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POWER and PRAGMATISM in the POLITICAL ECONOMY of ANGKOR Appendices

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POWER and PRAGMATISM in the POLITICAL ECONOMY of ANGKOR Appendices THESIS FOR THE AWARD OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN ARTS _________ DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY ____________ POWER AND PRAGMATISM IN THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF ANGKOR Appendices EILEEN LUSTIG _________ UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY 2009 Appendix 1 Chronology of AngkorAngkorianian Rulers Date CE Ruler Construction Events c. 802-c.835 Jayavarman II Kulen Rise of power from base at Vyadhapura (Bantay Prei Nokor). Gained control of territory or alliances with Bhavapura (?), Śambhuapura (Sambor), Malyang (SW of Tonle Sap). Ceremony marking his accession on Kulen plateau and said to have established the cult of kamrateṅ jagat ta rāja (Sk devarāja ) (780-802). Established capital at Hariharālaya (Roluos). c.835-c.877 Jayavarman III c.877-c.889 Indravarman I Preah Koh, Bakong, Baray Temples at Hariharālaya Indratataka c.889-c.915 Yaśovarman I Phnom Bakheng, Phnom Bok; Moved capital to Yaśodharapura (Angkor) centred on Phnom Bakheng Phnom Krom; Phnom Dei; start of East Baray, Prasat Kravan, embankment around capital city, linking causeway to Hariharālaya, diversion of Siem Reap River; 100 wooden ashrams (inc. Ba Phnom, Tbhong Khmum; Wat Phu, Preah Vihear and in Battambang) c.915-c.923 Harṣavarman I c.923-c.928 Iṣānavarman II 1 Appendix 1 Chronology of Angkorian Rulers (cont.) Date CE Ruler Construction Events c.928-c.941 Jayavarman IV Prasat Thom, Rahal Baray and Established power base at Koh Ker (Chok Gargyar) from 922; claimed minor temples overlordship in 928 c.941-944 Harṣavarman II Short reign, followed by return of capital to Angkor 944-968 Rājendravarman II East Mebon, Pre Rup; Bat Chum; Restored Angkor and increased territories claimed now to extend to Kutisvara temple dedicated Baksei Vietnam, Laos, parts of Thailand (e.g. forays towards Lopburi), Burma, Chamkrong (? begun by previous China; military expedition to Champa (950) monarch) 968-c.1000 Jayavarman V Ta Kev (Takeo) (unfinished); As centre of his capital Jayendranagari (Angkor) began temple- additions to Prasat Neak Buos, pyramid Ta Kev (Takeo); began Phimeanakas. Preah Vihear, amongst others c.1002-1002 Udayādityavarman I 1002-c.1010 Jayavīravarman Unable to assert control over whole empire. 1002-1050 Sūryavarman I Shrines to N (Preah Vihear), S Acceded after years of conflict with Jayaviravarman. Power (Phnom Chisor), E (? Icanatirtha ) & consolidated with of allegiance by officials, the taṃrvāc. Extensive W (Vat Ek) of capital; Takeo, Royal building program attested by increase in number of references to Palace North and South Khleangs ‘cities’ ( pura) during his reign. Responsible for increased integration of and completion of Phimeanakas. Khorat Plateau region after construction of Phimai. Opened up Initial work on West Baray, connections to west, gained supremacy over Lavo (Lopburi) and into Elephant, Terrace Preah Khan of Tambralinga on the Malay Peninsula. (?) Alliances with Champa and Kompong Svay. China against Annam. 2 Appendix 1 Chronology of Angkorian Rulers (cont.) Date CE Ruler Construction Events 1050-1066 Udayādityavarman II Baphuon; West Mebon. This and succeeding reign were period of internal conflicts and wars against the Champa 1066/7-1080 Harṣavarman III Angkor & Champa required to help China fight Vietnamese; subsequent war with Champa. 1080-c.1107 Jayavarman VI Phimai (?) New dynasty, (the Mahīdharapura) from Khorat area. No construction at Angkor, and his capital may have been in the region of his power base (Briggs: 179) 1107-1112 Dharaṇīndravarman 1 1113-c.1150 Sūryavarman 11 Angkor Wat; Preah Pithu; Chausay Came to power after period of instability and domestic conflict. Gained Tevoda; Thommanon; Banteay control of part of Malay peninsula. Campaigns against Đại Việt and Samre; additions to Vat Phu, Preah Cham. Successful campaigns against the Chams and installation of his Vihear, Preah Khan of Kompong nominee on Cham throne. Song dynasty flees south; embassies sent Svay; may have begun Beng from Angkor to China (1116, 1120). Mealea. 1150-c.1166 Yaśovarman II Beginning of period of disunity lasting up to Jayavarman VII c.1165-1177 Tribhuvanāditya- Traditional view is that reign ends with defeat by Cham fleet (arriving at varman Great Lake via Tonle Sap). Perhaps Cham raids while future Jayavarman VII was in Vijaya. 3 Appendix 1 Chronology of Angkorian Rulers (cont.) Date CE Ruler Construction Events 1181-c.1220 Jayavarman VII Ta Prohm; Preah Khan; Bayon; Sra Returned to Cambodia with army of Khmer and Cham. Battle images Srang royal bath; Banteay Kdei; are of these fighting other Khmer and Cham soldiers (i.e. may have North-eastern Baray; Neak Pean; gained throne with the help of Champa). Apparently subjugated some Ta Som; Angkor Thom; Terrace of of Malay Peninsula and engaged in interaction with Burma and Sri Leper King; Terrace of Elephants; Lanka. Campaigns against the Cham and Đại Việt to the east. His Krol Ko; Preah Palilay (?); Suor reign represents the greatest extent of Khmer empire, extending into Prat; 102 hospitals (50 identified), Laos, Vietnam and Thailand. Royal patronage of Buddhism, 121 rest houses/ ‘fire houses’ on 3 distributing 23 images of himself as Buddha (Jayabuddhamahānātha) roads; roads linking Angkor with throughout the empire. Engaged in vast building program, some of outer parts of kingdom. which may have been completed by his successors. c.1220-1243 Indravarman II Recent suggestion that he ruled up to 1270 (Jacques 2007: 41) 1243-1295 Jayavarman VIII Commonly held view is that there was Hindu reaction against Buddhism of Jayavarman VII and many Buddhas destroyed. c.1295-c.1308 Śrīndravarman Visit of Mongolian envoy Zhou Daguan (1296-7), who refers to 90 (Indravarman III) provinces in Cambodia. 1308-1590 More than 15 rulers Decline and eventual abandonment. 1431 sack of Angkor now in question (See Jacques, 1999:164-6.) State fragments after 15 th C: rise of provincial lords. Principal sources: (Hall 1985; Higham 1989; Mabbett and Chandler 1996; Vickery 1998; Briggs 1999[1951]; Jacques and Dumont [1990]1999) 4 Appendix 2 Joint gods ( (afterafter Sedov 1967) Year CECECE Small temple Central temple Offering Reference 681 VKA* Khaṇḍaliṅga Raṇḍāparvateśvara (?) Annually: 20 (measures) rice; 1 servant; 2 garments Tuol An Tnot (K. 561) 877 VKA Śri Vindhyeśvara Ashram of the Vraḥ Musée Brest (K. 415) Kaṃsteṅ Añ 922 Tribhuvanaikanātha (at Jeṅ Oṅ) VKA. Śri Campeśvara Each year: 6 khārikā white rice; 8 āḍhaka melted Con An (K. 99) (Kok Po) butter; 8 pairs white garments jala ; 100 cows; 1 gold ewer weighing 1 jyaṅ 948-968 Śivaliṅga (at Rudrapada) VKA Śivapāda 5 liḥ dehusked rice form the daily sacrifice, with a Prasat Kantop (K. 352) (Neak Buos) cook at the temple 968 VKA Śivaliṅga ? VKA. Jagat Liṅgapūra For festivals:2 liḥ (rice); 1 yau garments/year; 1 vase Tuol Kul (K. 831) nu duk ; 1 parivāra oil; 1 parivāra oil sesame/day; on the occasion of…etc Xth -XI th Vraḥ Kamrateṅ of Vraḥ Thkvāl K.** Jagat Vnaṃ Kantāl New year: 1 je dehusked rice Phnom Bakhen (K. 684) century (Phnom Bakhen) 1009 VKA Samaravīravarmasvāmi; Kamrateṅ Jagat Kanloṅ Annually in the month of Māgha: 1 khārikā white rice; Phnom Sanke Kon (K. 232) VKA Samaravīravarmeśvara; Ruṅ 4 prastha oil; 2 je sesame; 2 je beans; 2 banners; 2 Kanlon KA. (Ph. Sanke Kon ? or yau holy garments Samaravīrarmajananīśvarī Tap Siem ?) 1027 Ta Nen K. Jagat Śri Jayakṣetra K. 212 (Vat Baset) 1028 Linga of Iśa in Vrai Vyak Śri Iśānatīrtheśvara (?) Annual offering Kuk Prin Crum (K. 92) 5 Appendix 2 JoinJointt gods (cont.) Year CECECE Small temple Central temple Offering Reference 1096- Bhadreśvara/ K Jagat Unclear Samron (K. 258) 1107 at Liṅgapura (Vat Phu?) [uncertain: EL] 1109 Ashram in Kaṃluṅ Sruk Chpār Ransi Two portions of rice field to the east of the ashram Prasat Trau (K. 249) supply god Lonvek and Trapan Don On (?) K. Jagat Vnaṃ Ruṅ Offerings mentioned in both texts K. 254, K. 136 (Phnom Rung) Śikhareśvara? (Prah Phah Vihar (K. 380-383; Vihar) K. 583) *VKA: vraḥ kamratāṅ añ **K.: Kamrateṅ 6 Appendix 3 HaHaHarvardHa rvardrvard----KyotoKyoto Convention for transliteration of text Since ACCESS database does not allow the use of diacritic script, the Harvard-Kyoto Convention, below, has been adopted in the transliteration of text: It uses capital letters for most accented letters, including all the long vowels. Details are outlined on-line (Kapp and Malten 1997). ACCESS query operations are case insensitive, but the answers are not. When text is transferred to WORD or EXCEL documents, the diacritic marks may be added. a A(ā) i I(ī) u U(ū) R(ṛ) RR(ṝ) lR(ḷ) lRR(ḹ) e ai o au M(ṃ) H(ḥ) k kh g gh G(ṇ) c ch j jh J(ñ) T(ṭ) Th(ṭh) D(ḍ) Dh(ḍh) N(ṇ) t th d dh n P ph b bh m y r l v z(ś) S(ṣ) s h 7 Appendix 4 Spelling of Khmer inscription and site names Where the thesis text refers to data found in specific inscriptions, inscription names and provinces have been spelt according to the conventions used in the original transliterated publications, which are listed in the thesis References section. In Cambodia today, there are new conventions, such as are used on maps, for transliteration into Roman characters, and these are adopted for provinces and sites when they are not referring to any inscription. Feature of the current spelling include: the lack of diacritic marks and apostrophes; final n becoming ng ; a after a consonant becoming ea . The following table shows the most frequently occurring names where there are differences between the earlier and the modern Cambodian spelling. NOTE Microsoft ACCESS does not have the facility for queries using diacritic marks, so although these were used in the transliterations, they were not used for the names by which the inscriptions are known, usually site names, in the Angkor Inscriptions Database.
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