Virtual Sambor Prei Kuk: an Interactive Learning Tool
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Power and Pragmatism in the Political Economy of Angkor
THESIS FOR THE AWARD OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN ARTS _________ DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY ____________ POWER AND PRAGMATISM IN THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF ANGKOR EILEEN LUSTIG _________ UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY 2009 Figure 1 Location map 1 Abstract The relationship between the Angkorian Empire and its capital is important for understanding how this state was sustained. The empire’s political economy is studied by analysing data from Pre-Angkorian and Angkorian period inscriptions in aggregated form, in contrast to previous studies which relied mainly on detailed reading of the texts. The study is necessarily broad to overcome the constraints of having relatively few inscriptions which relate to a selected range of topics, and are partial in viewpoint. The success of the pre-modern Khmer state depended on: its long-established communication and trade links; mutual support of rulers and regional elites; decentralised administration through regional centres; its ability to produce or acquire a surplus of resources; and a network of temples as an ideological vehicle for state integration. The claim that there was a centrally controlled command economy or significant redistribution of resources, as for archaic, moneyless societies is difficult to justify. The mode of control varied between the core area and peripheral areas. Even though Angkor did not have money, it used a unit of account. Despite being an inland agrarian polity, the Khmer actively pursued foreign trade. There are indications of a structure, perhaps hierarchical, of linked deities and religious foundations helping to disseminate the state’s ideology. The establishment of these foundations was encouraged by gifts and privileges granted to elite supporters of the rulers. -
SAMBOR PREI KUK, ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE Representing the Cultural LANDSCAPE of Ancient Ishanapura
KINGDOM OF CAMBODIA NATION RELIGION KING MINISTRY OF CULTURE AND FINE ARTS SAMBOR PREI KUK, ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE Representing the Cultural LANDSCAPE of Ancient Ishanapura PROPOSAL FOR MANAGEMENT PLAN Cambodian National Commission for UNESCO Comprehensive Cultural Heritage Conservation Management Plan (SPK-CCHCMP) Table of Contents Executive Summary Chapter 1: Methodology Page 09 Chapter 2: Contemporary Management Page 26 Chapter 3: Conservation and Management Page 30 Chapter 4: Policy Page 45 Chapter 5: Management Plan Page 64 Chapter 6: Implementation Page 93 Bibliography Page 99 Annexes EXECUTIVE SUMMARY State Party Kingdom of Cambodia State, Province, Region Kampong Thom province, commune of Sambor, and district of Prasat Sambor Name of Property Sambor Prei Kuk Archaeological Site Representing the Cultural Landscape of Ancient Ishanapura Geographic coordinates to the nearest second Point Zero: WGS84E 503808 - N 1423012. Point Zero is situated on the point at the approximate center of Prasat Tao Group or Central Group (C) of the much larger Sambor Prei Kuk Archaeological Site Representing the Cultural Landscape of Ancient Ishanapura Textual description of the boundary of the nominated property The 1354.2ha is located on the west bank of the Steung Sen (river) in an area that contains lowlands, a marsh, and plateau. The entire property is situated on a gentle incline from north to south in a relatively flat area with an elevation of 2 m to 10 m. Small rivers punctuate the lower areas. The place is a mixture of rice paddy, tropical forest, and subsistence habitation. The area comprises the cultural site of Sambor Prei Kuk Archaeological Group established by the Reform of the Royal Decree of 24 December 2014. -
A New Date for the Phnom Da Images and Its Implications for Early Cambodia
A New Date for the Phnom Da Images and Its Implications for Early Cambodia NANCY H. DOWLING SCHOLARS FAMILIAR WITH SOUTHEAST ASIAN ART HISTORY are well aware of a confusing chronology for early Cambodian sculpture. One reason for this situa tion is obvious. For nearly fifty years, Cambodian art history has been wed to the work of George Coedes. Praised as the dean of Southeast Asian history, he was a member of an elite group of French scholars who worked in Cambodia for decades before World War II. In 1944, he wrote Histoire ancienne des hats hindouses d'Extreme-Orient, in which he established a chronological framework for early Southeast Asian history based on an interplay of Chinese texts and indigenous inscriptions. Most Southeast Asian historians readily admit that "his book remains the basic source for early South East Asian history, and while much recent re search, based upon new inscriptional evidence or re-readings, modifies some of Coedes' specific conclusions, the structure remains his" (Brown 1996: 3). Such a singular dependency on Coedes had a stifling effect on Cambodian art history. When Jean Boisselier, carrying on the work of Philippe Stern and Gilberte de Coral-Remusat, made a comprehensive attempt to set in order Cambodian sculpture, the French art historian fitted the works of art into Coedes' ready made chronology. Unfortunately, this all happened as if it were preferable to adjust Cambodian sculpture to a preconceived notion of history rather than ques tioning the model. In this way, some basic mistakes have been made, and these seriously affect the chronology and interpretation of early Cambodian sculpture. -
Geographical Survey of Sambor Prei Kuk66 号 (KUBO153 ~ 168Andページ, NAGUMO)2018 年 3 月 153
早稲田大学 教育・総合科学学術院 学術研究(人文科学・社会科学編)第Geographical Survey of Sambor Prei Kuk66 号 (KUBO153 ~ 168andページ, NAGUMO)2018 年 3 月 153 Geographical Survey of Sambor Prei Kuk ̶ A World Heritage Archaeological Site in Cambodia ̶ Sumiko KUBO1) and Naoko NAGUMO2)3) Geographical survey of Sambor Prei Kuk Archaeological Site started in 1999 by S. Kubo in cooperation with late Dr. Y. Kojo (archaeology), Prof. T. Nakagawa (Architecture) and Cambodian Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts. N. Nagumo joined from 2004. Our main results are as follows: 1) Monuments and relics were mapped by using aerial photos and ground reconnaissance with GPS. 2) Geomorphological map of the area was made by interpreting of stereo pairs of aerial photos and ground survey. 3) Stratigraphy of subsurface deposits was researched by manual and mechanical drillings. 4) Landform evolution of the Stung Sen River lowland was revealed by drillings and radiocarbon (14C) dating of deposits. 5) Archaeological stratigraphy was detected by radiocarbon dating of samples. 6) We published these results in international journals. 1. Introduction Sambor Prei Kuk is a recently registered UNESCO World Heritage site of Pre-Angkor capital (7th Century), located 20 km northeast of Kampong Thom city in Central Cambodia (Photos 1 and 2). It is about 140 km southeast from Siem Reap, the center of the 9th to 15th century Angkor dynasty. Sambor Prei Kuk site is located on an upland along the lower Stung Sen River, a tributary of Lake Tonle Sap (Fig.1). Hindu temple complexes, city moats, and several other engineering works have been found at the site (Kojo and Kubo, 2003; Nagumo et al., 2010). -
Appendix Appendix
APPENDIX APPENDIX DYNASTIC LISTS, WITH GOVERNORS AND GOVERNORS-GENERAL Burma and Arakan: A. Rulers of Pagan before 1044 B. The Pagan dynasty, 1044-1287 C. Myinsaing and Pinya, 1298-1364 D. Sagaing, 1315-64 E. Ava, 1364-1555 F. The Toungoo dynasty, 1486-1752 G. The Alaungpaya or Konbaung dynasty, 1752- 1885 H. Mon rulers of Hanthawaddy (Pegu) I. Arakan Cambodia: A. Funan B. Chenla C. The Angkor monarchy D. The post-Angkor period Champa: A. Linyi B. Champa Indonesia and Malaya: A. Java, Pre-Muslim period B. Java, Muslim period C. Malacca D. Acheh (Achin) E. Governors-General of the Netherlands East Indies Tai Dynasties: A. Sukhot'ai B. Ayut'ia C. Bangkok D. Muong Swa E. Lang Chang F. Vien Chang (Vientiane) G. Luang Prabang 954 APPENDIX 955 Vietnam: A. The Hong-Bang, 2879-258 B.c. B. The Thuc, 257-208 B.C. C. The Trieu, 207-I I I B.C. D. The Earlier Li, A.D. 544-602 E. The Ngo, 939-54 F. The Dinh, 968-79 G. The Earlier Le, 980-I009 H. The Later Li, I009-I225 I. The Tran, 1225-I400 J. The Ho, I400-I407 K. The restored Tran, I407-I8 L. The Later Le, I4I8-I8o4 M. The Mac, I527-I677 N. The Trinh, I539-I787 0. The Tay-Son, I778-I8o2 P. The Nguyen Q. Governors and governors-general of French Indo China APPENDIX DYNASTIC LISTS BURMA AND ARAKAN A. RULERS OF PAGAN BEFORE IOH (According to the Burmese chronicles) dat~ of accusion 1. Pyusawti 167 2. Timinyi, son of I 242 3· Yimminpaik, son of 2 299 4· Paikthili, son of 3 . -
Women in Cambodia – Analysing the Role and Influence of Women in Rural Cambodian Society with a Special Focus on Forming Religious Identity
WOMEN IN CAMBODIA – ANALYSING THE ROLE AND INFLUENCE OF WOMEN IN RURAL CAMBODIAN SOCIETY WITH A SPECIAL FOCUS ON FORMING RELIGIOUS IDENTITY by URSULA WEKEMANN submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF THEOLOGY in the subject MISSIOLOGY at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA SUPERVISOR: DR D C SOMMER CO-SUPERVISOR: PROF R W NEL FEBRUARY 2016 1 ABSTRACT This study analyses the role and influence of rural Khmer women on their families and society, focusing on their formation of religious identity. Based on literature research, the role and influence of Khmer women is examined from the perspectives of history, the belief systems that shape Cambodian culture and thinking, and Cambodian social structure. The findings show that although very few Cambodian women are in high leadership positions, they do have considerable influence, particularly within the household and extended family. Along the lines of their natural relationships they have many opportunities to influence the formation of religious identity, through sharing their lives and faith in words and deeds with the people around them. A model based on Bible storying is proposed as a suitable strategy to strengthen the natural influence of rural Khmer women on forming religious identity and use it intentionally for the spreading of the gospel in Cambodia. KEY WORDS Women, Cambodia, rural Khmer, gender, social structure, family, religious formation, folk-Buddhism, evangelization. 2 Student number: 4899-167-8 I declare that WOMEN IN CAMBODIA – ANALYSING THE ROLE AND INFLUENCE OF WOMEN IN RURAL CAMBODIAN SOCIETY WITH A SPECIAL FOCUS ON FORMING RELIGIOUS IDENTITY is my own work and that all the sources that I have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged by means of complete references. -
A History of Cambodia Free Download
A HISTORY OF CAMBODIA FREE DOWNLOAD David P. Chandler | 384 pages | 02 Aug 2007 | The Perseus Books Group | 9780813343631 | English | Boulder, CO, United States A History of Cambodia (Third Edition) Simultaneous attacks around the perimeter of Phnom Penh pinned down Republican forces, while other CPK units overran fire bases controlling the vital lower Mekong resupply route. Early Funan was composed of loose communities, each with its own ruler, linked by a common culture and a shared economy of rice farming people in the hinterland and traders in the coastal towns, who were economically interdependent, A History of Cambodia surplus rice production found its way to the ports. Recording of the Royal Chronology discontinues with King Jayavarman IX Parameshwara or Jayavarma-Paramesvara — there exists not a single contemporary record of even a king's name for over years. Discount Codes. Retrieved 29 June Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. During his nearly forty years in power he becomes the A History of Cambodia prolific monument A History of Cambodia, who establishes the city of Angkor Thom with its central temple the Bayon. Neher Book Category Asia portal. Nov 25, Sarah rated it really liked it. Archived from the original PDF on 14 July From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Books by David P. International Journal of Historical Archaeology. My solution was to skim for time periods where I was most curious and to sort through for activities in specific parts of the country. The last Sanskrit inscription is datedand records the succession of Indrajayavarman by Jayavarman IX Parameshwara — His book on "A history of Cambodia" provides a comprehensive and insightful analysis and narratives on Cambodian history from the pre and post Angkor period until modern Cambodia. -
Reclamation and Regeneration of the Ancient Baray
RECLAMATION AND REGENERATION OF THE ANCIENT BARAY A Proposal for Phimai Historical Park Olmtong Ektanitphong December 2014 Submitted towards the fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Architecture Degree. School of Architecture University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa Doctorate Project Committee Kazi K. Ashraf, Chairperson William R. Chapman, Committee Member Pornthum Thumwimol, Committee Member ACKNOWLEDMENTS I would like to express the deepest appreciation to my committee chair, Professor Kazi K. Ashraf, who has the attitude and the substance of a genius: he continually and convincingly a spirit of adventure in regard to research and the design, and excitement in regard to teaching. Without his guidance and persistent help this dissertation would not have been possible. I would like to thank my committee members, Professor William R. Chapman and Dr. Pornthum Thumwimol, whose work demonstrated to me that concern for archaeological aspects of Khmer and Thai culture. They supported me immensely throughout the period of my dissertation. Their valuable advice and discussions guided me to the end-result of this study. I highly appreciated for their generally being a good uncle and brother as well as a supervisor. In addition, a thank you to the director, archaeologists, academic officers and administration staff at Phimai Historical Park and at the Fine Arts Department of Thailand, who gave me such valuable information and discussion. Specially, thank you to Mr. Teerachat veerayuttanond, my supervisor during internship with The Fine Arts Department of Thailand, who first introduced me to Phimai Town and took me on the site survey at Phimai Town. Last but not least, I would like to thank University of Hawaii for giving me the opportunity for my study research and design. -
Analysis of the Khmer Walled Defensive System of Vimayapura (Phimai City, Thailand): Symbolism Or Military Effectiveness?
manusya 23 (2020) 253-285 brill.com/mnya Analysis of the Khmer Walled Defensive System of Vimayapura (Phimai City, Thailand): Symbolism or Military Effectiveness? Víctor Lluís Pérez Garcia1 (บิกตอร์ ยูอิส เปเรซ การ์เซีย) Ph.D. in Archaeology, history teacher of the Generalitat de Catalunya, Institut Tarragona, Tarragona, Spain [email protected] Abstract This article analyses the walled defensive system of the Khmer city centre of Vimaya- pura (modern Phimai, Thailand) to evaluate the theoretical level of military effectivity of both the walls and the moats against potential attackers, considering their technical characteristics and the enemy’s weapons. We also study the layout of the urban en- ceinte, the constructive material, the gateways as well as weakness and strengths of the stronghold and the symbolic, monumental and ornamental functions in the overall role of the walls. Based on comparisons with similar cases, as well as in situ observa- tions of the archaeological remains and a bibliographical research, our study reveals that the stonewalls were not designed primarily to resist military attacks. Instead, the army, the moat, and possibly the embankments and/or palisades would have been the first lines of defence of the city. Keywords fortifications – city walls – military architecture – Thailand – South-East Asia 1 Member of the “Seminary of Ancient Topography” archaeological research group at Universi- tat Rovira i Virgili of Tarragona (Catalonia). www.victorperez.webs.com. © Víctor Lluís Pérez Garcia, 2020 | doi:10.1163/26659077-02302006 -
Figs. 7, 46 Pls. 15,16 Fig. 52 Fig. Figs. Fig. 24 Figs. 8, 12, Fig. 33
INDEX Ak Yorn, Prasat XIX, XXIl,46, 55 Borobudur, Java XXI, 27, 45, 46, 49, Anavatapa, lake 94 50, 51 Fig. 44 Andet, Prasat 44 Boulbet,Jean. 46 Andon, Prasat see Neak Ta Brahma 7 Angkor XIX, XXIII, XXVIII, 4, 5, 14, 20, 23, 24,44,48,50,54,55,62, Cakravartin 111 63, 64, 68, 72, 76, 78, 79, 81, 90, Ceylon 16, 17 96, 97, 98, 109, 110 Chaiya, Thailand 45 Angkor Thom 59, 81, 90, 94, 98, 99, Cham XXV, XXVII, 28, 45, 90, 99 105, 106, 107, 111 Chau Say Tevoda 30, 81, 90, 97 Angkor Wat XXIV, XXV, XXVI, Chola, dynasty 28 XXVII, XXVIII, XXIX, 4, 8, 12, Chou Ta-kuan (Zhou Daguan) 29, 79, 24, 26, 30, 31, 74, 78, 80, 83-89, 87, 101, 112 91, 98, 99, 100, 109, 111, 112 Chrei, Prasat 82, 90 Fig. 25 Figs. 28, 78,79 Pls. 31-33 Coedes, George 6, 18, 19, 22, 83 Argensola, d' XXVIII Aymonier, Etienne XXVIII Dagens, Bruno XXIII, 18, 46, 93 Damrei Krap, Prasat 28, 45, 4 7 Figs. Bakong XXI, 4, 11, 45, 50, 51, 53, 54, 43, 45 Pl. 14 55, 59, 65. Figs. 7, 46 Pls. 15,16 Dhrannindravarman I, King 7 Bakasei Chamkrong 29, 34, 54, 60, 63, Dieng, Java XVII, XX 66, 106. Fig. 52 Do Couto, Diego XXXVIII Baluchistan XVIII. Bantay Chmar XXVI, XXVII, 5, 12, 96, Elephant Terrace 78 Fig. 21 99. Bantay Kdei 28, 96, 98, 100. Bantay Samre 24. Filliozat, Jean 21 Bantay Srei 11, 15, 66-67, 69, 72 Fig. -
Pre-Angkorian Communities in the Middle Mekong Valley (Laos and Adjacent Areas) Michel Lorrillard
Pre-Angkorian Communities in the Middle Mekong Valley (Laos and Adjacent Areas) Michel Lorrillard To cite this version: Michel Lorrillard. Pre-Angkorian Communities in the Middle Mekong Valley (Laos and Adjacent Areas). Nicolas Revire. Before Siam: Essays in Art and Archaeology, River Books, pp.186-215, 2014, 9786167339412. halshs-02371683 HAL Id: halshs-02371683 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-02371683 Submitted on 20 Nov 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. hek Thak Thakhek Nakhon Nakhon Phanom Phanom Pre-Angkorian Communities in g Fai g g Fai n n the Middle Mekong Valley Se Ba Se Se Ba Se Noi Se Se Noi (Laos and Adjacent Areas) That That That Phanom Phanom MICHEL LORRILLARD Laos Laos on on P P Vietnam Se Se Vietnam i i n n het Savannak Savannakhet Se Xang Xo Xang Se Se Xang Xo Introduction Se Champho Se Se Champho Se Bang Hieng Bang Se Se Bang Hieng he earliest forms of “Indianisation” in Laos have not been the Mekong Mekong Se Tha Moak Tha Se Se Tha Moak Tsubject of much research to date. Henri Parmentier (1927: 231, 233-235), when introducing some two hundred sites related to Se Bang Hieng Bang Se Se Bang Hieng “Khmer primitive art” – soon reclassified as “pre-Angkorian art” as being prior to the ninth century – took into account only five such sites located upstream of the Khone falls. -
Estimated Construction Order of the Major Shrines of Sambor Prei Kuk Based on an Analysis of Bricks
heritage Article Estimated Construction Order of the Major Shrines of Sambor Prei Kuk Based on an Analysis of Bricks 1, 2, 2, Ichita Shimoda y, Etsuo Uchida y and Kojiro Tsuda * 1 World Heritage Studies, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan 2 Department of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Ohkubo 3-4-1, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan * Correspondence: [email protected] These authors contributed equally to this work. y Received: 18 June 2019; Accepted: 12 July 2019; Published: 15 July 2019 Abstract: Sambor Prei Kuk is a predominantly brick monument complex identified as Ishanapura, the capital of the Chenla Dynasty, which reached the height of prosperity in the first half of the 7th century. In the east area of this ancient city, the religious area was formed by three temple complexes which are composed of brick shrines and a multiple number of smaller temples with single or a few shrines scattered in the area. One of the challenging issues is to identify the dates and order in which these structures are constructed. Previous studies based on epigraphy and decorative style have estimated a simple dating of the three temple complexes. In this research, 59 major brick structures which are relatively well preserved in this area were analyzed in terms of the size and chemical composition of their component bricks. This analysis revealed that these brick structures can be classified into several groups corresponding to construction stages. The results revealed that the individual shrines in each temple complexes were built in a more complex process than previously stated, and the construction stages of the individual shrines in the vicinity were also identified as an equally complex process.