History of Science Timeline
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Chemistry Grade Level 10 Units 1-15
COPPELL ISD SUBJECT YEAR AT A GLANCE GRADE HEMISTRY UNITS C LEVEL 1-15 10 Program Transfer Goals ● Ask questions, recognize and define problems, and propose solutions. ● Safely and ethically collect, analyze, and evaluate appropriate data. ● Utilize, create, and analyze models to understand the world. ● Make valid claims and informed decisions based on scientific evidence. ● Effectively communicate scientific reasoning to a target audience. PACING 1st 9 Weeks 2nd 9 Weeks 3rd 9 Weeks 4th 9 Weeks Unit 1 Unit 2 Unit 3 Unit 4 Unit 5 Unit 6 Unit Unit Unit Unit Unit Unit Unit Unit Unit 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1.5 wks 2 wks 1.5 wks 2 wks 3 wks 5.5 wks 1.5 2 2.5 2 wks 2 2 2 wks 1.5 1.5 wks wks wks wks wks wks wks Assurances for a Guaranteed and Viable Curriculum Adherence to this scope and sequence affords every member of the learning community clarity on the knowledge and skills on which each learner should demonstrate proficiency. In order to deliver a guaranteed and viable curriculum, our team commits to and ensures the following understandings: Shared Accountability: Responding -
Prebiological Evolution and the Metabolic Origins of Life
Prebiological Evolution and the Andrew J. Pratt* Metabolic Origins of Life University of Canterbury Keywords Abiogenesis, origin of life, metabolism, hydrothermal, iron Abstract The chemoton model of cells posits three subsystems: metabolism, compartmentalization, and information. A specific model for the prebiological evolution of a reproducing system with rudimentary versions of these three interdependent subsystems is presented. This is based on the initial emergence and reproduction of autocatalytic networks in hydrothermal microcompartments containing iron sulfide. The driving force for life was catalysis of the dissipation of the intrinsic redox gradient of the planet. The codependence of life on iron and phosphate provides chemical constraints on the ordering of prebiological evolution. The initial protometabolism was based on positive feedback loops associated with in situ carbon fixation in which the initial protometabolites modified the catalytic capacity and mobility of metal-based catalysts, especially iron-sulfur centers. A number of selection mechanisms, including catalytic efficiency and specificity, hydrolytic stability, and selective solubilization, are proposed as key determinants for autocatalytic reproduction exploited in protometabolic evolution. This evolutionary process led from autocatalytic networks within preexisting compartments to discrete, reproducing, mobile vesicular protocells with the capacity to use soluble sugar phosphates and hence the opportunity to develop nucleic acids. Fidelity of information transfer in the reproduction of these increasingly complex autocatalytic networks is a key selection pressure in prebiological evolution that eventually leads to the selection of nucleic acids as a digital information subsystem and hence the emergence of fully functional chemotons capable of Darwinian evolution. 1 Introduction: Chemoton Subsystems and Evolutionary Pathways Living cells are autocatalytic entities that harness redox energy via the selective catalysis of biochemical transformations. -
Back Matter (PDF)
Index Page numbers in italics refer to Tables or Figures Acasta gneiss 137, 138 Chladni, Ernst 94, 97 Adam, Robert 8, 11 chlorite 70, 71 agriculture, Hutton on 177 chloritoid stability 70 Albritton, Claude C. 100 Clerk Jnr, John 3 alumina (A1203), reaction in metamorphism 67-71 Clerk of Odin, John 5, 6, 7, 10, 11 andalusite stability 67 Clerk-Maxwell, George 10 anthropic principle 79-80 climate change 142 Apex basalt 140 Lyell on 97-8 Archean cratons (archons) 28, 31-2 coal as Earth heat source 176 Arizona Crater 98-9 coesite stability 65 Arran, Isle of 170 Columbia River basalts 32 asthenosphere 22 comets 89-90, 147-8 astrobleme 101 short v. long period 92 atmospheric composition 83-6 as source of life 148-9 Austral Volcanic Chain 24 continental flood basalt (CFB) 20, 23, 32 cordierite stability 67 craters, impact Bacon, Francis 21 Chixulub 109, 110, 143 Baldwin, Ralph 102 early ideas on 90, 98 Banks, Sir Joseph 96 modern occurrences 91, 98-101 Barringer, Daniel Moreau 99 Morokweng 142 Barringer Crater 99, 102, 103 modern research 102-3 basalt periodicity of 111-12 described by Hall 40-1 creation, Hutton's views on 76 mid-ocean ridge (MORB) 16-17, 20-1, 22, 23, 30-1 Creech, William 5 modern experiments on 44-7 Cretaceous-Tertiary impacts 141 ocean island (OIB) 20, 23 crust formation 17 see also flood basalt cryptoexplosion structures 101 Benares (India) meteorite shower 96 cryptovolcanic structures 100-1 Biot, Jean-Baptiste 97 Black, Joseph 4, 9, 10, 11, 42, 171 Boon, John D. -
No. 40. the System of Lunar Craters, Quadrant Ii Alice P
NO. 40. THE SYSTEM OF LUNAR CRATERS, QUADRANT II by D. W. G. ARTHUR, ALICE P. AGNIERAY, RUTH A. HORVATH ,tl l C.A. WOOD AND C. R. CHAPMAN \_9 (_ /_) March 14, 1964 ABSTRACT The designation, diameter, position, central-peak information, and state of completeness arc listed for each discernible crater in the second lunar quadrant with a diameter exceeding 3.5 km. The catalog contains more than 2,000 items and is illustrated by a map in 11 sections. his Communication is the second part of The However, since we also have suppressed many Greek System of Lunar Craters, which is a catalog in letters used by these authorities, there was need for four parts of all craters recognizable with reasonable some care in the incorporation of new letters to certainty on photographs and having diameters avoid confusion. Accordingly, the Greek letters greater than 3.5 kilometers. Thus it is a continua- added by us are always different from those that tion of Comm. LPL No. 30 of September 1963. The have been suppressed. Observers who wish may use format is the same except for some minor changes the omitted symbols of Blagg and Miiller without to improve clarity and legibility. The information in fear of ambiguity. the text of Comm. LPL No. 30 therefore applies to The photographic coverage of the second quad- this Communication also. rant is by no means uniform in quality, and certain Some of the minor changes mentioned above phases are not well represented. Thus for small cra- have been introduced because of the particular ters in certain longitudes there are no good determi- nature of the second lunar quadrant, most of which nations of the diameters, and our values are little is covered by the dark areas Mare Imbrium and better than rough estimates. -
Glossary Glossary
Glossary Glossary Albedo A measure of an object’s reflectivity. A pure white reflecting surface has an albedo of 1.0 (100%). A pitch-black, nonreflecting surface has an albedo of 0.0. The Moon is a fairly dark object with a combined albedo of 0.07 (reflecting 7% of the sunlight that falls upon it). The albedo range of the lunar maria is between 0.05 and 0.08. The brighter highlands have an albedo range from 0.09 to 0.15. Anorthosite Rocks rich in the mineral feldspar, making up much of the Moon’s bright highland regions. Aperture The diameter of a telescope’s objective lens or primary mirror. Apogee The point in the Moon’s orbit where it is furthest from the Earth. At apogee, the Moon can reach a maximum distance of 406,700 km from the Earth. Apollo The manned lunar program of the United States. Between July 1969 and December 1972, six Apollo missions landed on the Moon, allowing a total of 12 astronauts to explore its surface. Asteroid A minor planet. A large solid body of rock in orbit around the Sun. Banded crater A crater that displays dusky linear tracts on its inner walls and/or floor. 250 Basalt A dark, fine-grained volcanic rock, low in silicon, with a low viscosity. Basaltic material fills many of the Moon’s major basins, especially on the near side. Glossary Basin A very large circular impact structure (usually comprising multiple concentric rings) that usually displays some degree of flooding with lava. The largest and most conspicuous lava- flooded basins on the Moon are found on the near side, and most are filled to their outer edges with mare basalts. -
Martian Crater Morphology
ANALYSIS OF THE DEPTH-DIAMETER RELATIONSHIP OF MARTIAN CRATERS A Capstone Experience Thesis Presented by Jared Howenstine Completion Date: May 2006 Approved By: Professor M. Darby Dyar, Astronomy Professor Christopher Condit, Geology Professor Judith Young, Astronomy Abstract Title: Analysis of the Depth-Diameter Relationship of Martian Craters Author: Jared Howenstine, Astronomy Approved By: Judith Young, Astronomy Approved By: M. Darby Dyar, Astronomy Approved By: Christopher Condit, Geology CE Type: Departmental Honors Project Using a gridded version of maritan topography with the computer program Gridview, this project studied the depth-diameter relationship of martian impact craters. The work encompasses 361 profiles of impacts with diameters larger than 15 kilometers and is a continuation of work that was started at the Lunar and Planetary Institute in Houston, Texas under the guidance of Dr. Walter S. Keifer. Using the most ‘pristine,’ or deepest craters in the data a depth-diameter relationship was determined: d = 0.610D 0.327 , where d is the depth of the crater and D is the diameter of the crater, both in kilometers. This relationship can then be used to estimate the theoretical depth of any impact radius, and therefore can be used to estimate the pristine shape of the crater. With a depth-diameter ratio for a particular crater, the measured depth can then be compared to this theoretical value and an estimate of the amount of material within the crater, or fill, can then be calculated. The data includes 140 named impact craters, 3 basins, and 218 other impacts. The named data encompasses all named impact structures of greater than 100 kilometers in diameter. -
4.2 Ionic Bonds Vocabulary: Ion – Polyatomic Ion – Ionic Bond – Ionic Compound – Chemical Formula – Subscript –
4.2 Ionic Bonds Vocabulary: Ion – Polyatomic ion – Ionic bond – Ionic compound – Chemical formula – Subscript – Crystal - An ion is an atom or group of atoms that has an electric charge. When a neutral atom loses a valence electron, it loses a negative charge. It becomes a positive ion. When a neutral atom gains an electron, it gains a negative charge and becomes a negative ion. Common Ions: Name Charge Symbol/Formula Lithium 1+ Li+ Sodium 1+ Na+ Potassium 1+ K+ Ammonium 1+ NH₄+ Calcium 2+ Ca²+ Magnesium 2+ Mg²+ Aluminum 3+ Al³+ Fluoride 1- F- Chloride 1- Cl- Iodide 1- I- Bicarbonate 1- HCO₃- Nitrate 1- NO₃- Oxide 2- O²- Sulfide 2- S²- Carbonate 2- CO₃²- Sulfate 2- SO₄²- Notice that some ions are made of several atoms. Ammonium is made of 1 nitrogen atom and 4 hydrogen atoms. Ions that are made of more than 1 atom are called polyatomic ions. Ionic bonds: When atoms that easily lose electrons react with atoms that easily gain electrons, valence electrons are transferred from one type to another. The transfer gives each type of atom a more stable arrangement of electrons. 1. Sodium has 1 valence electron. Chlorine has 7 valence electrons. 2. The valence electron of sodium is transferred to the chlorine atom. Both atoms become ions. Sodium atom becomes a positive ion (Na+) and chlorine becomes a negative ion (Cl-). 3. Oppositely charged particles attract, so the ions attract. An ionic bond is the attraction between 2 oppositely charged ions. The resulting compound is called an ionic compound. In an ionic compound, the total overall charge is zero because the total positive charges are equal to the total negative charges. -
Analysis of Multipolar Linear Paul Traps for Ion–Atom Ultracold Collision Experiments
atoms Article Analysis of Multipolar Linear Paul Traps for Ion–Atom Ultracold Collision Experiments M. Niranjan *, Anand Prakash and S. A. Rangwala * Raman Research Institute, C. V. Raman Avenue, Sadashivanagar, Bangalore 560080, India; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (M.N.); [email protected] (S.A.R.) Abstract: We evaluate the performance of multipole, linear Paul traps for the purpose of studying cold ion–atom collisions. A combination of numerical simulations and analysis based on the virial theorem is used to draw conclusions on the differences that result, by considering the trapping details of several multipole trap types. Starting with an analysis of how a low energy collision takes place between a fully compensated, ultracold trapped ion and an stationary atom, we show that a higher order multipole trap is, in principle, advantageous in terms of collisional heating. The virial analysis of multipole traps then follows, along with the computation of trapped ion trajectories in the quadrupole, hexapole, octopole and do-decapole radio frequency traps. A detailed analysis of the motion of trapped ions as a function of the amplitude, phase and stability of the ion’s motion is used to evaluate the experimental prospects for such traps. The present analysis has the virtue of providing definitive answers for the merits of the various configurations, using first principles. Keywords: ion trapping; ion–atom collisions; linear multipole traps; virial theorem Citation: Niranjan, M.; Prakash, A.; Rangwala, S.A. Analysis of Multipolar Linear Paul Traps for 1. Introduction Ion–Atom Ultracold Collision Linear multipole Paul trap configurations are emerging as a natural choice for a wide Experiments. -
University of Cincinnati
UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI Date:__7/30/07_________________ I, __ MUNISH GUPTA_____________________________________, hereby submit this work as part of the requirements for the degree of: DOCTORATE OF PHILOSOPHY (Ph.D) in: MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING It is entitled: LOW-PRESSURE AND ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE PLASMA POLYMERIZED SILICA-LIKE FILMS AS PRIMERS FOR ADHESIVE BONDING OF ALUMINUM This work and its defense approved by: Chair: __Dr. F. JAMES BOERIO ___ ______ __Dr. GREGORY BEAUCAGE __ ___ __ __Dr. RODNEY ROSEMAN _____ ___ __Dr. JUDE IROH _ _____________ _______________________________ LOW-PRESSURE AND ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE PLASMA POLYMERIZED SILICA-LIKE FILMS AS PRIMERS FOR ADHESIVE BONDING OF ALUMINUM A dissertation submitted to the Division of Research and Advanced Studies of the University of Cincinnati in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTORATE OF PHILOSOPHY (Ph.D) in the Department of Chemical and Material Engineering of the College of Engineering 2007 by Munish Gupta M.S., University of Cincinnati, 2005 B.E., Punjab Technical University, India, 2000 Committee Chair: Dr. F. James Boerio i ABSTRACT Plasma processes, including plasma etching and plasma polymerization, were investigated for the pretreatment of aluminum prior to structural adhesive bonding. Since native oxides of aluminum are unstable in the presence of moisture at elevated temperature, surface engineering processes must usually be applied to aluminum prior to adhesive bonding to produce oxides that are stable. Plasma processes are attractive for surface engineering since they take place in the gas phase and do not produce effluents that are difficult to dispose off. Reactive species that are generated in plasmas have relatively short lifetimes and form inert products. -
March 21–25, 2016
FORTY-SEVENTH LUNAR AND PLANETARY SCIENCE CONFERENCE PROGRAM OF TECHNICAL SESSIONS MARCH 21–25, 2016 The Woodlands Waterway Marriott Hotel and Convention Center The Woodlands, Texas INSTITUTIONAL SUPPORT Universities Space Research Association Lunar and Planetary Institute National Aeronautics and Space Administration CONFERENCE CO-CHAIRS Stephen Mackwell, Lunar and Planetary Institute Eileen Stansbery, NASA Johnson Space Center PROGRAM COMMITTEE CHAIRS David Draper, NASA Johnson Space Center Walter Kiefer, Lunar and Planetary Institute PROGRAM COMMITTEE P. Doug Archer, NASA Johnson Space Center Nicolas LeCorvec, Lunar and Planetary Institute Katherine Bermingham, University of Maryland Yo Matsubara, Smithsonian Institute Janice Bishop, SETI and NASA Ames Research Center Francis McCubbin, NASA Johnson Space Center Jeremy Boyce, University of California, Los Angeles Andrew Needham, Carnegie Institution of Washington Lisa Danielson, NASA Johnson Space Center Lan-Anh Nguyen, NASA Johnson Space Center Deepak Dhingra, University of Idaho Paul Niles, NASA Johnson Space Center Stephen Elardo, Carnegie Institution of Washington Dorothy Oehler, NASA Johnson Space Center Marc Fries, NASA Johnson Space Center D. Alex Patthoff, Jet Propulsion Laboratory Cyrena Goodrich, Lunar and Planetary Institute Elizabeth Rampe, Aerodyne Industries, Jacobs JETS at John Gruener, NASA Johnson Space Center NASA Johnson Space Center Justin Hagerty, U.S. Geological Survey Carol Raymond, Jet Propulsion Laboratory Lindsay Hays, Jet Propulsion Laboratory Paul Schenk, -
Annual Report 2008 – 2009
O L D S T U R B R I D G E Summer 2009 Special Annual VILLAGE Report Edition Visitor 2008-2009 2008--2009 Momentum and More The History of Fireworks Farms, Families, and Change Cooking with OSV Summer Events a member magazine that keeps you coming back Old Sturbridge Village, a museum and learning resource of 2008-2009 Building Momentum New England life, invites each visitor to find meaning, pleasure, a letter from President Jim Donahue relevance, and inspiration through the exploration of history. to our newly designed V I S I T O R magazine. We hope that you will learn new things and come to visit t is no secret around the Village that I like to keep my eye on the “dashboard” – a set of key the Village soon. There is always something fun to do at indicators that I am consistently checking to make sure we are steering OSV in the right direction. In fact, Welcome O l d S T u R b ri d g E V I l l a g E . I take a lot of good-natured kidding about how often I peek at the attendance figures each day, eager to see if we beat last year’s number. And I have to admit that I get energized when the daily mail brings in new donations, when the sun is shining, the parking lot is full, when I can hear happy children touring the Village, and the visitor comments are upbeat and favorable. Volume XlIX, No. 2 Summer 2009 Special Annual Report Edition I am happy to report these indicators have been overwhelmingly positive during the past year – solid proof that Old Sturbridge Village is building on last year’s successes and is poised to finish this decade much stronger There is nothing quite like learning about history from than when it started. -
GSA TODAY • Radon in Water, P
Vol. 8, No. 11 November 1998 INSIDE • Field Guide Editor, p. 5 GSA TODAY • Radon in Water, p. 10 • Women Geoscientists, p. 12 A Publication of the Geological Society of America • 1999 Annual Meeting, p. 31 Gas Hydrates: Greenhouse Nightmare? Energy Panacea or Pipe Dream? Bilal U. Haq, National Science Foundation, Division of Ocean Science, Arlington, VA 22230 ABSTRACT Recent interest in methane hydrates has resulted from the recognition that they may play important roles in the global carbon cycle and rapid climate change through emissions of methane from marine sediments and permafrost into the atmosphere, and in causing mass failure of sediments and structural changes on the continental slope. Their presumed large volumes are also consid- ered to be a potential source for future exploitation of methane as a resource. Natural gas hydrates occur widely on continental slope and rise, stabilized in place by high hydrostatic pressure and frigid bottom-temperature condi- tions. Change in these conditions, Figure 1. This seismic profile, over the landward side of Blake Ridge, crosses a salt diapir; the profile has either through lowering of sea level or been processed to show reflection strength. The prominent bottom simulating reflector (BSR) swings increase in bottom-water temperature, upward over the diapir because of the higher conductivity of the salt. Note the very strong reflections of may trigger the following sequence of gas accumulations below the gas-hydrate stability zone and the “blanking” of energy above it. Bright events: dissociation of the hydrate at its Spots along near-vertical faults above the diapir represent conduits for gas venting.