Biodiversity Conservation Corridors Initiative Biodiversity Conservation Corridors Initiative Biodiversity Conservation Corridors Initiative International Symposium Proceedings 27-28 Apri Proceedings Symposium International Biodiversity Conservation Corridors Initiative Biodiversity Conservation Corridors Initiative Biodiversity Conservation Corridors Initiative International Symposium Proceedings 27-28 April 2006, Bangkok l 2006, Bangkok Core Environment Program Environment Core Greater Mekong Subregion Contact Information Urooj Malik, Director Dawood Ghaznavi, Chief Operating Officer Greater Mekong Subregion Javed Hussain Mir, Senior Natural Resources Specialist GMS Environment Operations Center Agriculture, Environment and Natural Resources Division 23rd Floor, The Offices at Central World Core Environment Program Southeast Asia Department 999/9 Rama 1 Road, Pathumwan Asian Development Bank Bangkok 10330, Thailand 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City Tel +66 2 207 4444 1550 Metro Manila, Philippines Fax +66 2 207 4400 Tel +63 2 632 6234 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.gms-eoc.org Fax +63 2 636 2231 Biodiversity Conservation Corridors Initiative International Symposium Proceedings 27-28 April 2006, Bangkok Organized by the Greater Mekong Subregion Environment Operations Center Edited by Jeremy Carew-Reid, Rachel Salazar, and Sylvia Spring . i Copyright © 2007 Asian Development Bank All rights reserved This publication was prepared by staff and consultants of Asian Development Bank. The analyses and assessments contained herein do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian Development Bank, or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent. The Asian Development Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequences of their use. Use of the term “country” does not imply any judgment by the authors or the Asian Development Bank as to the legal or other status of any territorial entity. Printing by Clung Wicha Press Co., Ltd., Thailand April 2007 - 2,000 Print on paper made from fast-growing plantation trees using elemental chlorine-free bleaching processes. ii BCI International Symposium Proceedings. Contents Foreword vii Acronyms & Abbreviations ix Symposium Agenda 1 1. Welcome Remarks 5 Monthip Sritana Tabucanon 2. Opening Remarks 7 Arjun Thapan 3. Conservation of Biodiversity in the GMS - Overview 8 Jeremy Carew-Reid Plenary Session 4. Landscape Mosaics: Integrating Forest Management and Environmental Services in Tropical Landscapes 25 Markku Kanninen 5. Managing the Environment for Development and to Sustain Pro-Poor Growth 26 Stephen Bass and Paul Steele 6. Potential Impacts of Climate Change and Regional Air Pollution on Terrestrial Biodiversity and 36 Landscape Use Frank Murray 7. Upstream, Downstream: How New York City Saves Millions of Dollars by Paying Upstream 42 Communities to Protect the Natural Water Filtration Qualities of the Catskill/Delaware Watershed Mark Kasman PANEL 1: Ecosystems Connectivity and Biodiversity 8. Current Status of Biodiversity in the GMS Countries, with a Particular Focus on the Pilot Sites 49 of the Biodiversity Conservation Corridors Initiative Andrew (Jack) Tordoff 9. Biodiversity Loss in Xishuangbanna with the Changes of Land Use and Land Cover over 27 Years 69 Zhu H., Li H.M., Ma Y.X. 10. The Great Green Triangle: An Integrated Approach Towards Regional Planning and Biodiversity 72 Conservation in the PRC/Lao PDR/Viet Nam Border Region David Wescott and Jin Chen 11. Watershed Management in the Yangtze, Mekong, and Salween Rivers 77 Marc Goichot 12. Wetland Connectivity and Fish Migration in the Lower Mekong Basin 90 Poulsen A.F., Ouch Poeu, Sintavong Viravong, Ubolratana Suntornratana, Nguyen Thanh Tung and Barlow, C. Contents iii Contents (continued) 13. Analyzing the Impacts of the GMS Biodiversity Conservation Corridors Initiative: A Toolkit 98 of Policy Relevant Indicators and Models Ben ten Brink, Tonnie Tekelenburg, Rob Alkemade, Mireille de Heer, Fleur Smout, Michel Bakkenes, Jan Clement, Mark van Oorschot, Jan Janse 14. Transport Infrastructure and Wildlife Trade Conduits in the GMS: Regulating Illegal and 107 Unsustainable Wildlife Trade Chris R. Shepherd, James Compton and Sulma Warne 15. Northern Plains Landscape Conservation - Cambodia 113 Tom Clements 16. Photo-Monitoring of Changes in Biodiversity in Yunnan Province, People’s Republic of China 121 Jim R. Lassoie, Robert K. Moseley PANEL 2: Local Livelihoods and Poverty Reduction in Biodiversity Corridors 17. Questioning Traditional Livelihood Models: Lessons Learned from Cardamom Mountains 137 Pilot Project (CADP) Cambodia Suwanna Gauntlett 18. A Biofuels-based Livelihoods Strategy: Energy Trees for Electricity, Transport, and 146 Climate Change. Field Experiences from Asia and Africa Emmanuel D’Silva 19. Raising Rural Incomes while Conserving the Environment, Non-Timber Forest Products, 149 Specialty Agriculture Products, and Compatible Enterprise Development in Cambodia and Viet Nam Maureen DeCoursey 20. Linking Communities to Employment Opportunities and Markets: Policy and Institutional Design Aspects 156 Ewald Rametsteiner 21. Non-Timber Forest Products and Rural Livelihoods in Lao PDR: Reducing Poverty through 166 Forest Development and Conservation Interventions Andrew W. Ingles, Sounthone Kethphanh, and Andy S. Inglis PANEL 3: Climate Change and Biodiversity Corridors 22. Interrelationship between Climate Change, Urban Air Quality and Impacts Inside and Outside Cities: 179 Rationale for Addressing Air Pollution and GHG Emissions Cornie Huizenga and May Ajero 23. Air Pollution and Ecosystem: Assessment of Effects of Ground Level Ozone on Agricultural Crops in Asia 187 Nguyen Thi Kim Oanh, Dinh Thi Hai Van, and Le Hoang Nghiem 24. Climate Change and Consequent Impacts in the Mekong River Basin 190 Hans Guttman 25. Addressing Vulnerability to Climate Variability and Climate Change: An Integrated Modeling System 198 Satya Priya, Murthy Bachu, Annes Hassankunju, and Sridhar Gummadi iv BCI International Symposium Proceedings. Contents (continued) PANEL 4: Sustainable Financing and Biodiversity Corridors 26. Nature-based Tourism as a Funding Mechanism for Protected Areas and Biodiversity Conservation: 209 Plans and Opportunities in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic Paul Rogers 27. Payment for Environmental Services - Lessons Learned from a Diagnostic Study in the People’s 223 Republic of China Zuo Ting, Jin Leshan, Li Xiaoyun 28. Payments for Environmental Services: a Pathway out of Poverty? 227 Katherine Warner 29. Impact Monitoring for Watershed Management 231 Christoph Feldkötter APPENDIX 1: Participants List 239 . Contents v vi BCI International Symposium Proceedings. Foreword The best way to address the growing transboundary aspects of natural resource management and biodiversity conservation challenges in the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) will be through intensive and well-focused collaboration involving the governments of the region, organizations of civil society, and the private sector. In early 2006, the Asian Development Bank with support from the Governments of Netherlands and Sweden launched the GMS Core Environment Program (CEP) and its flagship component—the Biodiversity Conservation Corridors Initiative (BCI). The CEP-BCI is a 10-year program to be implemented in three phases through various collaborative arrangements with state and non-state implementing partners. Also early in 2006, the GMS Environment Operations Center (EOC) was established to coordinate and facilitate the implementation of the CEP-BCI and serve as the Secretariat to the Working Group on Environment (WGE). The WGE has been the focal point for environmental interventions under the GMS Economic Cooperation Program. The launch of the CEP-BCI and the establishment of the EOC are important steps forward in evolving long-term institutional arrangements for subregional environmental management in the GMS. The long-term vision of the program is to establish subregional environmental protocols on environmental safeguards and codes of practice for development sectors, on environmental assessment and monitoring procedures, and on management of a subregional network of protected areas and biodiversity corridors linking them. The key concern in landscape approaches is the widespread fragmentation problem that needs to be addressed urgently in the GMS. The BCI focuses on establishing connectivity between fragmented protected areas using linear or stepping stone corridors and forest restoration in agreement with community needs for sound land management regimes. It also entails promoting increased participation of local communities in managing local natural resources and benefiting from these in a sustainable manner. Above all, the CEP-BCI program aims at finding ways and means to increase cash and non-cash benefits for poor households inhabiting remote and rural mountainous areas, which form the major backbone of the remaining rich biodiversity landscapes in the GMS. We hope that lessons learned and experience from implementing the CEP-BCI will move us steadily toward achieving our vision. The GMS countries have lent strong support in the formulation of the Biodiversity Conservation Corridors Initiative as well as in its implementation arrangements. The first symposium of the BCI family has taken place—and these proceedings emanating from that Symposium is a benchmark of our thinking at the outset of the CEP. It is a rich source of information,