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Power and Pragmatism in the Political Economy of Angkor
THESIS FOR THE AWARD OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN ARTS _________ DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY ____________ POWER AND PRAGMATISM IN THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF ANGKOR EILEEN LUSTIG _________ UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY 2009 Figure 1 Location map 1 Abstract The relationship between the Angkorian Empire and its capital is important for understanding how this state was sustained. The empire’s political economy is studied by analysing data from Pre-Angkorian and Angkorian period inscriptions in aggregated form, in contrast to previous studies which relied mainly on detailed reading of the texts. The study is necessarily broad to overcome the constraints of having relatively few inscriptions which relate to a selected range of topics, and are partial in viewpoint. The success of the pre-modern Khmer state depended on: its long-established communication and trade links; mutual support of rulers and regional elites; decentralised administration through regional centres; its ability to produce or acquire a surplus of resources; and a network of temples as an ideological vehicle for state integration. The claim that there was a centrally controlled command economy or significant redistribution of resources, as for archaic, moneyless societies is difficult to justify. The mode of control varied between the core area and peripheral areas. Even though Angkor did not have money, it used a unit of account. Despite being an inland agrarian polity, the Khmer actively pursued foreign trade. There are indications of a structure, perhaps hierarchical, of linked deities and religious foundations helping to disseminate the state’s ideology. The establishment of these foundations was encouraged by gifts and privileges granted to elite supporters of the rulers. -
Virtual Sambor Prei Kuk: an Interactive Learning Tool
Virtual Sambor Prei Kuk: An Interactive Learning Tool Daniel MICHON Religious Studies, Claremont McKenna College Claremont, CA 91711 and Yehuda KALAY Faculty of Architecture and Town Planning The Technion - Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 32000, Israel ABSTRACT along the trade routes from its Indic origins into Southeast Asia—one of the great cultural assimilations in human history. MUVEs (Multi-User Virtual Environments) are a new media for researching the genesis and evolution of sites of cultural Much of this important work has, so far, remained the exclusive significance. MUVEs are able to model both the tangible and province of researchers, hidden from the general public who intangible heritage of a site, allowing the user to obtain a more might find it justifiably interesting. Further, the advent of dynamic understanding of the culture. This paper illustrates a immersive, interactive, Web-enabled, Multi-User Virtual cultural heritage project which captures and communicates the Environments (MUVEs) has provided us with the opportunity interplay of context (geography), content (architecture and to tell the story of Sambor Prei Kuk in a way that can help artifacts) and temporal activity (rituals and everyday life) visitors experience this remarkable cultural heritage as it might leading to a unique digital archive of the tangible and intangible have been in the seventh-eighth century CE. MUVEs are a new heritage of the temple complex at Sambor Prei Kuk, Cambodia, media vehicle that has the ability to communicate cultural circa seventh-eighth century CE. The MUVE is used to provide heritage experience in a way that is a cross between a platform which enables the experience of weaved tangible and filmmaking, video games, and architectural design. -
A New Date for the Phnom Da Images and Its Implications for Early Cambodia
A New Date for the Phnom Da Images and Its Implications for Early Cambodia NANCY H. DOWLING SCHOLARS FAMILIAR WITH SOUTHEAST ASIAN ART HISTORY are well aware of a confusing chronology for early Cambodian sculpture. One reason for this situa tion is obvious. For nearly fifty years, Cambodian art history has been wed to the work of George Coedes. Praised as the dean of Southeast Asian history, he was a member of an elite group of French scholars who worked in Cambodia for decades before World War II. In 1944, he wrote Histoire ancienne des hats hindouses d'Extreme-Orient, in which he established a chronological framework for early Southeast Asian history based on an interplay of Chinese texts and indigenous inscriptions. Most Southeast Asian historians readily admit that "his book remains the basic source for early South East Asian history, and while much recent re search, based upon new inscriptional evidence or re-readings, modifies some of Coedes' specific conclusions, the structure remains his" (Brown 1996: 3). Such a singular dependency on Coedes had a stifling effect on Cambodian art history. When Jean Boisselier, carrying on the work of Philippe Stern and Gilberte de Coral-Remusat, made a comprehensive attempt to set in order Cambodian sculpture, the French art historian fitted the works of art into Coedes' ready made chronology. Unfortunately, this all happened as if it were preferable to adjust Cambodian sculpture to a preconceived notion of history rather than ques tioning the model. In this way, some basic mistakes have been made, and these seriously affect the chronology and interpretation of early Cambodian sculpture. -
Download Skanda on a Peacock Forfeiture Complaint.Pdf
Case 1:21-cv-06065 Document 1 Filed 07/15/21 Page 1 of 15 AUDREY STRAUSS United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York By: JESSICA FEINSTEIN Assistant United States Attorney One Saint Andrew’s Plaza New York, New York 10007 Tel. (212) 637-1946 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - x : UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, : Plaintiff, : VERIFIED COMPLAINT FOR -v.- FORFEITURE : 21 Civ. ___ (___) A 10th CENTURY CAMBODIAN SANDSTONE : SCULPTURE DEPICTING SKANDA ON A PEACOCK, : : Defendant in Rem. : : - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - X Plaintiff United States of America, by its attorney Audrey Strauss, United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York, for its verified complaint, alleges, upon information and belief, as follows: I. NATURE OF THE ACTION 1. This action is brought by the United States of America seeking forfeiture of all right, title and interest in a sandstone statue, circa 10th Century A.D., depicting the Hindu deity Skanda riding a peacock, which was illicitly removed from the Prasat Krachap temple at Case 1:21-cv-06065 Document 1 Filed 07/15/21 Page 2 of 15 the historic and archeological site of Koh Ker, Preah Vihear Province, Cambodia (the “Defendant in rem”). A photograph of the Defendant in rem is attached hereto as Exhibit A. 2. The current owner of the Defendant in rem (the “Owner”) has voluntarily relinquished possession of the Defendant in rem to the United States of America, and waives all claims of right, title and interest in the Defendant in rem. The Defendant in rem is currently located in the possession of the Department of Homeland Security, New York, New York. -
Appendix Appendix
APPENDIX APPENDIX DYNASTIC LISTS, WITH GOVERNORS AND GOVERNORS-GENERAL Burma and Arakan: A. Rulers of Pagan before 1044 B. The Pagan dynasty, 1044-1287 C. Myinsaing and Pinya, 1298-1364 D. Sagaing, 1315-64 E. Ava, 1364-1555 F. The Toungoo dynasty, 1486-1752 G. The Alaungpaya or Konbaung dynasty, 1752- 1885 H. Mon rulers of Hanthawaddy (Pegu) I. Arakan Cambodia: A. Funan B. Chenla C. The Angkor monarchy D. The post-Angkor period Champa: A. Linyi B. Champa Indonesia and Malaya: A. Java, Pre-Muslim period B. Java, Muslim period C. Malacca D. Acheh (Achin) E. Governors-General of the Netherlands East Indies Tai Dynasties: A. Sukhot'ai B. Ayut'ia C. Bangkok D. Muong Swa E. Lang Chang F. Vien Chang (Vientiane) G. Luang Prabang 954 APPENDIX 955 Vietnam: A. The Hong-Bang, 2879-258 B.c. B. The Thuc, 257-208 B.C. C. The Trieu, 207-I I I B.C. D. The Earlier Li, A.D. 544-602 E. The Ngo, 939-54 F. The Dinh, 968-79 G. The Earlier Le, 980-I009 H. The Later Li, I009-I225 I. The Tran, 1225-I400 J. The Ho, I400-I407 K. The restored Tran, I407-I8 L. The Later Le, I4I8-I8o4 M. The Mac, I527-I677 N. The Trinh, I539-I787 0. The Tay-Son, I778-I8o2 P. The Nguyen Q. Governors and governors-general of French Indo China APPENDIX DYNASTIC LISTS BURMA AND ARAKAN A. RULERS OF PAGAN BEFORE IOH (According to the Burmese chronicles) dat~ of accusion 1. Pyusawti 167 2. Timinyi, son of I 242 3· Yimminpaik, son of 2 299 4· Paikthili, son of 3 . -
Evidence for the Breakdown of an Angkorian Hydraulic System, and Its
Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 17 (2018) 195–211 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jasrep Evidence for the breakdown of an Angkorian hydraulic system, and its MARK historical implications for understanding the Khmer Empire ⁎ Terry Lustiga, ,1, Sarah Klassenb, Damian Evansc, Robert Frenchd, Ian Moffate a Department of Archaeology, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia b School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, 900 S Cady Mall, Tempe, AZ 85281, United States c École française d'Extrême-Orient, 22 Avenue du Président Wilson, Paris 75116, France d Independent Scholar, 30 Woodlands Rd, Ashbury, NSW 2193, Australia e Department of Archaeology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: This paper examines the construction and design of a 7-km long embankment, probably built for King Angkor Jayavarman IV between 928 and 941 CE, as part of a new capital. We calculate that the capacities of the outlets Archaeology were too small, and conclude that the embankment failed, probably within a decade of construction, so that the Engineering practice benefits of the reservoir stored by the embankment and the access road on top of it were lessened substantially. Koh Ker We explain how the design was sub-optimal for construction, and that while the layout had a high aesthetic Lidar impact, the processes for ensuring structural integrity were poor. Simple and inexpensive steps to secure the weir Palaeohydrology Trial and error were not undertaken. We speculate that this early failure may have contributed to the decision to return the Water management royal court and the capital of the Khmer Empire to the Angkor region, marking a critically important juncture in regional history. -
Women in Cambodia – Analysing the Role and Influence of Women in Rural Cambodian Society with a Special Focus on Forming Religious Identity
WOMEN IN CAMBODIA – ANALYSING THE ROLE AND INFLUENCE OF WOMEN IN RURAL CAMBODIAN SOCIETY WITH A SPECIAL FOCUS ON FORMING RELIGIOUS IDENTITY by URSULA WEKEMANN submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF THEOLOGY in the subject MISSIOLOGY at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA SUPERVISOR: DR D C SOMMER CO-SUPERVISOR: PROF R W NEL FEBRUARY 2016 1 ABSTRACT This study analyses the role and influence of rural Khmer women on their families and society, focusing on their formation of religious identity. Based on literature research, the role and influence of Khmer women is examined from the perspectives of history, the belief systems that shape Cambodian culture and thinking, and Cambodian social structure. The findings show that although very few Cambodian women are in high leadership positions, they do have considerable influence, particularly within the household and extended family. Along the lines of their natural relationships they have many opportunities to influence the formation of religious identity, through sharing their lives and faith in words and deeds with the people around them. A model based on Bible storying is proposed as a suitable strategy to strengthen the natural influence of rural Khmer women on forming religious identity and use it intentionally for the spreading of the gospel in Cambodia. KEY WORDS Women, Cambodia, rural Khmer, gender, social structure, family, religious formation, folk-Buddhism, evangelization. 2 Student number: 4899-167-8 I declare that WOMEN IN CAMBODIA – ANALYSING THE ROLE AND INFLUENCE OF WOMEN IN RURAL CAMBODIAN SOCIETY WITH A SPECIAL FOCUS ON FORMING RELIGIOUS IDENTITY is my own work and that all the sources that I have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged by means of complete references. -
Reclamation and Regeneration of the Ancient Baray
RECLAMATION AND REGENERATION OF THE ANCIENT BARAY A Proposal for Phimai Historical Park Olmtong Ektanitphong December 2014 Submitted towards the fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Architecture Degree. School of Architecture University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa Doctorate Project Committee Kazi K. Ashraf, Chairperson William R. Chapman, Committee Member Pornthum Thumwimol, Committee Member ACKNOWLEDMENTS I would like to express the deepest appreciation to my committee chair, Professor Kazi K. Ashraf, who has the attitude and the substance of a genius: he continually and convincingly a spirit of adventure in regard to research and the design, and excitement in regard to teaching. Without his guidance and persistent help this dissertation would not have been possible. I would like to thank my committee members, Professor William R. Chapman and Dr. Pornthum Thumwimol, whose work demonstrated to me that concern for archaeological aspects of Khmer and Thai culture. They supported me immensely throughout the period of my dissertation. Their valuable advice and discussions guided me to the end-result of this study. I highly appreciated for their generally being a good uncle and brother as well as a supervisor. In addition, a thank you to the director, archaeologists, academic officers and administration staff at Phimai Historical Park and at the Fine Arts Department of Thailand, who gave me such valuable information and discussion. Specially, thank you to Mr. Teerachat veerayuttanond, my supervisor during internship with The Fine Arts Department of Thailand, who first introduced me to Phimai Town and took me on the site survey at Phimai Town. Last but not least, I would like to thank University of Hawaii for giving me the opportunity for my study research and design. -
A STUDY of the NAMES of MONUMENTS in ANGKOR (Cambodia)
A STUDY OF THE NAMES OF MONUMENTS IN ANGKOR (Cambodia) NHIM Sotheavin Sophia Asia Center for Research and Human Development, Sophia University Introduction This article aims at clarifying the concept of Khmer culture by specifically explaining the meanings of the names of the monuments in Angkor, names that have existed within the Khmer cultural community.1 Many works on Angkor history have been researched in different fields, such as the evolution of arts and architecture, through a systematic analysis of monuments and archaeological excavation analysis, and the most crucial are based on Cambodian epigraphy. My work however is meant to shed light on Angkor cultural history by studying the names of the monuments, and I intend to do so by searching for the original names that are found in ancient and middle period inscriptions, as well as those appearing in the oral tradition. This study also seeks to undertake a thorough verification of the condition and shape of the monuments, as well as the mode of affixation of names for them by the local inhabitants. I also wish to focus on certain crucial errors, as well as the insufficiency of earlier studies on the subject. To begin with, the books written in foreign languages often have mistakes in the vocabulary involved in the etymology of Khmer temples. Some researchers are not very familiar with the Khmer language, and besides, they might not have visited the site very often, or possibly also they did not pay too much attention to the oral tradition related to these ruins, a tradition that might be known to the village elders. -
Analysis of the Khmer Walled Defensive System of Vimayapura (Phimai City, Thailand): Symbolism Or Military Effectiveness?
manusya 23 (2020) 253-285 brill.com/mnya Analysis of the Khmer Walled Defensive System of Vimayapura (Phimai City, Thailand): Symbolism or Military Effectiveness? Víctor Lluís Pérez Garcia1 (บิกตอร์ ยูอิส เปเรซ การ์เซีย) Ph.D. in Archaeology, history teacher of the Generalitat de Catalunya, Institut Tarragona, Tarragona, Spain [email protected] Abstract This article analyses the walled defensive system of the Khmer city centre of Vimaya- pura (modern Phimai, Thailand) to evaluate the theoretical level of military effectivity of both the walls and the moats against potential attackers, considering their technical characteristics and the enemy’s weapons. We also study the layout of the urban en- ceinte, the constructive material, the gateways as well as weakness and strengths of the stronghold and the symbolic, monumental and ornamental functions in the overall role of the walls. Based on comparisons with similar cases, as well as in situ observa- tions of the archaeological remains and a bibliographical research, our study reveals that the stonewalls were not designed primarily to resist military attacks. Instead, the army, the moat, and possibly the embankments and/or palisades would have been the first lines of defence of the city. Keywords fortifications – city walls – military architecture – Thailand – South-East Asia 1 Member of the “Seminary of Ancient Topography” archaeological research group at Universi- tat Rovira i Virgili of Tarragona (Catalonia). www.victorperez.webs.com. © Víctor Lluís Pérez Garcia, 2020 | doi:10.1163/26659077-02302006 -
Why Did Chinese Call Cambodia Chenla
[email protected] The History of Cambodia from 1st Century to 20th Century [5] Why did Chinese call Cambodia “Chenla[s]”? SLK 05/02/2009 The architectural style of the shrine, which scholars call the pre-Angkorian Khmer style, is the progenitor of the Rolous group of monuments built in the ninth century in the vicinity of Angkor. Today it is still possible to visit the ruins of the two palaces on either side at the foot of the hill. Naga-shaped staircases are attached to the sides of the palaces and rise to the hilltop in the company of enormous trees. Human sacrifices were performed at the temple, ministered at night by the king of Zhenla. SLK v.2 [5] Why did Chinese call Cambodia “Chenla[s]”? Zhenla Period (550-802) THE first classical Chinese text to provide any detailed information on Zhenla is the Sui Annals, written in 627, seventy-seven years after the kingdom became established in 550. The Kingdom of Zhenla is south-west of Linyi (Champa). It was originally a vassal kingdom of Funan. It bordered Chequ on the south. The kingdom of Chu-ch’uang (Red River) on the west, and took six days’ travel by sea from Rinan. The family name of the king was Ch’a-li (Kshtriya); his personal name was She-to-ssu-na [Chitrasena]; his ancestors had gradually increased the power of the country. Chitrasena seized Funan and subdued it. Chitrasena died, and his son, Prince Isanavarman, succeeded him as king. This prince makes his residence in the city of I-she- na (Isanapura), which contains more than twenty thousand families. -
Estimated Construction Order of the Major Shrines of Sambor Prei Kuk Based on an Analysis of Bricks
heritage Article Estimated Construction Order of the Major Shrines of Sambor Prei Kuk Based on an Analysis of Bricks 1, 2, 2, Ichita Shimoda y, Etsuo Uchida y and Kojiro Tsuda * 1 World Heritage Studies, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan 2 Department of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Ohkubo 3-4-1, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan * Correspondence: [email protected] These authors contributed equally to this work. y Received: 18 June 2019; Accepted: 12 July 2019; Published: 15 July 2019 Abstract: Sambor Prei Kuk is a predominantly brick monument complex identified as Ishanapura, the capital of the Chenla Dynasty, which reached the height of prosperity in the first half of the 7th century. In the east area of this ancient city, the religious area was formed by three temple complexes which are composed of brick shrines and a multiple number of smaller temples with single or a few shrines scattered in the area. One of the challenging issues is to identify the dates and order in which these structures are constructed. Previous studies based on epigraphy and decorative style have estimated a simple dating of the three temple complexes. In this research, 59 major brick structures which are relatively well preserved in this area were analyzed in terms of the size and chemical composition of their component bricks. This analysis revealed that these brick structures can be classified into several groups corresponding to construction stages. The results revealed that the individual shrines in each temple complexes were built in a more complex process than previously stated, and the construction stages of the individual shrines in the vicinity were also identified as an equally complex process.