The Genetic Causes of Convergent Evolution
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Alfred Russel Wallace and the Darwinian Species Concept
Gayana 73(2): Suplemento, 2009 ISSN 0717-652X ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE AND THE Darwinian SPECIES CONCEPT: HIS paper ON THE swallowtail BUTTERFLIES (PAPILIONIDAE) OF 1865 ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE Y EL concepto darwiniano DE ESPECIE: SU TRABAJO DE 1865 SOBRE MARIPOSAS papilio (PAPILIONIDAE) Jam ES MA LLET 1 Galton Laboratory, Department of Biology, University College London, 4 Stephenson Way, London UK, NW1 2HE E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Soon after his return from the Malay Archipelago, Alfred Russel Wallace published one of his most significant papers. The paper used butterflies of the family Papilionidae as a model system for testing evolutionary hypotheses, and included a revision of the Papilionidae of the region, as well as the description of some 20 new species. Wallace argued that the Papilionidae were the most advanced butterflies, against some of his colleagues such as Bates and Trimen who had claimed that the Nymphalidae were more advanced because of their possession of vestigial forelegs. In a very important section, Wallace laid out what is perhaps the clearest Darwinist definition of the differences between species, geographic subspecies, and local ‘varieties.’ He also discussed the relationship of these taxonomic categories to what is now termed ‘reproductive isolation.’ While accepting reproductive isolation as a cause of species, he rejected it as a definition. Instead, species were recognized as forms that overlap spatially and lack intermediates. However, this morphological distinctness argument breaks down for discrete polymorphisms, and Wallace clearly emphasised the conspecificity of non-mimetic males and female Batesian mimetic morphs in Papilio polytes, and also in P. -
Evolution Activity, Grade 11
Evolution Activity, Grade 11 Evolution Activities for Grade 11 Students at the Toronto Zoo 1 Evolution Activity, Grade 11 Table of Contents Pre-Zoo Activity 3-8 • Think, Pair, Share – Animals in Society and Role of Zoos 3-5 o Description 3 o Materials 3 o Four Corners Activity 6 o Background Information 7-8 Zoo Activity 9-19 • Teacher’s Notes 9-13 o General Information, Curriculum expectations, 9-10 materials, procedure o Evaluation Rubrics 11-12 o Glossary 13 • Student Assignment 14-19 o Part 1 – Mission Preparation at the Zoo 15-16 (Observation Sheets) o Part 2 – Scientific Notes 17 o Part 3 – Documentation: The Story 18 o Appendix – Animal signs 19 Evaluation 20 2 Evolution Activity, Grade 11 Suggested Pre-zoo activity Time needed : 35 minutes (or more) Type of activity : pair-share, small-group (approximately 2-3 students) Objective : encourage students to think about and evaluate the roles of animals in our society and the purposes of zoos along with their own attitudes or stands toward zoos Materials needed : a set of 8-16 statements and a mode of ranking (either above the line-below the line or diamond style ranking system) Special note : In order to manage time, teacher can chose to use any number of the statements as long as the 4 core statements listed bellow are included. Task : students work together to rank the statements about the treatment of animals. They should work together and try to negotiate a consensus, but if this is impossible they can either leave out the particular statement or write down a few lines in their notes as to why they would place them in a different category. -
Countershading in Zebrafish Results from an Asip1 Controlled
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Countershading in zebrafsh results from an Asip1 controlled dorsoventral gradient of pigment Received: 1 October 2018 Accepted: 12 February 2019 cell diferentiation Published: xx xx xxxx Laura Cal1, Paula Suarez-Bregua1, Pilar Comesaña1, Jennifer Owen2, Ingo Braasch3, Robert Kelsh 2, José Miguel Cerdá-Reverter4 & Josep Rotllant1 Dorso-ventral (DV) countershading is a highly-conserved pigmentary adaptation in vertebrates. In mammals, spatially regulated expression of agouti-signaling protein (ASIP) generates the diference in shading by driving a switch between the production of chemically-distinct melanins in melanocytes in dorsal and ventral regions. In contrast, fsh countershading seemed to result from a patterned DV distribution of diferently-coloured cell-types (chromatophores). Despite the cellular diferences in the basis for counter-shading, previous observations suggested that Agouti signaling likely played a role in this patterning process in fsh. To test the hypotheses that Agouti regulated counter-shading in fsh, and that this depended upon spatial regulation of the numbers of each chromatophore type, we engineered asip1 homozygous knockout mutant zebrafsh. We show that loss-of-function asip1 mutants lose DV countershading, and that this results from changed numbers of multiple pigment cell-types in the skin and on scales. Our fndings identify asip1 as key in the establishment of DV countershading in fsh, but show that the cellular mechanism for translating a conserved signaling gradient into a conserved pigmentary phenotype has been radically altered in the course of evolution. Most vertebrates exhibit a dorso-ventral pigment pattern characterized by a light ventrum and darkly colored dorsal regions. Tis countershading confers UV protection against solar radiation, but also is proposed to pro- vide anti-predator cryptic pigmentation. -
Divergent Evolution in Antiherbivore Defences Within Species Complexes at a Single Amazonian Site
Journal of Ecology 2015, 103, 1107–1118 doi: 10.1111/1365-2745.12431 Divergent evolution in antiherbivore defences within species complexes at a single Amazonian site Marıa-Jose Endara1*, Alexander Weinhold1, James E. Cox2, Natasha L. Wiggins1, Phyllis D. Coley1,3 and Thomas A. Kursar1,3 1Department of Biology, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0840, USA; 2Health Sciences Center Core Research Facilities, School of Medicine, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0840, USA; and 3Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa Box 0843-03092, Panama Summary 1. Classic theory in plant–insect interactions has linked herbivore pressure with diversification in plant species. We hypothesize that herbivores may exert divergent selection on defences, such that closely related plant species will be more different in defensive than in non-defensive traits. 2. We evaluated this hypothesis by investigating two clades of closely related plant species coexis- ting at a single site in the Peruvian Amazon: Inga capitata Desv. and Inga heterophylla Willd. spe- cies complexes. We compared how these lineages differ in the suite of chemical, biotic, phenological and developmental defences as compared to non-defensive traits that are related to habitat use and resource acquisition. We also collected insect herbivores feeding on the plants. 3. Our data show that sister lineages within both species complexes are more divergent in antiherbi- vore defences than in other non-defensive, functional traits. Moreover, the assemblages of herbivore communities are dissimilar between the populations of coexisting I. capitata lineages. 4. Synthesis. Our results are consistent with the idea that for the I. -
Convergent Evolution of Seasonal Camouflage in Response to Reduced Snow Cover Across the Snowshoe Hare Range
ORIGINAL ARTICLE doi:10.1111/evo.13976 Convergent evolution of seasonal camouflage in response to reduced snow cover across the snowshoe hare range Matthew R. Jones,1,2 L. Scott Mills,3,4 Jeffrey D. Jensen,5 and Jeffrey M. Good1,3,6 1Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812 2E-mail: [email protected] 3Wildlife Biology Program, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812 4Office of Research and Creative Scholarship, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812 5School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281 6E-mail: [email protected] Received January 22, 2020 Accepted April 2, 2020 Determining how different populations adapt to similar environments is fundamental to understanding the limits of adaptation under changing environments. Snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus) typically molt into white winter coats to remain camouflaged against snow. In some warmer climates, hares have evolved brown winter camouflage—an adaptation that may spread in re- sponse to climate change. We used extensive range-wide genomic data to (1) resolve broad patterns of population structure and gene flow and (2) investigate the factors shaping the origins and distribution of winter-brown camouflage variation. Incoastal Pacific Northwest (PNW) populations, winter-brown camouflage is known to be determined by a recessive haplotype atthe Agouti pigmentation gene. Our phylogeographic analyses revealed deep structure and limited gene flow between PNW and more north- ern Boreal populations, where winter-brown camouflage is rare along the range edge. Genome sequencing of a winter-brown snowshoe hare from Alaska shows that it lacks the winter-brown PNW haplotype, reflecting a history of convergent phenotypic evolution. -
The Molecular Basis of Phenotypic Convergence
ES45CH10-Rosenblum ARI 15 October 2014 11:31 The Molecular Basis of Phenotypic Convergence Erica Bree Rosenblum,1 Christine E. Parent,1,2 and Erin E. Brandt1 1Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720; email: [email protected], [email protected] 2Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844; email: [email protected] Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 2014. 45:203–26 Keywords First published online as a Review in Advance on convergent evolution, parallelism, genetics, nonmodel species September 29, 2014 The Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Abstract Systematics is online at ecolsys.annualreviews.org Understanding what aspects of evolution are predictable, and repeatable, is a This article’s doi: central goal of biology. Studying phenotypic convergence (the independent 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-120213-091851 evolution of similar traits in different organisms) provides an opportunity to Copyright c 2014 by Annual Reviews. address evolutionary predictability at different hierarchical levels. Here we All rights reserved focus on recent advances in understanding the molecular basis of conver- Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 2014.45:203-226. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org Access provided by University of California - Berkeley on 01/30/15. For personal use only. gence. Understanding when, and why, similar molecular solutions are used repeatedly provides insight into the constraints that shape biological diver- sity. We first distinguish between convergence as a phenotypic pattern and parallelism as a shared molecular basis for convergence. We then address the overarching question: What factors influence when parallel molecular mechanisms will underlie phenotypic convergence? We present four core determinants of convergence (natural selection, phylogenetic history, pop- ulation demography, and genetic constraints) and explore specific factors that influence the probability of molecular parallelism. -
(Non)Parallel Evolution 3 4 Daniel I. Bolnick1,2*, Rowan Barrett3, Krista
1 2 3 (Non)Parallel Evolution 4 5 Daniel I. Bolnick1,2*, Rowan Barrett3, Krista Oke3,4 , Diana J. Rennison5 , Yoel E. Stuart1 6 7 1 Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin TX 78712, USA; 8 [email protected]; [email protected] 9 2 Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Connecticut, Storrs CT 06268, USA (as of 10 07/2018) 11 3 Redpath Museum, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; [email protected] 12 4 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa 13 Cruz, CA, 95060, USA; [email protected] 14 5 Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; 15 [email protected] 16 17 * Corresponding author: Email: [email protected] Telephone: +011 (512) 471-2824 18 19 20 Running title: “(Non)Parallel Evolution” 21 22 1 23 Abstract 24 Parallel evolution across replicate populations has provided evolutionary biologists with iconic 25 examples of adaptation. When multiple populations colonize seemingly similar habitats, they 26 may evolve similar genes, traits, or functions. Yet, replicated evolution in nature or in the lab 27 often yields inconsistent outcomes: some replicate populations evolve along highly similar 28 trajectories, whereas other replicate populations evolve to different extents or in atypical 29 directions. To understand these heterogeneous outcomes, biologists are increasingly treating 30 parallel evolution not as a binary phenomenon but rather as a quantitative continuum ranging 31 from nonparallel to parallel. By measuring replicate populations’ positions along this 32 “(non)parallel” continuum, we can test hypotheses about evolutionary and ecological factors that 33 influence the likelihood of repeatable evolution. -
Convergent Evolution
Exploring the KU Natural History Museum Convergent Evolution Target Audience: Middle school and above Differentiated Instruction Summary Strategy Levels Content/Process/Product Grouping(s) Learning modalities Whole group • Level 1 – Visual (spatial) Small groups Process Cubing Level 2 – Kinesthetic (physical) Peer partners • Product • Level 3 – Verbal (linguistic) Homogeneous Heterogeneous * Varied grouping options can be used for this activity, depending on student needs and chaperone ability. Objectives: Explore examples of convergent evolution in vertebrates. Pre-assessment/Prior Knowledge: Prior to their visit, students should be familiar with the idea of convergent evolution, overall evolutionary relationships/classification of vertebrate groups and basic anatomy of those groups. Activity Description: Students explore the idea of convergent evolution through museum exhibits through different learning modalities. Materials Needed: • Student o Cubes (three levels, see attached) o Paper and pencils (alternatively you could use flipchart paper and markers, whiteboards and dry erase markers) o Optional (cell phones or other recording device for visual or kinesthetic levels) Note: Format to record/present findings determined by individual teacher. Provide clear instructions about expectations for documenting participation, particularly for verbal/spatial and body/kinesthetic levels (e.g. stage direction, audio/video recording). • Teacher o Content Outline o Cube labels o Cube template Content: Convergence Overview Convergent evolution refers to the similarities in biological traits that arise independently in organisms that are not closely related, e.g. wings in birds, bats and insects. Similarity among organisms and their structures that was not inherited from a common ancestor is considered to be homoplasy. This can be contrasted with homology, which refers to similarity of traits due to common ancestry. -
SARS-Cov-2 Convergent Evolution As a Guide to Explore Adaptive Advantage
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.05.24.445534; this version posted May 25, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. SARS-CoV-2 convergent evolution as a guide to explore adaptive advantage Jiří Zahradník1, Jaroslav Nunvar2,3, and Gideon Schreiber1* 1 Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel 2 Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague 12844, Czech Republic 3 BIOCEV - Biotechnology and Biomedicine Centre of the Academy of Sciences and Charles University, Vestec 25250, Czech Republic * Corresponding author email: [email protected] Author Contributions: Author contributions: J.Z. and G.S. conceived the project; J.Z., J.N. and G.S. performed experiments; J.Z., J.N. and G.S. wrote the manuscript. Competing Interest Statement: Authors declare no competing interests. Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, Convergent Evolution, Mutations bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.05.24.445534; this version posted May 25, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Abstract Much can be learned from 1.2 million sequences of SARS-CoV-2 generated during the last 15 months. Out of the overwhelming number of mutations sampled so far, only few rose to prominence in the viral population. Many of these emerged recently and independently in multiple lineages. Such a textbook example of convergent evolution at the molecular level is not only curiosity but a guide to uncover the basis for adaptive advantage behind these events. -
Convergent Adaptation and Ecological Speciation Result from Unique Genomic Mechanisms in Sympatric Extremophile Fishes
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.06.28.450104; this version posted June 28, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Convergent adaptation and ecological speciation result from unique genomic mechanisms in sympatric extremophile fishes Ryan Greenway1‡, Anthony P. Brown2,3, Henry Camarillo1,4, Cassandra Delich1, Kerry L. McGowan2, Joel Nelson2, Lenin Arias-Rodriguez5, Joanna L. Kelley2‡, and Michael Tobler1‡ 1 Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA 2 School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA 3 Current address: California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA 4 Current address: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA 5 División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico ‡ Corresponding authors: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.06.28.450104; this version posted June 28, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Significance Statement Divergent lineages that coexist in sympatry and are exposed to the same sources of natural selection provide a unique opportunity to study convergent evolution across levels of organization because confounding factors associated with geographic replications are eliminated. Using three sympatric lineages of livebearing fishes inhabiting toxic and adjacent nontoxic habitats, we show that the convergent evolution of phenotypic adaptation and reproductive isolation can evolve in the absence of substantial convergence at the genomic level. -
The Evolution of Mammalian Aging
Experimental Gerontology 37 &2002) 769±775 www.elsevier.com/locate/expgero The evolution of mammalian aging JoaÄo Pedro de MagalhaÄes*, Olivier Toussaint Department of Biology, Unit of Cellular Biochemistry and Biology, University of Namur FUNDP), Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium Received 18 December 2001; received in revised form 15 January 2002; accepted 18 January 2002 Abstract The incidence of aging is different between mammals and their closer ancestors &e.g. reptiles and amphibians). While all studied mammals express a well-de®ned aging phenotype, many amphibians and reptiles fail to show signs of aging. In addition, mammalian species show great similarities in their aging phenotype, suggesting that a common origin might be at work. The proposed hypothesis is that mammalian aging evolved together with the ancestry of modern mammals. In turn, this suggests that the fundamental cause of human aging is common to most, if not all, mammals and might be a unique phenom- enon. Experimental procedures capable of testing these theories and how to map the causes of mammalian and thus, human aging, are predicted. q 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. Keywords: Aging; Senescence; Evolution; Mammals; Reptiles; Birds; Longevity 1. Introduction life span to Marion's tortoise capable of living over a century in captivity. Studies conducted in frogs failed Aging affects all studied mammalian species: from to indicate any increase in mortality both in the wild mice living no more than a mere half-a-dozen years to &Plytycz et al., 1995) and in captivity &Brocas and humans capable of living over 120years &Comfort, VerzaÁr, 1961). -
Convergent Evolution, Evolving Evolvability, and the Origins of Lethal Cancer
Author Manuscript Published OnlineFirst on March 31, 2020; DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-19-1158 Author manuscripts have been peer reviewed and accepted for publication but have not yet been edited. TITLE Convergent evolution, evolving evolvability, and the origins of lethal cancer AUTHORS Kenneth J. Pienta1, Emma U. Hammarlund2, Robert Axelrod3, Sarah R. Amend1 and Joel S. Brown4 AFFILIATIONS 1The Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA 2Nordic Center for Earth Evolution, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark and Translational Cancer Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden. 3Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA 4Cancer Biology and Evolution Program and Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, 33612 USA RUNNING TITLE Evolving evolvability and the origins of lethal cancer KEYWORDS Cancer clade, cancer speciation, evolvability, convergent evolution, cancer ecology, polyploid giant cancer cell (PGCC), poly-aneuploid cancer cell (PACC) FUNDING This work was funded by Swedish Research Council grant 2015-04693, The Crafoord Foundation, and The Swedish Royal Physiograpic Society of Lund to EUH; European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 690817), NIH/National Cancer Institute (NCI) R01CA170595, and NIH/NCI U54CA143970-05 to JSB; the Patrick C. Walsh Prostate Cancer Research Fund and the Prostate Cancer Foundation to SRA; and NCI grants U54CA143803, CA163124, CA093900, and CA143055, and the Prostate Cancer Foundation to KJP. This work was also supported by the William and Carolyn Stutt Research Fund, Ronald Rose, MC Dean, Inc., William and Marjorie Springer, Mary and Dave Stevens, Louis Dorfman, and the Jones Family Foundation.