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Preah Khan Reach and The Genealogy of – Copyright by Kenneth T. So ©

Preah Khan Reach and The Genealogy of Khmer Kings

Khmer Royal Sacred vs. Thai Royal

By Kenneth T. So

[1] Preah Khan Reach and The Genealogy of Khmer Kings – Copyright by Kenneth T. So ©

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Kenneth T. So was born in , . He is a Rocket Scientist/Senior Engineer with 29 years of experience with Rockwell International/Boeing/ULA in the fields of manned and unmanned launch vehicles. He graduated with a B.S. in Chemical Engineering from the University of Tennessee (1978), an M.S. in Systems Management from the University of Southern California (1995), and a Certificate Degree in Systems Engineering from the California Institute of Technology (2006).

However, Kenneth T. So’s main interest and passion are researching on Khmer history. He has dedicated the last 17 years writing about events related to Cambodia.

He has written the following papers: • The Road to Khmer Independence (2003) • A Brief History of , Including That of Cambodia (1997) • Puddh Tomneay (1996)

The following are some of the articles that Kenneth T. So had written: • Prince Sisowath Youtevong (Contribution to Wikipedia, 2008) • Without Economic Freedom, There is No Freedom (2006) • Is Using the Word “Yuon” Justified and Beneficial to Khmer? (2006) • The First Parade in Long Beach (2005) • A Time to Heal and Unite (2005) • The Khmers (2002) • The Calm Before the Storm (2000) • Are We Solely to Blame for All of our Problems? (1999) • Quo Non Ascendet (1999) • The Khmer Home in Southeast Asia: A Wider View (Phnom Penh Post, 1999) • Nationalism and the Genesis of the (1998) • Is Karma Moving Like a Straight Arrow or Like a Heat Seeking Missile? (1998) • Rubicon: Khmer (1998) • Democracy and Consensus (1998) • The Convenient Death of (1998) • Khmer Conscience (1991-1993, during UNTAC)

Kenneth T. So has been actively involved in the Cambodian communities for the last 28 years. His proudest achievement was the completion of the proposal for Cambodia Town that he submitted to the Long Beach City Council in January 15, 2002. Cambodia Town started with a vision by the following ten founding members in 2001: Kenneth T. So (Proposal, Lead), Pasin Chanou (Proposal), Harrison T. Lee (Administration, Lead), Rosana Chanou (Administration), Solange Kea, Esq. (Legal), David Kar (Public Relations, Lead), Morakod Lim, M.D. (Public Relations), Annie H. Lee (Public Relation), Philip T. Thong (Finance, Lead), and Sovuthy Tith (Finance). With the largest Cambodian community outside Cambodia, the vision of the ten founding members was to see Cambodians carry on their tradition and culture and impart their knowledge to the younger generation. This philosophy is attuned with the tradition of passing on the Preah Khan Reach from one Khmer to another, a symbolism of the continuity of Khmer culture and tradition.

[i] Preah Khan Reach and The Genealogy of Khmer Kings – Copyright by Kenneth T. So ©

CONTENTS

Page About the Author i

Acknowledgments 1

Foreword 2

Introduction 5

I. Sdach Kân, the Usurper 7 1. The Disappearance of Preah Khan Reach 2. The Origin of Sdach Kân 3. The Meaning of Srey Sokonthor Bat’s Dream 4. Kân’s Revenge II. The Rise of King Ang Chan and the Defeat of Sdach Kân 10 1. The Reappearance of Preah Khan Reach 2. The Removal of Preah Khan Reach 3. The Mystery of the Second Disappearance of Preah Khan Reach III. The Thai Royal Sword of Victory 14 1. Phra Saeng Khan Chai Si IV. The Comparisons 17 1. Comparisons Between Preah Khan Reach and Phra Saeng Khan Chai Si V. Historical Discussions of the Sword 19 1. International Conference 2. Preah Khan Reach Started with Jayavarman II 3. Stolen Preah Khan Reach by Returned to Cambodia 4. Preah Khan Reach Taken by Siam and Kept at 5. The French Role VI. Legitimacy 27 1. Indravarman III and Preah Khan Reach 2. The Chakri 3. The Symbolism of Preah Khan Reach VII. The Whereabouts of the Preah Khan Reach 28 1. Did the Preah Khan Reach Disappear After the Coup d’Etat? 2. Did the Preah Khan Reach Disappear After the ? 3. Did the Preah Khan Reach Disappear After the Vietnamese Occupation of Cambodia? VIII. Conclusion and Epilogue 30

References 31

[ii] Preah Khan Reach and The Genealogy of Khmer Kings – Copyright by Kenneth T. So ©

Illustrations Page Figure 1 During the Height of its Civilization, Before the Appearance Of Siam (from Jayavarman II to Jayavarman VII) 6 Figure 2 Khmer Royal Regalia Showing the Preah Khan Reach with its Golden Scabbard (National Geographic, 1920) 11 Figure 3 Preah Khan Reach (The Royal House of Cambodia by Julio A. Jeldres) - Photo from Musée Albert Kahn, Boulogne, (Léon Busy) 12 Figure 4 Preah Khan Reach (Le Palais du Roi du Cambodge by Julio A. Jeldres) – Photo from Archives R. Viollet 12 Figure 5 King with Royal Regalia (Photo from RFP) 13 Figure 6 Phra Saeng Khan Chai Si – The Thai Royal Sword of Victory 14 Figure 7 King ( V) of 15 Figure 8 King (Rama IX: 1946-Present) 16 Figure 9a Preah Khan Reach – Khmer Royal Sword (National Geographic) 18 Figure 9b Preah Khan Reach – Khmer Royal Sacred Sword (Royal House of Cambodia) 18 Figure 10a Phra Saeng Khan Chai Si – Thai Royal Sword of Victory (Under King Rama V) 18 Figure 10b Phra Saeng Khan Chai Si – Thai Royal Sword of Victory (Under King Rama IX) 18 Figure 11 The Population of Cambodia Between 1874 and 2008 20 Figure 12 Map of Cambodia in the Late 19th Century and Early 20th Century 21 Figure 13 Extract from the International Court of Justice Report 1962 – The French-Siamese Commission 1907 (Scale 1:200,000) 23 Figure 14 Thai Internal Working Document – The Official Thai Map (Scale 1:10,000) 24 Figure 15 Thai Internal Worjing Document – The French-Siamese Commission Map Made in 1907 (Scale 1:200,000) 24 Figure 16 Extract from the Aide Memoire of Cambodia Royal Government 1962 (Scale 1:6,000) 25 Figure 17 Lines of Demarcation Based on the French-Siamese Commission 1907 and On Unilateral Claim by Thailand 25 Figure 18 The 33 Cambodia Provinces Renamed during the Vietnamese Occupation of the Country Between 1835 and 1847 26 Figure 19 Cambodia Provinces in Kampuchea Krom () Given to Vietnam After France Granted Independence to Indochina in 1954 26

Appendix 1 32 Figure I Genealogy of Kaundinya/Soma (Lunar Dynasty) and Kambu/Mera (Solar Dynasty) 33 Figure II Genealogy from to 34 Figure III Genealogy from Suryavarman I to Jayavarman IX – End of Period 35 Figure IV Genealogy from Jayavarman IX to Poñea Yat 36 Figure V Genealogy from Poñea Yat to Sisowath 37 Figure VI Genealogy of King 38 Figure VII Genealogy of King 39 Figure VIII Genealogy of King Norodom 40 Figure IX Genealogy of King Sisowath 41 Fgure X Genealogy of King 42 Figure XI Genealogy of King 43 Figure XII Genealogy of King Norodom Suramarit 44 [iii] Preah Khan Reach and The Genealogy of Khmer Kings – Copyright by Kenneth T. So ©

Figure XIII Genealogy of Khmer Kings Through the End of the Angkor Period 45 Figure XIV Genealogy of Khmer Kings Post Angkorian Period 46

Appendix 2 47 Figure 2-1 Khmer Kings in the Modern Era (from King Ang Duong to King Norodom Sihamoni) 48 Figure 2-2 The Monkhood and Coronation of King Norodom Sihanouk 49 Figure 2-3 Post of Norodom Sihanouk 50 Figure 2-4 The Coronation of King Norodom Suramarit and the Second Reign of King Norodom Sihanouk 51 Figure 2-5 The Coronation of King Norodom Sihamoni 52 Figure 2-6 Young Prince Norodom Sihamoni (Top, second from left) at “Le Petit Lycée Descartes”, Phnom Penh – Circa 1960 53 Figure 2-7 The Children of King Sisowath Monivong 54 Figure 2-8. The Children of Prince Norodom Sutharot and Princess Norodom Phanganga 54 Figure 2-9 The Children of King Norodom Suramarit 55 Figure 2-10 Some of the Children of Norodom Sihanouk 55 Figure 2-11 The Children of and Princess Norodom Eng Marie 56 Figure 2-12 The Children of Princess Norodom Arun Rasmy 56 Figure 2-13 The Princes and Princesses of Cambodia (Part 1) 57 Figure 2-14 The Princes and Princesses of Cambodia (Part 2) 58

Appendix 3 59 Figure A Corresponding Names and Descriptions of Events (Part 1) 60 Figure B Corresponding Names and Descriptions of Events (Part 2) 61

[iv] Preah Khan Reach and The Genealogy of Khmer Kings – Copyright by Kenneth T. So ©

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I would like to specially thank my wife Theany Kimchandabot So, my daughters Elizabeth Kaliyan So, Jacqueline Chakrya So, and Angelica Pisey So, who have encouraged me to write this paper. My daughter, Elizabeth, has been invaluable in her revision of my draft. She had caught some of the mistakes that I had missed. After our first trip as a family to Cambodia in December 2007, my wife, who had not been back to Cambodia since 1975, had renewed her attachment and rediscovered her love for her native country. My daughters had never been to Cambodia and the trip had made them aware of the richness of our Khmer culture and tradition that they could have never felt by just reading books. They are so proud of their heritage. They feel that they need to share of what they have discovered about Cambodia with their friends. Their support has given me strength. This paper would have never been written if it were not for the correspondence I had with Bora Touch, Esq., a Khmer Australian Attorney, and Julio A. Jeldres, the Official Biographer to H.M. the King Father, Preah Upayuvareach Norodom Sihanouk of Cambodia. These two persons who have dedicated a lot of their own time for Khmer causes have a great impact on my pursuit to research for the truth and wherabouts of Preah Khan Reach. I am also indebted to my two brothers, Hann So and Kelvin So, who had made a lot of suggestions during my early draft of this paper. I have incorporated their recommendations into this final format. My thanks also go to Jim Gerrand, an Australian film director, who had made a few documentary films about Cambodia. He had seen my earlier draft, made some suggestions, and asked some relevant questions that I incorporated into this final format. He is a special friend of mine who baby-sat my daughters while I attended to the birth of my third daughter at the local hospital. Jim Gerrand is also the person who asked me to translate Puddh Tomneay from the Khmer version to the English version in 1996. My special thanks go to all the authors who had written books or published works on Khmer history. I am especially indebted to Lawrence Palmer Briggs1, Georges Maspero2, Oknha Veang Thiounn3, Adhémard Leclère4, Adhir Chakravarti5,6, Hann So7, M. Giteau8, Vansok9, John F. Cady10, Robert Casey11, Chou Ta-Kuan12, G. E. Gerini13, Khin Sok14,15, Henry Soszynski16, Justin J. Corfield17, Julio A. Jeldres18,19, Norodom Sihanouk20,21, Richard Over22, and George Coedès23, whom I used as references to write this paper and develop my genealogy of Khmer kings from the foundation of through to the present Cambodia. Most of all I would like to dedicate this paper to all and to all the great Khmer kings and heroes. The and the history of Khmer kings are inseparable. Without the legacies of Khmer kings who had left great temples, monuments, and inscriptions as testimonies of Khmer greatness, previous and current Khmer generations would not have been able to learn of their origins, which enable them to understand Khmer history in its full context. However, this paper is not intended as a history lesson but rather as a document tracing the genealogy of all Khmer kings dating from the Funan period to the present Cambodia, and as a discussion on the whereabouts of Preah Khan Reach that are intricately linked to the Khmer monarchy.

Kenneth T. So June 18, 2008

[1] Preah Khan Reach and The Genealogy of Khmer Kings – Copyright by Kenneth T. So ©

FOREWORD

The genesis of this project got started with a casual e-mail I received from Bora Touch about Preah Khan Reach. He pointed out to me that there is a statement in the Chronicle of Annals of Ayudhya, Vol. II, p. 669 mentioning that the Khmer Royal Sword, Preah Khandga Jaya, was taken from the Khmer throne by Phraya Aphai Phubet, the Thai Governor-General of Cambodia, on 25 April 1783, and presented to a year after the latter became king of Bangkok. I knew about this episode of our history when I read Dr. Khin Sok’s thesis, “Le Cambodge entre le Siam et le Vietnam,” 14 about ten years ago. I did not think anything about it at the time because I just finished translating and interpreting “Puddh Tomneay” and I did not want to tackle another project. The e-mail I received from Bora Touch had renewed my curiosity and made me restless. After I had written the proposal for Cambodia Town and submitted it to the Long Beach City Council in 2002, I felt that now was a perfect time for me to embark on a new project again. When I decided to start this project I had no idea of how it was going to end up. The information concerning the Preah Khan Reach is rare and sparse. I first thought this project was beyond my capability to handle it; because of my limited resources and time constraint. Always an optimist, I did not allow anything to handicap me or get in my way to complete this project. During my research I discovered many stories and anecdotes that perked my curiosity even more. The more I dug into the story of Preah Khan Reach, the more I wanted to bring this story to life and share with people. After I completed writing about the Preah Khan Reach and sent my earlier draft to a few friends to read it, I felt that there was still a piece missing in this project. I had had another project in mind for a long time that I wanted to write but never had the time or the right condition to do it. I always wanted to write about the genealogy of Khmer kings and again I felt that the project was too big for an amateur like me to handle. After reviewing my writing on Preah Khan Reach, I decided that I needed to incorporate the genealogy of Khmer kings to complement the story. Throughout my research I have not found any authors or scholars that have a comprehensive genealogy of Khmer kings that starts from Funan - the origin of Cambodia – through Chenla, to the present day Cambodia. This genealogy is as comprehensive as it can be. I had to piece many documents together to come up with the final results that I presented herein as Figures I to XIV, in Appendix 1, and Figures A to K, in Appendix 2, for the territorial maps of Cambodia during various periods. There were many obstacles and difficulties in completing these genealogical figures because some sources gave conflicting dates for the reigns of the kings. The conflicting dates were due to many reasons but a few of those were as follows:

• The dates used in ancient period up to around the 19th century were mostly recorded in the Saka era. When modern chroniclers under the reign of Ang Chan II were asked to reconstruct events of the past, they sometimes forgot to convert the dates to the Christian era or got the dates easily mixed up because the Saka era and the Christian era are only off by 78 years (Christian Year = Saka Year + 78). These errors have been perpertuated in many of the accounts and have not been corrected. As an example, the dates shown by Adhémard Leclère in his book “Histoire du Cambodge” are off by many years for the reigns of certain kings. [2] Preah Khan Reach and The Genealogy of Khmer Kings – Copyright by Kenneth T. So ©

• The genealogy that is most uncertain and confusing occurred during the 14th and 15th centuries. Records during this period were destroyed due to many wars. To reestablish the records, King Poñea Yat (1432-1463) convened his ministers and tried to reconstruct past historical events by memories, but they could only go back twenty seven years. Therefore, the events prior to 1405 were very uncertain. • Most of the records were again lost during the wars in the 18th century. King Ang Chan II (1806-1834) put one of his ministers in charge of reconstructing the royal chronicles. The minister and his assistants depended mostly on the Annals of Ayuthia to rebuild the Khmer royal chronicles.

According to Briggs1, there were four kings reigning between 1405 and the start of the reign of king Poñea Yat. However, Moura1 accounted for six kings in this twenty-seven-year span. I decided to use Moura’s chronology of the reigns. Records under the Ming dynasty1 mentioned that between 1371 and 1403 a Chenla (the Chinese still called Cambodia by the name of Chenla) king by the name of Hou-eul-na (translated by Rémusat or Woub-kien-no, translated by Leon de Rosny) sent embassies to China ten times. Other records under a new Ming Emperor, Ching Sung1, mentioned that a Khmer king named Samdach Preah Phaya sent a tribute to China in 1404 and passed away one year later. The Chinese emperor sent a delegation to attend the king’s funeral in 1405 and at the same time witnessed the coronation of the king’s eldest son named Phing-ya, who historians identified as Nippean Bat. According to the same Chinese source, he carried the of Samdach Chao Phaya (Chieu Binh-na). My research did not come up with any historical documents or evidence supporting the story of Ta Chey’s (Ta Trasak Paêm) ascendancy to the throne after the reign of Jayavarman IX. However, I found out that the story of Ta Chey is not uniquely Khmer. There is a story very similar to Ta Chey that is told in Burma, which formed the foundation of the Pagan kingdom in 1044. The two stories are too similar to be a coincidence. Therefore, it seems that the story of Ta Chey may have originated from Burma. Because of the confusing and troublesome events during this period and the unreliable documentation that produced the Khmer royal chronicles, the story of Ta Chey cannot be classified as a historical event. The chroniclers may have mixed up the story of Ta Chey with another historical event that happened during the reign of Indravarman III (Srindravarman) from 1295 and 1303. The event was reported by Chou Ta-Kuan during his visit to Angkor. Indravarman III was entrusted with the command of king Jayavarman VIII’s army. He was purported to be of Samrè’s origin like Ta Chey. The Samrè people were the inhabitants of the southern and eastern regions of Angkor. They were fierce and able warriors from where most of the kings’ armies were recruited. Indravarman III was the lover of Princess Srindrabhupesvera – the daughter of King Jayavarman VIII. As he was in command of the king’s army, he also had big ambitions. He had the princess steal the Preah Khan Reach from her father and bring it to him. Upon learning that his sister had stolen the Preah Khan Reach, the crown prince prepared a counter-offensive to resist the take over by the usurper. However, Indravarman III made the first move and had the crown prince arrested, his toes cut off, and then incarcerated him. In the old tradition, when a prince had his toes cut off, this would prevent him from qualifying for the throne. Historical documents seem to suggest that Indravarman III forced the old and feeble king to abdicate. Having everything under his control, Indravarman III married the princess to legitimize his reign. He was crowned by the Chief Brahman Vidyesavid. Later on he married Suryalakshmi, the Chief brahman’s niece. The event seems to suggest there was a conspiracy and agreement between Indravarman III

[3] Preah Khan Reach and The Genealogy of Khmer Kings – Copyright by Kenneth T. So ©

and Vidyesavid. This historical event was so similar to the story of Ta Chey that the chroniclers may have mixed them up. Ta Chey’s ascendancy to the throne, as reported in the royal chronicles, did not coincide with the historical events mentioned in Chinese records during this period. However, the tale seems to fit better with the historical event of Indravarman III taking over the throne. The royal chronicles indicated that Ta Chey became king right after Jayavarman IX. Again, this is not supported by the Chinese records. Furthermore, the chronicles say that Nippean Bat was the son of Ta Chey, which again is not supported by any historical documents. The Chinese records clearly state that Nippean Bat (the Chinese called Samdach Chao Phaya or Phing-ya) was the son who reigned after the death of his father, who the Chinese called Samdach Preah Phaya. Based on historical documents, coupled with the story of Ta Chey, a conjecture can be made that Ta Chey may possibly be the historical King Indravarman III. Additionally, there was an obscure story claiming that Ta Suos reigned after his brother Ta Chey ahead of Nippean Bat. Intriguingly, the inscription of dated 1327 did not mention the reign of Indrajayavarman (Srindrajayavarman). It mentioned the reign of Indravarman III and then bypassed Indrajayavarman by going directly to Jayavarman IX. Historical records indicated that Indrajayavarman was a relative of Indravarman III. This raised a suspicion that Indrajayavarman may possibly be the mysterious Ta Suos, the so-called brother of Ta Chey. There were many usurpers in the history of Khmer monarchy, but none were as well- known as Sdach Kân (Sdach means monarch in Khmer). However, the story of how he came to power and the origin of his background were very obscure and well guarded. The details of the story had been clamped down for many generations because it was one of the darkest moments in the history of Khmer monarchy. This story is told so that lessons can be learned from it. An attempt is made here to report this story within the context of this paper. I am working on this project as a labor of love. I do not have a background as a historical researcher or a trained historian or a genealogist. I am pursuing on the whereabouts of Preah Khan Reach because the story intrigues me. I have my own suspicion on who would steal the Preah Khan Reach but it is not my place to speculate on this subject. I leave it for future scholars to pursue this matter. I am also presenting here a comprehensive genealogy of all Khmer kings and I hope this project is beneficial to Khmer people and any scholars who want to expand on my study. My purpose is to shed some light on obscure events. I apologize if I err in my conjecture or make mistakes in my study. I encourage everybody to learn Khmer history because it would enrich one’s knowledge and help the person to view and understand the history of Cambodia in a better context. I wrote this paper as a first person instead of a third person, the criteria to meet publication in a journal. I tried to use the third person but it did not flow as well, and I decided to abandon the idea. My intention is for people to enjoy reading the story and learn about it. People have heard about Preah Khan Reach and its importance, but most of them have not heard of the account that I described in this paper. If I can shed some light on this subject, I feel I have done my job.

Kenneth T. So ([email protected]) Aryasatya (Sanskrit) Chattaru Ariyasachchani (Pali) Chatuk Arey Sachak (Khmer) The Four Noble Truths (English)

June 18, 2008 [4] Preah Khan Reach and The Genealogy of Khmer Kings – Copyright by Kenneth T. So ©

INTRODUCTION

Historically, Preah Khan Reach – The Khmer Royal Sacred Sword – was considered the symbol of Khmer sovereignty and legitimacy to the throne for whoever possessed it. However, in modern time this symbolism has lost some of its luster because the foundation of the country is governed by its Constitution. In the case of Cambodia, the requirements to be King are governed by Articles 13 and 14 of the Constitution. Article 13 states that “the King of Cambodia shall be chosen by the Royal Council of the Throne.” Article 14 states that “the King of Cambodia shall be a member of the Royal family, of at least 30 years, descending from the blood line of King Ang Duong, King Norodom or King Sisowath.” In the case of King Norodom Sihamoni, he fulfilled both cases stated in Articles 13 and 14 of the Cambodian Constitution. Because of its importance and symbolism in ancient Cambodia, Preah Khan Reach was always well guarded to prevent it from being stolen. The guardian of Preah Khan Reach was entrusted to the Chief Brahman, which was also known under the name of Preah Esey-Phat. It was the job of the Chief Brahman to keep Preah Khan Reach safe and also to examine its blade from time to time. If the blade gave out a rusting color, then it would foretell a bad omen. The farthest historical reference that one can find about Preah Khan Reach dates back to the reign of Jayavarman II (~802-850 A.D.). According to the historical documents of Lawrence Palmer Briggs1, Georges Maspero2, and Oknha Veang Thiounn3, Jayavarman II left a Royal Sacred Sword – Preah Khan Reach – and a palladium to his son Jayavardhana who reigned from 850 to 877 A.D. under the name Jayavarman III. Jayavarman II was called the “guardian of the honor of the solar race of Sri Kambu.” The foundation of Cambodia (Kambuja) started during the Lunar Dynasty under the Funan period and the Solar Dynasty under the Chenla period. The Lunar Dynasty started in the first century between the unions of a Funan naga princess named Soma (Liu-Yeh, Willow Leaf) and Kaundinya (Hun-T’ieu). Kaundinya was reported to be the son of King Adityavamsa “Intapah” who was purportedly banished from Indraprashta, a town located about 20 miles south of Dehli, India. The Solar Dynasty was founded by a Brahman named Kambu Svayambhuva (Self- creating great hermit) and a Chenla princess named Mera, who was believed to be an of great beauty and elegance. Jayavarman II descended from another Solar Dynasty that was founded by Sambhuvarman in the 7th century during the reign of (a direct descendant from the Lunar Dynasty). During this period Funan had disappeared and was completely annexed by Chenla. The newly formed Solar Dynasty of Sambhupura broke away from the original Solar Dynasty and settled around Sambor and Kratié. Jayavarman II married a princess named Dharanindradevi Kambujalakshmi, a descendant from the Lunar Dynasty of Baladityapura (or Aninditapura) that broke away from the original Lunar Dynasty. This new Lunar Dynasty was formed during the reign of Isanavarman I in the 7th century [1]. A map showing the Khmer Empire at the height of its civilization is depicted in Figure 1.

[1] Genealogies of Jayavarman II and all Khmer kings up to the end of the Angkor period are shown in Figures I to III in Appendix 1.

[5] Preah Khan Reach and The Genealogy of Khmer Kings – Copyright by Kenneth T. So ©

NAN CHAO

M

A THAI Migration N

P Y U N

(BURMA) A

M e k o n g (K C

M O N S H C

LOUVO H H

E Vat Phu A

B H A V A P U R A Bassac M Preah Vihear N E K G R M A N Mount Mahendra P

D (Phnom Koulen) ANGKOR Sambhupura A L Isanapura E A F U N A N Indranapura AN THO R Lovek EY S Phnom Penh SR INDRAPURA R BATI Ba Phnom ) Angkor (Vyadhapura) Borei Oc Eo

CITY TEMPLE Note: Phnom Penh, Lovek, Bati are shown here only as reference points because they did not exist yet during this period.

Figure 1. Khmer Empire during the Height of its Civilization, Before the Appearance of Siam (From Jayavarman II to Jayavarman VII) [6] Preah Khan Reach and The Genealogy of Khmer Kings – Copyright by Kenneth T. So ©

CHAPTER I SDACH KÂN, THE USURPER

1. THE DISAPPEARANCE OF PREAH KHAN REACH The Brahman Chief, Preah Esey-Phat, and his Brahman helpers, Bakous, came to Cambodia during the Funan period and were the guardians of Khmer royal tradition and the Royal Sacred Sword. For a period of time the royal regalia that included the Sacred Sword, Sacred Bow, Arrows, and of Victory disappeared during the reign of the usurper Kân in 1498. After Kân assassinated his king, Srey Sokonthor Bat, the Brahman Chief (Preah Esey-Phat Suous) realized that he needed to secure the royal regalia from falling into the wrong hands. With his Bakou named Sūr, he fled the royal palace and put as much distance as he could from Kân and the Siam army that was invading Cambodia. They arrived in Bati and secretly hid the royal regalia in the trunk of a châmbâck tree growing near a pond in the Bati province1,4. Realizing that he did not have possession of the Royal Sacred Sword, Kân in his false glory had a fake sword made so that he could claim the throne1,4. In the meantime he issued a reward of 500 damloeung gold (approximately 18.5 kg) and a high position in his government to the person who would find the Royal Sacred Sword4.

2. THE ORIGIN OF SDACH KÂN This troubled period of the usurper Kân merits to be discussed more thoroughly since it was a very important part of Khmer history. Kân came from a pol (slave) family. He had a beautiful sister that his father (named Pichey Neak) and his mother (named Mé-Ban) had offered to King Srey Sokonthor Bat (brother of Prince Ang Chan) as snâm-êk (mistress of the first order). The king loved her so much that he rewarded her brother with a position and title of Khun Luong Preah Sdach Sammaha Sena Thipadey. After his sister bore the king a son (Poñea Yos Reachea), Kân with his newfound status of nobility started to feel more and more arrogant toward high dignitaries. His arrogance did not sit well with other people of nobilities and high positions within the government.

3. THE MEANING OF KING SREY SOKONTHOR BAT’S DREAM The night after the first day of Khmer New Year in 1508, the king dreamt that his kingdom was in trouble. He was running away from a big dragon spitting venom and flames that destroyed his capital. The dragon seized the royal parasol with his mouth and fled east. The king was very troubled by this dream. He gathered his royal families and high dignitaries in the deliberation room. As they were proceeding with the ceremony, the king saw two dragons, one male and one female, hovering above Kân’s head. At that moment the governor of informed the king that the water from the cave of Phnom Banônt, reserved for bath for the king, had become like a red lacquer. The king was very worried as he returned to his room. He called on Preah Esey-Phat Moha Reachea Krou (the Chief Brahman) and Preah Hora Thipadey (the great foreseer for the kingdom) to come to his room to interpret the meaning of his dream and of what he had seen in the deliberation room. At that moment the Chief Brahman told the king that he had found a stain of rust in the sheath, which was a sign of bad things to come. The foreseer interpreted the dream to mean that a person born in the year of the dragon would dispute his throne and would reign in the east.

[7] Preah Khan Reach and The Genealogy of Khmer Kings – Copyright by Kenneth T. So ©

All of this would seem to fit Kân since he was born in the year of the dragon. After a consultation with high dignitaries, the king had decided to have Kân drowned the next day during a fishing expedition. However, Kân was warned ahead by his sister and was able to escape the drowning by swimming under water to avoid the fishnet. After the escape he took refuge in the pagoda where he was raised and taught by the monks.

4. KÂN’S REVENGE Kân was a very cunning and clever man. He was able to raise an army by being audacious and fooling people into believing in him. One day he killed the governor of Ba- Phnom in front of all the officials. He declared that he did it in the name of Poñea Chan Reachea, who asked him to be the governor of the western part of Cambodia. The next day he said that he killed the governor by order of the king, who asked him to raise an army within the province. A few days later he said that the army was not raised for the king but for himself in order to place his nephew Poñea Yos at the throne. He then declared that those who sided with him would be well rewarded and placed in high positions in his government and all the pols would be set free and no longer be slaves. Very soon people started to join Kân, lured by his promise of high positions in his government. As Kân’s popularity started to spread, his sister (the king’s favorite mistress) and his parents wrote to him to stop his rebellion against the king. They begged him to return to the capital. Kân responded with a deception by saying that he would return to the capital as soon as he had finished disbanding his army and seen everybody returned home. In the meantime, the king decided not to attack Kân and waited for him to finish disbanding his army. Kân seized this opportunity to reinforce his army and told people that he did so under the king’s order to fight the rebel prince Chan Reachea, who was residing at Chatumuk (Phnom Penh). Words spread out and people started to talk about it and very soon Poñea Chan Reachea himself thought that the king was concocting a plan with Kân to get rid of him. Knowing that Kân and his sister were very close and that she was the king’s favorite mistress, the prince got scared and decided to leave Phnom Penh for Bangkok in 1508 and ask for Siam’s protection. After learning of the prince taking refuge in Siam, Kân said: “In the past I was afraid of only one person, Chau Poñea Chan Reachea. Now that he has fled to Siam, I am no longer scared and if we want it, the kingdom is ours.” When the king was told of his brother fleeing to Siam, he lamented: “Ah! My brother, you should not run away like this and abandon me in a time of need like now.” Pichey Neak, who was still loyal to the king volunteered to fight his own son, Kân. He promised and swore his loyalty to the king. Upon much consideration, the king agreed to Pichey Neak’s request and gave him a small army of 1,000 men to command. However, his small army was no match to his son’s big army of 50,000 men strong. At the end he was captured and made prisoner by his son. Finally, Kân was able to convince his father to switch his allegiance to him. Pichey Neak had betrayed his oath that he gave to the king. In an ironic twist of fate, he was killed as a result of an accident. It was reported that he fell on a sword with his throat badly injured. However, rumors spread that Kân had slashed the throat of his own father as the latter was trying to convince his son to have a change of heart and stop fighting the king. Kân was able to raise a large enough army to be equal to or even surpass that of the king. Even with his big army, he was not able to defeat that of the king until he resorted to treachery by luring Neak Moeun Seraun into his camp by promising him a position of Yumareach (Chief of Justice). Moeun Seraun was the son of Chau Poñea Yuthea Sangkream (Minister of War). He blamed the king for the death of his father by sending the latter with a [8] Preah Khan Reach and The Genealogy of Khmer Kings – Copyright by Kenneth T. So ©

small army to battle the big army of Kân. He deceived the king by feigning his alliance and entering the royal palace with his army of 200 men. He succeeded by assassinating the king on March 15, 1512. Upon hearing of King Srey Sokhontor Bat’s death, Ang Chan (Poñea Chan Reachea), asked permission from the king of Siam to allow him to return to Cambodia. The king refused to grant the prince’s request. Finally, Ang Chan was able to trick Siam’s king into giving him 500 men under his command for the purpose of capturing the white elephant that was seen in Cambodia. Upon hearing that prince Ang Chan was returning from Siam, people started to follow and enlist into his army. Very soon he was able to build a strong army to fight the reigning usurper, Kân.

[9] Preah Khan Reach and The Genealogy of Khmer Kings – Copyright by Kenneth T. So ©

CHAPTER II THE RISE OF KING ANG CHAN AND THE DEFEAT OF SDACH KÂN

1. THE REAPPEARANCE OF PREAH KHAN REACH In 1516, Prince Ang Chan was invited by his officers and members of his royal family to accept the title of King. The prince accepted the title but would not go through the ceremony until he had defeated Kân. Finally, after many battles, King Ang Chan conquered Kân’s army and had him killed. After the war, the king of Siam wanted the Khmer monarch to pay tribute to the Siam kingdom. He demanded that King Ang Chan send the magnificent white elephant that he possessed as a tribute to Siam. King Ang Chan refused to obey because to do so would put Cambodia into a vassal state of Siam. Upon hearing King Ang Chan’s refusal, the Siam king decided to teach the new Khmer king a lesson. Sensing that Cambodia was weakened after the exhausting civil war against Kân, the Siam king sent his fresh army to invade Angkor. King Ang Chan hastily recruited Khmer volunteers, who were very enthusiastic to fight the invading Siam army. At Angkor, the Khmer army thoroughly defeated the Siam army and took 10,000 prisoners. From that time on, the village at Angkor was called Siem Reap4. The Sacred Sword did not resurface until 1539 under the reign of King Ang Chan, who was also known as Chan Reachea [2]. A boy named Suos (no relation to Preah Esey-Phat Suous) found the royal regalia that were hidden by Preah Esey-Phat Suous during the reign of the usurper Kân. The Brahman Chief had died of old age, and his helper Sūr had died while trying to retrieve the Sword to give to Kân in exchange for a reward. He was bitten by a cobra that lived inside the trunk of the châmbâck tree. After seeing the royal regalia, the boy alerted the Bati governor, who in turn reported the finding to King Ang Chan. A big ceremony ensued to retrieve the Preah Khan Reach1,4. Ang Chan was a great king. He restored Cambodia and the monarchy to its former dignity by vanquishing the usurper Kân, standing tall and not bowing to the threat from the Siam king, defeating the invading Siam army, and recuperating the lost Preah Khan Reach. He was 79 years old when he died. He was a well-loved, just, pious, and charitable king.

2. THE REMOVAL OF PREAH KHAN REACH FROM CAMBODIA While doing some research into Khmer history during the period of Lok Mchas of Battambang (Abhai Thibès Bèn), an interesting story emerged. Khin Sok mentioned that in 1783, Chaovéa Tolha Bèn (he did not receive the title of Abhai Thibès or Chao Phraya Aphai Pubet from Siam King Chakrei - Rama I - until he returned to Cambodia) decided to send the Royal Sacred Sword (Preah Khan Reach) to the Siam King by his own decision without even consulting Okgna Veang Pok14. He further said that the Siam king returned the Preah Khan Reach to Cambodia for the coronation of King Ang Eng in 179414, [3]. The current Khmer royal descendants are mainly from the bloodline of King Ang Eng. National Geographic took a picture of the Khmer Royal Regalia (Figure 2) in 192011.

[2] Genealogies of King Ang Chan and his ancestors after the Angkor period are shown in Figures IV and V in Appendix 1. [3] The genealogy of King Ang Eng is shown in Figure VI in Appendix 1.

[10] Preah Khan Reach and The Genealogy of Khmer Kings – Copyright by Kenneth T. So ©

This is the best color picture of the Preah Khan Reach that is archived. Clearly one can see that the scabbard is made of gold, as had been described by Chou Ta-Kuan when he mentioned that the king appeared at the window with his golden sword in his hand4. The following was an account described by Chou Ta-Kuan12 as a chronicler traveling with envoys from the Chinese embassy to Angkor in 1296-1297 (The English account was translated by J. Gilam d’Arcy Paul from the French version by Paul Pelliot of Chou Ta- Kuan’s original text):

“I have heard it said that in previous reigns the marks of the King’s chariot wheels were never seen outside the palace gates – a precaution against unforeseen violence. The present ruler is the son-in-law of his predecessor, who, devoted as he was to his daughter, gave her the chance to steal the golden sword (of office) and give it to her husband, thus depriving her brother of the succession.”

Figure 2. Khmer Royal Regalia Showing the Preah Khan Reach with its Golden Scabbard (National Geographic, 1920)

3. THE MYSTERY OF THE SECOND DISAPPEARANCE OF PREAH KHAN REACH According to King Father Norodom Sihanouk’s official biographer, Julio A. Jeldres, the Preah Khan Reach (Royal Sacred Sword) and Preah Lompèng Chey (August Spear of Victory) that were preserved at the Ho Samrech Pavilion in the Royal Palace (Figure 3) disappeared after the 1970 coup d’état18. Another picture (Figure 4), taken before the coup d’état, shows a Bakou holding the Preah Khan Reach in his hands19. A picture of King Norodom Sihamoni standing with the Royal Regalia is shown in Figure 5. [11] Preah Khan Reach and The Genealogy of Khmer Kings – Copyright by Kenneth T. So ©

The genealogies of Khmer kings from Ang Duong to Norodom Sihanouk and Norodom Sihamoni are shown in Figures VII to XII in Appendix 1. A summary of all Khmer kings’ reigning chronology from the foundation of Cambodia - back from the Funan time - to present Cambodia are shown in Figures XIII and XIV in Appendix 1. Photographs of Khmer kings, princes, and princesses are shown in Appendix 2.

Figure 3. Preah Khan Reach (The Royal House of Cambodia by Julio A. Jedres) Photo from Musée Albert Kahn, Boulogne, France (Léon Busy)

Figure 4. Preah Khan Reach (Le Palais du Roi du Cambodge by Julio A. Jeldres) Photo from Archives R. Viollet [12] Preah Khan Reach and The Genealogy of Khmer Kings – Copyright by Kenneth T. So ©

Figure 4. King Norodom Sihamoni with Royal Regalia (Photo from RFP)

Figure 5. King Norodom Sihamoni with Royal Regalia (Photo from RFP)

The second disappearance of Preah Khan Reach from the Royal Palace, after the coup d’état of , 1970, was very intriguing. What is unclear is when the Royal Regalia disappeared. Did they disappear right after the coup d’état under the regime, or five years later when the Khmer Rouge entered Phnom Penh on April 17, 1975? Or did they disappear after the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia on January 7, 1979? I tried to find the answer to this mystery through many inquiries but was unsuccessful in my quest.

[13] Preah Khan Reach and The Genealogy of Khmer Kings – Copyright by Kenneth T. So ©

CHAPTER III THE THAI ROYAL SWORD OF VICTORY

1. PHRA SAENG KHAN CHAI SI As I was researching on the disappearance of Preah Khan Reach, a friend of mine pointed out that a Thai website (http://www.chiangmai-chiangrai.com/royal- regalia_utensils.html) showed the picture of the Phra Saeng Khan Chai Si, the Thai Royal Sword of Victory (Figure 6). It then stated:

"The Sword of Victory is considered a foremost emblem of sovereignty, symbolizing the king as a warrior with the duty of protecting his people. The blade of the sword comes from Cambodia; its neck, between handle and blade, is adorned with a gold inlaid miniature image of mounting his . King Rama 1 ordered a hilt and scabbard made in gold and encrusted with jewels."

Figure 6. Phra Saeng Khan Chai Si – The Thai Royal Sword of Victory (http://www.chiangmai-chiangrai.com/royal-regalia_utensils.html)

I wrote a letter to the author of the website, asking for the reference on the information described above. The author stated that it would take a long time to find the reference but promised to let me know when it is available. I wanted to dig deeper into this story because it intrigued me even more. After a few e- mail exchanges, I was told of an article written by Colonel Gerolamo Emilio Gerini (1860- 1913), a well-known Italian writer on Siam and Eastern Asia, on the subject of the Thai [14] Preah Khan Reach and The Genealogy of Khmer Kings – Copyright by Kenneth T. So ©

Royal Sword of Victory. He was the founder of the Siam Society Journal, a director of the Thai Army Academy, and worked for King Chulalongkorn of Siam. In addition to Italian, he was fluent in Thai, English, French, Chinese, , and Pali. I was made aware that Col. Gerini had stated that the Khmer Royal Sword, Preah Khandga Jaya, was taken from the Khmer throne by Chao Phraya Aphai Phubet (aka Abhai Thibès Bèn, aka Lok Mchas) and presented to Rama I (aka King Chakrei, aka Preah Put Yatfa Chulalohk) on April 25, 178313. It has since formed part of the regalia of Thai Kings. Based on Col. Gerini’s article and the Thai website indicated above, one can almost conclude that the Preah Khan Reach that King Rama I returned to Cambodia for the coronation of King Ang Eng - as stated by Dr. Khin Sok’s book “Le Cambodge entre le Siam et le Vietnam” - was a replica of the original Khmer Royal Sacred Sword. The more I look into this story the more I am curious about the origin of the Thai Royal Sword of Victory. I found a photograph of King Chulalongkorn (Rama V: 1868-1910) sitting on a royal chair with the Thai Royal Regalia displayed by his sides (Figure 7). In the photo one can clearly see the Thai Royal Sword of Victory laying on a table on the king’s right side. The Sword looks almost identical to the Khmer Preah Khan Reach shown in Figures 2, 3, and 4 above.

Figure 7. King Chulalongkorn (Rama V) of Thailand (http://www.theroyalforums.com/forums/f88/king-bhumibol-adulyadej-s-diamond- jubilee-june-2006-a-8814-20.html)

As I dug further, I found a photo of King Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX: 1946-Present) standing up and slightly pulling the Thai Royal Sword of Victory out of its sheath as shown in Figure 8 below.

[15] Preah Khan Reach and The Genealogy of Khmer Kings – Copyright by Kenneth T. So ©

Figure 8. King Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX: 1946-Present) http://www.theroyalforums.com/forums/f88/king-bhumibol-adulyadej-s-diamond-jubilee- june-2006-a-8814-3.html

[16] Preah Khan Reach and The Genealogy of Khmer Kings – Copyright by Kenneth T. So ©

CHAPTER IV THE COMPARISONS

1. COMPARISONS BETWEEN PREAH KHAN REACH AND PHRA SAENG KHAN CHAI SI The information concerning Phra Saeng Khan Chai Si (Thai Royal Sword of Victory) is rare and hard to obtain. Photographs of the Sword are not readily available. Due to my limited resources and time constraint, I can only come up with mediocre photos of the Sword. As a compromise, enlarged photos of the Preah Khan Reach and the Phra Saeng Khan Chai Si are displayed next to each other for comparison and discussion purposes. They are shown in Figures 9a and 9b for Preah Khan Reach and in Figures 10a and 10b for Phra Saeng Khan Chai Si. As one can see, the two look very similar. The Khmer Sword in Figure 9a shows the blade slightly pulled out of its sheath like Figure 10b of the Thai Sword. Figure 9b shows the Khmer Sword with the blade completely out of its sheath. The Thai Sword in Figure 10a shows the blade resting completely inside its sheath. It seems that the sheaths for both Swords are similar but not alike. The handle of the Khmer Sword looks almost identical to that of the Thai Sword. The top portions of the Khmer blade (Figures 9a and 9b) and the Thai blade (Figure 10b) are again almost identical. Observe the part of the handle where it meets the blade. Both parts look identical. Both Swords have intricate carving on the handles and sheaths. It seems that the statements made on the website saying that the blade of the Sword of Victory came from Cambodia is consistent with the observation made in Figures 9a, 9b, 10a, and 10b. According to the same statement, the Thai scabbard is made of gold like that of the Khmer scabbard. It would be too obvious for the Thai to keep the Khmer Sword and give a copy to Cambodia. Since most people only paid attention to the outer form of the Sword, which was the scabbard, it was therefore very logical that the Thai kept the blade of the Preah Khan Reach but gave the original scabbard to Cambodia. The only person who would know the differences between the original blade and a copied blade may be the Chief Brahman, Preah Esey-Phat, since it was his job to safeguard and take care of the Preah Khan Reach. It is very doubtful that anybody else besides the Chief Brahman would notice the differences between the original blade and the copied blade.

[17] Preah Khan Reach and The Genealogy of Khmer Kings – Copyright by Kenneth T. So ©

Figure 9a. Preah Khan Reach - Khmer Royal Sword (National Geographic)

Figure 9b. Preah Khan Reach – Khmer Royal Sacred Sword (Royal House of Cambodia)

Figure 10a. Phra Saeng Khan Chai Si - Thai Royal Sword of Victory (Under King Rama V)

Figure 10b. Phra Saeng Khan Chai Si - Thai Royal Sword of Victory (Under King Rama IX)

[18] Preah Khan Reach and The Genealogy of Khmer Kings – Copyright by Kenneth T. So ©

CHAPTER V HISTORICAL DISCUSSIONS OF THE SWORDS

1. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE During the First International Tamil Conference that took place in Kuala Lumpur, from 18 to 23 April 1966, S. Singaravelu presented his paper titled “Some Aspects of South Indian Cultural Contacts with Thailand: Historical Background” that discussed the coronation of Thai Kings. He mentioned that the coronation of the present Thai monarch dated back to the during the reign of King Rama I. He described how the ceremony took place. He further stated that the High Priest of Siva handed to the King the Royal Regalia that consisted of the Golden Sandals, Fan, Scepter, Great Crown of Victory, and Sword of Victory. In his seminar, S. Singaravelu said that the Sword dated back to the time of Khmer King Suryavarman I (1010-1050 A.D.). As pointed out earlier, the Sword dated back further, all the way to the Funan period during the reign of King Jayavarman II. S. Singaravelu erroneously stated that the Sword was presented by a later Khmer monarch to King Rama I. He confused Chaovéa Tolha Bèn for a Khmer monarch. Chaovéa Tolha Bèn essentially ruled Cambodia in the absence of a king during the turmoil period. It is remarkable that the traditional coronations of Thai kings, which were borrowed from the Khmer, coincidentally did not start until Chaovéa Tolha Bèn gave the stolen Preah Khan Reach to King Rama I.

2. PREAH KHAN REACH STARTED WITH JAYAVARMAN II Throughout history, Preah Khan Reach was the centerpiece of dispute for the throne. Jayavarman II left the Sacred Sword to his son Jayavarman III as legitimacy to his reign. When King Srey Reachea (Reamea Thipadey) was leading his army to fight the Thai and left his brother Thommo Reachea in charge of the country in Phnom Penh, the latter started to behave like a king while he was residing in the capital city with the Preah Khan Reach by his side. As Prince Noreay Reachea (Noreay Reamea Thipadey) started to rebel against his uncle, the king, Thommo Reachea felt that he was also entitled to be king. There were essentially three kings reigning in Cambodia during that period. As a sign of breaking up from his brother, Thommo Reachea sent King Srey Reachea’s wives, who had resided in Phnom Penh, to join the king in the battlefront. Thommo Reachea kept the Preah Khan Reach close to him. Kân, who usurped the throne by killing his own king, promised a big reward for the person who could bring him the missing Preah Khan Reach. He died without having touched or seen the Sacred Sword.

3. STOLEN PREAH KHAN REACH BY VIETNAM RETURNED TO CAMBODIA The reign during King Ang Duong was a troubling period. Cambodia was under Thailand domination. Ang Duong was crowned king under the consent of both Thailand and Vietnam. Cambodian royal families retained by Vietnam were exchanged for Vietnamese prisoners captured by Cambodia. The treaty for the exchanged of prisoners between Cambodia and Vietnam was ratified in June 1846 under Thailand’s consent. The Preah Khan Reach that was stolen by Vietnam was returned to King Ang Duong. He had the Sacred Sword safely secured at under a special pavilion4.

[19] Preah Khan Reach and The Genealogy of Khmer Kings – Copyright by Kenneth T. So ©

4. PREAH KHAN REACH TAKEN BY SIAM AND KEPT AT BANGKOK As Cambodia was a vassal state under Thailand, King Ang Duong had his children raised in Bangkok in order to keep them safe from the war that Cambodia was waging against Vietnam. Ten months after the death of King Ang Duong, Thailand seized on the youthfulness and inexperienced of the new king, Norodom, and took the Preah Khan Reach from Oudong and brought it to Thailand for safekeeping either to prevent it from falling into Vietnam’s hand again or as a security deposit to control the king’s reign. During the reign of King Ang Duong, Cambodia was totally under the Thai’s control. Cambodia had lost Battambang, Sisophon, and to Thailand. Thailand had placed spies everywhere at the court of Oudong. To get out of the Thai’s manacles, King Norodom (who had not been properly consecrated yet) sought out help from France. The Thai king declared that he would come to Cambodia himself to crown Norodom, but French Admiral La Grandière refused to allow it. Without the Preah Khan Reach that was still in Bangkok, the crowning ceremony of Norodom could not be completed. Finally under French pressure, the Thai king agreed to return the Preah Khan Reach that Thailand had taken from Cambodia in August 1861. Norodom was officially crowned king of Cambodia on June 3, 1864, with all the royal regalia present.

5. THE FRENCH ROLE After many negotiations and pressure from the French government, Thailand relinquished her suzerainty over Battambang, Sisophon, and Siem Reap. The population of Cambodia during the reign of King Norodom was less than a million. With such a small population, Cambodia could have been easily absorbed by Siam or Vietnam. If it were not for France, Cambodia would not have survived and may have lost half her territory to Siam and the other half to Vietnam. Angkor would have no longer been part of Cambodia. Figure 11 shows the population of Cambodia from 1874 to 2008. Figure 12 shows the Cambodia territory that Siam ceded to France in 1909 that she had captured from Cambodia in 1893.

20

15

10

(Million) POPULATION

5

0 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 YEAR Figure 11. The Population of Cambodia Between 1874 and 2008 (Sources: http://countrystudies.us/cambodia/40.htm, http://www.nis.gov.kh/, First census in 1962 by the Cambodia (The Kingdom of Cambodia)

[20] Preah Khan Reach and The Genealogy of Khmer Kings – Copyright by Kenneth T. So ©

Hanoi B U R M A Vientiane A

N S I A M Hué

N Sukhothai

A

Ayuthia M Siem Reap Bangkok CAMBODIA Battambang Phnom Penh Saigon (Prey Nokor) COCHIN CHINA (Kampuchea Krom)

Ca mbodian territory occupied by Siam from 1893 and ceded to France in 1909

Figure 12. Map of Cambodia in the Late 19th Century and Early 20th Century

[21] Preah Khan Reach and The Genealogy of Khmer Kings – Copyright by Kenneth T. So ©

In 1907 France and Siam agreed to the frontier dividing Cambodia and Siam in the Preah Vihear region. It was known as the Line of French-Siamese Commission 1907. In spite of this agreement, Thailand contested that the Temple of Preah Vihear belonged to her. The issue was brought to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in Hague, Netherlands. On June 15, 1962, the ICJ made a judgment recognizing that the Temple of Preah Vihear belonged to Cambodia based on the Line of French-Siamese Commission 1907. Thailand accepted the verdict. However, over the years Thailand has unilaterally redrawn the map that contradicts the ICJ judgment. The demarcations of the frontier surrounding the Temple of Preah Vihear are shown in Figures 13 to 17. The French saved Cambodia from Thailand but not from Vietnam. The Vietnamese, under the court of Huê, occupied Cambodia from 1835 to 1847 after the death of King Ang Chan. After the death of King Ang Chan in 1835, Cambodia was in great turmoil because the king did not have any male heir to the throne. He had only four daughters, namely Princesses Ang Pen, Ang Mei, Ang Peou, and Ang Snguon. During the reign of King Ang Chan, the Vietnamese had already occupied Cambodia and the two princes, and Ang Duong were retained by Siam. The Vietnamese emperor, Minh Mang, wanted one of the Vietnamese princes to marry one of Ang Chan’s daughters. Princess Ang Pen, being the eldest, vehemently refused to allow any of her sisters (including herself) to marry any Vietnamese prince. Because of Princess Ang Pen's refusal, Emperor Minh Mang decided to put Princess Ang Mei on the throne and called her Ngoc-van. She was the first female (with the exception of the mother of Chey Chesda, who was queen for seven days while her son spent his monskhood in the pagoda of Sokun Mean Bon at Oudong) to ever become queen. He gave her the title of Ba Quan Chua (Master of all mandarins) and prevented her from having any contacts with the court of Siam. To add insult to injury, Emperor Minh Mang made Princess Ang Peou an Obareach (a title normally reserved for a crown prince) and called her Ngoc-tu. He assigned new names to Princesses Ang Pen and Ang Snguon as Ngoc-bien and Ngoc-nguyen, respectively. Not only did the Vietnamese emperor Minh Mang give Vietnamese names to the Khmer princesses, but he asked his administration to combine the 56 Khmer provinces into 33’s and rename them to Vietnamese names. The new names that Emperor Minh Mang gave to the Khmer provinces are presented in Figure 184,14. During the Vietnamese occupation of Cambodia from 1835 to 1847, Khmer mandarins and intellectuals were systematically killed. Khmer people, who were already very poor, were ordered to pay with all kinds of goods to the court oh Huê. Cambodia was essentially annexed by Vietnam. Before the French granted independence to Indochina in 1954, she ceded without Cambodia’s consent the Kampuchea Krom territory (which occupied most of Cochinchina) to Vietnam. The names of Cambodia provinces in Kampuchea Krom were changed to Vietnamese names (Figure 19).

.

[22] Preah Khan Reach and The Genealogy of Khmer Kings – Copyright by Kenneth T. So ©

Figure 13. Extract from the International Court of Justice Report 1962 – The French-Siamese Commission 1907 (Scale 1:200,000) (Courtesy Bora Touch. Note in blue added by Bora Touch for clarity) [23] Preah Khan Reach and The Genealogy of Khmer Kings – Copyright by Kenneth T. So ©

Figure 14. Thai Internal Working Document - The Official Thai Map (Scale 1:10,000) (Courtesy Bora Touch. Note in blue and green color added by Bora Touch for clarity)

Figure 15. Thai Internal Working Document - The French-Siamese Commission Map Made in 1907 (Scale 1:200,000) (Courtesy Bora Touch. Note in blue added by Bora Touch for Clarity) [24] Preah Khan Reach and The Genealogy of Khmer Kings – Copyright by Kenneth T. So ©

Figure 16. Extract from the Aide Memoire of Cambodia Royal Government 1962 (Scale 1:6,000) (Courtesy Bora Touch. Note in blue added by Bora Touch for clarity)

Demarcation unilaterally claimed by Thailand

Demarcation of the French-Siamese Commission made in 1907 that was accepted by Thailand after the International Court of Justice (ICJ) judgment in 1962

Figure 17. Lines of Demarcation Based on the French-Siamese Commission 1907 and on Unilate ral Claim by Thailand

Note: Red and blue notes added by Kenneth T. So to differentiate between the two claims. Lines shown are approximate and not to scale [25] Preah Khan Reach and The Genealogy of Khmer Kings – Copyright by Kenneth T. So ©

Cambodian Name Vietnamese Name Cambodian Name Vietnamese Name Phnom Penh Nam-biang or Trân-tay Saigon, Prey Nokor (Forest City) ? Than-thu City ? Tam-dôn Prey Kor Gia Dinh Kampeap Sroka Trey ?Tuy-lap Bien Hoa Peam Mean Chey Banam (Fish Scale) Bariya or Bari Phsar Dek Koh Anchien Bunh-tiên Sadet ?Kha-bat(Iron Market) Prey Veng La-vên Po Loeuh Bac Lieu Envichey Hai-dông Tuk Khmau (Black Water) Camau ? Kim-tuong Bay Chhau (Raw Rice) Bay Xau Peam Mean Chey ? Chau-trung My Thang ?Caâu(Confluence of Victory) ?Vang-vanSrok Trang Soctrang Peam Me Sen ? Ha-binh Donnayngai ? Trung-loi (River of Sacrifice) Sambaur Sanphu Kramoun Sar (White Wax) Rach Gia Prek Roeussey Sambok Sanb-bôc Can Thoeu ?Tâm-vu(Bamboo River) Au Mor ? Khai-biên O Mon ? Hai-tay (Underground Brook) Kampoul Meas Koh Sutin Kha-sum Binh Thuy ?Thé-lap(Golden Summit) ? Tâm-Cai Moat Chrouk (Pig Mouth) Chaudoc Lovêk Lô-viêt Barach (Excommunicated) Long Xuyen Samrong Tong Long-tôn Muonh Kham Hatien Peam (River Mouth) Hatien ? Quang-biên Preah Trapeang Tra Vinh ?Hoa-gi (?)(Sacred Pond) ? Chan-tai Kompong Roeussey Bentre ?Y-gi (?)(Shore of Bamboo) ? Chan-thanh Long Hor Vinh Lomg ?Mât-LuâtKoh Kong Go Cong ?Om-ânKompong Ko Truong An Kratié Canché (Shore of Cow) (Tan An) Kanhchor Cân-gio Ban Lech Ben Luc

Figure 18. The 33 Cambodia Provinces Figure 19. Cambodia Provinces in Renamed during the Vietnamese Occupation Kampuchea Krom (Cochinchina) of the Country Between 1835 and 1847 Given to Vietnam After France Granted Independence to Indochina in 1954

[26] Preah Khan Reach and The Genealogy of Khmer Kings – Copyright by Kenneth T. So ©

CHAPTER VI LEGITIMACY

1. INDRAVARMAN III AND PREAH KHAN REACH Indravarman III (1295-1307 A.D.), who succeeded Jayavarman VIII (1243-1295 A.D.), was not of royal blood. He was the lover of the king’s daughter. He was in charge of the army. He was believed to be of Samrè origin, the tribe that produced the best warriors. The Samrè people, often found in the mountain region of the southern and eastern parts of Angkor were recruited to fill the king’s army. They were in charge of capturing elephants and training them for battles. As Cambodia’s territory diminished, so did her ability to capture more elephants. Elephants were the equivalent of modern tanks in battles. With the king old and infirm, his daughter stole the Preah Khan Reach and gave it to her lover. Now possessing the Sacred Sword, Indravarman III forced the king to abdicate, cut off the toes of the crowned prince, and then had him imprisoned. After putting down the revolt, he was crowned king under the name of Indravarman III1,4,12. He thus legitimized his ascension to the throne by possessing the Royal Sacred Sword and marrying the king’s daughter.

2. THE CHAKRI DYNASTY There is a parallel in Siam history also. General Chakri, who was given command of the Siam army, turned against his own king. According to the account in Khin Sok’s book15, Gen. Chakri accused King Thaksin of madness and despotism. The General sent his army commander, Soriya Abhai, to arrest the king and neutralize his army that was under the command of Poñea Sakborei. Finally, Gen. Chakri gave the order to execute King Thaksin, his entire family, and relatives. Gen. Chakri took power in 1782 and proclaimed himself king under the name of Somdet Phra Phutta Yod Fah Chulalohk Maha Raj, also known as King Rama I. He was the founder of the current Chakri dynasty. Was Gen. Chakri imitating the success of Kân, who killed his own king, seized power, and reigned for ten years from 1512 to 1522? Unlike Gen. Chakri who founded the Chakri dynasty, Sdach Kân’s reign was relatively short. Finally he was killed by Ang Chan, the prince he feared the most.

3. THE SYMBOLISM OF PREAH KHAN REACH In ancient times, even up to the reign of King Norodom, the crowning ceremony would not be complete without including the Preah Khan Reach and all the royal regalia. The symbolism of holding the Sacred Sword in a hand was very powerful. When Chou Ta-Kuan was sent to Angkor, by Timur Khan one year after the reign of Indravaraman III, he made an observation about the king holding a golden sword (presumably it was Preah Khan Reach) when he appeared at the window to greet people. Since Indravarman III gained the throne by force and by stealing the Preah Khan Reach from the king, he wanted to show people his legitimacy to the throne by holding the Sacred Sword in his hand to signify that he was in control and also that the Sword was now in his possession. That was a powerful symbol. Now, the symbol of holding the Preah Khan Reach is no longer relevant because the country is governed by the Constitution. Legitimacy is based wholly on the Constitution.

[27] Preah Khan Reach and The Genealogy of Khmer Kings – Copyright by Kenneth T. So ©

CHAPTER VII THE WHEREABOUTS OF THE PREAH KHAN REACH

1. DID THE PREAH KHAN REACH DISAPPEAR AFTER THE COUP D’ETAT? According to Khmer tradition, the person who both owned the Royal Sacred Sword (Preah Khan Reach) and the August Spear of Victory (Preah Lompèng Chey) is the true heir of the Khmer Kingdom. This belief was only partially true because, according to Jean Moura and Etienne Aymonier as described by Lawrence Palmer Briggs1, the crowned king must also be a descendant of a king not going beyond the fifth generation. As mentioned earlier, the Royal Sacred Sword and the August Spear of Victory disappeared after the 1970 coup d’état. What is not certain was the time and date of the Royal Regalia’s disappearance. After fruitless inquiries, I decided to analyze the situation and circumstances under which they disappeared. And, I hope there must be someone still alive who can answer this intriguing question. Let’s first assume that the Royal Regalia disappeared under the Lon Nol regime. If that is the case, then who would be bold or foolish enough to steal the Preah Khan Reach? What were their intentions of stealing the Sacred Sword? Where was the Brahman Chief, Preah Esey-Phat, at this time? What was his role whenever an overthrow of a monarch took place? Is the Sacred Sword still buried somewhere in Cambodia or is it in private collection somewhere? Due to the events of the coup d’état escalating rapidly into a dangerous situation, the country was in such turmoil that anybody could have taken advantage of the chaos to steal the Sacred Sword. Concerning the role of the Brahman Chief, he may have been caught by surprise in the fast turning of event. He may not have thought that the coup d’état would have led to the abolition of the monarchy. He, like everyone else, may have thought that the problem would quickly resolve with Prince Norodom Sihanouk returning to Cambodia to reestablish peace and harmony.

2. DID THE PREAH KHAN REACH DISAPPEAR UNDER THE KHMER ROUGE? On the other hand, let’s assume that the Royal Regalia disappeared under the Khmer Rouge regime. Who would be the person, or persons, who stole the Preah Khan Reach and the Preah Lompèng Chey? Would the first Khmer Rouge unit that entered Phnom Penh have decided on its own to ransack the Royal Palace and steal the Royal Regalia without realizing its historical importance to the country? If they were to steal the Royal Regalia, would they have reported it to their superior (Angkar Leu)? From my understanding of how the Khmer Rouge system worked, it is unfathomable to believe that they would have dared to hide their findings from their superior and keep it for themselves. In addition, where would they have hidden it without raising suspicions from their superiors? Therefore, if one were to believe that the Royal Regalia was stolen from the Royal Palace during the Khmer Rouge regime, it had to have been be instructions from the highest Angkar chain of commands. The persons that may be able to answer these questions are the current Khmer Rouge high-ranking survivors. As to the Brahman Chief, he may not have been able to secure the Preah Khan Reach and hide it because he may have been away from the Royal Palace when the Khmer Rouge invaded Phnom Penh. The command from the Khmer Rouge that ordered everyone to leave Phnom Penh at once may have caught the Brahman Chief by surprise and did not give him enough time to hide the Preah Khan Reach in a safe place.

[28] Preah Khan Reach and The Genealogy of Khmer Kings – Copyright by Kenneth T. So ©

3. DID THE PREAH KHAN REACH DISAPPEAR UNDER THE VIETNAMESE OCCUPATION OF CAMBODIA? If the Preah Khan Reach was still preserved in the Royal Palace under the Lon Nol and Khmer Rouge regime, then it must have disappeared under the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia in January 7, 1979. If this is the case, then Vietnam must return the Preah Khan Reach to Cambodia like she did it in 1846.

[29] Preah Khan Reach and The Genealogy of Khmer Kings – Copyright by Kenneth T. So ©

CHAPTER VIII CONCLUSION AND EPILOGUE

There are two mysteries to be solved. The first one concerns the authenticity of the Preah Khan Reach. Was the Khmer Royal Sacred Sword that Thai King Rama I returned to Cambodia and used during King Ang Eng’s coronation the original Sword, or just a replica? The second one concerns the whereabouts of the Preah Khan Reach that disappeared from the Ho Samrech Pavilion at the Royal Palace after the March 18, 1970 coup d’état. If one could have access to, or get better photographs of the Thai Royal Sword of Victory, one could compare it to the Khmer Royal Sacred Sword and come up with a better assessment of the two Swords. Was the blade of Phra Saeng Khan Chai Si the original blade that belonged to the Preah Khan Reach? Where did the Thai Sword of Victory come from? Why does it resemble so closely with the Preah Khan Reach? The living Khmer Rouge high-ranking officials such as and may be able to shed some light on whether the Preah Khan Reach was still in the Royal Palace when they entered Phnom Penh in April 17, 1975. If they can positively tell us that it was not there, then we can almost conclude that it disappeared under the Lon Nol regime. On the other hand, if they can confirm that it was still there before the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia, then it is very likely that it is now in the Vietnamese possession. In addition to its importance as a symbol of Khmer sovereignty, the Preah Khan Reach is a piece of history that defined our Khmer nation. The whereabouts of the Preah Khan Reach must be pursued by all Khmers and scholars to reach a final conclusion. Will the mysteries of the Preah Khan Reach ever be solved? The real answer probably rests with the Thai Royal Court. If the Thai Royal Court can answer once and for all that the Thai Royal Sword of Victory is actually the original Khmer Royal Sacred Sword, then the mystery of Preah Khan Reach will be solved. In the meantime, we have to wait and be faced with this unresolved mystery. As a final thought, I would like to conclude with the discussion on the meaning of . According to the inscription of Tuol Kuk Prasat at Sambor, the worship of Devaraja on Mount Mahendra (Phnom Koulen) was introduced by Jayavarman II at the beginning of his reign. I have never been satisfied with the translation of Devaraja as God- King in all the test books without given further explanations to its true meaning. I am not a linguist expert, but my understanding of Khmer history unable me to provide my personal opinion on this matter. As we all know, raja means king. We can all agree on that. However, it is the interpretation of the word that is in question. There are different variations for the meaning of this word. One meaning attributes deva as a divinity who exists in a realm higher than the normal human being, but yet he is mortal. The second meaning indicates a Brahman in the form of a personal god. The third meaning is a celestial being or god who inhabits in the realm of the heavens and is immortal. In my humble opinion, I believe the first definition would fit the meaning of Devaraja that was attributed to Khmer kings of the Angkor period. Most Khmer kings regarded (the god of destruction) as their principal deity. However, Suryavarman II (the builder of Angkor Wat, 1113-1150) preferred Vishnu (the god of sustainer) instead. Why was this the case? In my understanding, perhaps one can attribute the influence of Mahayana Buddhism during that period. Buddhism is a pacifism/non- [30] Preah Khan Reach and The Genealogy of Khmer Kings – Copyright by Kenneth T. So © violent religion. Therefore, worshipping Shiva along with Buddha may be a conflict of the soul. On the other hand, worshipping Vishnu with Buddha may be more acceptable. Suryavarman II installed a statue of Vishnu right at the base of the central tower in Angkor Wat. He thus identified himself as Devaraja. I think the ambiguity of the meaning of Devaraja as God-King may be intentional in the sense that he was a king serving his god Vishnu, or he was a god-king-like, or he was a mortal god-king. By choosing to call himself Devaraja, Suryavarman II[4] honored his god Vishnu and himself at the same time.

[4] Devaraja started with Jayavarman II, 802-850, who chose Shiva as his worshipping god. Under a Brahman priest, he was sanctified as Devaraja. Therefore, with this new embodiment he could not pay allegiance to Java and essentially declared his independence from that country. Corresponding names of Khmer cities, locations, and kings as well as descriptions of relevant events are shown in Figures A and B in Appendix 3. [31] Preah Khan Reach and The Genealogy of Khmer Kings – Copyright by Kenneth T. So ©

References

(1) Briggs, Lawrence Palmer, “The Ancient Khmer Empire,” American Philosophical Society, New Series – Volume 41, Part1, 1951. (2) Maspero, Georges, “L’Empire Khmèr,” Imprimerie du Protectorat, Phnom Penh, 1904. (3) Thiounn, Oknha Veang, “ Preah Khan - L’Epée Sacrée du Cambodge,” 1921-1926. (4) Leclère, Adhémard, “Histoire du Cambodge,” Paris, Librairie Paul Geuthner, 1914. (5) Adhir, Chakravarti, “Royal Succession in Ancient Cambodia,” The Asiatic Society, Calcutta, 1982. (6) Adhir, Chakravarti, “New Light on Saiva Tantrika Texts Known in Ancient Cambodia,” Journal of The Asiatic Society, Vol XV, Nos 1-4, Calcutta, 1973. (7) So, Hann, “The Khmer Kings,” San Jose, CA, August 3, 1988. (8) Giteau, M, “Histoire du Cambodge,” Libraririe Marcel Didier, Paries, 1957. (9) Vansok, “Resume d’Histoire du Cambodge,” Librairie Sokchivit, Phnom Penh, 1953. (10) Cady, John F., “Southeast Asia: its Historical Development,” McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, 1964. (11) Casey, Robert J., “Four Faces of Siva: The Mystery of Angkor,” National Geograpgic, September 1920. (12) Chou, Ta-Kuan, “The Customs of Cambodia,” The Siam Society, Bangkok, 1993, p. 72. (13) Gerini, G.E., “Annal of Ayudhya,” Vol. II, p. 669. (14) Khin, Sok, “Le Cambodge entre le Siam et le Vietnam,” École Française d’Extrême- Orient, Paris, 1991. (15) Khin, Sok, “Chronique Royales du Cambodge,” École Française d’Extrême-Orient, Paris, 1988. (16) Soszynski, Henry, “The Genealogical Gleanings, 1996-2007. (17) Corfield, Justin, “The Royal Family of Cambodia,” , August 20, 1990. (18) Jeldres, Julio A., “The Royal House of Cambodia,” Monument Books, Phnom Penh, March 200, p. 4. (19) Jeldres Julio A., “Le Palais du Roi du Cambodge,” Monument Books, Phnom Penh. (20) Norodom, Sihanouk, “Souvenirs Doux et Amers,” Hachette, 1981. (21) http://www.norodomsihanouk.info/royal-family/Rfamily-index.htm (22) Overy, Richard, “Complete History of the World,” Times Books, Milan, 2007. (23) Ceodès George, “TheIndianized States of Southeast Asia,” University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, 1968.

[31] Preah Khan Reach and The Genealogy of Khmer Kings – Copyright by Kenneth T. So ©

Appendix 1

[32] Preah Khan Reach and The Genealogy of Khmer Kings – Copyright by Kenneth T. So © FUNAN (Lunar Dynasty) CHENLA (Solar Dynasty) BALADITYAPURA or ANINDITAPURA KAUNDINYA Som a KAMBU SVAYAMBHUVA Mera (Another Lunar Dynasty (HUN-T’IEU/PREAH THONG) (Liu-Yeh) (Self-creating Great Hermit) (Apsara “Celestial Nymph” Kaundinya Soma Formed during the reign st (Later part of 1 century) (A Nagi daughter of king Nagaraja) of great beauty & elegance) Of Isanavarman I) (Son of king Adity avamsa “Intapah” who was banished from Indraprashta, located about 20 miles south of Dehli, India)

FAN SHIH-MAN LEGENDS (205-225) Marriage/Union KAUNDINYA II Queen Kulaprabhavati (?) SRUTAVARMAN (~434) (435-495) Parents/Children (He freed Kambuja “Chenla” from the domination of Funan in the 5th century) Parents/Child (C) KAUNDINYA JAYAVARMAN (Q) SRESHTHAVARMAN (478-514) (~495-530) Siblings (His capital, Sreshthapura, Multiple generations re moved (?) GURAVARMAN was located at the foot of (514-540) the mountain Vat Phu) (F) Female (M) Male (Seized the throne by killing his legitimate half-brother) (Q) Queen ( C ) Concubine

(F) VIRAVARMAN (?) Unknown origin (A king not from the Lunar Dynasty) SAM BHUPURA SOMASARMAN (F) (?) Kambujarajalakshmi BALADITYA (F) (?) (Newly formed Solar Dynasty) (Protégé of the Great ) (550-590) (SISTRASENA) (Older brother of Mahendravarman. Claimed the throne (Centered at Sambor and Kratie) (590-611) of Chenla on the death of Sreshthavarman, King of Chenla, and the throne of Funan on the death of Rudravarman) HIRANYAVARMAN (?) ISANAVARMAN I VISVARUPA Sarasvati (?) [33] (Protégé of the Master Siva) (611-640) VYADHAPURA (The complete annexation of BHAVAVARMAN II Funan took place under his reign) (He reigned shortly between Isanavarman and Jayavarman I. He was was of unknown origin. He was neither the son nor The approved successor to Isanavarman I) Jayadevi JAYAVARMAN I Sri Sarvani JAGADDHARIMA (?) NRIPATINDRAVARMAN (F) (?) SAMBHUVARMAN (?) (She reigned after the (Protégé of Victory) (Cham Prince) (NRINPADITYA) (The founder of the newly death of her husband) (640-681) (He restored the old kingdom (F) (?) formed Solar Dynasty that PRAKASADHARMA Queen of of Baladityapura located near broke off from Chenla during (Became king of Champa the ancient port of Oc Eo) the reign of Jayavarman I) In 653 by marrying the queen and then changed his name to Vikrantavarman) (?) Mahendradevi Narendralakshmi PUSHKARAKSHA (F) (?) (Narendradevi) (INDRALOKA)

(F) (?) (F) RUDRAVARMAN Nripatindradevi RAJENDRAVARMAN I (M) (?) Nripendradevi (M) (F) (?) (He is an Akshatriya, not of royal lineage)

Dharanindradevi PRITHIVINDRAVARMAN Prithivindradevi PUNNAGAVARMAN (M) Rajendradevi MAHIPATIVARMAN Bha JAYENDRA JAYENDRADHIPATIVARMAN (F) (?) (Kambujalakshmi (790-802) Or HyangPavitra) INDRAVARMAN I Indradevi JYESTHARYA JAYAVARMAN II (877-889) (802-850) (He was called the “guardian of the honor of the solar race of Sri Kambu”) Chief of FAN Carriers JAYAVARMAN IV Jayadevi (?) (M) (?) Mahendradevi MAHENDRAVARMAN JAYAVARMAN III (928-941) (889-910) (JAYAVARDHANA) (850-877) HARSHAVARMAN II (?) HASHAVARMAN I ISANAVARMAN II RAJAPATIVARMAN I (?) (F) (F) RAJENDRAVARMAN II Prana JIVAKA (F) (941-944) (910-925) (925-928) (944-968)

DAMODARA (F) NARAPATIVIRAVARMAN UDAYADITYAVARMAN I VISNUKUMARA DIVAKARABHATTA Indralakshmi Viralakshmi SURYAVARMAN I (JAYAVIRAVARMAN) (1001-1002) (968-1001) (1002-1050) YAVNARAHA VISHNUKUMARA (1002-1010)

Figure I. Genealogy of Kaundinya/Soma (Lunar Dynasty) and Kambu/Mera (Solar Dynasty) (Chart developed and modified by Kenneth T. So, based on References 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 23) © Preah Khan Reach and The Genealogy of Khmer Kings – Copyright by Kenneth T. So ©

KAMBU Mera

SRUTAVARMAN RUDRAVARMAN Narendralakshmi (of Dvirapadura near Lovek) (or Narendradevi of Dvirapadura near Lovek) (a descendant of the Aninditapura line and Narendralakshmi’s nephew) (a descendant of the Aninditapura line and Rudravarman’s aunt)

Dharanindradevi PRITHIVINDRAVARMAN Prithivindradevi PUNNAGAVARMAN (M) (?) (Kambujalakshmi or HyangPavitra)

(?) (M) Chief of Fan Carriers (The Fan dynasty started with King Fan Shih-man (205-225) of the Lunar Dynasty and ended around 357 when an Indian named Chandana (Chu Chan-t’an) from the Murunda dynasty of the Kushans usurped power from the king of Funan. INDRAVARMAN I (?) (M) Vasudeva Jayavarman II who descended from the Solar Dynasty of (877-889) Sambhuvarman that broke away from the original Solar Dynasty of Chenla was called the “Guardian of the honor of the Solar race of Sri Kambu. The title of Chief of Fan JAYAVARMAN IV Jayadevi (?) YASOVARMAN I Mahendradevi MAHENDRAVARMAN (M) Manassiva Carriers was also attributed to him.) (928-941) (889-910)

HASHAVARMAN II (?) HASHAVARMAN I ISANAVARMAN II RAJENDRAVARMAN II Prana (M) (?) (928-941) (910-925) (925-928) (944-968) [34]

(M) (?) (F) DAMODARA

YAJNAVARAHA VISHNUKUMARA

RAJAPATIVARMAN I (?) (F) (F) JAYAVARMAN V DIVAKARABHATTA Indralakshmi (?) (M) Kavisvara (968-1001)

NARAPATIVIRAVARMAN UDAYADITYAVARMAN I JIVAKA (F) SANKARAPANDITA (1001-1002) (SUJITARAJA) (Jayaviravarman succeeded Udayadityavarman I. (King of Tambralinga) He reigned at Angkor from 1002 to about 1010. His origin was unknown but there was not indication he was not a legitimate successor.) Viralakshmi SURIYAVARMAN I (KAMBOJARAJA) LEGENDS (1002-1050) (Son of the king of Tambralinga from the Tamil-Malay state. Marriage/Union His claim to the throne seemed to be on shaky ground. He reigned Parents/Children in eastern Cambodia. He defeated Udayadityavarman I and moved his government to Angkor.) Parents/Child Siblings Multiple generations re moved (F) Female (M) Male (?) Unknown origin

Figure II. Genealogy from Indravarman I to Suryavarman I (Chart developed and modified by Kenneth T. So, based on References 1, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 23) © Preah Khan Reach and The Genealogy of Khmer Kings – Copyright by Kenneth T. So ©

(?) HIRANYAVARMAN Hiranyalakshmi Viralakshmi SURIYAVARMAN I (The founder of the Mahidharapura Dynasty. He was a (1002-1050) king from the Upper Mun Valley near Phimay (northern (Son of the king of Tambralinga from the Tamil-Malay state.His claim to the throne seemed to be on shaky ground. region of Phnom Dangrek), a vassal state of Cambodia. He reigned in eastern Cambodia. After he defeated Udayadityavarman I he consolidated his power and his government He never claimed that his dynasty has any link to the to Angkor and enacted the oath of allegiance. He conquered Louvo, the Mon state, organized and consolidated it for more Sury avarman I’s dy nasty nor to any other lines of Khmer kings.) than two centuries. He was an alien but one of the greatest king of the Khmer Empire producing prosperity as well as internal and external peace for the country. Great architecture and art were produced during his reign.)

(?) (M) DHARANINDRAVARMAN I (?) JAYAVARMAN VI (?) (M) YUVARAJA Dharanindrarajalakhsmi DHARANINDRADITIYA UDAYADITYAVARMAN II HARSHAVARMAN III (?) (?) VASUDEVA (1107-1113) (1082-1107) (Crown Prince. (1050-1066) (1066-1088) DVIJENDRAVALLALHA (When he ascended to the throne (He rebelled against the king of He died before (He seemed to be the grandson (A peace loving king but after the death of his younger Angkor and came out victorious Jayavarman VI.) or grandnephew of Suriyavarman I) had to wage a war against brother, he was of old age already. in the war. The fact that he Jayavarman VI, a prince SAMKARSHA He married his brother’s widow. became king before his older from a vassal state) He was a peace loving king who brother seemed to indicate that he did not like to wage war.) had the army under his command)

KSITINDRATIYA Narendralakshmi MAHIDHARADITYA Rajapatindralakshmi Rajendralakshmi TRIBHUVANABRAHMENDRA

SURYAVARMAN II DHARANINDRAVARMAN II JA????? Hiranyalakshmi Jayarajacudamani (1113-1150) (1150-1160) (Chudamani) (He was just not a warrior king but (An ardent Buddhist. His greatest glory was being the father of Jayavarman VII. ) also a very skillful monarch with strong administrative and legislative knowledge. He was attributed as YASOVARMAN II Jayarajadevi Rajendradevi Indradevi JAYAVARMAN VII the builder of Angkor Wat.) (1160-1165) (1st wife and (The inscription (sister of (1181~1215) (He was a close relative to Jayavarman VII, either a brother or very devoted to of PreahKhan Jayarajadevi. (He was a close relative, either a brother or a cousin, of king YasovarmanII. Instead of contesting the throne that would a cousin. His reign did not last long because he was murdered Jayavarman VII stated that she She m arried result in a civil war, he decided a self-imposed exile to Champa. He later fought against Champa king Jaya Indravarman by a servant named Tribhuvanaditya and then seized the throne) during his was Jayavarman Jayavarman VII of Gramapura and killed him in the battle. After witnessing the destruction of Angkor by the Cham s, Jay avarm an VII

[35] TRIBHUVANADITYAVARMAN self-imposed VII’s principal wife) after the death decided to rebuild the city with unprecedented construction activities in the history of the Khmer Em pire. His Greatest (1165-1177) exile to Cham pa of her sister) achievem ent was the construction of Bay on but there were many hospitals and other temples built such as Preah Khan, (An usurper. Champa took advantage on this troubled period to invade Cambodia. The new Champa king, from 1160 to Banteay Chmar, Angkor Thom, and Ta Prohm. New architecture and art emerged during this period. It was called the “Art Jaya IndravarmanIV, attacked Cambodia by sea in 1177 by destroying, pillaging, and burning Angkor. 1167. She was of the .” The Khmer Empire reached its greatest Size During the reign of king Jay avarman VII. Not only After conquering Cambodia, the Champa king had the usurper Tribhuvanadityavarman executed.) deeply religious.) Champa but Annam and Java paid respect to Cambodia. Jayavarman VII was one of the greatest Khmer kings. )

JAYAMANGALARTHA Subhadri Sriprabha JAYAMAHAPRADHANA SRINDRAKUMARA INDRAVARMAN II SURYAKUMARA VIRAKUMARA (killed while defending (~1215-1243) (Crown Prince and (Author of the inscription Yasovarman from the (Beginning of the author of the inscription of PreahKhan) revolt created by downfall of Khmer of Ta Prohm) Tribhuvanaditya) Empire)

JAYAMANGALARTHA II (F) Chakravatirajadevi JAYAVARMAN VIII (1243-1295)

(M) Srindrabhupesvera Cuda INDRAVARMAN III LEGENDS (Crown Prince) (Indrabhupesvera Cuda) (SRINDRAVARMAN) (Had his toes cut and emprisoned (1295-1307) Marriage/Union by his Brother-in-law Indravarman III) (He was entrusted with the command of the army .Had his lover, princess Srindrabhupesvera Cuda, stole the Sacred Sword from the king and gave it to him.The crown prince Parents/Children prepared to resist but Indravarman seized him, had his toes cut off, and then put him in prison. Having put down any resistance to his grab for power, he was then crowned king by the royal hotar Vidyesavid.He then married the princess to legitimize his reign. Later on he married Suryalakshmi, the niece of Vidyesavid. This story of Indravarman III Parents/Child ascension to the throne is very similar to the story of Ta Chey (Ta TrasakPaêm). This author contends that IndravarmanIII was actually Ta TrasakPaêm due to the unreliable reconstruction of the royal chronicles prepared by a minister and his assistants during the reign of Poñea Yat trying to replace the original Chronicles that were destroyed by Siblin gs the wars. The story of Ta Trasak Paêm (Sweet Cucumber) must have been borrowed from Burma that had been spread throughout the region since the foundation of the Pagan kingdom in 1044. After twelve years of reign Indravarman III abdicated from the throne, retired into a forest to be a hermit studying hinayana Buddhism.) x Close relatives (brother or cousin) x x ? INDRAJAYAVARMAN ? Unknown Relationship ? (SRINDRAJAYAVARMAN) x (1308-1327) x Relative x (He may possibly be Ta Suos, the brother of Ta Chey, who reigned under the name of MeakReachea) ? (F) Female (M) Male ? ? (?) Unknown origin JAYAVARMAN IX (JAYAVARMAN PARAMESVERA) (1327-1353) (The inscription of Angkor Wat dated 1327 did not mention Indrajayavarman but skipped from Srindravarman directly to Jayavarman Param esvera)

Figure III. Genealogy from Suryavarman I to Jayavarman IX – End Period of Angkor Kings (Chart developed and modified by Kenneth T. So, based on References 1, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 23) © Preah Khan Reach and The Genealogy of Khmer Kings – Copyright by Kenneth T. So ©

JAYAVARMAN IX (1327-1353) ? ? ? HOU-EUL-NA (WOUH-KIEN-NO) (-1371-) (The genealogy of Khmer kings during during this period is very obscured and confusing. The royal chronicles are very unreliable during this period because the original versions were destroyed during the wars of the 18th century. The current royal chronicles that depended partly on the Annals of Ayuthia were prepared by a minister and his assistants by the order of king Ang Chan II during his reign between 1806 and 1834. Additionally, some of the dates are m ixed up due to some of them were recorded using the Saka calendar and others the Christian calendar. According to the Chinese historical data from the Ming dynasty, an embassy from Cambodia wassent to China in 1370. It further said that a king from Chenla (a name the Chinese still gave to Cambodia) by the name of Hou-eul-na (translated by Rémusat) or Wouh-kien-no (translated by Leon de Rosny) arrived in China with 1371 with rich present. Cambodia sent embassies with rich present to China ten times between 1371 and 1403.) ? ? ? SAMDACH PREAH PHAYA (-1404-) (The Chinese records under a new Ming Emperor Ching Sung said that a Khmer king named Samdach Preah Phaya sent a tribute to the Emperor through Chinese officers in 1404. The Khmer king died the following year. The Chinese Emperor sent a delegation to attend the king’s funeral In 1405 and at the same time witnessed the ascension to the throne of the king’s eldest son named Phing-ya carrying the title of Sam dach Chao Phay a (Chieu Binh-nha))

NIPPEAN BAT SITHEAN REACHEA (SAMDACH CHAO PHAYA) (1409-1409) (PHING-YA) (He died six months later.) (CHIEU BINH-NHA) (1405-1409) [36] (SamdachChao Phaya or Phing-ya was identified as NippeanBat. It is a conjecture from this author that Nippean Bat is not the son of Ta Chey as historically been recorded in the Khmer royal chronicles.)

LOMPONG REACHEA THAI RULE SORYOTEI ( 1409-1416 ) ( 1416-14XX ) CHAU BASATH, 1 CHAU BAAT, & KAMBANG-PISEY

( 14XX1-14XX2 )

BAROM REACHEA THOMMASOKA SORYOVONG SORYOVONG II

( 1425-1429 ) (DHARMASOKA) ( 14XX2-1425 ) ( 14XX3-14XX4 )

( 1429-14XX3 ) (Nephew of Lompong Reachea) (Son of Soryotei)

POÑEA YAT BAROM SOKHA

( 1432-1463 ) ( 14XX4-1431 ) LEGENDS (He felt that his court at Angkor was too close to Siam and decided (Nephew of Soryovong II) to move it to Basan located in the province of Srei Santhor. Later on Father/Sons he moved it farther all the way to Phnom Penh in 1434. In that year (X) he convened a council meeting to recollect the past history of the Father/Son kingdom from memory because most of the records were destroyed (x) during many wars. They could recall only as far back as 27 years. Siblings According to the Cambodia chronicle there were four kings that reigned between Nippean Bat and Poñea Yat. However, according Nephew/Uncle Relationship to Moura he accounted six kings. According to Briggs, Poñea Yat ? reigned after Thommasoka but according to Leclère, Poñea Yat reigned ? ? Unknown Relationship after Barom Sokha.)

( 14XXn ) Undetermined Years

Figure IV. Genealogy from Jayavarman IX to Poñea Yat (Chart developed and modified by Kenneth T. So, based on References 1, 4, 7, 8, 9) © Preah Khan Reach and The Genealogy of Khmer Kings – Copyright by Kenneth T. So ©

1.Poñea Yat Neang Sngiem (P reah Srey Sory opor) (Snâm-êk) (He moved his court from Angkor to Basan (province of Srei Santhor), then to Phnom Penh in 1434) (1432-1463) LEGENDS 2. Preah Noreay Reachea 3. Preah Srey Reachea 5. Preah Thommo Reach Noreay Reamea Thipadey Reamea Thipadey (1468-1504) (X) (Y) Marriage/Union (1463-1468) (1468-1486) (While king Noreay Reachea was conducting a war against Siam, he tried to prevent him from returning to the capital. (Legitimate King) Refused to send Preah Khan Reach to the king.With the help of Siam he conquered both Srey Reachea and Srey Soryotei.) (X) (Y) Historical data unclear whether descendants were from the couple. Pichey Neak Mé-Ban In this case, the descendants were (Of Pol origins, meaning slaves. They offered their only known to be from (X) beautiful daughter to the king for snâm–êk) Father/Sons 4. Preah Srey Soryotei Poñea Ong Neay Kân (Snam-êk) 6. Srey Sokonthor B at 7. Chan Reachea (X) (1476-1486) (The king elevated him from the slave status to the(Believed to (Chau Poñea Dangkhat Reachea) (Ang Chan I) Father/Son (Declared himself king rank of nobility with a title of Khun Luong Preah be beautiful) (1504-1512) (1516-1555) (x) by rebelling against king Sdach Sammahah Sena Thipadey. He usurped the throne (A great king who restored the monarchy by vanquishing the usurper Kân Srey Reachea) by killing the king and then proclaimed him self king. and defeating Siam at Angkor. Thus, the village at Angkor was called Siem reap) Siblings His reign lasted from 1512 to 1522) Poñea Yos Reachea 8. Preah Barom Tevy Khsatrey Intho Reachea I (1556-1567) Rama Choeung Prey (1594-1595) Socheat Ksatrei NeakNeangPou 9. Preah Barom 14. Srey Soryopor Prit Reang Akkamohesey 12. Poñea An Cheat Ksatrei (He was of royal blood who tried to (SamdachPreahPheakavadey Intho Reachea II (Ba rom Re ac hea Rea me a) (SamdachPreahPheakavatey (BaromReachea II) kidnap king Satha’swife “Pheakavadey”. Srey Chakrapotireach) (PreahSatha) (1600-1618) Srey Socheat) (1597-1599) After the death of king Satha and king (1567-1575) Chey Chetha, Rama ChoeungPrey at age 50 (He abdicated in favor of his son seized power because prince Poñea Tan Chey Chetha to reign in his place, who stayed near him was too y oung to but he still governed the country) contest the throne) 10. Chey Chetha I 11. Poñea Tan 13. Chau Poñea Youm 15. Chey Chetha II Samdach Pheakavatey 16. Preah I [37] (1576-1593) (Barom Reachea I) (1599-1600) (1618-1628) Preah Srey VorKsatrey (1628-1629) Chan Bopha Vodey (His father abdicated for him (1596-1597) (Annamese Princess of (As Obayureach, he took to reign but not to govern) great beauty) care of the affairs of the state)

17. Poñea To 18. Ang Vodey 20. Poñea Chan Nea Ksatr 19. Ang Non I 21. Poñea So Samdach Preah Pheakkavadey Ang Tan Ang IM Ang Ni (Srey Thommo Reachea I) Reamea Thipadey (Botum Reachea II) (Botum Reachea I) (Botum Reachea III) Preah Cham Ksatrey (Outey Soryovong) Ksatrei (1629-1630) (Poñea Nou) (1642-1659) (1640-1642) (1659-1672) (Religious and literate king. Fell (1630-1640) (Married a Malay and in love with his uncle’s y oung wife, converted to Islam) 22. Chey Chetha III 23. Ang Chey Ang Srey Thida 24. Ang So Ang Ey Socheat Vadey 25. Ang Non II Chan Bopha Vodey, who was (Thommo Soryovongs) (1673-1674) (Chey Chetha IV) (Chey Chetha IV’s niece. (1674-1675) (Srey Chey Chet) (SamdachPreahKevhea: (1st Reign:1675-1695) The king imprisoned her (SamdachBotum Reachea originally reserved since childhood nd to be married to him ) (1672-1673) A non-consecrated king) (2 Reign: 1695-1699) and then married with her Obayureach: Not a king) (He assassinated the king and forced the widow queen, Samdach Preah Pheakkavadey Preah (3rd Reign: 1701-1702) a few months later) Cham Ksatrey , to be his first wife. After five months she took revenge and had him killed) (4th Reign: 1704-1706)

26. Preah Outey II Moha Ksatrey Anoch Cheat Ksatrey28. Thommo Reachea IV SamdachPreah Srey Socheata Moha Ksatrei or 27. Ang Êm (Noreay Reamea Thipadey I) (1st Reign: 1702-1704) Anoch Cheat Ksatrei (Kevhea Borompit) (Chau Poñea Yang) (2nd Reign: 1706-1710) (One of the daughters (1st Reign: 1700-1701) (1695-1696) (3rd Reign: 1738-1747) of Chey Chetha IV) (2nd Reign: 1710-1722) (He was not consecrated during his first reign because he was too young, only 12 years old) (3rd Reign: 1729-1730) (Chey Chetha IV abdicated in favor of the prince and had him married his daughter)

31. Ang Tong 30. Ang Êm Ang Chan 32. Ang Sng uon Ang Hing Ang Duong Ang Kêv Sophea 29. Ang Chey Sam dach Preah Ang Ing Ang Peou (Noreay Reamea Thipadey II) (Thommo ReacheaV) (Botum Reachea) (Chey Chetha V) Srey Sory opor Ksatrey (PreahSatha) Srey Socheata Moha Ksatrey (1st Reign: 1747-1749) (1747-1747) (1749-1755) (Killed the king, his own father) (1st Reign: 1722-1729) (Youngest daughter (2nd Reign: 1756-1757) (2nd Reign: 1730-1736) of Chey Chetha IV) Ang Ey Ksatrey Ang Thnoam Ang Poh Ksatrey Ang So Ang At Ang Tong 34. Ang Non III Ang Chi Anoch Cheat Ksatrey Outey Reachea (Reamea Reachea) (1775-1779) 33. Ang Tan Ang Hing Ang Mey (PreahOutey II) Ang Min Ang Ey Ang Peou 35. Ang Eng 36. Ang Chan II Ang Snguon Ang Bhim Metuccha Ang Êm 38. Ang Duong (1758-1775) (Noreay Reamea Thipadey III) (1806-1834) (Srey Chey Chet) (HarirakReamea Thipadey) (He ceded to Annam the provinces (1779-1796) [1848-1860] of Srok Trang (Soctrang) and Preah Trapeang (Travinh)) Ang Pen 37. Ang Mey Poukombo Ang Peou Ang Snguon Ang Phim Kessarey Sam or Ang Ing 39. Norodom 40. Sisowath Sivatha (1834-1847} (Chraloeung Reachea Vadey) (Sam Ok) (Sam Ou) (Put in power by Annam) (1860-1904) (1904-1927) Figure V. Genealogy from Poñea Yat to Sisowath (Chart developed and modified by Kenneth T. So, based on References 4, 5, 7, 8, & 9) © Preah Khan Reach and The Genealogy of Khmer Kings – Copyright by Kenneth T. So ©

ANG ENG • 1st Crowning: 1779 inOudo ng (by Thai Ki ng) • 2nd Crowning: 1794 in Bangkok (under the name of NOREAY REAMEA THIPADEI) • 3rd Crowning: 28 May 1794 inOudo ng (under Khmer Ceremony) 1 [1779-1796] 2 3 Aut (1772-1796) Ke Ros

1.1a 1.1b 1.1 1.1c 1.1d 1.2 2.1 2.2 3.1 3.2 Tép Krachap ANG Pèn Yos ANG ANG Meatuccha ANG ANG (1 807- ?) CHAN II SNGUON BHIM (?) EM DUONG (Daughter of the Battambang OU T E Y R E AC HE A IV (1794-1822) (1793-1798) (1794-1844) (HARIRAK REMEA THIPADEI) Governor AbhaidhibesBen) [1806-1834] (SreyCheyChet) [1 848- 1 860 ] (1792-Dec 1834) (1796-19 Oct 1860) (See Figure VII)

2.(1.1a).1 2.(1.1b).1 2.(1.1c).1 2.(1.1d).1 2.(1.1d).2 2.(3.1).1 2.(3.1).2 2.(3.1).3 2.(3.1).4 ANG Pen ANG ANG POUKOMBO ANG ANG Kessarey Samor ANG (or ANG Baen) Mey Snguon (1 818- ?) Peou BHIM (1 827- ?) (1831-1915) Ing (1809-1840) [1835-1841] (1 829- ?) (1822-?) (1824-1855) (Married to Sisowath) (~1837-?) (1815-1860’s) (see Figure VI)

3.(3.1).1 3.(3.1).2 BHUMARIN Thmnamvong (1842-1909) (1844-1943)

4.(3.1).1 4.(3.1).1a CHAMRAENVONG SISOWATH Yubhiphan

[38] (1870-1916) (1877-1 Jan 1967)

5.(3.1).1a 5.(3.1).1 5.(3.1).2 5.(3.1).2a 5.(3.1).3 5.(3.1).4 5.(3.1).5 5.(3.1).5a NORODOM SISOWATH SISOWATH (?) ANG Non SISOWATH SISOWATH LAVERGNE PHANOUVONG Bophasy Teul INDRAVONG (1906-1975) CHAKARAVUDH YOUTEVONG Dominique (1871-1934) (1902-1957) (1904-1977) (1906-1933)(3) (1913-17 Jul 1947) (1924-?)

6.(3.1).1.1a 6.(3.1).1.1 6.(3.1).1.1b 6.(3.1).1.1c 6.(3.1).2.1a 6.(3.1).2.1 6.(3.1).2.2a 6.(3.1).2.2 6.(3.1).2.2b 6.(3.1).2.3 6.(3.1).2.4 6.(3.1).2.5 6.(3.1).2.6 6.(3.1).2.7 6.(3.1).2.8 6.(3.1).5.1 3.6.(3.1).5.2 KHEK NORODOM CHAN SU HAYDEMANN SISOWATH THIOULONG SISOWATH NORODOM SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH Samreuth MONISARA Yonn Muth Margot PHANDARAVONG Vissakha DOUSSADEY Botum Bopha Ayravady Ravinn Chhachavam CHAKRINN VISAK Ninou Kantara Lenanda (1 921- 1 975 ) (1922-1975) (1921-1965) (?) (?) (1 932- ) (1932-) (9 Sep 1939-1975 (18 Jan 1951-Apr 1956) (1942-) (1944- ) (1944- ) (1946-) (?) (1964- ) (1945-) (1946- )

7.(3.1).1.1a.1 7.(3.1).1.1a.1a 7.(3.1).1.1a.2 7.(3.1).1.1a.2a 7.(3.1).1.1a.3 7.(3.1).1.1a.3a 7.(3.1).1.1c.1 7.(3.1).2.1.1 7.(3.1).2.1.1a 7.(3.1).2.1.2 7.(3.1).2.1..3 7.(3.1).2.2a.1 7.(3.1).2.2a.2 7.(3.1).2.2b.1 LEGENDS NORODOM SISOWATH NORODOM CORBASSON NORODOM UNG NORODOM SISOWATH Laurence SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH CHANTARAVUTH Chhunny Ponnarangsey JEAN-JACQUES NUBBHAVAN Voleak Neary Suhamuni JORG (?) Martina Yasmin Deva CHAKARA RATHIPONG Marriage/Union (1939-1975) (? -1975) (1 4 Nov 1943 -) (1939-1984) (1947-1975) (?) (1955-1975) (1960-) (1962- ) (1963- ) (9 Sep 1961-) (4 Sep 1962-) (1971-1975) Parents/Children Parents/Child (M) 8 .(3.1 ).2.1.1.1 Siblings SISOWATH PAUL (F) Female (M) Male (1996- ) (?) Unknown origin LEGENDS 7.(3.1).1.1b.1 7.(3.1).1.1b.1a 7.(3.1).1.1b.2 7.(3.1).1.1b.2a 7.(3.1).1.1b.3 7.(3.1).1.1b.3a 7.(3.1).1.1b.4 7.(3.1).1.1b.4a 7.(3.1).1.1b.5 7.(3.1).1.1b.6 7.(3.1).1.1b.6a 7.(3.1).1.1b.7 7.(3.1).1.1b.8 N1 = 1, indicates child of 1st generation from the k ing’s first wife, NORODOM MONIPONG NORODOM KANG NORODOM CHHIM NORODOM SAR NORODOM NORODOM NAZET NORODOM NORODOM N1.NX st st = 2, indicates child of 1 generation from the k ing’s second wife, etc. Daravadey Botum Bopha VUTHAMONI Makarasy Savroth Suvann Neary Monidara 1 Generation st nd SAMYL BORACHEAT Daravine KANTHUL PATRICK B oph a v ad ey NX = 1, indicates 1 child; 2, indicates 2 ch ild , etc . of Offsprings st st st nd (2 0 Oct 1941 -) (11Apr 1941-) (1945-1975) (1 940- 1 975 ) (1946-1975) (1946-1975) (1947-1975) (1940-1975) (1948-1975) (2 9 Nov 1951 -) (1953-1975) (1954-1975) = 1 a, in d i cat es 1 wife of 1 ch ild ; 2 a , in d ica tes 1 wife of 2 ch ild , etc .

NY = Generation Level (NY = 2, indicates nd2 generation; NY = 3, indicates 3rd generation, etc.) (N1 .NX) = Family Lin e (s ee ex p lan at io n ab o v e) st 8 . (3 .1 ). 1. 1b .1 .1 8 . (3 .1 ). 1. 1b .1 .2 (M) (M) (F) 8 . (3 .1 ). 1. 1b .3 .1 8 . (3 .1 ). 1. 1b .3 .2 (F) (F) (F) (M) (F) (F) • N1 = Lineage tracing to the king’s wife (N1=1 indicates 1wife, etc.) nd MONIPONG MONIPONG NORODOM NORODOM NY.(N1.NX).NZ… • NX = Order of offspring (NX=2 indicates 2 offspring, etc.) Starting from NZ = Order of descendants or wives RAVIVADDHANA Ubbolvadey SEREYVATTHANA Rottanatevi st 2nd Generation • NZ = 1 indicates 1 o ffsp rin g , etc. (15 Feb 1970-) (13 Mar 1973-) (1967-1975) (1970-1975) •NZ = 2a indicates 1st wife (a) belonging to the 2ndoffspring (2) •NZ = 3b indicates 2nd wife (b) belonging to the 3rd offspring (3), etc.

[X1-X2] = Reign Start-Reign End (X1-X2) = Birth-Death (M) = Male (F) = Female

Figure VI. Genealogy of King Ang Eng (Chart developed by Kenneth T. So, based on References 4, 7, 9, 15, 16) © Preah Khan Reach and The Genealogy of Khmer Kings – Copyright by Kenneth T. So ©

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ANG DUONG 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Ung Ev Pen Ieng Meas Peou Kham PHAL Other Name: MONI CHAN Lonté Noun SOCHEAT KRAPA CHHOEUT Im (1813-27 Jun 1895) Tip Sovan • HARIRAK REAMEA THIPADEI Chaut Thou Neari Meas Chhom [1848-1860] (1796-19 Oct 1860) • Place of Death: Oudo ng, Cambodia

1.1 2.1 2.2 4.1 5.1 7.1 8.1 9.1 10.1 11.1 12.1 13.1 14.1 15.1 16.1 Mom Tramol Ou Darakar Ing SIVOTHA SERIVONG Oubol or Oubon CHAN VONG Sra Ut or Sra Ouk NUPPAROT KEO MNO Pon Mali Chan Chhom NIL VONG (1821-?) (1828-1872) (1830-1866) (1843-1868) (Chan Vadei) (1841-31 Dec 1891) (1842-Jul 1883) (1849-1908) or (1852-?) (1853-1891) or or (1856-?) or (Married NORODOM) (1844-?) (Union: NORODOM) CHANTAVONG KEO MONOHA Khandamli NILAWONG (See Figure V) (See Figure V) (1852-1893) (1854-1909) (1855-1908) (1859-1886)

3.1 3.2 3.3 6.1 2.(7.1).1 2.(9.1).1 2.(9.1).2 2.(10.1).1 2.(10.1).2 2.(10.1).3 2.(10.1).4 NORODOM Chongkolnei Kessanei SISOWAT H Rath Votha NORODOM NORODOM Chindavongs Pongmali Salivongs PRIDA Other Names: (1839-1902) (1840-?) Other Name: Karanika-Kev PIE • CHRALOEUNG (Union: SISOWATH) • SRA OK • REACHEA VADEI (See Figure VI) [1904-1927] [1859-1904] (7 Sep 1840-9 Aug 1927)

[39] (Feb 1834-24 Apr 1904) (See Figure IX) (See Figure VIII)

2.(3.2).1 2.(12.1).1 2.(12.1).2 2.(12.1).3 2.(12.1).4 2.(12.1).4a 2.(13.1).1 2.(13.1).2 2.(13.1).3 2.(16.1).1 2.(13.1).2 SISOWATH Sodasi Botsarah Suavaney-Cham ANG DUONG SISOWATH Phoungphkakeu MONIROT RATANA DUONG MANI Noppavong ESSARAVONG (1879-?) (1887-?) (1889-?) PHATSOWATH Kanhnhouri (?) (?) (?) (?) (?) (1839-1902) (1888-1950) (?)

3.(12.1).4.1a 3.(12.1).4.1 DEJEANNE ANG DUONG Sokhon PHATSOWATH Dounette SATHARANGSEY (?) (6 Sep 1920-1975) LEGENDS 4.(12.1).4.1.1 N1 = 1, indicates child of 1st generation from the king’s first wife, N1.NX st ANG DUONG st = 2, indicates child of 1 generation from the king’s second wife, etc. LEGENDS 1 Generation st nd Phatsodassy NX = 1, indicates 1 child; 2, indicates 2 child, etc. of Offsprings (3 Feb 1943-?) = 1a, indicates 1st wife of 1st child; 2a, indicates 1st wife of 2nd child, etc. Marriage/Union

NY = Generation Level (NY = 2, indicates 2nd generation; NY = 3, indicates 3rd generation, etc.) Parents/Children (N1.NX) = Family Line (see explanation above) • N1 = Lineage tracing to the king’s wife (N1=1 indicates 1st wife, etc.) Parents/Child • NX = Order of offspring (NX=2 indicates 2nd NY.(N1.NX).NZ… offspring, etc.) Siblings NZ = Order of descendants or wives Starting from st (M) or (F) 2nd Generation • NZ = 1 indicates 1 offspring, etc. • NZ = 2a indicates 1st wife (a) belonging to the 2nd offspring (2) Father ot Mother/Child • NZ = 3b indicates 2nd wife (b) belonging to the 3rd offspring (3), etc. (x) or (y)

[X1-X2] = Reign Start-Reign End (X1-X2) = Birth-Death (M) = Male (F) = Female

Figure VII. Genealogy of King Ang Duong (Chart developed by Kenneth T. So, based on References 7, 9, 16, 17) © Preah Khan Reach and The Genealogy of Khmer Kings – Copyright by Kenneth T. So ©

NO RO DO M Other Names: REACHEA VADEI & CHRALOEUNG [3 Jun 1864 – 28 Apr 1904] (Feb 1834 – 28 Apr 1904) Place of Birth: Angkor Borei, Cambodia 1 2 3 Cremation: Jan 1906 4 5 6 ChaomPhaltipSodaChand(?) So chea tBo pha Tha n (? ) Preah AngMchas AngDuongOubon(?) KhunCham Iem Bosseba KanthorBophaniMacPhuong (Khlit) Preah AngMchasAngDuongDa ra ca r (1840-1925) (1849-1909-) (1843-1868)

1.1 1.2 1.3a 1.3 2.2 2.3a 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 3.1a 3.1 3.2 4.1a 4.1 4.1b 4.2a 4.2 5.1 5.2a 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5a 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 KAMPOUCHA PUONG Khun NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM NORODOMNORODOM NORODOM NORODOM NORODOMNORODOM NORODOM (?) NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM NORODOMNORODOM NORODOM ARUNA NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM Soda DuongKampuchea Ratana Phat HASSAKAN HEMARA PANTHAVONGSArchhon Tralou Sodadey SOKONABAT Somaly MAYURA Karina Kev PIE KETSARA Somavadey Ph an g an g am SUTHAROT Mar i RATTANET Prathaman Krachang KETADA YUKANTHOR Mal ik a Oma KRAYSONG Vichhieu NimNom Lak (1851-1909+) (1856-1909+) (1859-1940?)(1858-1888) (1863-1909-) (1860-1909+) ( 1 8 63- ?) (1865-1909-) ( 1 8 66- ?) (1867-1909- ) ( 1 8 67- ?) (1862-1918) ( 1 8 64-?) (-1909-) (1869-1909) ( 1 8 69- ?) (1874-1944) (1872-1945) ( 1 8 70-?) ( 1 8 71- ?) ( 1 8 70- ?) ( 1 8 71- ?) (1872-1909-) (1860-1914) (1872-1951) ( 1 8 72- ?) SARYAVONGS Rat tan a ( 1 8 74- ?) (1873-1908) (1873-1908)

2.(1.3).1a 2.(1.3).1 2.(1.3).2 2.(1.3).2a 1.4 1.5 1.5a 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.9a 2 .(4 .1 a).1 a 2 .(4 .1 a).1 2 .(4 .1 a).2 2.(4.2).1 2.(4.2).2 2.(4.2).3 2.(4.2).4 2.(4.2).5 2.(5.5).1 2.(5.5).2 2.(5.5).3 2.(5.5).4 2.(5.5).4a ANG DUONG NORODOM NORODOM SUN NORODOM NORODOM ANG DUONG NORODOM NORODOM Ch an d ar a ARUNA NORODOM SISOWATH NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM YUKANTHOR YUKANTHORYUKANTHOR WACHHIRAVONGSRIO U RATTANA Kansada Bophaphuong SOVANN Phuong Mali Kossama NUPPAROT PAK Pouk Kampor YUKANTHOR Mal ik a DuongMathuri KETHANA Mo m K eto k an y a Ak asan iy a SURAMARIT Ph av arith Rasmi Sobbana Yinglek Pengpas Robangpas Pingpeang HEANH Raymonde + + + + ( 1 8 76-?) (1888-1956) (1858-1909) (1858-?) (1853-1891) ( 1 8 59- ?) (1859-1909) (1859-1909) (1860-1934) (1872-1951) (1894-1974) (29 Jun 1889- (1903-1 Mar 1993)(1892-1907) [1955-1960] ( 1 8 96-?) (Nov 1898-1971) ( 1 9 00- ?) (28 Jul 1892- ( 1 8 93- ?) (26 Dec 1894- (1896-1969) ( 1 8 95-?) 1 Jun 1974) (6 Mar 1896-3 Apr 1960) 29 Oct 1969) 26 Dec 1966) (See F ig. XII) 3.(5.5).4.1 MADA 2.(1.3).3 2 .(1 .3 .).3 a 2.(1.3).4 2.(1.3).5 2.(1.3).6 2.(1.3).7 2.(1.3).8 2.(1.9).1 2.(1.9).2 2.(1.9).3 2.(1.9).4 2.(1.9).4a 3 .(4 .1 a).1 .1 3 .(4 .1 a).1 .1 a NORODOM SISOWATH NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM YUKANTHORYUKANTHORYUKANTHORWACHHIRA- RI O U NORODOM SISOWATH ( 1 9 25-?) Kanviman MONIVONG Ph amv ila th YouphaphakhSopphalakh SopphasanSanthonaphakh Pengpas Robangpas Pingpeang VONGS Raymonde Kethneari SirikMatak No rleak Tev i [1927-1841] (1879-13 Sep 1958)( 1 8 79- ?) ( 1 8 80- ?) ( 1 8 80- ?) (1882-?) (28 Jul 1892- ( 1 8 93- ?) (26 Dec 1894- HEANH ( 1 8 95- ?) (31 Aug 1919-) (22 Jan 1914-21 Apr 1975) + (1876-1912) (27 Dec 1875- 29 Oct 1969) 26 Dec 1966) (1896-1969) 24 Apr 1941) (See SISOWATH in F ig . VI) (See F ig . IX) 2.(1.9).4.1 MADADevi(1925-?)

1.10 1.10a 1.11a 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.13a 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 5.10a 5.10 5.10b 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14a 5.14b 5.14 5.14c 5.14d 5.15 5.16 5.17 NORODOM NORODOM Neak NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM DeMONTEIRO NORODOM SISOWATH NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM (?) SISOWATH NORODOM SISOWATH SISOWATH 2.(5.14d).1 NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM PHANTAVONGS Archhon Ro md en h DUONG CHAK Loangnuon MAYURA Karanika-Kev Key Vanna Yay Kantha MAKHAVAN MAYURET Samrech SATHAVONG PindaraSodareth SATHARIYAVONGS Sophana Somaman Ketsodasi CHANTHALEKHA Soudarkh Chhomaya NORODOM ThapSuong Chhloem Ch h o et - - - (1860-1909) ( 1 8 63- ?) (1861-1897) ( 1 8 61- ?) (1862-1918) ( 1 8 64- ?) (1863-1909) (1865-1909) ( 1 8 66- ?) (1867-1914) (1869-1909) ( 1 8 75-?) (1875-1918) (1885-22 Apr 1965) ( 1 8 76-?) ( 1 8 79- ?) (1886-?) ( 1 8 84- ?) (1891-28 May 1971) (1890-?) ( 1 8 90- ?) CH ITSA RIK Sarikann Khvann Chhing (17 Jun 1917-1 9 7 5) (1893-1908) (1893-1908) ( 1 8 94- ?) 2.(5.10a).1aa SISOWATH 2.(1.11).1a 2.(1.11).1 2.(1.11).2a 2.(1.11).2 2.(1.11).3a 2.(1.11).3 2.(1.11).4 1.19 1.19a 1.20 MONIVONG 2.(5.10a).1a 2.(5.10a).1 2.(5.10a).1b 2.(5.10b).1 2.(5.10b).2 2.(5.10b).3a2.(5.10b).3 2.(5.10b).3b 2.(5.10b).4 2.(5.10b).5 2.(5.14a).1ac 2.(5.14a).1ab 2.(5.14a).1aa 2.(5.14a).1a 2.(5.14a).1 2.(5.14a).2 2.(5.14a).3 2.(5.14a).4 [1927-1941] CHUOM NORODOM NAPPAVON NORODOM DUONG NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM NEARY NORODOM SISOWATH NORODOM NORODOM NEAL NORODOM (?) NORODOM NORODOM LONG OUM NOUTH SISOWATH NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM Pathoum MONTHONTHANAY Praphayphakh MANIVAN Vilaylak RATHARASY Somavadey KETSARA Yepantha (27 Dec 1875-24 Apr 1941) Sisaman SINGHARA Th av et Ro eu n g si Sath ap in th o r ar an g siMonipinsatharet Line NORINDETH Su th ar eath Rasmey SONGDEH SIDETH CH EN G TE CK PANARA Samanmeth YOSSANORAK Ch an maly Peng Ch an so d areth [40] - + (See F ig . X) (1883-8 Aug 1965) (1881-1906) ( 1 8 81- ?) (1883-8 Aug 1970)(1894~1940) (1869-?) (1869-1909) (1872-1957) (1898-1927) ( 1 9 03-?) ( 1 9 04-?) ( 1 9 06- ?) (1910-Aug 1961)(24 Apr 1913-?) (-1975) (15 Feb 1929-) (-1975) (1918-1975) (1908-1975)

3 .(1 .1 1 ).1 .1 a 3 .(1 .1 1 ).1 .1 3 .(1 .1 1 ).3 .1 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.11 3.(5.10a).1aa.1 3.(5.10a).1a.1 3.(5.10a).1a.1a 3.(5.10b).3a.1a 3.(5.10b).3a.1 3.(5.10b).3a.2 3.(5.10b).3a.2 3.(5.10b).3a.3 3.(5.10b).3b.1 3.(5.14a).1ab.1a 3.(5.14a).1ab.1 3.(5.14a).1aa.1 3.(5.14a).1aa.13.(5.14a).1.1 3.(5.14a).1.2 2.(5.14a).5 2.(5.14a).6 2.(5.14a).6a NORODOM NORODOM DUONG NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM SISOWATH NORODOM (?) NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM SISOWATH OUM LONG PANARA NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM Po u mb acy a MONTANA Ch in a ORAY CHAMRONRITH KanhchaNeari PATHAMA Neary Bonga ROEUNGSEY Bo p h a D ev i NORINRACTEVONG Dara NORINRITHIVONG Theani NORINDETH Lyliane WECHANAK Sireyroath SIRIVUDH Rasmi Pheavy SUMANAVAN CHANTA- Samanvoraphong (?) (18 Mar 1902-?) ( 1 9 02- ?) (1868-1909-) (1869-19019?) ( 1 8 69- ?) (1870-1909- ) (10 Sep 1935-) (1919-1976) (8 Jan 1943-) (12 Mar 1935-1970) (1951-1975) VIDDHAPONG (20 Jan 1962-) (1964-1975) (1946-) (1938-1975) ( 1 9 43- ) RAINGSEY (?) ( 1 9 60- ) (1924-1975)

4 .(1 .1 1 ).1 .1 .1 4 .(1 .1 1 ).1 .1 .2 4 .(1 .1 1 ).1 .1 .3 4 .(1 .1 1 ).1 .1 .4 4 .(1 .1 1 ).1 .1 .5 4 .(1 .1 1 ).1 .1 .6 4 .(1 .1 1 ).1 .1 .7 4 .(1 .1 1 ).1 .1 .8 4 .(1 .1 1 ).1 .1 .9 4 .(1 .1 1 ).1 .1 .1 0 4 .(1 .1 1 ).1 .1 .1 1 2.12a 2.12 2.12b 2.12c 4.(5.10a).1a.1.1 3.(5.10a).1b.13.(5.10a).1b.13.(5.10a).1b.2a 3.(5.10a).1b.23.(5.10a).1b.3a3.(5.10a).1b.33.(5.10a).1b.3b3.(5.10a).1b.3c3.(5.10a).1b.4 3.(5.10a).1b.5a3.(5.10a).1b.5 3.(5.10a).1b.5b 2.(5.14a).6a 2.(5.14a).6 NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM Nuon NORODOM SISOWATH SISOWATH NORODOM CHUOP NORODOM SISOWATH NORODOM DeLOPEZ NORODOM DeLOPEZ Leng NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM SISOWATH NORODOM Ramr in n BA LEY KIRIRAT VATVANI Bo to u m Vivareth CHHARATH PHEANUREAK Hemany PHOUSITH DITKAN (-4 May 1869)PHANOUVONG SangvaryOponascBo p h asy Teu l DARAINGSEY Samon KANTOL ESSARO Wath an ary Thel VIRIYA Thon SYNGANAVIVAKRIVAN Th av et No rleak SIHANOUK WACHAYAVONGSiddharangsy (1871-1934) (1890-1952) (1902-1957) (15 Sep 1920- (2 May 1920- ( 1 9 24- ) (1926) (26 Mar 1921- (29 Sep 1927-) (See Fig. XI) (13 Sep 1891-1972)(18 Feb 1920-?) 1976) 12 Aug 2004) 31 Aug 1959)

2.12.2.1 2.12.2.2 2.12.2.3 2.12.2.1 3.(2.12a).1aa 2.(2.12a).1a 2.(2.12a).1 2.(2.12a).1b 3.(2.12a).1a.1 2.(2.12b).1a 2.(2.12b).1 2.(2.12c).1a 2.(2.12c).1 2.(2.12c).1b2.(2.12c).1c 4 .(5 .1 0 a).1 b .2 .1 a 4 .(5 .1 0 a).1 b .2 .1 4 .(5 .1 0 a).1 b .2 .2 4 .(5 .1 0 a).1 b .2 .3 4.(5.10a).1b.3c.1 3.(5.14a).6.1 3.(5.14a).6.2a 3.(5.14a).6.2 3.(5.14a).6.3 3.(5.14a).6.4 3.(5.14a).6.5 3.(5.14a).6.6 NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM Meak NORODOM SISOWATH NORODOM Khek NORODOM Ch an SU NORODOM SISOWATH SISOWATH NORODOM SISOWATH GANTHY SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SIHANOUK SISOWATH Ronida VONDEARA VONSADY Danine Th av et No rleak VAKRIVAN Ch h o eu n VORAPONG Daramet PHURISSARA Samreuth MONISSARA Yonn Mu th PREYSOPHON Vinayika Teravady TESSO VITHARO SiddhinathRatanatevi Sara KULACHAD VIRAKETH VARACHEATPHANURATH CHEYSITH (1943-1975) (1946-1975) (1948-1975) (5 Sep 1949-?) (31 Oct 1951-) (29 Sep 1927-?) (26 Mar 1921-31 Aug 1959) (31 Oct 1951-) (1913- (13 Oct 1919- (1921-1975) (1922-1975) (1921-1965) (18 Nov 1954-) (26 Jul 1948-) (7 Apr 1960-) (1O Aug 1960-) (17 Mar 1957) (15 Feb 1940-) (29 Sep 1943-) (24 Sep 1946-) (14 Jun 1951-) (18 May 1954-)(27 Jun 1955-) (See F ig . XI) 25 Apr 1973) 1976)

3.(2.12c).1b.1a 3.(2.12c).1b.1 3.(2.12c).1b.2 3.(2.12c).1b.3a 3.(2.12c).1b.3 3.(2.12c).1a.1a 3.(2.12c).1a.1 3.(2.12c).1a.2a 3.(2.12c).1a.2 3.(2.12c).1a.3a3.(2.12c).1a.3 3.(2.12c).1c.1 5 .(5 .1 0 a).1 b .2 .1 .1 5 .(5 .1 0 a).1 b .2 .1 .2 4.(5.14a).6.2.1 4.(5.14a).6.2.2 4.(5.14a).6.2.3 4.(5.14a).1ab.1a.1 4.(5.14a).1ab.1a.2 4.(5.14a).1ab.1a.3 SISOWATH NORODOM NORODOM Ch h im NORODOM SISOWATH NORODOM CO RBA SSO N NORODOM Ung NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH OUM OUM OUM MONIPONG Daravadey BotumBopha Davine VUTHAMONI Chhuny CHANTARAVUTHJEAN-JACQUES Po n n aran g sey VorleakNeary NUBBHAVAN Suthamoni PREYARO Verina Fanny K o lan eth ORAVATH Vong-Raksmy Mo n ich era Chyvivong (11 Apr 1941-) (20 Oct 1941-) (1945-1975) (1946-1975) (1946-1975) (?-1975) (1939-1975) (1939-1984) (14 Nov 1943-) (1947-1975) (1955-1975) (7 Jan 1978-) (12 May 1981-) (3 Sep 1982-) (?) (?) (?)

4.(5.10a).1b.3a.1 4.(5.10a).1b.3a.2 4.(5.10a).1b.3a.3 4.(5.10a).1b.3a.4 4.(5.10a).1b.3b.1 4.(5.10a).1b.3b.2 4.(5.10a).1b.3b.3 4.(5.10a).1b.3b.4 4.(5.10a).1b.3b.5 4 .(2 .1 2 c).1 b .1 .1 4 .(2 .1 2 c).1 b .1 .2 4 .(2 .1 2 c).1 b .3 .1 4 .(2 .1 2 c).1 b .3 .2 3.(2.12c).1b.4a3.(2.12c).1b.4 3.(2.12c).1b.5 3.(2.12c).1b.6a3.(2.12c).1b.6 3.(2.12c).1b.7 3.(2.12c).1b.8 NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM SISOWATH SISOWATH NORODOM NORODOM SAR NORODOM NORODOM NAZÉ NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM Viriyane Virochana Vivara Virivinn Viritha VIRIYAVONG VIDDIYA VIRAVITH VIRAVONG RAVIVADDHANAUb b o lv ad ey SEREYVATTHANA Ro ttan a tev i KANTHOUL Makarassy Savrot PATRICK SuvannNeary Bo p h av ad ey Monidara (1 Sep 1946-) (4 Feb 1948-) (26 Apr 1949-) (1 Mar 1950) (25 Nov 1947-) (12 Sep 1949-) (14 Mar 1953-) (1 Apr 1956) (26 Apr 1957) MONIPONG Monipong (1967-1975) (1970-1975) (1940-1975) (1947-1975) (1948-1975) (12 Jul 1952-) (29 Nov 1951-) (1953-1975) (1954-1975) (15 Feb 1970-) (13 Mar 1973-)

4 .(5 .1 0 a).1 b .1 .1 4 .(5 .1 0 a).1 b .1 .2 a 4 .(5 .1 0 a).1 b .1 .2 4 .(5 .1 0 a).1 b .1 .3 a 4 .(5 .1 0 a).1 b .1 .3 4 .(5 .1 0 a).1 b .1 .5 4 .(5 .1 0 a).1 b .1 .6 4 .(5 .1 0 a).1 b .1 .7 4 .(5 .1 0 a).1 b .1 .7 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18a 2.18 2.19 2.20 2.21 4 .(5 .1 0 a).1 b .1 .4 NORODOM CHUM NORODOM SISOWATH NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM NORODOMKrach ap NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM SORIAVONG Ch an sey ar ATICHAVONG MONICHIVAN Bo p h an y Kantema MONDARA SYNGHARATH DARARETH KANTARAVI RATTANET Pratum Meth DUONG SAMON SALVAN Chhavivann RAYA SREY SOMA Ph an g an g am MA TTA RI - (1947-) (18 Jan 1949-) (29 Oct 1932-1976) (4 Nov 1952-) (?-19 Nov 1964) ( 1 8 71- ?) ( 1 8 71- ?) (1871-1909) ( 1 8 72- ?) ( 1 8 72-?) ( 1 8 66- ?) ( 1 8 73- ?) (1874-1944) (1874-1944) LEGENDS 3.(2.18).1 3.(2.18).2 3.(2.18).3 3.(2.18).4 3.(2.18).53.(2.18).6b 3.(2.18).6a 3.(2.18).6 3.(2.18).7 3.(2.18).7a LEGENDS 5 .(5 .1 0 a).1 b .1 .2 .1 NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM (?) KIM NORODOM NORODOM KEM Marriage/Union NORODOM NY = Generation Level (NY = 2, indicatesnd 2generation; NY = 3, indicatesrd 3generation, etc.) RODINORAVONGSArounavongsKHANTAYOURI Pongsdara Soumarkh AN Toch THON Lay KESSAR (N1 .NX) = Family Lin e (s ee ex p lan at io n ab o v e) ( 1 8 88- ?) ( 1 8 92-?) ( 1 8 96- ?) (1898-?) ( 1 9 00- ?) (10 Jan 1910-) Parents/Children • N1 = Lineage tracing to the king’s wife (N1=1 indicatesst wife, 1 etc.) nd NY.(N1.NX).NZ… • NX = Order of offspring (NX=2 indicates 2o ffsp rin g , etc.) 4.(2.18).6b.1a 4.(2.18).6b.14.(2.18).6a.1 NZ = Order of descendants or wives 4 .(2 .1 8 ).7 .1 4 .(2 .1 8 ).7 .2 Parents/Child LEGENDS Starting from st NORODOM KIM-AN KIM NORODOM NORODOM 2 nd Generation • NZ = 1 indicates 1 o ffsp rin g , etc. Siblings st nd SURAMARIT AN DORE st •NZ = 2a indicates 1 wife (a) belonging to the 2 offspring (2) Yeap Dara Montha N1 = 1, indicates child of 1generation from the k ing’s first wife, nd rd [1955-1960] (25 May 1925-?) (1951-1975) (Jun 1954-) N1.NX st •NZ = 3b indicates 2 wife (b) belonging to the 3 offspring (3), etc. (F) Female (M) Male st = 2, indicates child of 1generation from the k ing’s second wife, etc. (6 Mar 1896-3 Apr 1960) 1 Generation st nd NX = 1, indicates 1 child; 2, indicates 2 ch ild , etc . [X1-X2] = Reign Start-Reign End (X1-X2) = Birth-Death (See F ig . XII) ofOffsprings st st st nd (?) Unknown origin = 1a, indicates 1 wife of 1 ch ild ; 2 a , in d ica tes 1 wife of 2 ch ild , etc . (M) = Male (F) = Female

Figure VIII. Genealogy of King Norodom (Chart developed by Kenneth T. So, based on References 4, 8, & 9) © Preah Khan Reach and The Genealogy of Khmer Kings – Copyright by Kenneth T. So ©

SISOWATH [26 Apr 1904 – 9 Aug 1927] 1 2 3 4 Ang Duong Puy (7 Sep 1840 – 9 Aug 1927) (?) Samor Changkolney (1831-1914) (1839-1902)

1.1a 1.1 1.2 2.1 2.1a 2.2 2.2a 3.1 3.2a 3.2 3.2b 4.1a 4.1 2.(4.1).1 2.(4.1).2 2.(4.1).3 2.(4.1).4 2.(4.1).5 4.2a 4.2 4.3a 4.3 (?) SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH (?) SISOWATH SBAY SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH NORODOM (?) SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATHSISOWATHSISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH ANG SISOWATH ESSARAVON Sisovaphakh Phyrou WOTHAVONG Ro eo n g KanhnouriSOUPHANAVONGSoudarkh CHANTALEKHA LOMPONG ESSARA Kinari Sisotha PONGSDARA Sosamati PONGSNORET ESSARAVONGSisovaphakh DUONG Kanhnhouri (1858-1907) ( 1 8 67- ?) (1857-Aft 1909) (1858-1904) (?) (1878-?) (1888-1955) ( 1 8 78-?) (1891-28 May 1971) (1860-1925) ( 1 8 83- ?) ( 1 8 83- ?) ( 1 8 87- ?) ( 1 8 92- ?) (1896-?) (1858-1907) ( 1 8 67- ?) PHATSOWATH ( 1 8 73- ?) (1888-1950)

(See An gEng Fig. III) 2.(1.1).2a 2.(1.1).2 2.(1.1).1 2.(1.2).1 2.(2.1).1 2.(2.1).1a 2.(2.1).2a 2.(2.1).2 2.(2.2).1 2.(2.2).1a 2.(2.2).2a 2.(2.2).2 2 .(2 .2 .)2 b 3.3a 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 2.(4.1).6 2.(4.1).7 2.(4.1).8 2.(4.1).9 2.(4.1).10a 2.(4.1).10 2.(4.1).10b 4.(4.2).1 4.(4.3).1 4.(4.3).1a CHAMRAENVONGS SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH NORODOM SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH (?) SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SOKH SISOWATH SISOWATH TONG SISOWATH Phinary SISOWATH ANG DUONG SOKHON (1870-1916) Yubhiphan Kaniya So u v ad arean g Harinoret DUONG MATHURA CHANTHALEKHAKetsodasi Souvadtdi DUONG CHATTIVONGSSonthanari SISURA VONG KAT Souphaphakh Lakkhana-Chhom KANGOY PONGNORITH Soeun Hol Sarirakh Phkar CHITAVONG (Phin Phin) So u v ad arean g s PHATSOWATH Dounette (1877-1 Jan 1967) ( 1 8 77-?) (1900-?) ( 1 8 80-?) (1873-1908) (1891-28 May 1971) (1884-?) ( 1 8 81- ?) LAKHANA (1887-?) ( 1 9 04- ?) (1879-?) (1892-29 Jan 1948) ( 1 8 92- ?) ( 1 8 99- ?) (?- Aft 1904)(1899-29 Mar 1959) (?) ( 1 9 02- ?) ( 1 9 03- ?) (1889-1 May 1952) ( 1 9 00- ?) SATHARANGSEYDejean n e (1876-1 Jul 1953) (6 Sep 1920-1975) (?) (See NORODOM Fig. V) 2.(1.1).3a 2.(1.1).3 3.(2.2).1.1 3.(2.2).1.2 3.(2.2).1.3 2.(3.3).1 3.(4.1).6.1 3.(4.1).10a.1a3.(4.1).10a.1 3.(4.1).10b.1 3.(4.1).10b.2 3.(4.1).10b.3 3.(4.1).10b.4 3.(4.1).10b.5 3.(4.1).10b.6 3.(4.1).10b.7 3.(4.1).10b.8 4.(4.3).1.1 TROEUNG SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH HY SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH ANG DUONG Yoeun RATHARY SORANNA AL Bouchnga VONGNIMIT So ch eatb o tu m HENG Chittara (Peanh) THAVARAK Ch in n ary CHITTDARAVONG CHITTDARASORIVONG Neary rath CH I TTA MA RO SEYHAKVARO Neary Rak smey Phatsodassy (?) (1878-1946) ( 1 8 96- ?) ( 1 9 03-?) ( 1 9 04-?) (Jan 1948-) (?) (~1920-1938) (1975-) (-1975) (?) (-1975) (21 Mar 35-) (-1975) (-1975) (-1975) (3 Feb 1943-?)

3.(1.1).3.1 3.(1.1).3.1a 3.(1.1).3.2 3.(1.1).3.2a 3.(1.1).3.3 3.(1.1).3.3a 3.(1.1).3.4 3.(1.1).3.4a 2.(2.2).3 2.(2.2).4 2.(2.2).5 2.(2.2).6a 2.(2.2).6b 2.(2.2).6 2.(2.2).6c 2.(2.2).6d 2.(2.2).7 2.(2.2).8a 2.(2.2).8 2.3 2.3a 2.4 2.4a 2.5 SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH NORODOM SISOWATH NORODOM SISOWATH IZZI SISOWATHSISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH MENAUD SISOWATH NORODOM (?) SISOWATH (?) SISOWATH SISOWATH (?) SISOWATH (?) SISOWATH Phinary CHITAPONG SIRIK MATAK Keth n eari ESSARO Wath an ary METHAVI Anne Marie (Nanette) Sith an arak h Chomrinphakh Lakkinasi SaophaRoungsi Alice WATCHAYAVONG Siddharangsy KHOUCH SOTANARI NOPHKAO RATHANAY TRALOCH (?) (1889-1 May 1952)(22 Jan 1914-21 Apr 1975)(31 Aug 1919-) (2 May 1920-) (1924-) (?-1975) (?-1975) ( 1 8 87- ?) ( 1 8 87- ?) ( 1 8 90-?) (?) (?) (13 Sep 1891-30 Jan 1972) (18 Feb 1920-) ( 1 8 93- ?) (?) (1861~1930) (1862-1901) (1862-1897)

4.(1.1).3.1.1 4.(1.1).3.2.1a 4.(1.1).3.2.1 4.(1.1).3.2.1b 4.(1.1).3.3a.1 4.(1.1).3.3a.1a 4.(1.1).3.4a.1 4.(1.1).3.4a.2 4.(1.1).3.4a.3 3.(2.2).6a.1 3.(2.2).6b.1 3.(2.2).6b.1a 3.(2.2).6c.1 3 .(2 .1 .2 ).6 c.2 a 3 .(2 .1 .2 ).6 c.2 3.(2.2).8.1 2.(2.3).1 2.(2.3).2 2.(2.3).2a 2.(2.3).3 2.(2.3).4 2.(2.3).5 2.(2.3).5a 2.(2.4).1 2.(2.4).1a 2.(2.4).2 2.(2.4).2a SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SIENG SISOWATH NORODOM SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH KEO SISOWATH GANTHY SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH (?) SISOWATH (?) SISOWATH SISOWATH Neary reth Monique CHARIYA Dy Vinayika PREYASOPHON THOMICO Suthary Sophana DARAMITH Amarav ad d ey KIMSAN Siddhinath Ratanatevi Sarah KULACHAD Sik h araret Prapheysi POPANATH Rak h an asy NOUT DOUK NUPPHARETH CHHAYRATH Chhaorithsophon SISURA (21 Mar 1935-?) (?-) (1939-) (?-) (26 Jul 1958-) (18 Nov 1954-) (6 Aug 1952-) (7 May 1954-) (7 May 1954-) (10 Dec 1932-) (26 May 1926-) (15 Feb 1940-) (15 Feb 1940-) (?) (29 Sep 1943-) (1902-?) ( 1 8 87- ?) (8 Dec 1890-Feb 1945) (1899-?) ( 1 8 92-?) ( 1 8 95- ?) (?) (- 1 9 7 3) (?) (1879-?)

4.(1.1).3.2.2a 4.(1.1).3.2.2 4.(1.1).3.2.2b 5.(1.1).3.3a.1.15.(1.1).3.3a.1.2 4.(1.1).3.4a.4 4.(1.1).3.4a.5 4.(2.2).6b.1.1a 4.(2.2).6b.1.1 4 .(2 .1 .2 ).6 c.2 .1 4 .(2 .1 .2 ).6 c.2 .2 4 .(2 .1 .2 ).6 c.2 .3 3 .(2 .1 .2 ).6 c.3 3 .(2 .1 .2 ).6 c.4 (?) 3.(2.3).2.1 3.(2.3).5.1 3.(2.3).5.2 3.(2.3).5.3 3.(2.3).5.4 3.(2.4).1.1 3.(2.4).2.1 3.(2.4).2.1a SISOWATH SISOWATH SMITH NORODOM NORODOM SISOWATH SISOWATH NORODOM KEO SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH DUONGCHIVIN Santa (?-) PREYARO Verina AMRINDO TACKAVIT SIRIVUDH Kosey Fanny K o lan eth ORAVATH VIRAKETH VARACHEAT PORACSI PHANNARETH SOVANNARETH SOVANNARITHPHINNARETH CHHNAYVONGSUPINTHAVONG Nearirath (1933-17 Apr 1975) ( 1 9 40- ) (8 Jul 1981-) (11 Mar 1984-) (14 Jul 1956-May 1999)(1957-1 Aug 1966) (8 Jun 1951-) (2 Jan 1951-) (7 Jan 1978-) (12 May 1981-) (3 Sep 1982-) (24 Sep 1946-) (14 Jun 1951-) (1 May 1921-?) (?) (?) (?) (?) (9 Sep 1922-?) (18 Dec 1921-) (9 Apr 1922-)

5.(1.1).3.2.2a.1 5.(1.1).3.2.2a.25.(1.1).3.2.2a.35.(1.1).3.2.2a.4 5.(1.1).3.2.2a.5 5.(1.1).3.2.2a.65.(1.1).3.2.2b.1 4.(1.1).3.3a.2 4.(1.1).3.3a.3 4.(1.1).3.4a.6 4.(1.1).3.4a.6a 4.(2.2).6b.1.1a 3 .(2 .1 .2 ).6 c.5 a 3 .(2 .1 .2 ).6 c.5 2.3.(2.1.2).6c.6 3 .(2 .1 .2 ).6 d .13 .(2 .1 .2 ).6 d .2 3 .(2 .1 .2 ).6 d .3 3 .(2 .1 .2 ).6 d .4 3 .(2 .1 .2 ).6 d .5 3 .(2 .1 .2 ).6 d .6 4.(2.3).2.1.1 (?)4.(2.3).2.1.2 4 .(2 .3 ).2 .1 .2 a 4.(2.3).2.1.3 4.(2.3).2.1.4 4.(2.4)2.1.1 [41] SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH (?) SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH OUM NORODOM ROUSSEL SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH KANTHOUL SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH Ch iv in a So th ik ar Ch in tak av i Takara THIRAKVARO SOTHIRO Th erav ad y TESSO CH ITTA RA Sothea SIRIRITH Hélène PHANURATH CHEYSITH Kauthavy Ketsiny SUCHIMA Ounorith AMARTHATHET Mo n o racRen ée Rit arac VORA Su th eav yDo lo res PEYAVUDH CHUTTYVONG (20 Oct 1959-) (24 Apr 1961-) (24 Apr 1961-) (?) (26 Dec 1964-) (31 Aug 1973-) (7 Apr 1960-) (10 Aug 1963-) (18 Nov 1959-) (?) (18 Nov 1972-) (?) (18 May 1954-) (27 Jun 1955-) (?) (?) (?) (?) (?) (?) (31 Aug 1946-) (31 Aug 1946-) (?) (11 Sep 1957-) (14 Apr 1963-) (1942-)

4.(1.1).3.2.3 4.(1.1).3.2.3a 4.(1.1).3.2.4a 4.(1.1).3.2.4 4.(1.1).3.2.5a 4.(1.1).3.2.5 4.(1.1).3.2.5b 5.(1.1).3.4a.6.1 5.(1.1).3.4a.6.2 2 .4 .(2 .1 .2 ).6 c.5 .1 2 .4 .(2 .1 .2 ).6 c.5 .2 3 .(2 .1 .2 ).6 d .7 3 .(2 .1 .2 ).6 d .8 3 .(2 .1 .2 ).6 d .9 3 .(2 .1 .2 ).6 d .1 0 3 .(2 .1 .2 ).6 d .1 1 3 .(2 .1 .2 ).6 d .1 2 3 .(2 .1 .2 ).6 d .1 3 3 .(2 .1 .2 ).6 d .1 4 3 .(2 .1 .2 ).6 d .1 5 3 .(2 .1 .2 ).6 d .1 6 3 .(2 .1 .2 ).6 d .1 7 SISOWATH (?) SISOWATH SISOWATH NORODOM SISOWATH UCH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH Olary Br ig it te LICHAVI ArunRasmey SIRIRATH Nory SURYAVONG INDRAVONG XAVIER PHANURATH Malina Hélène Suprabha Ch eat So wath PRABAT VORAREACH Rothnanadery Ro th Ty mie DUONG DARA DaraResmey VUTHIN DARAVUTH Daravithy KANAROTH (?-) (?) (?-21 Apr 1975) (2 Oct 1955-) (21 Jun 1946-) (?) (28 Dec 1997-) (26 Oct 2002-) ( 1 9 81- ) ( 1 9 78-) (?) (1950-5 Sep 1973) (?) (?) (?) (?) (?) (?) (?) (?) (?)

4.(1.1).3.2.4.1 4.(1.1).3.2.4.2 5.(1.1).3.2.5a.1 5.(1.1).3.2.5a.2 5.(1.1).3.2.5a.3 5.(1.1).9.2.5b.1 5.(1.1).9.2.5b.1 SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SIVARO Ch an d ev a NAKIA NANDO Sir ik ith N ath al ie NORIVONG NIKKO Narita 2.6 2.6a 2.7 2.7a 2.8 2.8a 2.9 2.9a 2.10 2.11a 2.11 2.11b 2.12 2.13a 2.13 2.13b 2.13c 2.14a 2.14 2.14b ( 1 9 68- ) (-1975) (4 Aug 1975-) (16 Jun 1977-) (9 Oct 1979) (?) (?) SISOWATH (?) SISOWATH (?) SISOWATH (?) SISOWATH (?) SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH (?) SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH (?) (?) NORODOM SISOWATH (?) ROTANEY PIYARAKH PECH YARAK KHATAYA-RAK Samphadi Harinoret DUONG MATHURA MONIVONG Souvadtdi DUONG LAKHANA Sophana KHANARAK (1862-1901) (?) (1804-1904) (1865-1889) ( 1 8 65-?) ( 1 8 80- ?) (1873-1908) (2 7 Dec 1 8 7 5-24 Apr 1941) ( 1 8 81- ?) (1876-1 Jul 1953) (1879-?) ( 1 8 76-?) (See F ig ure X)

2.(1.1).6a 2.(1.1).6 2.(1.1).9 2.(1.1).8 2.(1.1).7 2.(1.1).6 2.(1.1).5 2.(1.1).4a 2.(1.1).4 2.(1.1).4b 2.(1.1).4c 2.(2.8).1 2.(2.8).2 2.(2.8).2a 2.(2.9).1 2.(2.11b).1a 2.(2.11b).1 2.(2.11b).2a 2.(2.11b).2 2.2.(2.14b).1 2.2.(2.14b).2 2.2.(2.14b).3 NORODOM SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATHSISOWATH NORODOM SISOWATH NORODOM SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH PHANOUVONG SangvaryOponascCHATTIVONGS Nenuhva Souvani CHANTARA KHATTIPONGS Chhaorithsophon SISURA Sonthanari Chhavrithi-Sau p h an Noch Rak h an asy POPANATH Sisudar KETHANA Math u r i SURAMARIT Math u r et Ketsoudarakh Lakkhinasi MI M (1871-1934)(See Norodom Fig. V) (1890-1952) (1887-?) ( 1 8 86- ?) ( 1 8 85-?) (1884-?) (1881-?) (?) ( 1 8 79- ?) (1883-?) (1880-?) (1894-?) ( 1 8 99- ?) (8 Dec 1980- (1883-?) (29 Jun 1889-1 Jun 1974)(1894-Aft 1974) (6 Mar 1896-3 Apr 1960) ( 1 8 96- ?) (1900-1 Mar 1976) (?) (1914) Feb 1945) (See F ig ure XII) 3.(2.11b).1.1a 3.(2.11b).1.1 2.(2.13a).1 2.(2.13a).2 2.(2.13a).3 2.(2.13c).1 2.(2.13c).2 2.(2.13c).3 2.(1.1).13a 2.(1.1).13 2.(1.1).13b 2.(1.1).12 2.(1.1).11 2.(1.1).10 3.(1.1).4a.1 3.(1.1).4a.1a (See SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH PORACSI SIRIK MATAK Keth n eari Rak h an asy PAPHARAVONG KEBALNoch Chantasoutha Bo u ran at RU BI S SUPINTHAVONG Nearirath SORANNA AL Bu o ch n g a RATVONGS SORARETH Ch en d ad u o ng @ 3.(2.3).2.1) (22 Jan 1914-21 Apr 1975) (31 Aug 1919-) ( 1 8 96- ?) ( 1 9 03- ?) ( 1 9 04- ?) (1894-?) ( 1 9 32- ) (1899-?) (29 Dec 1892-10 Mar 1959)( 1 8 94- ?) ( 1 8 91- ?) ( 1 8 91- ?) ( 1 8 90- ?) (18 Dec 1921-?) (9 Apr 1922-?)

2.(2.6).1 2.(2.6).2 2.(2.6).3 2.(2.6).4 2.(2.6).5 2.(2.6).6 2.(2.6).7 2.(2.6).8 2.(2.13b).1a 2.(2.13b).1 2.2.(2.13b).1b 2.(2.13b).2a 2.(2.13b).2 2.(2.13b).2.b 2.(2.13b).3 2.(2.13b).4 2.(2.13b).5 3.(1.1).13a.1 3.(1.1).13a.1a 3.(1.1).13a.2 3.(1.1).13a.2a 3.(1.1).13b.1b 3.(1.1).13b.1 3.(1.1).13b.1c 4.(1.1).4a1.1 SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATHSISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH OUK SISOWATH SISOWATH NORODOM SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH Neak Preu p SISOWATH NETH MEA S SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH ROTPONGS ChhavrithiSauphan Nouy Nhoap Ng ech Vich LENG LACH (?) Ol LON (?) Darameth PHURISSARA Sakethsan KANTANAVONGSamanmeth RITHIRAVONG (?) Mac ch u tar SAROUN FNU Kreth n eary MONICHEAT CHUTTYVONG ( 1 8 80- ?) (1880-?) ( 1 8 87- ?) ( 1 8 90-?) (1890-?) (1890-?) (1897-?) ( 1 9 00- ?) (1913-25 Apr 1973) (?) (1913-25 Apr 1973)(13 Oct 1919-1976) (- 1976) (- 1975) (1918-1975) (1931-1975) (1924-1975) (?) (?) ( 1 9 32- ) ( 1 9 22- ) ( 1 9 42-?)

4.(1.1).13a.1.1 4.(1.1).13a.1.2 4.(1.1).13a.1.3 4.(1.1).13a.2.1 4.(1.1).22.1 4.(1.1).13b.1b.1 4.(1.1).13b.1c.1 2.(2.7).1 2.(2.7).2 2.(2.7).3 2.(2.7).4 2.(2.7).5 2.(2.7).6 3.(2.13b).1a.1 3.(2.13b).1a.2 3.(2.13b).1b.1 3.(2.13b).2a.1a 3.(2.13b).2a.1 3.(2.13b).2a.2 3.(2.13b).2a.2a 3.(2.13b).2b.1 3.(2.13b).2b.2 3.(2.13b).2b.3 3.(2.13b).2b.4 SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH NETH MA M MEA S SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH OUK (?) SISOWATH SISOWATH BELCONDE NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM Monikhema SARAKHEMA TUMROUNGSENA Ap h ich ary a Huch Chamman KHATTEYA SARAKAH Nearirak h LONH Tramoul NAL Ch in g THOGNE Thal Ch an so rey DUONG KHARA RITHARAPONG Hubertine Ro n id a VODEARA VONSADY Danine (?) ( 1 9 55- ) (?) (?) (?) (?) (Jun 1959-) (1885-?) (1890-?) ( 1 8 95- ?) ( 1 8 98- ?) ( 1 8 99- ?) ( 1 9 01-?) (1930’s-1975) (?) (?) (-Jul 1978) (-May 1975) ( 1 9 43- 1 9 7 5) (1946-1975) (1948-1975) (5 Sep 1949-)

2.(1.1).17 2.(1.1).16 2.(1.1).15 2.(1.1).14a 2.(1.1).14 4.(1.1).13b.1c.2 LEGENDS 4 .(2 .1 3 b ).2 a.1 .1 4 .(2 .1 3 b ).2 a.1 .2 4 .(2 .1 3 b ).2 a.1 .3 4 .(2 .1 3 b ).2 a.1 .4 4 .(2 .1 3 b ).2 a.2 .1 4 .(2 .1 3 b ).2 a.2 .2 SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH N1 = 1, indicates child ofst 1generation from the k ing’s first wife, N1.NX st SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH Phat Phang Pchchang SowathBopha YAMAROTH CHEATMONI st = 2, indicates child of 1generation from the k ing’s second wife, etc. Duong Malay So p h ealay DUONG CHATO Duong Chanty NORETH Th erak n h ean 1 Generation st nd (1899-?) (1898-?) ( 1 8 95- ?) (?) (20 Oct 1893-1960) (22 Oct 1950-) NX = 1, indicates 1 child; 2, indicates 2 ch ild , etc . (13 Feb 1970-) ( 1 9 60- ) (?) of Offsprings st st st nd = 1 a, in d i cat es 1 wife of 1 ch ild ; 2 a , in d ica tes 1 wife of 2 ch ild , etc . NY = Generation Level (NY = 2, indicatesnd 2generation; NY = 3, indicatesrd 3generation, etc.) 2.(1.1).20 2.(1.1).19 2.(1.1).18 3.(1.1).14.1 5.(1.1).13b.1c.1.1 LEGENDS 2.15 2.15a 2.16a 2.16 2.16b SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH (N1 .NX) = Family Lin e (s ee ex p lan at io n ab o v e) st SISOWATH NORODOM TON SISOWATH SISOWATH Ch at Ch ak Yang Bopharoth Sovanna • N1 = Lineage tracing to the king’s wife (N1=1 indicateswife, 1 etc.) Marriage/Union nd Pin d ara So d areth SATHAVONG Solay SOUPHANOUVONGSoudarkh ( 1 9 01- ?) (20 Dec 1981-) • NX = Order of offspring (NX=2 indicates 2o ffsp rin g , etc.) (1901-?) ( 1 9 01-?) (12 Aug 1929-) NY.(N1.NX).NZ… (1885-22 Apr 1965) (1875-1918) (1891-26 Dec 1969)(1888-1955) ( 1 8 80- ?) NZ = Order of descendants or wives Parents/Children Starting from st nd • NZ = 1 indicates 1 o ffsp rin g , etc. 2.(1.1).21 2.(1.1).22 2 Generation st nd •NZ = 2a indicates 1wife (a) belonging to the 2 offspring (2) Parents/Child 2.(2.15).1 2.(2.15).3 2.(2.15).2 2.(2.15).4 2.(2.15).5 2.(2.16a).1 2.(2.16a).2 SISOWATH SISOWATH nd rd •NZ = 3b indicates 2wife (b) belonging to the 3offspring (3), etc. NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM SISOWATH SISOWATH Nath Phos Siblings ( 1 9 01-?) (?) [X1-X2] = Reign Start-Reign End (X1-X2 ) = Birth-Death Sath ap in th o raran g si. Monipinsatthareth NORINDETH Su th ereath Rasmey SONGDETHSouthapinnararieungsiMonipinnarasuthareth (M) = Male (F) = Female ( 1 9 03- ?) ( 1 9 04- ?) ( 1 9 06- ?) (1910-Aug 1961) (24 Apr 1913-?) (1903-?) (1904-?)

Figure IX. Genealogy of King Sisowath (Chart developed by Kenneth T. So, based on References 4, 7, 16, 17) © Preah Khan Reach and The Genealogy of Khmer Kings – Copyright by Kenneth T. So © LEGENDS

Marriage/Union 1 Parents/Children 2 3 SISOWATH MONIVONG 4 5 6 7 8 NORODOM EK Nath NETH [1927 – 1941] YIM That TRAYANG NETH NEARY LONG Kanvima n Norleak Tevi Parents/Child Kesar Maly Ol Bopha Norleak Yem Ous Sisama n Meak (?) (1876-1912) (-1993) (27 Dec 1875 – 24 Apr 1941) (-1975) Siblings

1.1SISOWATH 1. 2a 1. 2 1. 3 1. 4 1. 4a 5.1a 5.1 5.1b 6.1 6.1a 7.1 8.1 8.2 8.3 PINNARETH NORODOM SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH NORODOM NORODOM SISOWATH NORODOM SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH (1895-1919) SINGHARA Thavet Roeungsi Sariletlak Kossomak Nearireath SURAMARIT Bopha Devi MONICHIVAN Bophany DUONGCHIVIN Santa Neary Bonga Saveth Soudasi PONGDARAK (1898-1927) (30 Mar 1899-1975) (1900-?) (9 Apr 1904- (See Fig. XII) (8 Jan 1943-) (29 Oct 1932-1975) (4 Nov 1952-) (1933-17 Apr 1975) (~1940-) (10 Sep 1935-) (1902-) 27 Apr 1975, P.P.) 2.(5.1a).1a 2.(5.1a).1 2.(5.1a).2 2.(5.1a).2a 2.(6.1).1 2.(6.1).2 8.4 8.5a 8.5 8.5b MEAS KETH SISOWATH SISOWATH GERBIE 2.(1. 2).1 2.(1. 2).2 2.(1. 2).3 2.(1. 2).4 2.(1. 2).5 2(1. 4).1 MEAS SISOWATH SISOWATH NALAHO Monikossoma Kalyane Devi ARMAND SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM Chivina Sothi kar Huch MONICHEAT Krethneary (11 Apr 1960-) (30 Jul 1961-) RATHASA KANTOL Wathanary VIRIYA SYNGANAVI Thavet Norleak SIHANOUK (20 Oct 1959-) (24 Apr 1961-) (~1918-21 Dec 1971) (1922-) (1932-) (15 Sep 1920-1976) (1924-?) (1926-?) (29 Sep 1927-) (See Fig. XI) (See Fig. V. NORODOM for 2.(1.1.2).X) 2.(6.1).3 2.(6.1).4 2.(6.1).5 2.(8.5a).1a 2.(8.5a).1 2.(8.5b).1 1. 5 1. 6 1. 6a SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH MEAS SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH POC Chintakavi THIRAKVARO SOTHIRO Chamm an CHEATMONI Khattey a Nearirakh MONIRETH Vane (29 Mar 1963-) (26 Dec 1964-) (31 Aug 1973-) (22 Oct 1950-) (Jun 1959-) (1905-?) (25 Nov 1909-Sep 1975)

2.(1. 6.)1a 2.(1. 6).1 2.(1. 6).2a 2.(1. 6).2 2.(1. 6).3a 2.(1. 6).3 2.(1. 6).4a 2.(1. 6).4 4.1a 4.1 4.2 4.2a 4.3a 4.3 3.(8.5a).1.1 SISOWATH SISOWATH HOEUNG SISOWATH HOEUNG SISOWATH SBONG SISOWATH NORODOM SISOWATH SISOWATH NORODOM VIAUD SISOWATH SISOWATH

[42] Pongsiriya RETHNARA Claudine Chrun RAKMONI Pauline Chrun MONISOWATH Moniphal PONGMONI SIHANOUK Monikessan Samanvoraphong CHANTA- Marie Madeleine VONGCHIVAN Sovanna (1942-1975) (1935-?) (?) (16 Mar 1936-1975) (1936-) (1 Jan 1938-May 1994) (See Fig. XI) (6 Apr 1929- RAINGSEY (-Aft 1968) (20 Dec 1981-) 17 Feb 1946) (1924-1975) 2.(4.3).1 2. (4.3).2 3.(1. 6.)1.1 3.(1. 6).1.2 3.(1. 6).2.1 3.(1. 6).2.2 3.(1. 6).2.2a 3.(1. 6).3.1 3.(1. 6).3.2 3.(1. 6).3.3 2. (4.1).1 SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH OUM SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH NORODOM NARADIPO MONINORLEAK Chivanthirith Revady Dahlia Dara Ly liane WECHANAK NANDAMONI RETHMONI Darvann (10 Feb 1946-1976) (30 Jun 1953-) (6 Dec 1954-) (1962-1975) (1963-1975) (17 Nov 1958-) (20 Jan 1962-) (1 Jul 1962-) (22 Aug 1963-) (22 Nov 1964-)

4.(1. 6).2.2.1 4.(1. 6).2.2.2 4.(1. 6).2.2.3 4.4a 4.4b 4.4 4.4c 4.4d 4.4e OUM OUM OUM VAN LOCH SISOWATH NORODOM NORODOM PHENG Vong-Raksmey Monichera Chy vivong Sinn Nakry CHIVAN MONIRAK Botum Bopha Bopha Devi Kanthireth (1 Feb 1936-) (18 Jan 1951-Apr 1976) (8 Jan 1943-) (1 Feb 1956-) 1. 7a 1. 7b 1. 7c 1. 7 1. 7d 1. 7e LAMBERT MAM ROS SISOWATH SON CHAN André Ous Chhomya MONIPONG Sunneary Sorey Mariette (1917-1978) (20 Aug 1912-31 Aug 1956, Paris) (1923-?) 2.(4.4a).1 2.(4.4b).1 2.(4.4c).1 2.(4.4c).2 2.(4.4d).1 2.(4.4d).2 SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH Monirangsi Bophamony Chhavi Sophea CHANRAVUTH CHIVANNARIDH WEAKCHIRAVUDH (18 Feb 1956-1975) (28 Feb 1959-) (28 Jul 1964-1976) (4 Apr 1966-1976) (22 Aug 1968-) (1 May 1973-) 2.(1. 7a).1a 2.(1. 7a).1 2.(1. 7b).1 2.(1. 7c).1a 2.(1. 7c).1 2.(1. 7c).2 2.(1. 7c).3 NORODOM SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH 2. 1 2. 2 2. 2a 3. 1a 3. 1 3. 2 2.(4.4e).1 2.(4.4e).2 Daravadey SAMYL MONIPONG Lysa RETHNARA Pongsiriya Moniraingsy MONISISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH NORODOM SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH (20 Oct 1941-) (11 Apr 1941-) (1942-1975) (1935-1975) (1942-1975) (6 Feb 1944-) (1945-1975) MONILEAKHENA Pongsanmoni SIHANOUK Moniraingsy ROTHMONI Rinmoni Kesan Mony Reaksa Sachakvong (1931-5 Nov 1970) (26 Jan 1929- (See Fig. XI) (6 Feb 1944-) (1931-) (-30 May 1984)(20 Jun 1993-) (8Jan 2003-) 5 Dec 1974) 3.(1. 7a).1.1 3.(1. 7a).1.2 3.(1. 7c).1.1 3.(1. 7c).1.2 SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH 2.(3. 1).1 RAVIVADDHANA Ubbolvadey Revady Dahlia SISOWATH MONIPONG Monipong (1962-1975) (1963-1975) Rithaveth (15 Feb 1970-) (13 Mar 1973-) (1960-)

2.(1. 7d).1 2.(1. 7d).2 2.(1. 7d).3 2.(1. 7d).4 2.(1. 7e).1 2.(1. 7e).2 2.(1. 7e).3 2.(1. 7e).4 2.(2. 2).1 2.(2. 2).2 2.(2. 2).3 2.(2. 2).4 2.(2. 2).5 2.(2. 2).6 2.(2. 2).7 SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM Sovethvong Pongneary DUONG Sopheap Rethmona RAYMONI Phuong Marie-Josée YUVANEATH RAVIVONGS CHACKRAPONG Soriya Roeungsey Botum Bopha KHEMANOURAK Kanthi Bopha (17 Sep 1945-1994)) (29 May 1947-) DARAVONG Neary Tallia KIKOU Nara Sy lvia (1956-1975) (17 Oct 1943-) (8 Nov 1944- (21 Oct 1945-) (6 Apr 1947-Apr 1976)(18 Jan 1951-Apr 1976)(26 Sep 1949-Sep 1976) (1948-14 Dec 1952) (1948-19 Mar 1975) (1949-1975) (1950-1975) (1951-1975) (9 Nov 1954-) 31 Jul 1973) (C: 4 Jan 1953, P.P.) Figure X. Genealogy of King Sisowath Monivong (Chart developed by Kenneth T. So, based on References 7, 9, 16, 17) © Preah Khan Reach and The Genealogy of Khmer Kings – Copyright by Kenneth T. So ©

NORODOM S IHANOUK 1ST Reign: Chosen as King on 23 April 1941 And Crowned on 28 October 1941 2ND Reign: Crowned on 24 September 1993 1 2 3 [1941-1955 & 1993-7 October 2004] 4 5 6. PHA T SISOWATH SISOWATH NORODOM MAM IZZI Kanhol Po n g sa nm on i Mo nikessa n (31 October 1922-) Thavet Norleak Manivann Phanivong PauleMonique (1920-1 Feb 1969) (2 6 Ja n 192 9-5 Dec 1974) (6 Apr 1929-1 7 Feb 19 46 ) (29 Sep 1927-) (-1975) ( Sihanouk) Crema ted: 6 Feb 19 69 , P.P. (1 8 Jun 19 36-) Father: IZZI Jean François Mo ther: POMMEPeang (daughter of Madame OUK)

1.1a 1.1c 1.1 1.1b 1.1d 1.1e 1.2 1.2a 3.1 5.1 5.2a 5.2 5.2b 6.1 6.2a 6.2 NORODOM SISOWATH NORODOM FORCINETTI SISOWATH SISOWATH NORODOM ENG NORODOM NORODOM SISOWATH NORODOM KEO NORODOM EK NORODOM NORINRACTEVONG MONICHIVAN BophaDevi BRUNO CHIVANMONIRAK DOUSSADEY RANARIDDH Marie NARADIPO S u ch a t aV a t h iy a SIRIRATH ArunRasmy PUTH REASMEY SIHAMONI Sinuon NARINDRAPONG (12 mar 1935-1970) (2 9 Oct 1932-1975) (8 Jan 1943-) (1 943-1 971 , Paris) (1 Feb 1936-) (1941-1976) (2 Jan 1944-) (2 1 Dec 1948-) (10 Feb 1946-1976) (10 Mar 1953-20 Apr 1975) (2 1 Ju n 194 6-) (2 Oct 1955-) Crowned King in (18 Sep 1954-7 Oct 2003) Phnom Penh on 29 October 2004 (1 4 Ma y 1953-)

2.(1.1c).1a 2.(1.1c).1 2.(1.1c).2 2.(1.1).2a 2.(1.1b).1 2.(1.1d).1 2.(1.1e).1 2.(1.2).1 2.(1.2).2 2.(1.2).3 2.(5.2a).1 2.(5.2a).2 2.(5.2a).3 2.(5.2b).1 2.(5.2b).2 2.(6.2).1 2.(6.2).2 MEAS SISOWATH SISOWATH GERBIE NORODOM SISOWATH SISOWATH NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM SISOWATH SISOWATH SISOWATH KEO KEO NORODOM NORODOM KETH NALAHO MoniKossoma KalyanTevi ARMAND Forcinetti CHIVANNARIDDH VEAKCHIRAVUDDH CHAKRAVUTH SIHARIDDH RattanaDevi NAKIA NANDO SirikithNathalie Ponita KHEMUNI Simonarine Moninouk (?) (11 Apr 1960-) (30 Jul 1961-) Chansita (1968-) (1 973-) (3 Jan 1970-) (2 3 Ju n 197 2-) (1 8 Ju n 197 4, (4 Aug 1975-) (1 6 Ju n 197 7-) (9 Oct 1979-) (2 6 Nov 1991-) (1 3 Aug 1997-) (2 3 Aug 1983-) (18 Mar 1987-)

[43] (13 Jul 1965-) Aix-en-Provence-)

2.1a 2.1 2.1b 2.2 2.3a 2.3 2.3b 2.4 2.5 2.6a 2.6 2.6b 2.6c 2.7a 2.7 MAU NORODOM TEA NORODOM HUN NORODOM TIOULONG NORODOM NORODOM SISOWATH NORODOM SISOWATH SISOWATH SAN NORODOM Pheup YUVANEATH Kim Yin RAVIVONGS Soeun CHACKRAPONG Kethy SoriyaRoeungsey Kantha Bopha CHIVAN MONIRAK BotumBopha DOUSSADEY RATHIPONG Surienne KHEMANOURAK (1942-) (1 7 Oct 1943-) (8 Nov 1944-3 1 Ju l 1973 ) (1 Aug 1943-) (2 1 Aug 1945-) (5 Aug 1951-) (6 Apr 1947-Apr 1976) (1 948-1 4 Dec 1952 ) (1 Feb 1936-) (18 Jan 1951-Apr 1976) (9 Sep 1939-1975) (1 971-1 975 ) (26 Sep 1949-Sep 1976) C: 4 Jan 1953, P.P.

LEGENDS

N 1 = 1, ind i ca t es c h il d ost f 1generation from the king’s first wife, N1.NX st st = 2, indicates child of 1generation from the king’s second wife, etc. 2.(2.1a).1 2.(2.1b).1 2.(2b.1).2 2.(2.1b).2a 2.(2.1b).3 2.(2.3a).1a 2.(2.3a).1 2.(2.3a).2 2.(2.3a).2a 2.(2.3a).3 2.(2.3a).4 2.(2.3b).1 1 Generation NX = 1, indicatesst 1child; 2, indicatesnd 2child, etc. NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM COUMERI NORODOM TOTONG NORODOM NORODOM HUL NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM of Offsprings = 1a, indicates st1wife of 1stchild; 2a, indicatesst 1wife of 2nd child, etc. Chhavarangsi VEAKCHEARAVOUTH Pekina MARK Yuveakdevi Janet BUDDHAPONG AMARITTIVONG Crystal NARAWONG RAVICHAK Nandadevi (2 5 Ju n 196 0-) (10 Jan 1966-) (7 Jul 1970-) (1 6 Ju n 197 4-) (29 Apr 1971-) (13 Feb 1966-) (3 dec 1967-) (1 4 Dec 1971-) (1 Aug 1970-) (1 Jan 1974-) (28 Sep 1966-) NY = Generation Level (NY = 2, indicatesnd generation; 2 NY = 3, indicatesrd generation,3 etc.) (N1.NX) = Family Line (see explanation above) • N1 = Lineage tracing to the king’s wife (N1=1 indicatesstwife, 1 etc.) LEGENDS nd NY.(N1.NX).NZ… • NX = Order of offspring (NX=2 indicates offspring,2 etc.) NZ = Order of descendants or wives Marriage/Union Starting from nd • NZ = 1 indicatesst 1offspring, etc. 2 Generation st nd Parents/Children • NZ = 2a indicates 1wife (a) belonging to the 2offspring (2) • NZ = 3b indicatesnd 2wife (b) belonging to therd 3offspring (3), etc. Parents/Child [X1-X2] = Reign Start-Reign End (X1-X2) = Birth-Death Siblings (M) = Male (F) = Female

Figure XI. Genealogy of King Norodom Sihanouk (Chart developed by Kenneth T. So, based on References 7, 9, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21) © Preah Khan Reach and The Genealogy of Khmer Kings – Copyright by Kenneth T. So ©

NORODOM SURAMARIT 1 2 3 SISOWATH SISOWATH [1955-1960] KIM-AN Kossomak Nearireath Du ong Mathu ret (6 Mar 1896-3 Apr 1960) Ye a p [1960-1975] (1896-?) Cremation: 27 Aug 1960 (Khun Tep Kanha Sophea Kim-An Yeap) (9 Apr 1904-27 Apr 1975) (25 May 1925-?)

1.1 3.1a 3.1 3.1b 3.2a 3.2 3.2b 3.3a 3.3 NO RODOM TEP NORODOM DUMONT KEO NORODOM ALFSEN SISOW AT H NORODOM S IHANOUK SAMBONA Vacheahra YVES Kosey SIRIVUDH Christine Angele Vinayika PREYASOPHON (See Figu re XI) (10 Aug 1941-) (17 Aug 1946-) (Chairman of Champagne (3 Jan 1951-) (8 Jun 1951-) (?) (26 Jul 1958-) (18 Nov 1954-) Laurent Perrier in Reims, France)

[44] 2.(3.1b).1 2.(3.2a).1 2.(3.2b).1 2.(3.2b).2 2.(3.2b).3 2.(3.3).1 2.(3.3).2 (M) NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM NORODOM SIRIRIT H Alex andra Sarah MARITHIVONG PREYARO Verin a (18 Nov 1972-) (1990-) (1992-) (1994-) (8 Jul 1981-) (11 Mar 1984-)

LEGENDS

N1 = 1, indicates child of 1st generation from the king’s first wife, N1.NX = 2, indicates child of 1st generation from the king’s second wife, etc. 1st Generation NX = 1, indicates 1st child; 2, indicates 2nd child, etc. of Offsprings LEGENDS = 1a, indicates 1st wife of 1st child; 2a, indicates 1st wife of 2nd child, etc.

NY = Generation Level (NY = 2, indicates 2nd generation; NY = 3, indicates 3rd generation, etc.) Marriage/Union (N1.NX) = Family Line (see explanation above) Parents/Children • N1 = Lineage tracing to the king’s wife (N1=1 indicates 1st wife, etc.) nd NY.(N1.NX).NZ… • NX = Order of offspring (NX=2 indicates 2 offspring, etc.) Parents/Child NZ = Order of descendants or wives Starting from st Siblings 2nd Generation • NZ = 1 indicates 1 offspring, etc. • NZ = 2a indicates 1st wife (a) belonging to the 2nd offspring (2) • NZ = 3b indicates 2nd wife (b) belonging to the 3rd offspring (3), etc.

[X1-X2] = Reign Start-Reign End (X1-X2) = Birth-Death (M) = Male (F) = Female

Figure XII. Genealogy of King Norodom Suramarit

(Chart developed by Kenneth T. So, based on References 7, 9, 16, 17) © Preah Khan Reach and The Genealogy of Khmer Kings – Copyright by Kenneth T. So ©

FUNAN (Lunar Dynasty) CHENLA (Solar Dynasty) ANINDITAPURA SAMBHUPURA (Another Lunar Dynasty formed (Newly formed Solar Dynasty) during The reign of Isanavarman I) (Centered at Sambor and Kratie) 1. Kaundinya Som a Kambu Svayambhuva Mera Kaundinya Soma Kambu Svayambhuva Mera (Hun-Tieu/Preah Thong) (Liu-Yeh) (Later part of 1st century) 2. Houen-pa’an-houang 3. P’an-pa’an 4.Fan Shih-man (205-225) (Fan-man = Varman) 5. Kin-cheng (Son of 4, killed by 6) 6. Fan Chan (Nephew of 4, killed by 7) 7. Fan Ch’ang (Son of 4, killed by 8) ? ? 8. Fan Hsün (~240~310) (General of 6) ? ? 9. T’ien-tchou (~357) (Sindhu Chandana from Murunda dynasty of Kushans) ? ? 10. Kaundinya II (~434) Kulaprabhavati (x) Strutavarman (435-495) (Kiao-tch’en-jou = Kamboja?) (Eulogized as belonging to Kambu dynasty) 11. Kaundinya Jayavarman (478-514) Sreshthavarman (~495-530) 12. Rudravarman (514-540)

[45] 14. Mahendravarman (590-611) 13. Bhavavarman I (550-590) Kambujarajalakshmi Sambhuvarman (Sistrasena) 15. Isanavarman I (611-640) ? ? 16. Bhavavarman II Jayadevi 17. Jayavarman I (640-681) 18. Mahipativarman (790-802)

Dharanindradevi 19. Jayavarman II (802-850) (Kambujalakshmi) 20. Jayavarman III (850-877)

21. Indravarman I (877-889)

25. Jayavarman IV (928-941) Jayadevi 22. Yasovarman I (889-910) Mahendradevi 27. Rajendravarman II (944-968) 26. Harshavarman II (941-944) 28. Jayavarman V (968-1001) 23. HashavarmanI (910-925) 24. Isanavarman II (925-928)

29. Suryavarman I (1002-1050) Viralakshmi Hiranyavarman 30. Udayadityavarman II (1050-1066) 31. Harshavarman III (1066-1088) (No lineage link to Lunar or Solar dynasty)

Jayarajacudamani 33. Dharanindravarman I (1107-1113) 32. Jayavarman VI (1082-1107) (F) Dharanindrarajalakshmi (Chudamani)

35. Dharanindravarman II (1150-1160) 34. Suryavarman II (1113-1150) Legends Marriage/Union 36. Yasovarman II (1160-1165) 37. Jayavarman VII (1181-1215) Parents/Children 38. Indravarman II (~1215-1243) Siblings 39. Jayavarman VIII (1243-1295) Cousins or Siblings Multiple Generations Rem oved Srindrabhupesvera Cuda 40. Indravarman III (~1295-1307) (F) Fem ale (Indrabhupesvera Cuda) (Srindravarman) (x) Unknown Origin 41. Indrajayavarman (1308-1327) ? (Srindrajayavarman) ? Unknown Relationship 42. Jayavarman IX (1327-1353) (Jayavarman Paramesvera) Figure XIII. Genealogy of Khmer Kings Through the End of the Angkor Period (Chart developed by Kenneth T. So, based on References 1, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9) © Preah Khan Reach and The Genealogy of Khmer Kings – Copyright by Kenneth T. So ©

42. Jayavarman IX (1327-1353) X X X 43. Hou-eul-na (-1371-) (Wouh-kien-no) X X X 44. Samdach Preah Phaya (-1404-)

45. Nippean Bat (1405-1409) 46. Sithean Reachea (1409-1409) (Samdach ChaoPhaya) (Phing-ya) (Chieu Binh-nha)

47. Lompong Reachea ( 1409-1416 ) 48. Soryotei ( 1416-14XX1 )

50. Barom Reachea ( 1425-1429 ) 51. Thommaso ka ( 1429-14XX3 ) 49. Soryovong ( 14XX2-1425 ) 52. Soryovong II ( 14XX3-14XX4 ) (Dharmasoka) 54. Poñea Yat (1432-1463) 53. B arom Sokha ( 14XX4-1431 ) Thai Rule ( 14XX1-14XX2 ) Chau Basath, Chau Baat, & Kambang-Pisey (Preah Srey Soryopor)

55. Preah Noreay Reachea (1463-1468) 56. Preah Srey Reachea(1468-1486) 58. Preah ThommoReach (1468-1504) ReameaThipadey Reamea Thipadey

57. Preah Srey Soryotei (1476-1486) 59. Srey Sokont hor Bat 60. Chan Reachea (1516-1555) (1504-1512) (Ang Chan I) 61. Preah Barom (1556-1567) Intho Reachea I [46] 62. Preah Barom (1567-1575) 67. Srey Soryopor (1600-1618) 65. Poñea An (1597-1599) Intho Reachea II (Barom ReacheaReamea) (BaromReachea II)

63. Chey Chetha I (1576-1593) 64. Poñea Tan (1596-1597) 66. Chau Poñea Youm (1599-1600) 68. Chey Chetha II (1618-1628) 69. Preah Outey I (1628-1629) (Barom ReacheaI)

70. Poñea To (1629-1630) 71. Ang Tong (1630-1640) 73. Poñea Chan (1642-1659) 72. Ang Non I (1640-1642) 74. Poñea So (1659-1672) Ang IM (Srey ThommoReacheaI) (Botum ReacheaII) (Botum ReacheaI) (Botum ReacheaIII) 75. Chey Chetha III 76. Ang Chey (1673-1674) 77. Ang So (4 alternative reigns:1675 -1706) (1672-1673) (Chey Chetha IV) 78. Ang Non II (1674-1675) 79. Preah Outey II (1695-1696) 81. Thommo Reachea IV (3 alternative reigns: 1702-1747) 80. Ang Êm (3 alternative reigns: 1700 -1730) (Kevhea Borompit) 84. Ang Tong 83. Ang Êm (1747-1747) 85. Ang Snguo n (1749-1755) 82. Ang Chey (2 alternative reigns: 1722-1736) (2 alternative reigns: 1747-1757) (Chey Chetha V) (Preah Satha) Ang Poh Ksatrey 87. Ang Non III (1775-1779) 86. Ang Tan (1758-1775) 88. Ang Eng (1779-1796)

89. Ang Chan II (1806-1834) 91. Ang Duong (1848-1860)

90. Ang Mey (1834-1847) 92. Norodom (1864-1904) 93. Sisowath (1904-1927) 97. Sisowath Kossomak Nearireath 96. Norodom Suramarit (1955-1960) 94. Sisowath Monivong (1875-1941) LEGENDS 95. Norodom Sihanouk (2 alternative reigns: 1941-2004) Marriage/Union 98. Norodom Sihamoni (2004-) Parents/Child Father/Sons (X) Father/Son (x) Siblings Nephew/Uncle Relationship Figure XIV. Genealogy of Khmer Kings Post Angkorian Period (Chart developed and modified by Kenneth T. So, based on References 1, 7, 9, 15, 16, 17, 21) © Preah Khan Reach and The Genealogy of Khmer Kings – Copyright by Kenneth T. So ©

Appendix 2

[47] Preah Khan Reach and The Genealogy of Khmer Kings – Copyright by Kenneth T. So ©

King Ang Duong King Norodom King Sisowath King Sisowath Monivong [48]

King Norodom King Norodom Queen Sisowath King Norodom Sihanouk Suramarit Kossomak Nearireath Sihamoni

Figure 2-1. Khmer Kings in the Modern Era (from King Ang Duong to King Norodom Sihamoni)

Preah Khan Reach and The Genealogy of Khmer Kings – Copyright by Kenneth T. So © [49]

Figure 2-2. The Monkhood and Coronation of Norodom Sihanouk

Preah Khan Reach and The Genealogy of Khmer Kings – Copyright by Kenneth T. So © [50]

Figure 2-3. Post Abdication of Norodom Sihanouk

Preah Khan Reach and The Genealogy of Khmer Kings – Copyright by Kenneth T. So © [51]

Figure 2-4. The Coronation of Norodom Suramarit and the Second Reign of King Norodom Sihanouk

Preah Khan Reach and The Genealogy of Khmer Kings – Copyright by Kenneth T. So © [52]

Figure 2-5. The Coronation of King Norodom Sihamoni

Preah Khan Reach and The Genealogy of Khmer Kings – Copyright by Kenneth T. So © [53]

Figure 2-6. Young Prince Norodom Sihamoni (Top, second from left) at “Le Petit Lycée Descartes”, Phnom Penh – Circa 1960

Preah Khan Reach and The Genealogy of Khmer Kings – Copyright by Kenneth T. So ©

Norodom King Sisowath Kanviman Norleak Tevi Monivong

Sisowath Sisowath Sisowath Queen Sisowath Sisowath Sisowath Sisowath Pinnareth Thavet Sarletlak Kossomak Nearirakh Monireth Monipong (See Fig. X, 1.1) Roeungsi (See Fig. X, 1.3) Nearireath (See Fig. X, 1.5) (See Fig. X, 1.6) (See Fig. X, 1.7) (See Fig. X, 1.2) (See Fig. X, 1.4)

Figure 2-7. The Children of King Sisowath Monivong

Norodom Sutharot Norodom Phanganga (See Fig. VIII, 4.2) (See Fig. VIII, 4.2a)

Norodom King Norodom Norodom Norodom Ras mi Norodom Akasaniya Suramarit Phavarith Sobhana Yinglek (See Fig. VIII, (See Fig. XII) (See Fig. VIII, (Samdech Preah (See Fig. VIII, 2.(4.2).1) 2.(4.2).3) Reach Kanitha) 2.(4.2).5) (See Fig. VIII, 2.(4.2).4)

Figure 2-8. The Children of Prince Norodom Sutharot and Princess Norodom Phanganga

[54] Preah Khan Reach and The Genealogy of Khmer Kings – Copyright by Kenneth T. So ©

Queen Sisowath King Norodom Khun Tep Kossomak Suramarit Kanha Sophea Nearireat h Kim-An Yeap

King Norodom Norodom Norodom Sihanouk Vachwahra Sir iv udh

Figure 2-9. The Children of King Norodom Suramarit

Norodom Norodom Norodom Norodom Sihamoni Arun Rasmy Sihamoni Narindrapong

Norodom Norodom Norodom Norodom Yavaneath Bopha Devi Ranariddh Narindrapong

Figure 2-10. Some of the Children of King Norodom Sihanouk

[55] Preah Khan Reach and The Genealogy of Khmer Kings – Copyright by Kenneth T. So ©

Norodom Ranariddh Eng Marie (See Fig. XI, 1.2) (See Fig. XI, 1.2a)

Norodom Chakravuth Norodom Sihariddh Norodom Rattana Devi (See Fig. XI, 2.(1.2).1 (See Fig. XI, 2.(1.2).2 (See Fig. XI, 2.(1.2).3 Figure 2-11. The Children of Prince Norodom Ranariddh and Princess Norodom Eng Marie

Sisowath Sirirath Norodom Arun Rasmy Keo Puth Reasmey (See Fig. IX, 5.(1.1).3.2.5) (See Fig. XI, 5.2) (See Fig. XI, 5.2b)

Siso wat h Siso wat h Siso wat h Keo Keo Nakia Nando Sirikith Nathalie Ponita Khemuni (See Fig. XI, (See Fig. XI, (See Fig. XI, (See Fig. XI, (See Fig. XI, 2.(5.2a).1 2.(5.2a).2 2.(5.2a).3 2.(5.2b).1 2.(5.2b).2 Figure 2-12. The Children of Princess Norodom Arun Rasmy

[56] Preah Khan Reach and The Genealogy of Khmer Kings – Copyright by Kenneth T. So ©

Mam Manivann Siso wat h Siso wat h Siso wat h Norodom Phanouvong Pongsanmoni Sirik Matak Essaro Chant araingsey (Mother of Norodom (See Fig. XI, 2) (See Fig. IX, 3.(1.1).3.2) (See Fig. IX, 3.(1.1).3.3 (See Fig. VIII, 2.(5.14a).6) Arun Rasmy) (See Fig. XI, 5)

Norodom Siso wat h Pheng Norodom Ch rist in e An gele Bopha Devi Chivan Monirak Kanthireth Sir iv udh Alfsen )See Fig. XI, 1.1) (See Fig. X, 4.4) (See Fig. IX, 4.4e) (See Fig. Xii, 3.2) (See Fig. XII, 3.2b)

Norodom Mark Siso wat h Siso wat h Pekina Coumeri Lichavi Brigitte (see Fig. XI, 2.(2.1b).2 (see Fig. XI, 2.(2.1b).2a (See Fig. IX, 4.(1.1).3.2.4) (See Fig. IX, 4.(1.1).3.2.4a)

Siso wat h Hy Siso wat h Belconde Chittara Heng Ritharapong Hubertine (See Fig. IX, 3.(4.1).10a.1) (See Fig. IX, 3.(4.1).10a.1a) (See Fig. IX, 3. (2.13b).2a.2) (See Fig. IX, 3.(2.13b).2a.2a)

Siso wat h Siso wat h Siso wat h Norodom Darameth Doussadey Youtevong Phanouvong (See Fig. IX, 2.(2.13b).2) (see Fig. VI, 6. (3.1).2.2) (See Fig. VI, 5.(3.1).4) (See Fig. VIII, 2.12)

Figure 2-13. The Princes and Princesses of Cambodia (Part 1)

[57] Preah Khan Reach and The Genealogy of Khmer Kings – Copyright by Kenneth T. So ©

Norodom Norodom Norodom Norodom Monisara Sav roth Bophavadeiy Monidara (See Fig. VI, 6.(3.1).1.1) (See Fig. VI, 7.(3.1).1.1b.5) (See Fig. VI, 7.(3.1).1.1b.7) (See Fig. VI, 7.(3.1).1.1b.8)

Norodom Norodom Norodom Siso wat h Rattana Devi Veakchearavouth Daravadey Rethnara (See Fig. XI, 2.(1.2).3) (See Fig. XI, 2.(2.1b).1) (See Fig. VIII, 3.(2.12c).1b.1) (See Fig. X, 2.(1.6).1)

Siso wat h Siso wat h Siso wat h Siso wat h Siso wat h Samyl Monipong Ravivaddhana Ubboldvadey Pongsiriya Monisowath (See Fig. X, 2.(1.7a).1 Monipong Monipong (See Fig. X, 2.(1.7c).1) (See Fig. X, 2.(1.7c).3) (See Fig. X, 3.(1.7a).1.1) (See Fig. X, 3.(1.7a).1.2)

Siso wat h Siso wat h Siso wat h Siso wat h Sovethvong Pongneary Phuong Nara Syilvia Marie Josée (see Fig. X, 2.(1.7d).1) (See Fig. X, 2.(1.7d).2) (See Fig. X, 2.(1.7e).3 (See Fig. X, 2.(1.7e).4)

Ang Duong Salivongs Norodom Duong Chak (See Fig. VII, 2.(10.1).3) (See Fig. VIII, 1.11)

Figure 2-14. The Princes and Princesses of Cambodia (Part 2)

[58] Preah Khan Reach and The Genealogy of Khmer Kings – Copyright by Kenneth T. So ©

Appendix 3

[59] Preah Khan Reach and The Genealogy of Khmer Kings – Copyright by Kenneth T. So ©

SANSKRIT NAME CHINESE NAME OTHER NAME PERIOD COMMENT Also according to George Coedès, Vyādhapura was the ancient capital of Funan located at the foot of Ba Phnom. It was called the Holy Mountain in inscriptions of the 10th Century. The name Ba Phnom, Funan may have been derived from the word Ba Phnom. Vyādhapura Tö-mu Mount Motan Angkor Borei According to Coèdes, "Histoire ancienne des états hindouisés d'Extrême-Orient ," he mentioned that the Chinese pronounciation of two characters, b'ui-nam, came from the transcription of the old Khmer word bnam, which is now phnom. Sreshthapura Vat Phnom Vat Phu Chenla Capital of Chenla T'o-ho-lo Dvāravati or Tou-ho-lo

[60] Sambhupura Sambor Champa Lin-yi T'o-yüan Mon settlement north of Khmer settlement of Chantabun Means Red Earth, located in Menam Valley (Present Thailand: Ch'ih-t'u Srideb? Patani-Kedah region?) Bālādityapura Angkor Borei Po-liti-pa Fan Shih-man Varman (Fan-man) Bhadravarman Fan-Fo 349-380 AD Champa's King, reigned from 349-380 A.D. Sri Indravarman, Che-li-pa-mo Chenla Acoording to Coedès Sreshthavarman (Che-li-t'o-pa-mo) ~ 438 AD Kok Thlok, Kvir, Kamār, Kambuja was first called in the Cham inscriptions. Kvir was also Kambujadesa, Srok Khmer, Chenla Kimēr, Komār, called by the . In the 9th and 10th Century, Arab travellers Kambuja Kampuchea Kumār called Kamār, Kimēr, Komār, & Kumār Jayavarman II founded the Khmer kingdom on Mount Mahendra. Mahendrapavarta Phnom Koulen Mount Mahendra 802 The inscriptions used the terms Kambuja or Kambujadesa. Therefore, 802 was considered the end of Chenla period. 802-1432 Angkor Period. This is considered to be the Classical Period.

Figure A. Corresponding Names and Descriptions of Events (Part 1)

Preah Khan Reach and The Genealogy of Khmer Kings – Copyright by Kenneth T. So ©

SANSKRIT NAME KHMER NAME CHINESE NAME OTHER NAME PERIOD COMMENT Camboxa, Camboja, Camboya, Camboie, Kamboie (Portuguese, Kambuja Europeans visiting Cambodia & Spanish), Cambodge (French), & Cambodia (English) 1864- French Protectorate Period. An official envoy from China was sent to spread its civilization Early 3rd in the region. The court of China registered the existence of an Century ambassy from Funan. China mentioned that Funan was conquered by its formal vassal Early 7th state Chenla. Funan ceased to exist around 627 AD during the Century [61] reign of Isanavarman, King of Chenla. Chinese Buddhist pilgrim I-Tsing (671-695 AD) spoke of Poh-nan. Banam, Funan Poh-nan The Italian scholar, Col. G. E. Gerini said that Poh-nan was a Phnom Chinese translation of the Khmer word Banam (Phnom). French sinologist. In 1903, he was the first person to correctly Paul Pelliot locate Funan from Chinese historical documents.He pinpointed Funan to be in the delta of the . The oldest inscriptions of Khmer language found in Funan during Coèdes writing in 1944. However, as of 1950 another Khmer inscription dated to 611 was found at Angkor Borei and another 628-629 one dated to around 609 was found at Ak Yom (note 18). Those two Khmer inscriptions have been assigned to the end of Mahendravarman's reign. The Ak Yom inscription showed that the temple was dedicated to Gambiresvara. King Srey Soryopor (Sauryopéar) moved his royal palace from Prey Lovéa-êm Loïm Kôh Sla-kêt to Prey Lovéa-êm. The word Loïm was a deformation word of Lovéa-êm by the Portuguese and Spanish.

Figure B. Corresponding Names and Descriptions of Events (Part 2)