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47085-001: Technical Assistance Consultant's Report Technical Assistance Consultant’s Report Volume 4: Annexes T, U (Chapters 6 & 7) Project Number: 47085 September 2015 Lao People’s Democratic Republic: Road Sector Governance and Maintenance Project (Financed by the Asian Development Bank) Prepared by: Oriental Consultants Global Co., Ltd. Japan International Development Center of Japan, Inc. Japan Mekong Consultants Co., Ltd. Lao PDR For Ministry of Public Works and Transport Department of Roads This consultant’s report does not necessarily reflect the views of ADB or the Government concerned, and ADB and the Government cannot be held liable for its contents. All the views expressed herein may not be incorporated into the proposed project’s design. Lao Peoples Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) Ministry of Public Works and Transport ADB TA-8492 LAO: ROAD SECTOR GOVERNANCE AND MAINTENANCE PROJECT (47085-001) Final Report Volume 4: Annexes T, U [Chapters 6 & 7] September, 2015 Oriental Consultants Global Co., Ltd. (OCG), Japan International Development Center of Japan Inc. (IDCJ), Japan Mekong Consultants Co. Ltd. (MKC), Lao PDR Annex T – Poverty and Social Assessment, PSA Lao People’s Democratic Republic Poverty, Social and Gender Analysis PREPARED FOR Government of Lao People’s Democratic Republic & Asian Development Bank Table of Contents ABBREVIATIONS 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 7 1.1. THE PROJECT PREPARATORY TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE ............................................................. 7 1.2. OBJECTIVES AND OUTCOMES OF THE PROJECT ....................................................................... 7 1.3. PREPARING SOCIAL AND POVERTY ASSESSMENTS ................................................................... 8 1.4. SCOPE OF THE POVERTY AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT ................................................................. 9 1.5. INVOLUNTARY RESETTLEMENT .......................................................................................... 10 2. DEVELOPMENT CONTEXT OF THE PROJECT ............................................................. 11 2.1. NATIONAL SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT PLAN ............................................................. 11 2.2. COUNTRY DEVELOPMENT AND CORRIDOR APPROACH........................................................... 11 2.2.1 Vision Statement ................................................................................................. 12 2.2.2 Socio-Economic Development Plans ................................................................... 13 2.3. DESCRIPTION OF THE SUBJECT ROADS ................................................................................ 13 2.4. PROFILE OF THE PROVINCES ............................................................................................. 14 3. POVERTY AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT ....................................................................... 15 3.1. APPROACH AND SAMPLING ............................................................................................. 15 3.2. FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSIONS ........................................................................................... 18 3.3. CONSULTATION AND INTERVIEWS ..................................................................................... 19 3.4. SUMMARY STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS .................................................................................. 19 3.5. DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS ..................................................................................... 20 3.5.1 Population, Growth and Migration .................................................................... 20 3.5.2 Poverty Incidence and Vulnerable Groups .......................................................... 20 3.5.3 Economic Activities and Employment ................................................................. 21 3.6. SERVICES AND INFRASTRUCTURE ....................................................................................... 21 3.6.1 Transportation Services and Facilities ................................................................ 21 3.7. CHARACTERISTICS OF BENEFICIARY HOUSEHOLDS ................................................................. 22 3.7.1 Head of Household Demographic Data .............................................................. 22 3.7.2 Composition and Size of Households .................................................................. 23 3.7.3 House Type and Assets ....................................................................................... 24 3.8. LIVELIHOODS, INCOME AND POVERTY ................................................................................ 24 3.8.1 Livelihoods and Income Sources ......................................................................... 24 3.8.2 Income and Expenditure ..................................................................................... 25 3.8.3 Poverty and Vulnerability ................................................................................... 26 3.9. ACCESS TO INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICES........................................................................ 28 3.9.1 Coverage and Use of Infrastructure and Services ............................................... 28 3.9.2 Willingness to Pay/ Contribute ........................................................................... 28 4. GENDER ASSESSMENT ............................................................................................ 30 4.1. GENDER CATEGORIZATION .............................................................................................. 30 4.2. GENDER POLICY FRAMEWORK.......................................................................................... 30 4.3. CHARACTERISTICS OF HOUSEHOLDS HEADED BY WOMEN IN PROJECT AREA .............................. 31 4.4. WOMEN’S LIVELIHOOD ACTIVITIES, INCOME AND POVERTY ................................................... 32 4.5. PARTICIPATION IN HOUSEHOLD AND COMMUNITY DECISION MAKING ..................................... 34 4.6. ACCESS TO INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICES AND WILLINGNESS TO PAY ................................... 35 i 4.7. GENDER IMPACTS .......................................................................................................... 36 4.7.1 Road Improvements ............................................................................................ 36 4.7.2 Gender Risks ........................................................................................................ 37 4.8. GENDER APPROACH ....................................................................................................... 37 4.8.1 Rationale of Gender Inclusion ............................................................................. 37 4.9. INCLUSION OF GENDER RELATED ASPECTS IN THE PROJECT DESIGN ......................................... 38 4.9.1 Institutional Strengthening for Gender and Development ................................. 39 4.9.2 Communicable Disease and Trafficking Awareness ........................................... 39 4.9.3 Road Safety Campaign ........................................................................................ 40 4.10. INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS .................................................................................... 40 5. POVERTY AND SOCIAL ANALYSIS ............................................................................ 42 5.1. CONTRIBUTION TO POVERTY REDUCTION ........................................................................... 42 5.2. JOB CREATION AND WAGE GENERATION ............................................................................ 43 5.2.1 Local Labor in Maintenance NCB Contracts ....................................................... 44 5.2.2 Community Based Maintenance ......................................................................... 47 5.3. RISK OF SPREAD OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASES ................................................................... 51 5.4. RISK OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING ......................................................................................... 51 5.5. MITIGATION MEASURES ................................................................................................. 52 ii Table of Figures Table 1 – Subject Roads Activities 13 Table 2 – Subject Roads 13 Table 3 – Subject Roads HH Sample 16 Table 4 – Distribution of Sample on Subject Roads 16 Table 5 – Summary Stakeholder Analysis for Subject Roads 19 Table 6 – Main Sector of Economic Activity 21 Table 7 – Survey Sample 22 Table 8 – Age of Head of Household 22 Table 9 – Marital Status of Head of Household 22 Table 10 – Education of Head of Household 22 Table 11 – Ethnicity of Beneficiary Households 23 Table 12 – Size of Beneficiary Households 23 Table 13 – Age and Gender Composition of Households 23 Table 14 – Construction Materials of Houses 24 Table 15 – Household Asset Ownership 24 Table 16 – Sources of Household Income 24 Table 17 – Road Section and Poverty Level 25 Table 18 – Distribution of Households across Income Groups 25 Table 19 – Distribution of Households across Income Groups 26 Table 20 – Average Monthly Household Income and Expenditure by Quartile 26 Table 21 – Construction Materials of House by Income Quartile 27 Table 22 – Household Asset Ownership by Income Quartile 27 Table 23 – Vulnerability of Households 27 Table 24– Access and Connection to Utilities 28 Table 25 – Coverage of Services by Income Group 28 Table 26 – Contribution to Construction & Maintenance of Infrastructure 28 Table 27 – Willingness to
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