THE Inscriptions OF
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Appendix Appendix
APPENDIX APPENDIX DYNASTIC LISTS, WITH GOVERNORS AND GOVERNORS-GENERAL Burma and Arakan: A. Rulers of Pagan before 1044 B. The Pagan dynasty, 1044-1287 C. Myinsaing and Pinya, 1298-1364 D. Sagaing, 1315-64 E. Ava, 1364-1555 F. The Toungoo dynasty, 1486-1752 G. The Alaungpaya or Konbaung dynasty, 1752- 1885 H. Mon rulers of Hanthawaddy (Pegu) I. Arakan Cambodia: A. Funan B. Chenla C. The Angkor monarchy D. The post-Angkor period Champa: A. Linyi B. Champa Indonesia and Malaya: A. Java, Pre-Muslim period B. Java, Muslim period C. Malacca D. Acheh (Achin) E. Governors-General of the Netherlands East Indies Tai Dynasties: A. Sukhot'ai B. Ayut'ia C. Bangkok D. Muong Swa E. Lang Chang F. Vien Chang (Vientiane) G. Luang Prabang 954 APPENDIX 955 Vietnam: A. The Hong-Bang, 2879-258 B.c. B. The Thuc, 257-208 B.C. C. The Trieu, 207-I I I B.C. D. The Earlier Li, A.D. 544-602 E. The Ngo, 939-54 F. The Dinh, 968-79 G. The Earlier Le, 980-I009 H. The Later Li, I009-I225 I. The Tran, 1225-I400 J. The Ho, I400-I407 K. The restored Tran, I407-I8 L. The Later Le, I4I8-I8o4 M. The Mac, I527-I677 N. The Trinh, I539-I787 0. The Tay-Son, I778-I8o2 P. The Nguyen Q. Governors and governors-general of French Indo China APPENDIX DYNASTIC LISTS BURMA AND ARAKAN A. RULERS OF PAGAN BEFORE IOH (According to the Burmese chronicles) dat~ of accusion 1. Pyusawti 167 2. Timinyi, son of I 242 3· Yimminpaik, son of 2 299 4· Paikthili, son of 3 . -
Analysis of the Khmer Walled Defensive System of Vimayapura (Phimai City, Thailand): Symbolism Or Military Effectiveness?
manusya 23 (2020) 253-285 brill.com/mnya Analysis of the Khmer Walled Defensive System of Vimayapura (Phimai City, Thailand): Symbolism or Military Effectiveness? Víctor Lluís Pérez Garcia1 (บิกตอร์ ยูอิส เปเรซ การ์เซีย) Ph.D. in Archaeology, history teacher of the Generalitat de Catalunya, Institut Tarragona, Tarragona, Spain [email protected] Abstract This article analyses the walled defensive system of the Khmer city centre of Vimaya- pura (modern Phimai, Thailand) to evaluate the theoretical level of military effectivity of both the walls and the moats against potential attackers, considering their technical characteristics and the enemy’s weapons. We also study the layout of the urban en- ceinte, the constructive material, the gateways as well as weakness and strengths of the stronghold and the symbolic, monumental and ornamental functions in the overall role of the walls. Based on comparisons with similar cases, as well as in situ observa- tions of the archaeological remains and a bibliographical research, our study reveals that the stonewalls were not designed primarily to resist military attacks. Instead, the army, the moat, and possibly the embankments and/or palisades would have been the first lines of defence of the city. Keywords fortifications – city walls – military architecture – Thailand – South-East Asia 1 Member of the “Seminary of Ancient Topography” archaeological research group at Universi- tat Rovira i Virgili of Tarragona (Catalonia). www.victorperez.webs.com. © Víctor Lluís Pérez Garcia, 2020 | doi:10.1163/26659077-02302006 -
What and Where Was Chenla?", Recherches Nouvelles Sur Le Cambodge
1 "What and Where was Chenla?", Recherches nouvelles sur le Cambodge. Publiées sous la direction de F. Bizot. École française d'Extrême-Orient, Paris, 1994, pp. 197-212.[ The research of which this paper is a part has been supported by a grant from the Social Science Research Council, New York.] All students of early Cambodian history must have been struck by the contradictory treatments of Chenla. In this paper my purpose is to review the evidence and offer a new conclusion about the identity and location of that polity. There has been a traditional consensus that Chenla was centered in Champassak in southern Laos, or even farther north, and it has even been said that "des inscriptions nous enseignent que, dans la seconde moitié du VIe siècle en tout cas, il occupait la vallée de la Se Moun et une partie...du Cambodge septen- trional" (Jacques, 1986: 61). The inscriptions to which reference is made are those of the Dangrek chieftains, Vīravarman, Bhavavarman, and Mahendravarman. But they in fact make no reference to Chenla at all, in this context they are being forced into a conception of Chenla based on other reasoning, and they themselves are not at all evidence for the existence of Chenla in their area.1 As Coedès put it in his synthesis of the Indian-influenced part of Southeast Asia, "the center of [Chenla] can be localized on the middle Mekong in the region of Bassac [because]...The History of the Sui, in information dating from before 598, thus before the total conquest of Funan [by Chenla]...says: 'near the capital [of Chenla] there is a mountain named Ling-kia-po-p'o, on the summit of which there is a temple...dedicated to a spirit named P'o-to-li" (Coedès, 1964:126, 1968: 65-6), which modern scholars have interpreted as the Ligaparvata in southernmost Laos where Wat Phu is located, with a sanctuary to Bhadreśvara.2 Otherwise Chinese information on Chenla just placed it southwest of Lin-i and north or northeast of Funan. -
Historie Routes to Angkor: Development of the Khmer Road System (Ninth to Thirteenth Centuries AD) in Mainland Southeast Asia Mitch Hendrickson*
Historie routes to Angkor: development of the Khmer road system (ninth to thirteenth centuries AD) in mainland Southeast Asia Mitch Hendrickson* Road systems in the service of empires have long inspired archaeologists and ancient historians alike. Using etymology, textual analysis and Angkor archaeology the author deconstructs the road system of the Khmer, empire builders of early historic Cambodia. Far from being the creation of one king, the road system evolved organically to serve expeditions, pilgrimages Phnom . Penh ù <> and embedded exchange routes over several i centuries. The paper encourages us to regard road networks as a significant topic, worthy of comparative study on a global scale. N 0 ^ 200 Keywords: Cambodia, Khmer, roads, routes, communications Ancient road systems: context and methods of study Investigating the chronology of road systems is complicated by their frequent reuse over long time periods and because they are comprised of multiple archaeological components that range from site to regional scales (e.g. roads, resting places, crossing points, settlements, ceramics). The archaeologist studying road systems must identify and incorporate a variety of available data sets, including historic information, within a framework of operational principles that characterise state-level road building and use. Recent trends in the study of imperial states focus on socio-cultural issues, such as pov^'er and politico-economic organisation (see D'Altroy 1992; Sinopoli 1994; Morrison 2001) and concepts of boundaries ' Department of Archaeology. University af Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia (Email: [email protected]) Received: 28 Au^t 2009; Revised: ¡3 October 2009: Accepted: 12 January 2010 ANTlQUITy84 (2010): 480-496 http://antiquiiy.ac.uk/ant/84/ant840480.htni 480 Mitch Hendrickson (see Morrison 2001; Smith 2005). -
Cambogia=Cambodia=Campucea= Kampuchea=Cambodge=Khmer
CAMBOGIA CAMBOGIA=CAMBODIA=CAMPUCEA= KAMPUCHEA=CAMBODGE=KHMER Roat Kampuchea Regno di Cambogia Phnum Penh=Phnom Penh 400.000 ab. Kmq. 181.035 (178.035)(181.000)(181.040) Compreso Kmq. 3.000 di acque interne Dispute con Tailandia per: - Territorio di Preah Vihear (occupato Cambogia) - Poi Pet Area (occupato Tailandia) - Buri=Prachin Buri Area (occupato Tailandia). Dispute con Vietnam per: - Cocincina Occidentale e altri territori (occupati Vietnam) - alcune isole (occupate Vietnam): - Dak Jerman=Dak Duyt - Dak Dang=Dak Huyt - La Drang Area - Baie=Koh Ta Kiev Island - Milieu=Koh Thmey Island - Eau=Koh Sep Island - Pic=Koh Tonsay Island - Northern Pirates=Koh Po Island Rivendica parte delle Scarborough Shoals (insieme a Cina, Taivan, Vietnam, Corea, Malaisia, Nuova Zelanda). Dispute con Tailandia per acque territoriali. Dispute con Vietnam per acque territoriali. Movimento indipendentista Hmon Chao Fa. Movimento indipendentista Khmer Krom. Ab. 7.650.000---11.700.000 Cambogiani=Cmeri=Khmer (90%) - Cmeri Candali=Khmer Kandal=Cmeri Centrali=Central Khmers (indigeni) - Cmeri Cromi=Khmer Krom (cmeri insediati nella Cambogia SE e nel Vietnam Meridionale) - Cmeri Surini=Khmer Surin (cmeri insediati nella Cambogia NO e nelle province tailandesi di Surin, Buriram, Sisaket - Cmeri Loeu=Cmeri Leu=Khmer Loeu (termine ombrello per designare tutte le tribù collinari della Cambogia)(ca. 100.000 in tutto): - Parlanti il Mon-Cmero=Mon-Khmer (94%) - Cacioco=Kachok - Crungo=Krung - Cui=Kuy - Fnongo=Phnong - Tampuano=Tampuan (nella provincia di Ratanakiri NE) -
Kambujadesa Which Forms the Subject-Matter of This Course of Lectures
PREFACE In July 1942 I was invited by the university of Madras to deliver a course of lectures under the Sir William Meyer (Endowment) Lectureship, 1942-43. These lectures are published here in the form in which I delivered them, early in March 1943, with the addition of the footnotes and a list of Inscriptions, on which the study of the subject is primarily based. The scope and object of these lectures have been sufficiently indicated at the beginning of Lecture I, and I shall consider my labours amply rewarded if they serve to awaken an interest in, and promote the study of a highly important but little-known subject. The series of works on ancient Indian colonisation in the Far East which I planned nearly twenty years ago have not yet been completed. Three volumes dealing with Champa (Annam) and Suvarniadvipa (Malayasia) are out, the and remaining two volumes dealing with Kambuja (Cambodia) , Burma and Siam still await publication. These two volumes will deal more comprehensively with the subject covered by these lectures. In view of the present situation in the country, it is diffi- cult to say when, if ever, those two volumes will see the light of the day. Till then, the present work may be regarded as completing the series of my studies on the history of ancient Indian colonies in the Far East. As inscriptions have been frequently referred to in the course of these lectures, I have added at the end a list of old Kambuja inscriptions, arranged chronologically as far as possible. The serial number is quoted in the text against each inscription to enable the reader to find out the necessary details by a reference to the list. -
Jayavarman VII, a Great Khmer King and an Emblematic Figure
A POINT OF HISTORY Jayavarman VII, A great Khmer king And an emblematic Figure Of the Khmer Nation By MEY SIPHAL His Majesty Jayavarman VII , the greatest Khmer king of the Angkor era is fascinating in several aspects. He is the only king, from the beginning up to contemporary period of our national history who left behind for the posterity three statues at his effigy, one in Prasat Preah Khan of Kampong Svay and two others respectively in Phimai to the north of Korat in Thaïland and in Krol Romeas of Angkor. Warrior king, he liberated the country from the Cham domination and, by a brilliant revenge, conducted a punitive expedition against this country he swallowed up and annexed to the Khmer empire. Under his glorious reign, Cambodia reached the apogee of its power and its territorial expansion1 « since it covered, independently of the Khmer country, the Champa, the present territories of Laos and Thaïland, a part of the Malay peninsula (up to the isthmus of Kra) and of Burma (up to the Salwen river). That is why in the Khmer army conducted in 1207 against Vietnam there were Thai and Birman contingents ».2 Pious king full of compassion toward his subjects because he is a fervent mahâyanist buddhist, he built hispitals, one hundred and two, scattered throughout the empire, and innumerable rest houses (dharmasalas) along all the principal lines of communications within the empire. Great builder, he elevated several great monuments, the most important of which is the Bayon of Angkor Thom, Mahanagara the central State building of his reign he want to be the centre of the Khmer empire like mount Meru which is the centre of the world. -
The Evolution of Fragility: Setting the Terms
McDONALD INSTITUTE CONVERSATIONS The Evolution of Fragility: Setting the Terms Edited by Norman Yoffee The Evolution of Fragility: Setting the Terms McDONALD INSTITUTE CONVERSATIONS The Evolution of Fragility: Setting the Terms Edited by Norman Yoffee with contributions from Tom D. Dillehay, Li Min, Patricia A. McAnany, Ellen Morris, Timothy R. Pauketat, Cameron A. Petrie, Peter Robertshaw, Andrea Seri, Miriam T. Stark, Steven A. Wernke & Norman Yoffee Published by: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research University of Cambridge Downing Street Cambridge, UK CB2 3ER (0)(1223) 339327 [email protected] www.mcdonald.cam.ac.uk McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, 2019 © 2019 McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research. The Evolution of Fragility: Setting the Terms is made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivatives 4.0 (International) Licence: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ISBN: 978-1-902937-88-5 Cover design by Dora Kemp and Ben Plumridge. Typesetting and layout by Ben Plumridge. Cover image: Ta Prohm temple, Angkor. Photo: Dr Charlotte Minh Ha Pham. Used by permission. Edited for the Institute by James Barrett (Series Editor). Contents Contributors vii Figures viii Tables ix Acknowledgements x Chapter 1 Introducing the Conference: There Are No Innocent Terms 1 Norman Yoffee Mapping the chapters 3 The challenges of fragility 6 Chapter 2 Fragility of Vulnerable Social Institutions in Andean States 9 Tom D. Dillehay & Steven A. Wernke Vulnerability and the fragile state -
Angkor Charter Angkor Charter Guidelines for Safeguarding the World Heritage Site of Angkor
Authority for the Protection and Management of Angkor and the Region of Siem Reap Guidelines for Safeguarding the World Heritage Site of Angkor Site Heritage World the Safeguarding for Guidelines Charter Angkor Angkor Charter Guidelines for Safeguarding the World Heritage Site of Angkor Siem Reap, Cambodia 5 December 2012 Siem Reap, Cambodia 5 December 2012 Angkor Charter Guidelines for Safeguarding the World Heritage Site of Angkor Authority for the Protection and Management of Angkor and the Region of Siem Reap 1 Angkor Charter Contents 3. Working Group 6. Forward 8. History of the Angkor Site Guideline for Safeguarding the World Heritage Site of Angkor 15. Part 1: Principles 19. Part 2: Guidelines 19. I. General Considerations 26. II. Impacts on the Structures 30. III. Organisation of the Project Angkor Charter 2 39. IV. Material Characteristics and Decay 49. V. Material Conservation 65. VI. Soil, Water and Environment 81. VII. Structural Behaviour and Damage 89. VIII. Criteria and Techniques for Strengthening Structures 103. IX. Risk Map 108. X. Closing Remarks and Acknowledgements by APSARA - UNESCO 3 Angkor Charter Working Group Giorgio Croci (Chairman) Claude Jacques UNESCO Expert EFEO [email protected] [email protected] Azedine Beschaouch Pascal Royère ICC-Angkor Secretary EFEO [email protected] [email protected] Anne Lemaistre Christophe Pottier UNESCO Representative EFEO [email protected] [email protected] Mounir Bouchenaki Chau Sun Kerya UNESCO Expert APSARA [email protected] [email protected] Pierre-André Lablaude Ros Borath UNESCO Expert APSARA [email protected] [email protected] Hiroyuki Suzuki Tan Boun Suy UNESCO Expert APSARA [email protected] [email protected] Kenichiro Hidaka Hang Peou UNESCO Expert APSARA [email protected] [email protected] Simon Warrack Takeshi Nakagawa ICCROM JASA [email protected] [email protected] Angkor Charter 4 Yoshinori Iwasaki Janhwij Sharma JASA ASI [email protected] [email protected] Ichita Shimoda D.S. -
CP1BK120181206204311.Pdf
BAN BIÊN SOẠN GS.TS. NGUYỄN VĂN KIM PGS.TS. TRẦN THIỆN THANH PGS.TS. NGÔ VĂN DOANH TS. PHẠM VĂN THỦY TS. LÊ ĐÌNH PHỤNG TS. DƯƠNG VĂN HUY PGS.TS. LẠI VĂN TỚI TS. NGUYỄN TIẾN DŨNG PGS.TS. NGUYỄN THỊ PHƯƠNG CHI NNC. ĐỖ TRƯỜNG GIANG TS. NGUYỄN MẠNH DŨNG ThS. ĐẶNG NGỌC HÀ 5 LỜI NHÀ XUẤT BẢN Vùng đất Nam Bộ với tư cách là một không gian địa lý và địa bàn hành chính thân thuộc, thiêng liêng của người dân đất Việt đã trải qua một quá trình hình thành, phát triển lâu dài, được bồi tụ chủ yếu bởi hai con sông lớn: sông Đồng Nai và sông Mêkông. Nơi đây cũng đã từng tồn tại, phát tích của nền văn hóa Óc Eo và các vương quốc Phù Nam, Chân Lạp phát triển huy hoàng rồi suy tàn theo năm tháng. Từ thế kỷ XVII, người Việt từ miền Bắc và miền Trung đã vào đây khai phá, dựng làng, lập ấp cùng với người dân bản địa chinh phục vùng đất hoang vu nhưng rất trù phú này. Đến thế kỷ XVIII, từ tầm nhìn chiến lược và công lao to lớn của các chúa Nguyễn, sau này là vương triều Nguyễn, xác lập, sắp đặt các đơn vị hành chính, vùng đất phương Nam giàu có chính thức thuộc chủ quyền của dân tộc Việt Nam, đến nay đã được hơn 300 năm. Vùng đất Nam Bộ với cương vực như hiện nay bao gồm cả Đông Nam Bộ và Tây Nam Bộ - đồng bằng sông Cửu Long, có 17 tỉnh và hai thành phố trực thuộc Trung ương, diện tích tự nhiên hơn 64.000 km2, dân số hơn 33 triệu người với nhiều tộc người tụ cư sinh sống, gồm các dân tộc ít người bản địa, các dân tộc thiểu số từ Trường Sơn - Tây Nguyên xuống, từ các tỉnh miền núi phía Bắc vào, một số ít người từ các nước khác đến, nhưng chủ yếu là địa bàn của người Kinh, người Hoa, người Khmer, người Chăm. -
POWER and PRAGMATISM in the POLITICAL ECONOMY of ANGKOR Appendices
THESIS FOR THE AWARD OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN ARTS _________ DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY ____________ POWER AND PRAGMATISM IN THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF ANGKOR Appendices EILEEN LUSTIG _________ UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY 2009 Appendix 1 Chronology of AngkorAngkorianian Rulers Date CE Ruler Construction Events c. 802-c.835 Jayavarman II Kulen Rise of power from base at Vyadhapura (Bantay Prei Nokor). Gained control of territory or alliances with Bhavapura (?), Śambhuapura (Sambor), Malyang (SW of Tonle Sap). Ceremony marking his accession on Kulen plateau and said to have established the cult of kamrateṅ jagat ta rāja (Sk devarāja ) (780-802). Established capital at Hariharālaya (Roluos). c.835-c.877 Jayavarman III c.877-c.889 Indravarman I Preah Koh, Bakong, Baray Temples at Hariharālaya Indratataka c.889-c.915 Yaśovarman I Phnom Bakheng, Phnom Bok; Moved capital to Yaśodharapura (Angkor) centred on Phnom Bakheng Phnom Krom; Phnom Dei; start of East Baray, Prasat Kravan, embankment around capital city, linking causeway to Hariharālaya, diversion of Siem Reap River; 100 wooden ashrams (inc. Ba Phnom, Tbhong Khmum; Wat Phu, Preah Vihear and in Battambang) c.915-c.923 Harṣavarman I c.923-c.928 Iṣānavarman II 1 Appendix 1 Chronology of Angkorian Rulers (cont.) Date CE Ruler Construction Events c.928-c.941 Jayavarman IV Prasat Thom, Rahal Baray and Established power base at Koh Ker (Chok Gargyar) from 922; claimed minor temples overlordship in 928 c.941-944 Harṣavarman II Short reign, followed by return of capital to Angkor 944-968 Rājendravarman II East Mebon, Pre Rup; Bat Chum; Restored Angkor and increased territories claimed now to extend to Kutisvara temple dedicated Baksei Vietnam, Laos, parts of Thailand (e.g. -
DR Walairujee Wichienthawee.Pdf
INTERPRETING HERITAGE PLACES TO YOUNG CHILDREN: AN EXAMINATION OF METHODS AND OPPORTUNITIES AT PHIMAI HISTORICAL PARK, NAKHON RATCHASIMA PROVINCE By Miss Walairujee Wichienthawee A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy Program in Architectural Heritage Management and Tourism International Program Graduate School, Silpakorn University Academic Year 2016 Copyright of Graduate School, Silpakorn University INTERPRETING HERITAGE PLACES TO YOUNG CHILDREN: AN EXAMINATION OF METHODS AND OPPORTUNITIES AT PHIMAI HISTORICAL PARK, NAKHON RATCHASIMA PROVINCE By Miss Walairujee Wichienthawee A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy Program in Architectural Heritage Management and Tourism International Program Graduate School, Silpakorn University Academic Year 2016 Copyright of Graduate School, Silpakorn University The Graduate School, Silpakorn University has approved and accredited the Thesis title of “Interpreting Heritage Places to Young Children : An Examination of Methods and Opportunities at Phimai Historical Park, Nakhon Ratchasima Province” submitted by Miss Walairujee Wichienthawee as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Architectural Heritage Management and Tourism. ............................................................................ (Associate Professor Panjai Tantatsanawong, Ph.D.) Dean of Graduate School ........../..................../.......... The Thesis Advisor Dr.