Hindko and Gujari. C
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SOCIOLINGUISTIC SURVEY OF NORTHERN PAKISTAN VOLUME 3 HINDKO AND GUJARI Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan Volume 1 Languages of Kohistan Volume 2 Languages of Northern Areas Volume 3 Hindko and Gujari Volume 4 Pashto, Waneci, Ormuri Volume 5 Languages of Chitral Series Editor Clare F. O’Leary, Ph.D. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan Volume 3 Hindko and Gujari Calvin R. Rensch Calinda E. Hallberg Clare F. O’Leary National Institute of Summer Institute Pakistani Studies of Quaid-i-Azam University Linguistics Copyright © 1992 NIPS and SIL Published by National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan and Summer Institute of Linguistics, West Eurasia Office Horsleys Green, High Wycombe, BUCKS HP14 3XL United Kingdom First published 1992 Reprinted 2003 ISBN 969-8023-13-5 Price, this volume: Rs.300/- Price, 5-volume set: Rs.1500/- To obtain copies of these volumes within Pakistan, contact: National Institute of Pakistan Studies Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan Phone: 92-51-2230791 Fax: 92-51-2230960 To obtain copies of these volumes outside of Pakistan, contact: International Academic Bookstore 7500 West Camp Wisdom Road Dallas, TX 75236, USA Phone: 1-972-708-7404 Fax: 1-972-708-7433 Internet: http://www.sil.org Email: [email protected] REFORMATTING FOR REPRINT BY R. CANDLIN. CONTENTS Preface.............................................................................................................vii Maps................................................................................................................. ix Introduction — Clare F. O’Leary.................................................................xiii Acknowledgments ......................................................................................... xix The Language Environment of Hindko-Speaking People — Calvin R. Rensch.................................................................................... 3 1. Setting.................................................................................................. 3 1.1 Geographic and Linguistic Setting of Hindko .............................. 3 1.2 Genetic Relationships of the Hindko Dialects.............................. 9 1.3 Ethnic Affiliations of Hindko Speakers...................................... 10 1.4 Social Features of Hindko-Speaking Communities.................... 11 2. Language Use in the Hindko-Speaking Area..................................... 23 2.1 Language Use in Jammun .......................................................... 23 2.2 Language Use in Singo Di Garhi................................................ 27 2.3 Language Use in Sherpur ........................................................... 30 2.4 Language Use in Balakot............................................................ 33 2.5 Language Use in Wad Pagga...................................................... 36 3. Bilingual Proficiency of Hindko Speakers......................................... 39 3.1 Tests of Bilingual Proficiency .................................................... 39 3.2 Urdu Bilingualism Testing in Singo Di Garhi............................ 40 3.3 Urdu Bilingualism Testing in Jammun....................................... 44 3.4 Bilingualism Testing in Sherpur................................................. 45 3.5 Panjabi Bilingualism Testing...................................................... 50 4. Dialects of Hindko............................................................................. 53 4.1 Lexical Similarity....................................................................... 53 4.2 Comprehension of Oral Speech.................................................. 58 4.3 Comparison of Lexical Similarity and Dialect Intelligibility Results...................................................................................... 62 5. Attitudes of Hindko Speakers Toward Other Languages and Dialects..................................................................................... 63 5.1 Language Preference .................................................................. 63 5.2 Attitudes Toward Specific Languages........................................ 66 5.3 Attitudes Toward Other Hindko Dialects ................................... 74 5.4 The Vitality of Hindko ............................................................... 77 6. Summary and Recommendations ...................................................... 79 6.1 Use of Multiple Languages ........................................................ 79 6.2 Measuring Bilingual Proficiency................................................ 83 6.3 Hindko Dialects.......................................................................... 85 6.4 Attitudes Toward Hindko and Other Languages ........................ 85 6.5 Directions for Future Research................................................... 87 Dialect Variation and Multilingualism among Gujars of Pakistan — Calinda E. Hallberg and Clare F. O’Leary......................................... 91 1. Introduction ...................................................................................... 91 1.1 Scope of the Study...................................................................... 91 1.2 Language Classification ............................................................. 93 1.3 Historical Background of Gujars................................................ 94 1.4 Population .................................................................................. 96 1.5 Gujar Ways of Life..................................................................... 98 1.6 Socioeconomic Status of Gujars................................................. 99 1.7 Language Maintenance............................................................. 100 1.8 Development and Promotion of Gujari..................................... 100 1.9 Outline of Present Research ..................................................... 102 2. Dialects of Gujari............................................................................ 103 2.1 Introduction.............................................................................. 103 2.2 Lexical Similarity..................................................................... 104 2.3 Comprehension of Recorded Speech........................................ 117 2.4 Dialect Opinions in Reference to Recorded Texts.................... 122 2.5 Indications of Dialect Intelligibility Patterns and Directions for Future Research...................................................................... 126 3. Profiles of Two Gujar Communities............................................... 129 3.1 Introduction.............................................................................. 129 3.2 Methodology ............................................................................ 129 3.3 Peshmal .................................................................................... 130 3.4 Mittikot..................................................................................... 135 3.5 Summary .................................................................................. 143 4. Multilingualism in Two Gujar Communities.................................. 145 4.1 Introduction.............................................................................. 145 4.2 Multilingualism in Peshmal...................................................... 147 4.3 Multilingualism in Mittikot ...................................................... 171 4.4 Comparative Patterns of Multilingualism in Peshmal and Mittikot................................................................................... 186 Appendix A Methodologies ......................................................................... 197 A.1 Procedure for Counting Lexical Similarity.............................. 197 A.2 Recorded Text Testing ............................................................ 205 A.3 Sentence Repetition Testing .................................................... 209 Appendix B Hindko Survey Data................................................................ 211 B.1 Hindko Word Lists .................................................................. 211 B.2 Hindko Texts ........................................................................... 235 B.3 Hindko Survey Questionnaire (English Translations).............. 256 Appendix C Gujari Survey Data................................................................. 259 C.1 Gujari Word Lists .................................................................... 259 C.2 Gujari Texts............................................................................. 284 References for Hindko ................................................................................. 303 References for Gujari .................................................................................. 304 PREFACE The northern area of Pakistan occupies a unique position on the cultural and historical map of the world. Its cultural diversity and ethnic richness make it one of the most fascinating areas for researchers and scholars. It is, however, its multi-lingual character that concerns the present study. These five volumes of the Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan are devoted to the study of its multi-lingual features. It is slightly more ambitious than the usual studies of this nature: it attempts to study the various languages and dialects of this area from a synchronic descriptive approach with regard to the issue