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The Politics of Sexual Restraint: Debates Over Chastity in America, 1780-1860

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The Politics of Sexual Restraint: Debates Over Chastity in America, 1780-1860 The Politics of Sexual Restraint: Debates Over Chastity in America, 1780-1860 by Kara Maureen French A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (History and Women’s Studies) in the University of Michigan 2013 Doctoral Committee: Professor Mary Kelley, Chair Associate Professor James W. Cook, Jr. Professor Susan Juster Professor Elizabeth Wingrove © Kara Maureen French 2013 Acknowledgements At times writing a dissertation can feel like its own utopian experiment. I would like to take the opportunity to thank the people and institutions that have supported me throughout this process. Mary Kelley has believed in the potential of this project from the very beginning. I am very grateful for the numerous times Mary read drafts of chapters and fellowship applications, suggested readings, and asked provocative questions. This project would not have been possible without her support, both personal and professional, over the past six years. As I embark upon my career as an educator, I only hope I can provide the same kind of generous mentorship to my own students. I am also very grateful for the interest my dissertation committee has taken in this project. The initial seeds of this dissertation were nurtured in seminars taken with Sue Juster and Jay Cook. The provocative intellectual discussions sparked in those classes remain among my favorite memories of Michigan. I am very thankful for the suggestions and challenging questions Sue and Jay have provided throughout the dissertation process. I am also thankful for the many ways my cognate member, Elizabeth Wingrove, pushed me to sharpen my analysis and use of feminist theory in my work. Outside of Michigan, Kathleen Cummings, Maureen Fitzgerald, Karin Wulf, Carolyn Eastman, Lucia McMahon, and Ann Fabian offered helpful insights during key moments of the research and writing process. ii This project would not have been possible without the generous financial support provided by the University of Michigan and other research institutions. Fellowships from the Winterthur Museum and Library, the American Antiquarian Society, and the New England Regional Fellowship Consortium allowed me to discover rich archival collections. Research support from Rackham Graduate School and the Department of Women’s Studies at Michigan also funded archival research at the Library of Congress, the New York State Archives, the Catholic University of America, the University of Notre Dame, De Paul University, and Hancock Shaker Village. I am grateful for the assistance provided by the librarians, archivists, and support staff at these institutions. At the American Antiquarian Society, Paul Erickson and Elizabeth Pope went out of their way to create an intellectual environment for visiting scholars that was both welcoming and vibrant. I also wish to thank Jeanne Solensky and Rosemary Krill for their keen interest in my work as well as the many ways they made me feel at home during my semester as a Dissertation Research Fellow at the Winterthur Library. Austin and Katherine Linsley opened their beautiful home overlooking Portland harbor to me and made my time at the Maine Historical Society all that more wonderful. I consider myself fortunate not only to have been blessed with the wonderful mentorship provided by my dissertation committee, but also the mentorship of my fellow graduate students at Michigan. Michigan history alumni Will Mackintosh, Sara Babcox First, Allison Abra, Susanna Linsley, and Colleen Woods have generously shared materials and offered advice over the years. I am so very proud to be a member of Historians07, a group of people who always provided just the right balance of delightful wackiness and intellectual curiosity. I am also grateful to have found at Michigan a cohort of scholars passionate about gender and cultural history. Many thanks to Marie Stango, Elspeth Martini, Amanda Hendrix-Komoto, Sara Lampert, Emma Amador, Christine iii Walker, Aston Gonzalez, and especially my history and women’s studies “cohort of 2”-mate, Cookie Woolner, for many thought-provoking discussions over the years. Special thanks also to my long-distance writing buddy, Ronit Stahl, for providing much-needed humor and solidarity. My deepest thanks to Kelly Brennan Arehart, Ronit Stahl, Victoria Castillo, and Allison Abra for editorial and proofreading assistance. I am grateful to have had the opportunity to workshop portions of this project at Michigan’s American History Workshop and the Gender History Working Group at William and Mary. Kelly Brennan Arehart, Lindsay Keiter, and Adam and Nadine Zimmerli helped me find an intellectual “home” in Williamsburg, Virginia. I am so thankful for the camaraderie and friendship they have provided for the past three years. Finally, I would like to take the opportunity to thank my friends and family for always encouraging me in my pursuit of an academic career. I am grateful for the ways my parents, Jeff and Carol French, supported my decision to become a historian. I am also fortunate to have a brother, Darrin French, who shares my love of history and performance culture. Special thanks to my grandparents, Bertha and Harold Hallenbeck, whose reminiscences were the first histories I ever heard. Meg Ronsani-Bressette has been a constant source of encouragement for the past twenty-four years and I could not ask for a better best friend. Lastly, I am profoundly grateful for all the support, intellectual as well as emotional, that Victoria Castillo has provided throughout this process. Her faith never wavered. I am so very blessed to have her in my life. iv Table of Contents Acknowledgements……...………………………………………………………………………....ii List of Figures……………………………………………………………………………………..vi Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………………...vii Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………...1 Chapter 1 Sex Panics in Print……………………………………………………………………..17 Chapter 2 Vinegar-faced Sisters and Male Monsters: The Gender of Sexual Restraint………….51 Chapter 3 Identities of Sexual Restraint………………………………………………………….99 Chapter 4 The Purity of the Mixture…………………………………………………………….149 Chapter 5 Performing Sexual Restraint………………………………………………………….195 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………….230 Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………………..235 v List of Figures Figure 1. Cover illustration from The Nun of St. Ursula (1845). University Archives, Catholic University of America………………………….…………………………………………34 Figure 2. The Marlboro Temperance Hotel. Temperance Almanack (1841), Old Sturbridge Village….…………………………………………………………………………………40 Figure 3. “Cecile Taking the Veil,” The Nun of St. Ursula (1845). University Archives, Catholic University of America….…………………………………………………………………64 Figure 4. “The Sacrifice,” Cabinet of Modern Art (1852). American Antiquarian Society………………………………………………………………………………….....65 Figure 5. Robert Weir, Taking the Veil, (1863). Yale University Art Gallery…………………....67 Figure 6. “The Great Republican Reform Party,” Louis Mauer (1856). American Antiquarian Society…………………………………………………………………………………….81 Figure 7. Photograph of Mary Antoinette Doolittle, ca. 1870. Edward Deming Andrews Shaker Collection, Winterthur Museum and Library……………………………………………108 Figure 8. Photograph of Elderess Rebecca Perot, ca. 1880. Hancock Shaker Village…………..121 Figure 9. Advertisement for Hindoo Deaf Cure. Joseph Downs Collection of Manuscripts and Printed Ephemera, Winterthur Museum and Library……………………………………158 Figure 10. Advertisement for Egyptian Regulator Tea. Joseph Downs Collection of Manuscripts and Printed Ephemera, Winterthur Museum and Library……………………………….158 Figure 11. Shaker Labels. Edward Deming Andrews Shaker Collection, Winterthur Museum and Library…………………………………………………………………………………...161 Figure 12. Broadside advertising “Black Shakers,” August 1, 1851. American Broadsides & Ephemera Series…………………………………………………………………………196 Figure 13. Currier & Ives Print of Shakers Dancing. American Antiquarian Society…………..202 vi Abstract Entitled The Politics of Sexual Restraint: Debates Over Chastity in America, 1780-1860, my dissertation highlights three prominent groups who were advocates of sexual restraint in early- nineteenth century America: Shakers, Catholic priests and nuns, and followers of sexual reformer Sylvester Graham. In the decades between the American Revolution and the Civil War, mobs attacked Shaker villages, burned Catholic convents, and rioted against Graham’s lectures. Discussions of celibacy and sexual self-control seemingly provoked “sex panics” about people who were not having sex. Advocates for celibacy and chastity faced hostility in the form of armed violence, prejudicial lawsuits and legislation, as well as print attacks from editors and pamphleteers. For these Americans, sexual restraint was nearly, if not as, disturbing as sexual excess. The question is why. By promoting sexual restraint, the Shakers, Catholic priests and nuns, and reformers I examine de-naturalized the assumed naturalness of sex within marriage. In doing so, they undermined the sexual foundation of middle-class identity. Controversy around the sexual practices of Shakers, Catholic priests and nuns, and Grahamite reformers arose out of the particular social, cultural, and economic conditions of the first half of the nineteenth century. Revolutions in print and publishing, in consumer goods and services, and in travel and transportation created a context that allowed these groups to emerge as sexual minorities. These innovations also provided advocates of sexual restraint
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