical ical t prac he he t with with acquainted acquainted

become become to to rtunity rtunity o pp o full full , , forecasting of of ds ds o th e m e e tiv ta nti a qu modern modern of of is is as b l l theoretica

the the h h t i w together together , , him give give to to but but st, st, ca e for e e b n a c weather weather hich hich w on on principles principles the the th th i w

udent udent st e e h t acquaint acquaint to to merely merely not not n n ee b as as h ur ur endeavo or's or's h aut the the at at th r r ea cl s s i It It

. . section . .

s s thi to to contributed contributed sov sov u o Bel . . rS L. L. ofesso Pr purposes. purposes. forecasting forecasting for for probability probability of of eory eory h t

the the and and s s method l l a tic a m e math l l statistica of of ion ion cat ppli a the the in in ms ms e probl and and , , atmosphere the the

of of s s l eve l t t n fere dif for for es es lu va l l a i geopotent g g n ecasti r fo of of l l ode m c c clini aro b a a nd nd a c barotropi

, a a , thods e m mic mic a hydrodyn by by s s nt e m e l e meteorological meteorological of of s s ld e i f computing computing of of es es principl

l l etica r eo th the the so so l a nd nd a , , based ls ls on on i at itu s ptic ptic o n sy e e h t of of g g in forecast hich hich w on on assumptions assumptions

and and es es principl main main e e h t s s iew ev r ction ction se This This s. s. pter a h c linked linked y y ll ca i og l but but e, e, t ara ep s x i s

containing containing , , book e e th of of n n sectio hird hird t arge arge l the the in in with with t t l a de s s i This This situation. situation. c c pti o n sy the the

of of forecasting forecasting e e th to to k k oo b s s ' Zverev in in ccorded ccorded s a s i position position l l centra s s p a h per and and special special A A

· · lop. lop. ve de s s clone cy nti a nd nd a cyclones cyclones

whereby whereby sses sses oce pr the the in in nergy nergy e of of tranformation tranformation the the of of s s lem prob the the f f o ysis ysis l a n g a g in est r te in

tremely tremely ex an an so so l a and and s, s, theorie ese ese th of of one one every every of of udy udy st the the in in d d eve hi ac n n ee b has has t t a wh

of of ysis ysis l a n a e e v instructi ry ry ve nd nd a competent competent thoroughly thoroughly a a so so al but but , , cyclogenesis of of eories eories h t

known known the the ll ll a y rl a ne of of n n o ripti sc de ed ed il a det y a a y l on ot ot n ok ok tbo ex t this this in in find find will will reader reader

The The transport. transport. and and economy economy s s ' n o nati a a of of s s need s s numerou the the of of protection protection meteorological meteorological

of of ctice ctice a pr the the and and ce ce i v r se l l a ic og l eoro met a a of of ion ion zat rgani o the the , , ting as forec r r e h weat of of

science science e e th of of nt nt e pm o l ve de the the of of principles principles and and s s problem in in a m the the story, story, hi its its , , thod e m

synoptic synoptic the the of of es es l princip the the , , order l l a ic g lo in in , , contain ook ook b e e h t of of chapters chapters 22 22 The The

. . physics nd nd a mathematics mathematics higher higher in in urse urse o c

ity ity s er v uni ndard ndard a t s the the through through gone gone eady eady lr a ave ave h who who and and , , sts i og eorol et m d e qualifi highly highly

become become to to wish wish o o wh s s nt e ud t s for for intended intended is is Zverev Zverev S. S. A. A. y y b k xtboo te new new This This

9lk. 9lk. IR. IR. Price: Price: n. n. a i s Rus In In tables. tables. nd nd a figures figures s s numerou pages; pages; 773 773

968. 968. 1 (Gidrometeoizdat) (Gidrometeoizdat) Leningrad Leningrad ZvEREV. ZvEREV. S. S. By By A. A. ). ). n o predicti weather weather of of es es principl

and and meteorology meteorology (Synoptic (Synoptic y y d ogo P dvyi':islenija dvyi':islenija e Pr ovy ovy Osn a a i i i og l o r eo t e M kaja kaja es Sinoptii':

. . Z . . B

library. library. s s ' st i og l o r eo met the the to to ddition ddition a luable luable va a a be be ld ld ou w book book

e e th n n reaso this this For For rmanent. rmanent. e p more more somewhat somewhat as as ered ered nsid co be be may may , , data environment environment

­ e pac s and and re re e upper-atmosph c c i s ba as as ch ch u , s , community l l a ic g lo o r eo met the the to to st st re e int pecial pecial s

of of tion tion a inform the the of of much much t t a th fortunate fortunate is is it it , , obsolescence t t instan from from s s uffer s research research

space space of of ubject ubject s changing changing rapidly rapidly the the n n o book book , a a , indicates editor editor the the s s a , , AlthotJgh

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y y ll especia rts, rts, a p other other the the than than people people of of variety variety greater greater a a to to appeal appeal probably probably would would and and

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not not do do which which activities activities space space t t e i v So the the for for ll ll catch-a a a s s a considered considered be be can can Part Part V V

- meteorology. meteorology. satellite satellite for for system system r r eo Met Soviet Soviet the the for for is is as b

e e h t formed formed ince ince s has has concept concept s s hi t and and , , one l l teorologica me a a s s a designated designated y y ll specifica

be be to to e e llit sate Soviet Soviet t t s fir the the was was This This environment. environment. the the of of imagery imagery radiation radiation and and

s s photograph including including 22 22 1 Cosmos Cosmos the the of of given given also also s s i review review excellent excellent An An . . cribed s de ively ively s

exten­ is is tellite tellite sa communications communications a a y I I lni o M The The s). s). llite sate geodetic geodetic and and meteorological meteorological

140 140

nepho

sco

pe pe

ob s ervations. ervations. C hapter hapter VI VI presents presents an an e lementary lementary description description of of

sy noptic noptic

results results

with with

the the

Moltchanoff Moltchanoff di sc sc and and the the Pita Pita scale scale recorder , , and and also also radio radio so unding s s

and and

inflation inflation of of

the the

balloon , , so undings undings with with one one or or two two theodolites , , the the processing processing

of of

the the

In In chapter chapter

V , , upper- a ir ir sounding sounding by by pilot pilot balloons balloons is is covered: covered: the the preparation preparation and and

chapter chapter IV. IV.

Special Special

observations observations

on on board board s hip s s and and aircraft aircraft and and for for agriculture agriculture are are dealt dealt with with in in

with with the the aid aid of of compass compass and and theodolite , , is is de sc ribed ). ).

(i

n n

this this

connexion

, , a a second second method method for for the the instrumental instrumental determination determination of of the the meridian

, ,

snowgauges snowgauges

and and other other apparatus apparatus for for me as uring uring precipitation; precipitation; wind wind vanes vanes and and anemometers anemometers

height height

of of

cloud cloud

bas:'! bas:'!

or or ceiling ceiling and and the the tra nsparency nsparency of of the the air; air; raingauges raingauges and and p lu viogra

ph s

, ,

of of

thermometers thermometers

and and thermographs. thermographs. It It then then deal s s with with in s trument s s for for measuring measuring

the the

and and

air air

temperature temperature and and problems problems involved involved in in its its precise precise measur em ent , , with with a a description description

of of

errors errors

in in measurement

, , and and follows follows with with at mospheric mospheric pressure pressure and and its its d eterminat

ion , ,

C hapter hapter Ill Ill

begins begins with with the the st udy udy of of units units of of measurement measurement used used in in meteorology meteorology and and

phenom

ena, ena,

giving giving numerous numerous u sef ul ul details; details; the the chapter chapter concludes concludes with with a a review review

of of weather. weather.

various various

phenomena phenomena

which which affect affect v i si bility. bility. Finally , , 46 46 pages pages are are devoted devoted to to atmosp heric heric

next next

s ubject ubject

i s s

visibility, visibility, both both general general and and in in particular particular directions , , with with a a de

sc ription ription

of of

a a

printing printing

mistake mistake

and and a a faulty faulty figure figure may may make make it it difficult difficult for for the the reader reader to to follow). follow).

The The

(a (a simp

le le method method

is is mentioned mentioned for for drawing drawing the the meridian meridian line line of of the the site; site; unfortunately

, ,

procedures procedures

for for their their observation observation and and winds , , classified classified according according to to speed speed and and direction direction

(chapter (chapter

IT) IT) and and

with with instrum e nt s s (chapter (chapter Ill). Ill). C hapter hapter II II deals deals with with clouds clouds and and

the the

The The

ne xt xt two two chapters chapters concern concern the the different different type s s of of observation observation made made without without

amendments. amendments.

examp

l es es

of of

codes codes are are included , , in in view view of of the the large large number number of of these these a nd nd their their

freq

uent uent

of of observations observations

for for transmission transmission to to the the collection collection and and di st ribution ribution centres; centres; only only a a

few few

consideration consideration

of of the the hour s s of of observation observation in in relation relation to to their their purpo ses ses and and the the coding coding

making making

measurements measurements

of of the the at mosph eric eric state state existing existing at at a a g i ve n n moment, moment,

leading leading

to to

gives gives

a a

general general

pr esentat ion ion of of the the problem problem of of " measuring measuring the the atmosphere " - that that

is, is,

which which has has

made made

possible possible a a more more rational rational distribution distribution of of the the subjects subjects st udied. udied. Chapter Chapter

I I

The The

contents contents

are are arranged arranged in in eight eight chapters chapters (two (two more more than than in in the the first first e dition ) )

professional, professional,

especially especially

th e e meteorological meteorological observer , , to to whom whom it it is is particularly particularly addressed

. .

bring

s s

the the

material material

within within the the range range of of the the amateur, amateur, yet yet does does not not reduce reduce its its va

lue lue to to th e e

declaration declaration

of of intention s s is is very very amply amply fulfilled fulfilled with with a a standard standard of of presentation presentation which which

clas

s ific a t ion , ,

and and a lso lso the the organization organization and and operation operation of of meteorological meteorological stations. stations.

This This

phenomena

, , sta ndard ndard atmosphere , , visibility , , evapotranspiration , , phenology , , a

nd nd

climatic climatic

a nd nd recommended recommended

practices practices and and that that it it e mbodie s s a a stu dy dy of of storms storms and and other other atmospheric atmospheric

The The

foreword foreword to to this this handbook handbook states states that that the the pre se atio nt n n conforms conforms to to WMO WMO standard standard

1 68 68 figures. figures. Price: Price: !50 . - pe s etas. etas.

By By

Jo se se

M. M.

JANSA. JANSA. Madrid Madrid (Instituto (Instituto Nacional Nacional de de Meteorologia) Meteorologia) 1968 . . 428 428

pages

; ;

Manual Manual

del del

Observador Observador d e e Met e oro / ogia ogia (Meteorological (Meteorological obse rver ' s s manual ) . . 2nd 2nd edi tion. tion.

P. P. D . . ASTAPENKO ASTAPENKO

qualifications qualifications in in meteorology . .

Organization Organization

or or by by those those in in it it who who are are concerned concerned in in the the training training of of spe cialists cialists with with

high high

world world

of of sc i entific entific meteorology , , which which cannot cannot pass pass unnoticed unnoticed by by the the World World Meteorological Meteorological

All All

in in

all all

the the appearance appearance of of the the textbook textbook und e r r revi ew ew is is a a significant significant event event in in the the

from from the the equation equation of of vorticity vorticity used used in in some some numerical numerical prediction prediction models. models.

meteorology meteorology

shows shows

a a representation, representation, not not of of a a traditional traditional weather weather map , , but but the the term term \l \l ' H H

i s s

significant significant It It and and perhap s s symbolic symbolic that that the the dust dust cover cover of of this this textbook textbook on on synoptic synoptic

illustr ate d , , with with many many valuable valuable reference reference tables tables and and graphs graphs in in an an appendix. appendix.

m :: thod

s s of of

forecasting forecasting

meteorological meteorological elements elements and and weather weather phenomena . .

is is

It It

well well

very very u sefu

n l ot ot only only to to st udents udents but but also also to to specialists , , particularly particularly on on questions questions of of modern modern

encyclopaedic encyclopaedic

reference reference book book on on foreca st ing . . However , , it it will will without without a a doubt doubt

prove prove

m ::teo

rological rological

institutes institutes of of higher higher learning , , and and in in this this sense sense it it cannot cannot be be considered considered an an

The The

textbook textbook

does does not not overlap overlap with with other other discipline s s studied studied by by students students in in hydro­

practical practical problems problems involved involved weather weather in in forecasting. forecasting.

a tmospheric tmospheric

proces

ses , , en s uring uring the the preparation preparation of of students students for for independent independent so luti on on

of of

textbook) textbook)

and and

the the clearly clearly visible visible endeavour endeavour to to go go deeply deeply into into the the physical physical essentials essentials

of of

mathematical mathematical

formulae formulae

and and deductions deductions from from them them (some (some of of which which are are omitted omitted from from

the the

of of synoptic synoptic

meteorology meteorology

in in a a simple simple form form accessible accessible to to the the students, students, without without abuse abuse of of

A A perusal perusal of of the the book book s how s s the the author ' s s skill skill in in setting setting out out the the complicated complicated problems problems

1 1 4 1

1.50. 1.50. $2 US US Price: Price: . . guidebook h h s li Eng

with with , , se Japane In In . . 964 1 Ltd.) Ltd.) , , Shobo (Kokusai (Kokusai Tokyo Tokyo Asia). Asia). of of imate imate l (C o o Kik 0 0 11 jia jia A A

. . gs) llin shi 22 22 (paperback, (paperback, gs gs llin shi 35 35 Price: Price: . . 1969

s) s) Pres Universities Universities (English (English London London CRADDOCK. CRADDOCK. M. M. By By . . Age. Age. J Computer Computer e e th in in Statistics Statistics

. . I.80 $NZ Price: Price: 1968. 1968. Auckland) Auckland) of of versity versity i Un he he (T and and l Auck HEALY. HEALY. R. R. T. T.

and and SPARROW SPARROW C. C. By By J. J. y. y. raph og i l Bib A A Zealand- New New of of atology atology lim C a11d a11d ogy ogy l o r eo t e M

10.95. 10.95. $ US US : : e Pric 968. 968. 1 Press) Press)

c c demi (Aca London London and and York York New New ON. ON. KINERS S. S. . . K , , LUCHINS S. S. . . A , , MELTZER S. S. A. A.

AN, AN, I EG PARS . . V by by L. L. Edited Edited sciences. sciences. physical physical The The Part Part - I Science. Science. Natural Natural o o t troduction troduction l11

. . $3 US US : : Price . . 1968 Information) Information) al al hnic Tec of of Division Division (USAEC (USAEC Ridge Ridge Oak Oak

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: : Price 968. 968. 1 trie) trie) s indu et et Thermique Thermique - Europeennes Europeennes (Editions (Editions Paris Paris LAMBOLEY. LAMBOLEY.

Guy Guy and and BRICHAMBAUT BRICHAMBAUT DE DE IN IN ERR P . . h C By By es. es. ur es m ses ses t t e sol sol au au e e lair so llt llt e m e II/I yO ra Le Le

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$29. $29. + + US US Price: Price: . . tables and and figures figures numerous numerous pages; pages; 712 712 ii ii x

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MATVEEV. MATVEEV. By By T. T. L. L. Atmosphere. Atmosphere. e e th of of Physics Physics Meteorology- General General of of Fu11damentals Fu11damentals

. . C E. E. H. H.

treatise. treatise. entertaining entertaining

nd nd a interesting interesting most most a a on on congratulated congratulated be be to to are are publishers publishers and and author author The The

. . years hundred hundred one one previous previous the the of of frequencies frequencies the the projecting projecting by by eJepected eJepected

been been have have might might what what with with 1950-1966 1950-1966 years years the the of of seasons seasons four four the the during during weather weather the the

of of nburgh, nburgh, di E and and Kew Kew at at readings readings on on based based diagrams diagrams by by illustrated illustrated comparison, comparison, a a with with

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same same the the of of photographs photographs of of series series a a and and statistics statistics on on based based are are ers ers chapt early early e e h T

farmers. farmers. and and gardeners gardeners the the especially especially er, er, h weat h h Englis in in interested interested se se tho all all to to

l l appea will will nd nd a , , d e produc beautifully beautifully style, style, literary literary a a in in written written is is Weather Weather Seaso11able Seaso11able

apparent. apparent. soon soon is is n n reaso The The . . best-sellers other other and and logues logues ve tra , , biographies , , novels

new new of of display display the the amongst amongst meteorology meteorology on on book book a a of of copies copies of of stack stack a a of of ight ight s al al u unus

the the by by struck struck was was one one recently recently , , London , , Piccadilly in in bookshop bookshop famous famous a a entering entering On On

£2 £2 Od. Od. Price: Price: plates. plates. small small Os Os ! 132 132 and and plates plates ull ull 8 f 8 pages; pages; 146 146

968. 968. 1 Ltd.) Ltd.) Unwin Unwin and and Alien Alien (George (George London London TH. TH. I SM P. P. By By L. L. Weather. Weather. Seaso11able Seaso11able

VIEJOBUENO VIEJOBUENO NES NES BRIO J. J. DE DE L. L.

metre. metre. geopotential geopotential the the and and aerology, aerology,

in in ed ed s u longer longer no no , , metre geodynamic geodynamic the the between between confusion confusion is is there there elsewhere elsewhere above; above; to to

referred referred that that e e lik errors errors material material certain certain by by diminished diminished be be cannot cannot which which of of lue lue va practical practical

the the , , information interesting interesting and and useful useful much much of of compendium compendium a a is is this this , , up sum sum To To

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Meteorological Meteorological World World the the of of and and Service Service Meteorological Meteorological Spanish Spanish the the of of organization organization

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mainten­ and and operation operation , , installation the the for for guidance guidance gives gives chapter chapter last last and and , , eighth The The

Peninsula. Peninsula. Iberian Iberian the the to to ation ation lic app their their of of examples examples with with , , described

are are Thornthwaite Thornthwaite and and Koppen Koppen of of classifications classifications climatic climatic The The VII. VII. chapter chapter in in reviewed reviewed

are are climatology climatology general general of of s s ic st i stat meteorologiaal meteorologiaal The The forecasting. forecasting. meteorological meteorological

in in practice practice standard standard are are which which rules rules practical practical many many by by followed followed is is this this ; ; meteorology

142 142

Vienna Vienna and and Prague Prague (IAMAP), (IAMAP), Nuclei Nuclei Ice Ice 969 969 1 September September 24 24 - 22 22

and and Condensation Condensation on on Conference Conference International International 7th 7th and and September September 20 20 - 18 18

Republic Republic Arab Arab United United Cairo, Cairo,

on, on, i Computat Scientific Scientific on on Conference Conference International International 969 969 1 September September 20 20 - 15 15

Germany Germany of of Republic Republic eral eral

Fed­ , , Heidelberg , , (IAMAP) on on lati Circu Atmospheric Atmospheric

and and Constituents Constituents Trace Trace pheric pheric s Atmo on on Symposium Symposium 69 69 19 September September 13 13 8 8

England England , , London

, , Institute l l stica i Stat International International the the of of Session Session 37th 37th 69 69 19 September September 11 11 - 3 3

rland rland ze Swit , , Montreux 69 69 19 September September 6 6

(ISB), (ISB), Congress Congress l l Biometeorologica International International 5th 5th August- 31 31

U.S.A. U.S.A. , , Illinois (Unesco), (Unesco),

Professors Professors Hydrology Hydrology for for Seminar Seminar International International 9 9 196 July July 25 25 - 13 13

U.S.A. U.S.A. , , Arizona , , Tucson (AAAS), (AAAS), World World

hanging hanging C a in in Lands Lands Arid Arid on on nference nference Co International International 69 69 19 June June 13 13 - 3

. . U.S.S.R Moscow, Moscow, (ISO), (ISO), Atmosphere Atmosphere Standard Standard

International International - 6 6 Group Group Working Working of of Meeting Meeting st st 1 69 69 19 May May 29 29 - 26 26

kia kia va hoslo Czec , , Prague (ICSU), (ICSU), Research Research

Space Space on on ee ee itt Comm the the of of Meeting Meeting Plenary Plenary th th 12 9 9 196 May May 4 4 -2 11 11

Romania Romania , , Bucharest

(Unesco), (Unesco), Deltas Deltas the the of of ogy ogy l Hydro on on Symposium Symposium 1969 1969 May May 14 14 - 6 6

ations ations z ani g r o 01wl 01wl mati e int r r e Oth

d d an Switzerl , , Geneva

, , session 5th 5th (CC!), (CC!), ogy ogy limatol C for for mmission mmission Co 69 69 19 October October 31 31 - 20 20

France France Paris, Paris,

, , CSU) I / (WMO mmittee mmittee Co Organizing Organizing GARP GARP Joint Joint 1969 1969 October October 24 24 - 20 20

and and l Switzer

, , Geneva , , ion sess 5th 5th , , (Africa) I I Association Association Regional Regional 969 969 1 October October 18 18 - 6

France France , , es ll Versai , , session 5th 5th (CIMO), (CIMO), tion tion

Observa­ of of Methods Methods nd nd s a s nt e rum st In for for ion ion s mmis Co 969 969 1 September September 30 30 - 15 15

France France , , s Pari , , Observations

and and truments truments s In Upper-Air Upper-Air on on Conference Conference l l ca hni Tec 69 69 19 September September 12 12 - R R

Switzerland Switzerland Geneva, Geneva, , , (CAgM) Micrometeorology Micrometeorology

of of Aspects Aspects Agrometeorological Agrometeorological on on Group Group Working Working 1969 1969 September September 12 12 - 8 8

Switzerland Switzerland , , Geneva

(CSM), (CSM), Codes Codes and and Needs Needs Data Data 69 69 19 on on June June Group Group 28 28 - 6 6 1 Working Working

rland rland ze

Swit­ , , Geneva (CSM), (CSM), s s Observation Surface Surface Synoptic Synoptic

for for Forms Forms Code Code of of opment opment l ve De the the on on Sub-group Sub-group 69 69 19 June June 13 13 - 11 11

land land

­ Switzer , , Geneva , , ion sess 21st 21st , , Committee Executive Executive 969 969 1 June June 13 13 - May 29 29

Switzerland Switzerland , , Geneva

(EC), (EC), Programme Programme Assistance Assistance Voluntary Voluntary on on Panel Panel 1969 1969 May May 28 28

Switzerland Switzerland , , Geneva

Commissions, Commissions, l l Technica of of s s President of of Meeting Meeting 969 969 1 May May 28 28 - 27 27

Bulgaria Bulgaria

, , Varna , , on i sess 5th 5th (Europe), (Europe), VI VI Association Association Regional Regional 1969 1969 May May 19 19 - 6 6

alion alion z Organi Me1eorological Me1eorological World World

EVENTS EVENTS COMING COMING OF OF CALENDAR CALENDAR

s. s. hilling s 11 11 Price: Price:

EBDON. EBDON. . . A R. R. and and WRIGHT WRIGHT B. B. P. P. By By -64. -64. 963 1 Seychelles, Seychelles, e e th at at Observations Observations Upper-air Upper-air

15s 15s £2 £2 : : Od. Od. Price . . 1931-1960 dom, dom,

g­ Kin United United the the r r o f cm cm 122 122 and and cm cm 30 30 of of Depths Depths at at Temperature Temperature Earth Earth of of Averages Averages

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1968: 1968: Office) Office) Stationery Stationery s s ' Majesty (Her (Her London London From From

£2 £2 . . Od 5s 5s $5.50; $5.50; US US Price: Price: Hydrology. Hydrology. in in Techniques Techniques Nuclear Nuclear on on Guidebook Guidebook

s s !O £2 £2 Od. Od. $6; $6; US US : : Price (1957-1965). (1957-1965). 1 1 Vol. Vol. logy. logy. o Hydr in in s s e hniqu ec T sotope sotope I

968: 968: 1 Agency) Agency) Energy Energy Atomic Atomic l l ationa Intern ( Vienna Vienna From From MEMBERS OF THE WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION *

STATES

Afghanistan Ghana Pakistan Albania Greece Panama Algeria Guatemala Paraguay Argentina Guinea Peru Australia Guyana Philippines Austria Haiti Poland Barbados Honduras Portugal Belgium Hungary Romania Bolivia Iceland Rwanda Botswana India Saudi Arabia Brazil Indonesia Senegal Bulgaria Iran Sierra Leone Burma Iraq Singapore Burundi Ireland Somalia Byelorussian S.S.R. Israel South Africa Cambodia Italy Southern Yemen Cameroon Ivory Coast Spain Canada Jamaica Sudan Central African Republic Japan Sweden Switzerland Ceylon Jordan Syria Chad Kenya Chile Korea, Republic of Tanzania, United Rep. of China Kuwait Thailand Colombia Laos To go Lebanon Trinidad and Tobago Congo, Republic of Libya Tunisia Congo, Democratic Luxembourg Turkey Republic of Madagascar Uganda Costa Rica Malawi Ukrainian S.S.R. Cuba Malaysia Union of Soviet Socialist Cyprus Mali Republics Czechoslovakia Mauritania United Arab Republic Dahomey Mexico United Kingdom of Great Denmark Mongolia Britain and Northern Dominican Republic Morocco Ireland Ecuador Nepal United States of America El Salvador Netherlands Upper Volta Ethiopia New Zealand Uruguay Finland Nicaragua Venezuela France Niger Viet-Nam Gabon Nigeria Yugoslavia Germany, Fed. Rep. of Norway Zambia

TERRITORIES

British Caribbean Territories New Caledonia French Polynesia Portuguese East Africa French Territory of the Afars and Issa Portuguese West Africa Hong Kong Southern Rhodesia Netherlands Antilles Surinam

* On I March 1969

143

SWITZERLAND SWITZERLAND , , GENEVA WMO, WMO, FROM FROM SALE SALE ON ON

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of of pilots, pilots, forecasters, forecasters, a n d d chart chart preparat i on on sec tion . .

Weather Weather Center Center requiremen t s s have have anticipated anticipated con ti nuous nuous f l ow ow of of v it al al weather weather informa ti on, on, inc l uding uding briefing briefing

recording , , transmitting transmitting and and duplicating duplicating using using landline landline radiofac s imile imile and and satelli t e e communications. communications.

package package ready ready to to roll-in, roll-in, plug-in plug-in for for irnmediate irnmediate operat i on on ...... anticipates anticipates all all requ i rements rements of of weather weather data data

Center Center include s s standardized standardized Alden Alden reco " rding rding systems systems and and equipment , , totall y y integrated integrated into into one one comple t e e

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CO M PLETE PLETE GRAPHIC GRAPHIC WEATHER WEATHER DISPLAY DISPLAY AND AND

Designed Designed for for World World Use Use

WEATHER WEATHER COMMUNICATIONS COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS SYSTEMS

ALDEN ALDEN FACSIMILE FACSIMILE

A. A. S. S. TIONAL, TIONAL, MA MA INTER INTER ALDEN ALDEN

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Communications Communications and and Display Display Weather Weather Graphic Graphic Complete Complete Alden Alden The The NATURE'S WEATHER MAP ... direct from weather satellites*

* Polar Orbiting Weather Satel­ lites, ESSA and NIMBUS, are continuously scanning the earth's entire surface and transmitting APT (Automatic Picture Trans­ mission) pictures such as that shown at left, back to earth. The Alden APT systems capture, for i11stant imerpretation. 2-3 passes per day as well as the DR!R (infrared) night-time trans­ missions. Also received are WE­ FAX transmissions from the ATS synchronous weather satel li tes.

A wide range of systems The unique characteristics of Al/ax paper and A/den recording techniques resulted in U .S. H1eather Bureau Specification 469 .000 1 and the World's largest APT order for equipment used both domestically and globally . The Alden APT provides instant and complete infor­ mation no t possible with pho tographic process ing, automatic or otherwise. Unsatisfactory performance based on extensive field experience eliminated the black recording paper with rigid helix recorders which lacked both the tonal differences of A lfax and the exclusive Alden recording techniques employ­ ing the resilient heli x and continuously moving, se lf­ adjusti ng electrode.

Latest example of ALDEN-The line that grows and anticipates the future Phasing in with advanced trends

With the use of Alden equipment, the follow ing was accomplished: The picture was tra nsmitted from the ESSA 7 po lar­ o rbiting satell ite to Wallops Island, Virginia, and sent via landline to Suitland, Maryland, where geo­ graphica l features and grids were added b .y computer.

MO. ~~--OCM.O ------~ E SSA 7 WALLOPS VA .

The computer-processed picture was then sent to the transmitting site in the Mojave Desert and beamed up to the ATS (Advanced Techno logy Satellite) in stationary orbit 22 ,300 miles over the mouth of the Amazon River.

The pic ture was re­ ceived from the ATS at Westboro by an Alden APT 7A with its antenna in a fixed position, and the mosaic (left) was the result.

This mosaic, which clearly shows the United States. Central and South A merica, the Atlantic Ocean, and East Africa, was received on a standard ALDEN APT SYSTEM 7A. With the ALDEN APT Sys tem 7A anyone in the Northern Hemisphere can receive this mosai c. This direct reception from a fi xed satellite indicates the potential for future communications: for business, engineering, science, etc. For further information communicate with ... Dept. V 117 NORTH MAIN STREET BROCKTON, MASSACHUSETTS 02403, U.S.A. ALDEN INTERNATIONAL, S. A. CABLE ADDRESS: ALDENSA TELEX: 92-4451 WEATHER RADAR DATA at your finger tips

3.0,000 H

the varying signal levels which define the cloud enve­ Vertical Beam Radar lo pe, precipitation, icing and a tmospheric disconti­ Ceilometer Recorder nuities. All radar information is displayed continuously Alden Vertical Beam Radar Ceilometer Recorder against time with sampling (s weep) rate of 45 rpm provides instant graphic recording in permanent fash­ and chart advance rate of 0.45 inches/ min. Recorder ion of 3 gated radar ranges of 15 000, 30 000, and is complete for readout of the output of an AN I 60 000 feet. Receiver utilizes Alfax recording paper to TPQ-11 Vertical Radar either remotely using tele­ delineate through broad dynamic tone shade response, phone lines or at the radar site. ALDEN RATTS (Remote Access Television Transmitting System) Receiver adds a full dimension to your weather radar installation.

WB/RATTS 65 WEATHER RADAR REMOTING SYSTEM The RA TTS system com­ prises your weather radar set, a slow-scan TV system, SCHEO 48 LEASED a transmission line and the 3KHZ LINE AI den RA TTS recorder.

The new ALDEN Series 9256 RATTS recorder now makes it possible to receive, in hard copy form, live weather radar PPI scope information at remote points. When combined with slow-scan TV techni­ ques, ALDEN recorders provide permanent, easil y interpretable radar pictures rather than fleeting radar scope images. This recorder is capable of receiving a complete radar scope picture every 90 seconds, over standard telephone lines. T his feature greatly. facilitate s~ the tracking of weather movements under severe storm conditions. In less crucial situations, less frequent reception wi ll provide all trend informa­ tion necessary. Recorder is complete, mounted on a roll-in, plug­ in console with all controls front panel mounted. Elec­ tronic chassis are plug-in modules with Alden Back Connectors for straight line interconnection with points-of-check for all incoming and outgoing leads. Whether your radar uses are ai rcraft control, navigation aboard ship, severe storm warning/ track­ ing, meteorological studies/research, weather, or harbor traffic control, consider expanding your cap­ Pictured is a typical slow-scan TV recording made ability through "instant capture" and permanent on the ALDEN Series 9256 RATTS recorder . The recording of fleeting radar images. radar system is located in Washington, D.C. and We invite your further inquiry on these applica­ shows the weather on a 250 mile radius of Washing­ tions of Alfax Paper and Alden Recording Techniques. ton. If you wish to experiment and develop your own T he very dense area to the southwest shows a hard copy display - order your Alden Flying Spot squall line approaching the area. Notice the radar Component Recorder and Alfax Recording Paper. operator's notations on the left-hand side of the Write for details. picture. At sea or on land . . . from Australia loons for carrying observation instru­ to Greenland, weather observers are ments to as high as 40 kilometres ; at work every minute of the day and for determining cloud altitudes, wind night recording the changes in the speed and direction ; and even for atmosphere. Wherever weather obser­ lifting instruments to float at certain vations are made, DAREX Meteoro­ predetermined constant levels. Take logical Balloons may be found giving advantage of our many years of consistently dependable performance. world-wide experience by calling on Since 1935, we have been engaged in us when you require balloons to do developing dozens of different bal- any job.

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ESB ESB RAY·O-VAC RAY·O-VAC batteries batteries have have been been used used by by the the U.S. U.S. Weather Weather Bureau Bureau for for a a number number of of years . . They They are are

Nomin a l l I I dr a in in 208 208 ma . . 3 7.8 7.8 m a . . 150 150 m a. a.

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135 135 1 3 6 6 1 3 2 2

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Electr i cal cal S pecifications: pecifications:

Wei g ht: ht: Dry-25 2 .7 .7 g. g. A c tivated- 3 76. 8 8 g . .

Size : : 11 . 59 59 x x 8. 26 26 x x 5 . . 72 72 cm. cm.

Meets Meets Mil Mil Specs Specs as as outlined outlined for for Battery Battery Type Type BA-259 / AM . .

RAY-0-VAC RAY-0-VAC NO. NO. RSB81A5Al RSB81A5Al

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Nomin a l l dr a in in 4 3 0 m 0 a. a.

Minimum Minimum volt a ge ge 3 .00 .00 V . .

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3 3 3 (a b o ve ve minimum minimum voltage ) )

C a p aci t y y in in minutes minutes A S A ectio n n

Electric a l l Specific a tions : :

Weight: Weight: Dry-20 . 0 0 g . .

Activated-26.3 Activated-26.3 g. g.

Size : : 1.1 3 3 x 2 x . 54 54 x x 4 . 45 45 cm . .

( Pilot Pilot B a lloon) . .

Meets Meets U . S. S. Weather Weather Bureau Bureau Specification Specification No. No. 450 . 6623 6623

RAY-0-VAC RAY-0-VAC NO. NO. RSC-3 RSC-3

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Meets Meets Mil Mil Specs Specs as as outlined outlined for for Battery Battery Type Type BA-353 / AM. AM.

RAY-0-VAC RAY-0-VAC NO. NO. RSNN64Q5 RSNN64Q5

Nomin a l l drain drain 3 77 77 3 6.8 6.8 m a . . m a. a.

Minimum Minimum v o ltage ltage 5 . 5 5 95.0 95.0 V . . V. V.

Nominal Nominal voltage voltage 6 112.0 112.0 . 6 6 V. V. V. V.

194 194 171 171 ( above above min i mum mum volt a ge ) )

Capa c ity ity in in minutes minutes A A Section Section B B S e ction ction

Electrical Electrical Specifications : :

D D Weight: Weight: ry-348 . 5 g 5 . . Activated-528 . 4 4 g. g.

Size : : 1 2.38 2.38 x x 9 . 84 84 x 7 x . 30 30 cm. cm.

( Radiosond e) . .

Meets Meets U .S. .S. Weather Weather Bureau Bureau Specification Specification No. No. 458 . 026 026

RAY-0-VAC RAY-0-VAC

NO. NO. RSB81Q5 RSB81Q5

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SUPPLIERS TO METEOROLOGICAL SERVICES THROUGHOUT THE WORLD

Printed in Switzerland - lmprimerie La Concorde, Lausanne

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MAR C H H 1969 1969

PUBLICATIONS PUBLICATIONS

SELECTED SELECTED LIST LIST OF OF WMO WMO

WORLD WORLD METEOROLOGICAL METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION ORGANIZATION All the publications listed may be obtained from the WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION, GENEVA, Switzerland Payment may be made direct to the Organization, or by credit to the accounts of WMO with: Li"oyds Bank Europe Ltd., Geneva, London, Paris Compte de cheques postaux 12- 12694, Geneva Chase Manhattan Bank, New York Orders may also be placed through international booksellers. All orders for publications to be sent to addressees in the U .S.A. should be sent to: WMO Publications Center, UN1PUB Inc., P.O. Box 433, New York, N.Y. 10016, U.S.A.

New WMO Publications

The measurement of atmospheric radioactivity. By 0. SuscHNY. Technical Note No. 94. WMO - No. 231. TP. 124. Pp. x + 109; 38 figures; 10 tables. In English with summaries in English, French, Russian and Spanish. Price: Sw. fr. 30.-. The atmosphere contains large and variable quantities of natural radionuclides including members of the radon and thoron decay chains and products of the reaction of cosmic radiation with air molecules. Depending upon their physical and chemical properties, these nuclides are transported with air masses and removed by scavenging processes in the troposphere. They can serve as useful tracers of atmospheric transport and removal processes and their measure­ ment may serve scientific or health control purposes. This Technical Note outlin es the origin and movement of atmospheric radioactivity, and describes the various different methods used for collecting air and precipitation samples and some recommendations made for harmoniz­ ing these methods.

Air pollutants, meteorology and plant injwy . By E. l. MUKAMMAL, C. S. BRANDT , R. NEU­ WIRTH, D. H. PACK and W. C. SwiNBANK. Technical Note No. 96. WMO - No. 234 . TP. 127. Pp. x + 73. In English , with summaries in English, French, Russian and Spanish. Price: Sw. fr. 10.- . Plant life is greatly influenced by a number of air contaminants, some of which may be present in the atmosphere in relatively low concentration. The susceptibility of different species and even of different varieties of one species of plant may vary considerably. However, surveys have shown that the economic losses , both direct and indirect, caused by air pollution injury to agriculture, are extensive and are increasing in many parts of the world. This report reviews the problem and the present state of knowledge in order to assist meteorologists and others concerned in seeking means of preventing or of controlling the extent of such injury.

The economic benefits of uational Meteorological Services. World Weather Watch Planning Report No . 27. Engli sh and French. Pp. xiv + 56. Price: Sw. fr. 10.- . During recent years, the World Meteorological Organization has been paying increased attention to the economic benefits that Member countries derive from their national Meteoro­ lo gical Services and results of some studies in this field have already been published in the WWW Planning Report series (Nos. 4 and 17). Members were asked by the Executive Com­ mittee to report on surveys carried out in their own countries, and in addition the subject was chosen for the scientific discussions at the twentieth session of the Executive Committee. This Planning Report contains the full text of the papers presented during these discussions.

Collection, storage and retrieval of meteorological data. World Weather Watch Planning Report No. 28. English. Pp. x + 43. Price: Sw. fr. 8.- . This report, which is the ot;tcome of an informal planning meeting convened in Geneva in November 1968 , recommends an international system for the collection, storage and retrieval of meteorological data for research and other purposes, and makes concrete proposals for the different components of such a system. This is based on the structure of the World Weather Watch , and the storage responsibilities are delegated among the national, regional and world ( meteorological centres. ( 2 I (

3 3

and and th e e pri ce ce s tat e d d refer s s t o o tlt e e ve r s i on on in in o n e e lan guage guage o nl y. y.

No t e e : : Excep t t { o r r publi c ation s s indi c ated ated a s s b e ing ing bilin g ual , , th e e differ e nt nt ' ' e r s o i u s s ar e e publi s h e d d separmely separmely

* * E E = Eng li s h . . F F = French. French. R R = Russian. Russian. S S = = Spanish . .

No . . 53. 53. E. E. 8.-

137. 137. TP. TP. 63 - The The effect effect of of we ather ather and and climat e e upon upon the the keeping keeping quality quality of of fruit. fruit.

136. 136.

TP. TP.

62 - Automatic Automatic weather weather s tations . . No. No. 52. 52. E - F. F. 3 . -

(reprint). (reprint). E E 6 . -

of of a ll ll grades grades in in the the less-developed less-developed countrie s . . No. No. 50. 50. F. F. 4. -

132. 132. TP . . 59 - The The problem problem of of the the professional professional training training of of meteorological meteorological per s onnel onnel

No . . 49 . . E. E. 6. -

131 . . TP . . 58 - Reduction Reduction and and use use of of data data obtained obtained by by meteorological meteorological T IR OS OS sate llit es. es.

1 26

. .

TP. TP. 56 - The The present present s tatus tatus of of long-range long-range forecasting forecasting in in the the wor ld. ld. No . . 48. 48. E. E. 4. -

11

9 . .

TP. TP. 54 - Performance Performance requirements requirements of of ae rologic a l l in s trum e nt s. s. No . . 45 . . E . . 4. -

(reprint). (reprint). E. E. 7. -

11 8 . . TP. TP. 53 - Numerical Numerical method s s of of weather weather analy s i s s and and foreca s ting. ting. No . . 44 44

active active debri s. s. No. No. 4 3. 3. E. E. 8. -

Ill. Ill. TP. TP. 49 - Meteorological Meteorological factor s s influencing influencing the the transport transport and and remo v al al of of radio­

- Forec as ting ting for for forest forest fire fire se rvice s. s. No. No. 42. 42. (reprint) (reprint) E. E.

in in Europe. Europe. No. No. 41. 41. E. E. } } 11 . -

110. 110. TP. TP. 48 - Climatic Climatic aspect s s of of the the po ss ible ible establ i shment shment of of the the Japane se se beetle beetle

(reprint) (reprint)

- Occurrence Occurrence and and forecasting forecasting of of Cirrostratus Cirrostratus clouds . . No. No. 40 . . E. E.

- Ice Ice formation formation on on aircraft. aircraft. No. No. 39. 39. ) ) 17. E ­ . .

- Turbulence Turbulence in in clear clear a ir ir and and in in cloud . . No. No. 38. 38. E. E.

10 9. 9. TP. TP. 47 - A v iation iation hail hail problem . . No. No. 37. 37. E. E.

(reprint). (reprint). E . . 5. -

10 8. 8. TP. TP. 46 - O z one one ob serva tion s s and and their their meteoro l ogical ogical applications. applications. No. No. 36 36

a a

rature rature haute haute altitude. altitude. No . . 35 . . F. F. 8. -

10 6 . . TP . . 45 - Technique s s d ' analyse analyse et et de de prevision prevision de s s champs champs de de ve nt nt et et d e e tempe­

98 . . TP. TP. 43 - The The airflow airflow over over mountains. mountains. No. No. 34 34 (reprint). (reprint). E. E. 30. -

No. No. 33 33

(reprint) . . E. E. 7. -

Meteorologic a l l aspects aspects of of the the safety safety a nd nd location location of of reactor reactor plants. plants.

97. 97.

TP. TP. 41 - Meteorological Meteorological aspects aspects of of the the peaceful peaceful u ses ses of of a tomic tomic energy. energy. Part Part 1 -

s ion ion

de de meteorologie meteorologie sy noptique . . No . . 30. 30. F . .

- Rapport Rapport preliminaire preliminaire du du Groupe Groupe f f de de travail travail de s s re s eau x x de de la la Commis­ /4 -

No. No. 29. 29. E. E.

94. 94. TP . . 38- Upper-air Upper-air network network requirement s s for for numeric a l l weather weather

prediction. prediction.

- Technique s s for for s urveying urveying surface-water surface-water resources

. . No. No.

26 26 (reprint). (reprint). } } E. E.

6. -

82. 82. TP. TP. 32 - Design Design of of hydrological hydrological networks. networks. No. No. 25. 25. E. E.

77. 77.

TP. TP. 31 - Turbulent Turbulent diffusion diffusion in in the the atmosp her e. e. No . . 24. 24. E . . 7. -

68. 68. TP. TP. 26 - A v i a t ion ion aspects aspects of of mountain mountain waves. waves. No . . 18 18 (reprin t ). ). E. E. 15. -

63. 63.

TP. TP. 23 - Notes Notes on on the the problems problems of of cargo cargo ventilation. ventilation. No. No. 17 17 (reprint). (reprint). £. £. 7. -

50. 50.

TP

. . 19 - Artificial Artificial control control of of cloud cloud a nd nd hydrometeor s . . No. No. 13 13 (reprint). (reprint). E . . 3 . -

factor. factor. No. No. 11 11 (reprint) . . E. E.

- The The s tandardi z ation ation of of the the measurement measurement of of evaporation evaporation

as as a a climatic climatic

2 . -

di seases seases and and pe s ts. ts. No. No. 10. 10. E.* E.*

42. 42. TP . . 16 - The The forecasting forecasting from from weather weather data data of of potato potato blight blight and and other other plant plant

in in aeronauti c al, al, maritime, maritime, agri c ulrura/ ulrura/ and and h y drologi c al al fields fields

A A se rie s s of of publications publications on on s ubj ec ts ts of of spec ial int ial e re s t t to to mereorol og i s ts ts and and workers workers

Technical Technical Notes Notes

B y y E. E. N. N. E. E. L ORENZ. ORENZ. 30. -

2 1 8. 8. TP. TP. 11 5 - The The nature nature and and theory theory of of the the ge neral neral circulation circulation of of th a e tmo s phere. phere.

WMO - No. No. Sw.fr. Sw.fr.

I I MO MO Lecture Lecture WMO- No. Sw. fr. 138. TP. 64 - Meteorology a nd the migration of Desert Locusts. No. 54. E. 25.- 140 . TP. 65 - The influence of weather conditions on the occurrence of apple scab . No. 55. E. 5.- 141 . TP. 66 - A study of agroclimatology in semi-a rid and a rid zo nes of the Near East. No. 56. F. 6. - E (reprint) . 12.- 147. TP. 70 - Windbreaks and shelterbelt s. No . 59 . E . 10.- 153. TP. 73- Meteorological so undings in the upper atmosphere. No . 60. E. 8 .- 154 . TP. 74 - Note on the standardization of pressure reduction methods in the international netwo rk of synoptic stations. No. 61. E. 3 .- 155. TP. 75 - Problems of tropical meteorology. No. 62. E . 5.-- 156. TP. 76 - Sites for wind-power installations. No. 63. E. 5.- 159 . TP . 77 - High-level forecasting for turbine-engined aircraft operations over Africa a nd the Middle East. No. 64. E. 24 .- 160 . TP. 78 - A survey of human biometeorology. No. 65. E. 14.- 162. TP. 79 - WM0-1 UGG sy mposium on research and development aspects of long­ range forecasting. No. 66. E. 40.- 165. TP. 80 - The present situation with regard to the application of numerical methods for routine weather prediction and prospects for the future. No . 67 . E . 6.- 169 . TP. 83 - Meteorological aspects of atmospheric radioacti vi ty. No. 68. E. 18.- 171. TP. 85 - Meteorology and the Desert Locust. No. 69. E. 30.- 176 . TP . 87 - Circulation in the stratosphere, mesosphere and lower thermosphere. No. 70. E. 18 .- 178. TP. 88 - Statistical analysis and prognosis in meteorology. No. 71 . E. 41 .- 179 . TP. 89 - The preparation and use of weather maps by mariners. No . 72. E. 18 .- 180. TP. 90- Data processing in meteorology . No . 73. E. 11 .- 189. TP. 95 - Data process ing by machine methods. No. 74 . E. 5.- 190. TP. 96 - The use of satellite pictures in weather a nalys is and forecasting. No. 75. E . 24 .- 192 . TP. 98 - Lower troposphere soundings. No. 77. E. 5.- 193. TP . 99 - Use of ground-based radar in meteorology. (Revised ve rsion of Tech- nical Note No . 27.) No. 78 (reprint) . E . 18.- 195. TP. 100 - Climatic cha nge. No . 79. E . 7.50 196. TP. 101 - Utilization of aircraft meteorological reports. (Revised version of Technical Note No . 57.) No. 80 . E . 6. - 199. TP. I 03 - Some methods of climatological analysis. No. 8 1. E. 6.- 200. TP. I 04 - Automatic weather stations - Technical Conference, Geneva , 1966. No . 82 (Contributions in E or F) . 32.- 201. TP. 105 - Measurement and estimation of evaporation and evapotranspiration. No. 83 (reprint). E. 18.- 209. TP. 109 - Precisions des mesures pyrheliometriques. No. 85 (Contributions in E or F). 22.- 210. TP . 110- An agroclimatology survey of a semi arid area in Africa south of the Sahara. No. 86. E - F. 15.- 211. TP. I l l - WMO-SCAR-ICPM symposium on polar meteorology. No. 87. E. 78.- 212. TP. 11 2 - Aeronautical meteorology in Latin America . No . 88 (Contributions in E or S). In preparation 216. TP. 114 - Meteorological problems in the design and operation of supersonic aircraft. No. 89. E. 9 .- 225. TP . 119 - Measurement of peak discharge by indirect methods. No . 90. E . 10.- 226. TP. 120 - Methods in use for the reduction of atmospheric press ure. No. 9 1. E. 10.- 231. TP. 124 - The measurement of atmospheric radioactivity. No. 94. E. 30 .- 234. TP . 127 - Air pollutants, meteorology and plant injury. No. 96 . E . 10.- 235. TP. 128 - Practical so il moisture problems in agriculture. No. 97. E. 9.-

4

5 5

C l oud oud Sheet Sheet 1. -

Marine Marine C l oud oud Album Album (40 (40 bare bare p l ates) . . 5.-

I nternational nternational C l oud oud A lbum lbum for for Observers Observers in in Aircraft. Aircraft. £-F. £-F. 9. -

Volume![. Volume![. F. F. 35. -

In ternationa l l C l oud oud Atlas- Volume Volume £ I. I. - F. F. 15. -

the the Abridged Abridged Atlas Atlas conrai11s conrai11s the the esse n tials tials of of rh ese ese 11 vo vo volumes volumes in in abrid ge d d form . .

Vo lu me me illustrat Jf Jf es es thi s s w i th th p la tes tes in in black black and and w hite hite ( ( 1 23 ), ), and and in in colo ur ur ( ( 10 10 I ) : :

The The comp l e t e e referen ce ce work work o n n clouds clouds and and meteor s : : Volume Volume I I co ntain s s the the desc ri ptive ptive t ex r; r;

Internation a l l Cloud Cloud Atlas Atlas

232 . . TP. TP. 125 - In s trument trument de ve l opment opment inquir y . . £ . . 20. -

1 88. 88. TP. TP. 94 - Int ernationa l l meteorological meteorological t a ble s. s. F. F. E- 20.-

1 82. 82. TP. TP. 9 1 1 - International International m eteo rological rological vocabu l ary. ary. Quad rilin gua l l (£, (£, 40.- S) . . F, F, R , ,

174. 174. TP . . 86 - Cata l ogue ogue of of meteorological meteorological data data for for re sea rch . . (Part (Part I ) ) £ . . 30 . -

(£and (£and F). F). 36. -

for for CLJMAT CLJMAT TEMP TEMP a nd nd CLIMAT CLIMAT TEMP TEMP SH IP IP s tations . . Bilingual Bilingual

170 . . TP. TP. 8 4 - Short-per i od od averages averages for for 1951 - 1960 1960 a nd nd pro v ision a l l average average va lu es es

127 . . TP . . 57 - Catalogue Catalogue of of ozone ozone sta tion s. s. Bilingual(£ , , F). F). 5. -

stations stations for for the the period period 1931 - 1960 . . Bilingual(£, Bilingual(£, ( reprint F) F) ). ). 10. -

11 7. 7. TP . . 52 - Climatological Climatological norma norma i s s (C LlNO ) ) for for CLJ CLJ MAT MAT and and CL! CL! MAT MAT SHIP SHIP

Bilingual(£ , , F). F). 20. -

47. 47. TP . . 1 8 - Int ernational ernational li st st of of se lected lected a nd nd s upplementary upplementary s hip s. s. 1966 1966 ed ition. ition.

data data and and world world m aps. aps. Bilingu a l (£, (£, (reprint). (reprint). F) F) 18 .-

2 1 . . TP. TP. 21 - World World distr ibuti on on of of thunderstorm thunderstorm days. days. P a rt rt 2: 2: Tab l es es of of marine marine

(£, (£, (reprint). (reprint). F) F) 9. -

TP. TP. 6 2 - 1. 1. World World distribution distribution of of thund e r sto rm rm days. days. Part Part Tables . . I Bilingual Bilingual : :

5. 5. TP . . 2- Composition Composition of of the the WMO. WMO. 1 969 969 edition. edition. Bilingu a l l (£ , , 1 8. - F ). ).

2. 2. TP. TP. Meteorological Meteorological I I - Serv i ces ces of of th e e World. World. 1959 1959 edition. edition. Bilingual Bilingual (£, (£, F 24 ) . . . -

General General reference reference pub lications lications

240 . . TP. TP. 1 3 1 1 - Report Report on on mete oro logical logical training training faci l ities . . E - F. F. 25 . -

per so nnel. nnel. £. £. 9. -

223. 223. TP. TP. 11 8 - Problem Problem workbook workbook for for the the training training of of C l ass ass Ill Ill meteorologica l l

219. 219. TP. TP. 11 6 - Training Training of of hydrometeorological hydrometeorological personnel. personnel. £. £. 6. -

202. 202. TP. TP. 106 - Syllabi Syllabi for for instruction instruction in in ag ricultural ricultural meteorology. meteorology. £. £. 6. -

1 97 . . TP. TP. 02 - Manual Manual I I o n n meteoro l ogica l l observ in g g in in transport transport ai r craft. craft. £. £. 4. -

1 86. 86. TP. TP. 93 - Manua l l of of aerodrome aerodrome meteorolo gic al al office office practice s. s. E- F. F. 20. -

1 68. 68. TP. TP. 82 - Guide Guide to to Hydrometeorological Hydrometeorological Practice s. s. E - S. S. 30 . - -

£-F £-F 6. -

151. 151. TP. TP. 7 1 1 - Guide Guide to to the the Prep a ration ration of of Synoptic Synoptic Weather Weather Charts Charts and and Di ag ram s. s.

1 34. 34. TP. TP. 61 61 - Guide Guide to to Agricultural Agricultural Meteorological Meteorological Practices. Practices. F. F. E - 12. -

100 . . TP. TP. 44 - Guide Guide to to Cl im ato l og ic a l l Practice s. s. E - F. F. 15. -

39 . . TP. TP. 14 - Guide Guide to to Meteoro l ogical ogical Library Library Practice. Practice. £(reprint). £(reprint). 4. -

tion , , 196 8. 8. E. E. 30.-

8. 8. TP. TP. 3 - Guide Guide to to Meteorological Meteorological In s trument trument and and Observing Observing Pr ac tices. tices. 3rd 3rd edi -

Cover Cover for for the the two two vo lum es . . 3. -

Int ernational ernational Air Air Navigation. Navigation. 2nd 2nd edition , , 1961. 1961. E - F - R - S. S. 12. -

49. 49. BD. BD. 3 - Technica l l Regulation s. s. Volume Volume 11 11 - Meteoro l ogical ogical Service Service for for

£-F - R - S. S. 1 5 . -

49 . . BD. BD. 2 - Technical Technical Regulation s. s. Vo lum e e I I - Genera l. l. 3rd 3rd ed iti on, on, 196 8 . .

WMO - No. No. fr. fr. Sw. Sw.

Technical Technical Regulations , , Guides Guides and and training training manuals manuals

6 6

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£. £. y-1968. y-1968. drolog y h w w no s to to s s application .- 5 Satellite Satellite - 7 7 . . No

£. £. maps. maps. evaporation evaporation nd nd - a 4. runoff runoff precipitation, precipitation, co-ordinated co-ordinated of of Preparation Preparation No. No. - 6

purposes. purposes. l l ica g - 4. drolo y h for for E. E. pitation pitation i prec of of urement urement s mea Radar Radar No. No. - 5 5

- 4. management. management. s s . . resource E

water water and and y y drolog y h in in ons ons i icat l imp its its and and tch tch a W r e Weath d d l Wor No. No. - 4 4

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- - 4. E. E. drought. drought. continental continental of of ead ead r sp nd nd a dence dence i Inc No. No. - 2 2

£. £. . . purposes cal cal i og l hydro - 4. for for t t or p s tran moisture moisture heric heric sp tmo a of of Evaluation Evaluation No. No. -

cts cts e Proj e e d Deca l l a c i olog r Hyd l l a n o ti a Intern WMO WMO on on s s Report

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