Zambia Centre for Communication Programmes (Zccp)

ZAMBIA CENTRE FOR COMMUNICATION PROGRAMMES (ZCCP)

______KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES AND PRACTICES (KAP) SURVEY ON GENDER BASED VIOLENCE IN ZAMBIA

STOP GBV PREVENTION AND ADVOCACY PROJECT

______

SEPTEMBER, 2017

Table of contents Table of contents ...... i ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ...... iv EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... vi 1.0 INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1 Background ...... 1 1.2 Project Overview ...... 1 1.3 Rationale for the KAP Survey ...... 2 1.4 Main objective ...... 3 1.4.1 Specific Objectives ...... 3 2.0 METHODOLOGY ...... 1 2.1 Study Location ...... 1 2.2 Design ...... 1 2.3 Sampling ...... 1 2.4 Data Collection tool ...... 3 2.5 Ethical considerations ...... 4 2.6 Data quality and analysis ...... 4 2.7 Roles and responsibilities ...... 5 3.1 Demographic Characteristics ...... 6 3.2 Knowledge and Awareness of GBV ...... 7 3.2.1 Physical Abuse ...... 7 3.2.2 Economic Abuse ...... 8 3.2.3 Psychological abuse ...... 9 3.2.4 Sexual abuse...... 10 3.2.5 General knowledge on GBV and CM ...... 13 3.3 Attitudes towards Gender based violence...... 24 3.4 Social norms and beliefs regrading social roles and responsibilities ...... 36 3.5 Response towards GBV and Child Marriage ...... 38 3.6 GBV and Child Marriage Practices ...... 44 4.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 61 4.1 Conclusion ...... 61 4.2 Recommendations ...... 61 APPENDICES ...... 63 Appendix 1: Indicator and Results Summary Table ...... 63 Appendix 2: Data collection tool(s) ...... 67

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

FIGURES

Figure 1: Map of Zambia ...... 1 Figure 2: Sampling process ...... 2 Figure 3: Physical attack is GBV ...... 8 Figure 4: Physical attack is GBV (gender aggregated)...... 8 Figure 5: GBV is only physical ...... 13 Figure 6: GBV is only physical (dis-aggregated) ...... 14 Figure 7: Is GBV a problem in your community? ...... 14 Figure 8: Sources of information on GBV ...... 15 Figure 9: Age at which child is ready for marriage (WITH consent) ...... 16 Figure 10: Age at which child is ready for marriage (WITHOUT consent) ...... 17 Figure 11: Children's rights to decide who to marry ...... 18 Figure 12: Coming in contact, seeing or hearing someone from organizations talk about GBV ...... 18 Figure 13: Coming in contact, seeing or hearing someone from organisations talk about GBV (disaggregated ...... 19 Figure 14: Receiving or coming into contact with any magazines, leaflets, posters and brochures about GBV ...... 20 Figure 15: Where can cases of violence and/or abuse be reported? ...... 20 Figure 16: Which survivors of GBV can access available services? ...... 21 Figure 17: How quickly must a survivor of sexual violence (such as rape or defilement) seek medical services? ...... 22 Figure 18: People who experience gender based violence are NOT at risk of contracting HIV/AIDS .. 23 Figure 19: Knowledge of medication given to rape or defilement victims (dis-aggregated) ...... 23 Figure 20: When is post-exposure prophylaxis given? ...... 24 Figure 21: Men must have a say in marriages or relationships ...... 25 Figure 22: Men must more have a say in marriages or relationships ...... 25 Figure 23: Decision making power must NOT be shared equally ...... 26 Figure 24: Decision making power must NOT be shared equally (dis-aggregated) ...... 26 Figure 25: Who do you think must be consulted between men and women on issues affecting the community? ...... 27 Figure 26: Who do you think must be consulted between men and women on issues affecting the community? (dis-aggregated) ...... 27 Figure 27: It is acceptable for a husband to beat his wife ...... 28 Figure 28: A woman NEVER deserves to be beaten by her husband ...... 29 Figure 29: A woman or man should tolerate violence for the sake of family ...... 29 Figure 30: Men who use violence should be publicly shamed ...... 30 Figure 31: A woman who assaults or beats her man should NOT be arrested ...... 30 Figure 32: Violence that takes place between husband and wife MUST NOT be reported ...... 31 Figure 33: It is not the responsibility of men and boys to prevent GBV ...... 32 Figure 34: When a husband forces his wife, he is not raping her ...... 32 Figure 35: A woman has no right to refuse sex ...... 33 Figure 36: Rape can take place between husband and wife ...... 33 Figure 37: Women and girls sometimes bring rape on themselves ...... 34 Figure 38: Parents/guardians can decide to marry off their children against their will ...... 34 ii

Figure 39: Parents/guardians are justified to marry off a girl below 18 ...... 35 Figure 40: Marriage between persons below the age of 18 is classified as child marriage ...... 35 Figure 41: It is acceptable only for a man to get into an extra marital affair ...... 36 Figure 42: Can you say no to sex to your spouse? ...... 37 Figure 43: Can you say no to sex to your spouse? (dis-aggregated)...... 37 Figure 44: Would you get involved in any form of GBV if you believed it was for a good reason? ..... 38 Figure 45: Would you get involved in any form of GBV if you believed it was for a good reason? (disaggregated) ...... 39 Figure 46: Traditional leaders have adopted some form of action against GBV ...... 40 Figure 47: Traditional leaders have adopted some form of action against GBV (dis-aggregated ...... 41 Figure 48: Community members who have gotten involved to stop GBV and ECM in last 12 months42 Figure 49: Community members who have gotten involved to stop GBV and ECM in last 12 months (dis-aggregated) ...... 42 Figure 50: Parents who can marry off their daughter before 18 years ...... 43 Figure 51: Parents who can marry off their daughter before 18 years (disaggregated) ...... 44 Figure 52: Community members that disagreed that they had forced a partner to have sex and those that disagreed that they had sexual contact without prior disclosure ...... 45 Figure 53: Forced partner and sex without prior disclosure (disaggregated) ...... 46 Figure 54: Has any member of your household physically attacked person by hitting, slapping, kicking, pulling hair etc ...... 47 Figure 55: Has any member of your household physically attacked person by hitting, slapping, kicking, pulling hair etc (dis-aggregated) ...... 48 Figure 56: Property grabbing and failure to share income ...... 49 Figure 57: Property grabbing and failure to share income (dis-aggregated) ...... 50 Figure 58: Family desertion and preventing spouse from seeking employment ...... 51 Figure 59: Family desertion and preventing spouse from seeking employment (dis-aggregated) ...... 52 Figure 60: Use of insults and yelling and name calling ...... 53 Figure 61: Use of insults and yelling and name calling (dis-aggregated) ...... 53 Figure 62: Criticism/humiliation and mental torture...... 54 Figure 63: Criticism/humiliation and mental torture (dis-aggregated) ...... 55 Figure 64: Community members who can report parents who marry off their daughters before 18 years ...... 56 Figure 65: Community members who can report parents who marry off their daughters before 18 years (dis-aggregated) ...... 56 Figure 66: Community members who reported GBV cases ...... 57 Figure 67: Cases of ECM reported ...... 59 Figure 68: Cases of ECM reported (disaggregated) ...... 59

TABLES Table 1: Roles and responsibilities - KAP survey exercise ...... 5 Table 2: Participant demographic characteristics ...... 6 Table 3: Economic abuse ...... 9 Table 4: Psychological abuse...... 10 Table 5: Sexual abuse ...... 12 Table 6: Places to report GBV cases ...... 58

iii

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ASAZA A Safer Zambia CA Community Activist CM Child Marriage CSO Central Statistical Office DFID Department for International Development ERES Excellence in Research Ethics and Science FW Field Worker GBV Gender-Based Violence IRB Institutional Review Board KAP Knowledge Attitude Practice NGO Non-Governmental Organization OSC One Stop Centre PA Prevention and Advocacy PEPFAR President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief PO Program Officer RA Research Assistant SGBV Sexual Gender-Based Violence SPSS Statistical Package for Social Sciences STOP Stamping Out and Preventing USAID United States Agency for International Development VAW Violence Against Women WGSC Ward Gender Sub Committee WLSA Women and Law in Southern Africa WV World Vision ZCCP Zambia Centre for Communication Programmes ZDHS Zambia Demographic Health Survey

Acknowledgement

This report is made possible by the generous support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), the U.S. President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), and the British people through the Department for International Development (DFID), in partnership. The views expressed in this report do not necessarily reflect those of the U.S. and UK Governments.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Zambia Centre for Communication Programmes (ZCCP) through the STOP GBV Prevention and Advocacy Project, with funding from the PEPFAR through USAID and DFID through UKAID, commissioned the Knowledge, Attitudes and Practice (KAP) survey to collect data on key indicators related to Gender Based Violence and Child Marriage. The KAP survey was conducted between May and September, 2017 in six (6) of the twenty-nine (29) districts where the STOP GBV prevention and advocacy project is being implemented. The KAP survey sought to assess knowledge, attitude and practices among women and men between the ages of 15 to 55 concerning Gender-Based Violence (GBV) and Child Marriages (CM). It was hoped that data from this survey would serve to improve ZCCP programming on GBV and Child marriage responses.

A quantitative cross-sectional design was utilized to collect data from a sample of 1254 participants from 6 districts using a standard survey questionnaire. The sample was drawn from 3 wards in each district of 6 project sites from people aged between 15 and 55 years of age. To obtain an accurate picture of GBV and child marriage data, the survey employed multi-stage random sampling, combining systematic random sampling with cluster sampling to select households.

The KAP survey was conducted to;

• Determine the general levels of awareness of GBV and child marriage prevention and response services. • Determine the attitudes toward GBV and child marriage prevention. • To assess individual beliefs or social norms regarding constructed roles and responsibilities • Determine response toward any form of GBV and child marriage • Determine practices regarding GBV and child marriage. • Determine available sources of information and methods of communication on GBV and child marriages (including Radio, IEC materials etc.) Key Findings

The key findings of the KAP are outlined below

Objective: Indicators Key Findings

Objective 1: To determine the general levels of awareness of GBV and child marriage prevention and response services

Physical Abuse People aware that physical attack (hitting, slapping, kicking/pulling 92% hair, burning /chocking) is GBV

Economic abuse Individuals aware that property grabbing is GBV 85%

People aware that failing to sharing income earned is GBV 83%

Individuals aware that family desertion is GBV 85%

People aware that preventing a spouse or partner from seeking 87% employment or generating income is GBV

People aware of forms of economic abuse 85%

Psychological and Individuals aware that use of insulting/abusive language is GBV 92% emotional abuse People aware that constant criticisms/humiliation is GBV 87%

Individuals aware that metal torture especially silent treatment or 89% forced isolation is GBV

People aware of form of psychological emotional abuse 89%

Sexual abuse People aware that touching sexual parts of someone’s body against 94% their will is GBV

People aware that touching in a sexual manner (e.g. Fondling, 94% kissing, grabbing) against will of person is GBV

Individuals aware that aware that forced sexual intercourse (rape) 92% above 16 years of age is GBV

People aware that defilement (sex with a person below age of (16 96% years) is GBV

Individuals aware that forced prostitution is GBV 99%

people aware that sexual harassment of a person is GBV 95%

Individuals aware that sexual contact by a person aware of having 92% HIV and AIDS or STI without prior disclosure to the other person is GBV

Individuals aware that denial of sexual or conjugal rights is GBV 81%

People aware of forms of sexual abuse 93%

People aware of the general forms of GBV and ECM 85%

Awareness of rights Individuals who know correct age of marriage and protective i. With consent 88% measures ii. Without consent 49%

Individuals aware of children’s’ rights towards marriage 67%

Individuals aware of which survivor of GBV can access available 80% services

Individuals aware of how quickly sexual survivors should seek 87% medical services

vii

Individuals aware that people who experience GBV are at risk of 27% contracting HIV

Individuals aware of when PEP should be administered 62%

People aware of the rights and protective measures of GBV 66%

Objective 2: To determine attitudes toward GBV and child marriage prevention.

Respondents who feels men must have more say in a marriage or 51% relationship

Individuals who feels decision-making power in a relationship must 72% be shared equally

Individuals who feel it is not acceptable for a husband to beat his 77% wife

Individuals who feel that either a man or man should tolerate 80% violence for the sake of family or livelihood

Individuals who feels men who use violence should be publicly 47% shamed

Individuals who feels a woman who assaults or beats her man should 84% be arrested by the police

Individuals who feels that violence that takes place between a wife 77% and a husband must be reported to the police or OSC

Individuals who feels it is the responsibility of men and boys to 78% prevent GBV against women and girls

Individuals who feels that it is rape when a husband forces his wife 71% to have sex when she does not want to

Individuals who feels a woman has a right to refuse sex 65%

Individuals who feels it is never the fault of women and girls to be 12% raped

Individuals who feels parents or guardians cannot decide to marry 91% off their children against their will or without their agreement

Individuals who do not feel parents and guardians are 88% justified/allowed to marry of a girl child below the age of 18 even if she fell pregnant

Individuals who feels it is NOT acceptable for a man to get involved 85% in extra marital affairs

People with positive attitudes towards GBV and ECM 70%

Objective 3: To assess individual beliefs or social norms regarding constructed roles and responsibilities

Individuals who can say no to sex with their partner/spouse 27%

Objective 4: To determine response toward any form of GBV and child marriage

viii

Individuals who would get involved to prevent any form of GBV 27% against another person

Individuals who feels their traditional/community leader had put in 66% place action to stop GBV

Individuals who have been involved in any kind of community activity 22% to stop GBV

Individuals who reported being actively involved in any community 81% activity to stop child marriage

General response to any form of GBV and ECM stood among respondents 49%

Objective 5: To determine practices regarding GBV and child marriage

Sexual Abuse Individuals not reporting that a household member had forced a 83% partner to have sexual intercourse when they did not want

Individuals not reporting that a household member had sexual 93% contact with a person aware of having HIV or STI without prior disclosure to that other person

Individuals who would not marry off a girl child below the age of 18 97%

People reporting good practices regarding sexual abuse 91%

Physical Abuse Individuals not reporting that a household member had physically 78% attacked another person

Economic Abuse Individuals not reporting that a household member had grabbed 93% property from another family member

Individuals not reporting that a household member had failed to 84% share income earned with his/her family

Individuals not reporting that a household member had deserted 90% his/her family

Individuals not reporting that a household member had prevented a 90% spouse or partner from seeking employment

People reporting good practices regarding economic abuse 89%

Psychological Abuse Individuals not reporting that a household member using insults or 69% abusive language

Individuals not reporting that a household member was yelling or 67% name calling

Individuals not reporting that a household member was criticizing or 83% humiliating a spouse/partner

Individuals not reporting that a household member had mentally 78% tortured a partner/spouse especially from silent treatment

People reporting good practices regarding psychological abuse 74%

People reporting good practices (83%) regarding GBV and ECM 83%

Objective 6: To determine available sources of information and methods of communication on GBV and child marriages (including Radio, IEC materials etc.)

Reporting Individual who would report parents or guardians marrying off 75% children before age of 18 years

People reporting that GBV is a problem in their community 74%

Individuals aware of where to report GBV cases: 3% i. Calling 116/933 35% ii. Community/traditional leaders 23% iii. One Stop Centre 18% iv. Clinic v. Police 83% vi. Other e.g. YWCA 35% Methods of Individuals reporting occurrences of GBV to: reporting 20% i. One Stop Centre 15% ii. Clinic 85% iii. Police 41% iv. Traditional/community leaders v. Call 116/933 4% Individuals reporting occurrences of ECM to: 19% i. One Stop Centre 55% ii. Police 25% iii. Traditional/community leaders 2% iv. Call 116/933 v. Other places e.g. ASAZA 30% Source of Sources of information on GBV: information 33% i. TV 62% ii. Radio 23% iii. Clinic 36% iv. Police v. Community member 37% vi. Once Stop Centre 12% vii. Others sources 12%

The KAP survey has shown that knowledge on GBV and Child marriages was high while attitudes and practices were positive with some variations on some indicators. The majority (83%) of individuals in the six sampled districts have knowledge on GBV and Child marriages. Despite results on knowledge and attitudes being impressive, the general behaviors and practices in terms of awareness; where to report; and also where to obtain information regarding GBV and ECM were relatively low. Presently, the police seem to be playing the greatest role in the fight against GBV in the communities. The use of One Stop Center seem to be low among the survey respondents, yet to ZCCP they are a corner stone in the prevention of GBV and reintegration of GBV survivors in society because they are meant to

offer a comprehensive package of GBV services under one roof. To sustain the gains in STOP GBV intervention, the following recommendations should be considered:

1. In order to bridge the gap between KAP, reporting occurrences and where to obtain information on GBV and ECM, the intervention should concentrate on promoting use of the existing One Stop Centers 2. Scale-up sensitization programmes on GBV and ECM through the use of multi-modal public awareness campaigns over a longer period of time 3. Empower traditional leaders, primary health care center officers and police officers (VSU) in both rural and urban areas with knowledge and skills on GBV case management as these parties are where the majority people report GBV 4. Scale-up establishment and marketing of One Stop Centers at districts level to increase accessibility 5. Incorporate other attractive soft programmes e.g. Information Centre to One Stop Centers in order to minimize stigma associated with entering them. This will increase number of people that will be visiting centers. 6. Increase the involvement and participation of individuals of different ages and gender especially women in current response

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background The Zambia Centre for Communication Programmes (ZCCP) is a registered non-governmental and not for profit organization which uses multi-media communications in advancing social and behaviour change in Zambia. The organisation has existed since 2002 as a pioneer in generating appropriate edutainment content relevant to health and development priorities of Zambia. ZCCP has developed the Kwatu brand as a well-known health and development communication tool (materials and interventions are contextualized to local situations), which has been used to carry out all of ZCCP’s products.

Since 2013, ZCCP in partnership with other civil society organizations (e.g. World Vision Zambia, Women and Law in Southern Africa, Women and Law in Development, Forum for African Women Educationalists in Zambia, Sport in Action Zambia, and the Expanded Church Response for HIV), has been implementing the Stamping out and Preventing Gender Based Violence Prevention and Advocacy STOP GBV PA project in 29 districts across Zambia. Through this project, the majority of Zambians have been reached and sensitized on GBV and Child marriages. Based on lessons learned, ZCCP has continued with the high intensive and high impact social and behaviour change interventions. It is against this background that ZCCP commissioned this KAP survey to assess the impact of the project intervention on Gender Based Violence. This KAP survey was carried out in 6 selected STOP GBV prevention and advocacy project districts of Zambia. This report provides findings of the KAP survey conducted between May – September, 2017 in order to determine the knowledge, attitudes and practices among youth and adults concerning Gender-Based Violence (GBV) and Child Marriages (CM). It was envisaged that information gathered from the survey would provide a basis for determining the effectiveness of interventions adopted by ZCCP. This report is structured as follows:

. Introduction: Focuses on the general background and project overviews of the Stop GBV project, rationale of this KAP survey and objectives. . Methodology: Focuses on the design of the survey, sampling, data collection tools, ethics and data analysis . Findings: This section presents key results on Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices . Conclusion and recommendation: summaries the key findings of the KAP survey outlines the recommendations for the intervention.

1.2 Project Overview The STOP GBV PA is a project executed by Zambia Centre for Communication Programmes (ZCCP). The project is funded by USAID and DFID. The goal of the STOP GBV PA project is to prevention of and

increase response to GBV/child marriage (CM) in Zambia. Its objective are: (1) decrease societal acceptance of GBV/CM, (2) enhance protective factors, and (3) improve the enabling environment to respond to GBV and CM. The project is being implemented in the following selected districts; Chibombo, Chikankata, Chilanga; Chongwe; Chipata; Kabwe; Kapiri Mposhi; Katete; Lusaka; Nyimba; Sinda; Choma; Kafue; Kalomo; Limulunga; Livingstone; Mazabuka; Mongu; Monze; Mumbwa; Chingola; Chinsali; Kitwe; Luanshya; Nakonde, Nalolo, Kazungula, Senanga and Ndola. The project began in April 2013 and will end in April 2018. Since inception, ZCCP through the STOP GBV PA has engaged diverse stakeholders in ending GBV and q (CM) programming by sharing of best practices, dissemination of data on GBV and CM, incorporating evidence-informed approaches and strengthening anti-GBV and CM through coordination both at national level through Ministry of Gender and at district level through District Gender Sub-Committees and District Development Coordination Committees. Communities have been mobilized through engagement of gate keepers (like chiefs and police) and activists in the prevention of GBV and CM. Various district and community structures have been strengthened and are actively supporting an enabling environment for protective factors. At an individual level, ZCCP has been influencing behavior change in favor of positive social norms and practices through various platforms that include community dialogues, mobile video shows, radio programs, theater performances, men's networks, mentorship clubs for boys and girls and telecommunication counseling.

1.3 Rationale for the KAP Survey Gender Based Violence is one of the most pervasive acts committed against persons in Zambia. GBV takes the form of physical, mental, social or economic abuse against a person because of that person’s gender and includes violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to the person, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or private life1. Although the Anti-GBV Act of 2011, the legislation to halt gender based violence and child marriage has been passed in Zambia2, the incidences of both gender based violence and child marriage have continued to rise. There is a strong body of evidence that gender-based violence is high in Zambia. According to the Zambia Demographic and Health Survey (2014), over 47% of the married women aged 15-49 years have experienced at least one form of GBV while child marriage3 was more common among girls (17%) than boys (1%)4. However, these statistics might not be a true reflection of the people affected due to under-

1http://www.parliament.gov.zm/sites/default/files/images/publication_docs/MINISTERIAL%20STATEMENT%20BY%20HON%20KALIMA.pdf 2 2014. Zambia Demographic and Health Survey 2013-14. 3 2014 Zambia Comprehensive Sexuality Education Baseline Survey 4 2011 Zambian National Gender Perceptions Survey 2

reporting. Though both males and females are victims of gender based violence, literature has shown that females are most affected, with the perpetrators mostly being males whom they are supposed to trust and feel safe with.

Various studies have been conducted in Zambia to evaluate knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) in different geographical settings with varied community populations. In spite of these studies, it is surprisingly difficult to get GBV prevalence rates at district and ward level. Even the ZDHS upon which the STOP GBV project depends on for implementation of various program activities and measuring the impact of its activities, has some limitations. One of the biggest flaws observed in the ZDHS is the lack of adequate information on the situation of Child Marriage in Zambia. In addition, the ZDHS only presents information on Violence Against Women (VAW) at a provincial level. VAW at district level and below (e.g. ward level) are virtually non-existent yet the STOP GBV (PA) project utilizes district and sometimes ward based information in focusing/targeting its programs. This state of affairs is consistent in many other national surveys4 in Zambia. Thus, this KAP survey, as an adjunct to ZDHS, will provide useful information that will help supplement ZCCP to design specific interventional strategies for particular populations. In addition, very few surveys have been conducted on child marriage and even fewer studies evaluate KAP regarding child marriage. From the foregoing, it is clear that in order to contribute meaningfully to prevention of GBV and child marriages in Zambia, accurate measurements of specific knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to both GBV and CM can help shape the specific messages and strategies that ZCCP adopts for its work with communities and specific target groups. The KAP survey information can also help ZCCP to assess its progress on key project deliverables.

1.4 Main objective The main objective of this KAP survey was to determine the knowledge, attitudes and practices among youth and adults concerning Gender-Based Violence (GBV) and Child Marriages (CM) in 6 of the 29 STOP GBV prevention and advocacy project districts. 1.4.1 Specific Objectives To achieve the overall purpose of this assessment, specific objectives were developed, including; 1. to determine the general levels of awareness of GBV and child marriage prevention and response services. 2. to Determine attitudes toward GBV and child marriage prevention. 3. to Assess individual beliefs or social norms regarding constructed roles and responsibilities 4. to Determine response toward any form of GBV and child marriages

5. to obtain district level quantitative data on issues around GBV and child marriage so as to establish the bench mark for program implementation. 6. to Determine available sources of information and methods of communication on GBV and child marriages (including Radio, IEC materials etc.)

2.0 METHODOLOGY 2.1 Study Location The KAP survey was conducted in 6 project districts where the baseline survey was not conducted. The districts are Chingola (Copperbelt province), Chinsali (Muchinga Province), Livingstone (Southern Province), Mongu (Western Province), Kapiri Mposhi (Central Province) and Sinda (Eastern Province). Data collection was conducted between 24th of May, 2017 and 6th of August, 2017.

Figure 1: Map of Zambia 2.2 Design To achieve the survey objectives, a cross-sectional design was used. The survey employed quantitative methodologies using closed ended questions. The design was chosen as it provided rich data on; key GBV and CM indicators, including people's perceptions, behaviors, and practices. 2.3 Sampling The sampling method employed was multi-stage random sampling, combining systematic sampling with cluster sampling to select households. Cluster sampling was used to select the targeted 3 wards from each of the selected districts with the assistance of local Central statistical officers in places where they were available. A predetermined proportion (equal number) of households from each ward were selected systematically (i.e. households were selected at regular intervals with every fifth (5th) or tenth (10th) household depending on the sampling frame. The selected households were each assigned a number. If no one was present at any selected household, then the interviewers moved on to the next (closest) household. Only one person was interviewed in each of the selected households. The formula for the sampling interval was as follows: # of Households per Enumeration Area (EA) # of household Proportions The last stage of sampling involved selection of the respondents to participate in the survey. Only participants (male and female) aged between 15 and 55 years were included in this KAP survey assessment. Respondents withholding consent were excluded and replaced with individuals from alternative households in the sampling frame. The total number of individuals included in the sample from each ward was 70, resulting in 210 respondents per district. Over-sampling was used to achieve

the desired sample sizes for each district and ward. Over-sampling enabled the research team to achieve the desired sample sizes for the study. Figure 2 shows graphical presentation of the sampling process.

General population

Stage 1: population in primary unit (random sampling of wards

Stage 2: sample of primary units (systematic sampling)

Stage 3: sample of secondary unit

Figure 2: Sampling process

Calculation of the sample size was done to ensure the minimum number of respondents needed to be a representative sample and also to ensure the that KAP survey generated reliable data that could be used to understand the knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) and also to provide useful lessons to inform future programming and programme implementation. The sample size was determined using the formula:

n = Sample size to be selected (minimum of 210). Z = value corresponding to a given confidence level (1.96 for a confidence level of 95% was be used). p = percentage of the primary indicator (estimate of the true conversion rate in the population), expressed as a decimal (default rate of 0.5 (50%) was used). d = standard (margin of) error, expressed as a decimal (0.10 (10%) was chosen).

The computation based on the above formula gave a minimum sample size of 210 respondents per district. The sample comprised of both males (40%) and female (60%) aged between 15 and 55 years.

2.4 Data Collection tool The knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) questionnaire was used to collect information from respondents. The Questionnaire consisted primarily of closed-ended questions for respondents to provide information on knowledge, attitudes and practices. The design of the questionnaire was informed by the gap analysis of the three previously conducted baseline studies for STOP GBV Survival Support, STOP GBV Prevention and Advocacy and whole STOP GBV projects. The questionnaire addressed questions on the specific gaps identified and also addressed some recommendations from the mid-term evaluation of the STOP GBV project. The questionnaire covered key aspects of the survey, such as: socio-demographics characteristics of participants, Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices in relation to gender based violence and child marriage including key issues on prevention and advocacy. The questionnaire was divided into 4 sections. Section 1, respondents reported background variables like age, age of their children, educational level, employment status, status in the home and financial decision making in a home. Section 2 assessed respondents’ knowledge on gender based violence related issues using a 10 items scale. Section 3 of the questionnaire assessed respondents’ attitudes using 16 item items and Section 4 of the questionnaire assessed respondent’s practices on GBV related issues (refer to Appendix 2).

Data collection tools were developed, translated into local languages (Lozi, Bemba, and Nyanja or Chewa widely spoken in the districts sampled), pre-tested and approved by ZCCP before being used in the main survey. Recruitment and training of the field team were led by the ZCCP monitoring and evaluation Manager. The training involved discussions of roles and responsibilities, in-depth review of the questionnaire, interview procedures and field trial of the survey instrument.

Each sampled district had its own data collection team. The data collection plans were developed taking into consideration the district local conditions such as population distribution, geography, political administration, culture and other social settings. Each of the data collection team was supervised by the programmes officer (PO) of that district and supported by data collectors (research assistants -RAs) who had worked on similar tasks and could speak and understand both the local language and English. RAs possessed varying qualifications from Diploma through to bachelor's degree. At most, seven (7) research assistants were recruited per district with at least two (2) research assistants attached to each ward. The recruited research assistants (RAs) and the supervisors

were trained for a period of five days. The training ensured that both research assistants (RAs) and the supervisors understood the objectives of the KAP survey, the methodology, and the tools. Questionnaire administration took between 45 to 60 minutes per participant. The mean administration time for all RAs was 50 minutes.

2.5 Ethical considerations This study involved collection of information on human subjects thus the survey was subjected to ethical review. Ethical approval for this study was obtained from Research Ethics and Science (ERES) CONVERGE IRB, in Lusaka. Ethical approval was of particular importance in this survey because of the sensitive information that the survey sought to collect such as abuse and exploitation which border on peoples’ privacy. The purpose of the survey, risks and benefits, and respondents’ rights involved in the survey were explained to all the respondents before obtaining consent. All respondents were informed of right to terminate the interview at any given time if they felt uncomfortable and that they were not obliged to answer any questions which they did not feel like answering. No incentive was given to the respondents to participate in this survey. However, for respondents under 18 years of age, consent was obtained from their parents or guardians. In order to ensure confidentiality and anonymity, no identifiers or names were used and; all completed questionnaires and other records were stored in a secured place, under the control of the supervisor.

Further, a referral system was in place for psychosocial services (through the STOP GBV Project’s One Stop Centers (OSC) and other collaborating partners) for respondents in need of supportive services due to the stress from the interview or because of their experience. ZCCP also ensured that post survey support was available upon request for those respondents who felt they needed further support. Participants were also availed with information on potential benefits of participating in the survey such as improved prevention and response to GBV and child marriages (CM) in Zambia.

2.6 Data quality and analysis At the end of each day’s field work, supervisors reviewed the completed questionnaires for correctness before submitting questionnaires to the ZCCP M&E officer for final verification. All questionnaires were labeled, verified for accuracy and consistency and then coded by the survey coordinator or a third person (with perfect grasp of the questionnaire) other than the data entry clerk. After the coding process, the questionnaires were numbered for data entry. The M&E Specialist trained all data entry clerks to ensure accuracy and adherence to guidelines. The objective of this

training was to ensure that the data meets the exceptional standards, free of entry errors. Verified and validated data was then subjected to the following steps: • A tabulation and data-processing plan was developed in line with the objectives of the KAP survey • Data cleaning and analysis • Data cleaning was done using the processing plan developed and the final output of tables was generated. • Data analysis produced both descriptive and inferential statistics on key indicators the project is tracking on knowledge, behaviors, and practices as shown below.

2.7 Roles and responsibilities Below is an indication of the roles and responsibilities performed during this exercise. Table 1: Roles and responsibilities - KAP survey exercise

# Roles Responsibilities 1 Survey planning ZCCP 2 Tool development ZCCP 3 Personnel Recruitment and training ZCCP 4 Data collection and supervision ZCCP 5 Data entry and cleaning ZCCP 6 Data analysis Consultant 7 Report writing Consultant

Limitations of the Study

i. Although considerable care was taken in designing the KAP questionnaire to avoid ambiguity, it should be noted that self-report measures suffer from social desirability therefore some of the responses may have been underestimated or overestimated. ii. In addition, since the findings of this KAP survey were drawn only from 6 districts (out of 109), generalization of the findings should be made with caution in light of the varying socio- cultural variations across the country. However, these findings can be used to inform programming within and outside the sampled districts. iii. In some cases, the questions in the survey tool were not specific therefore rendering it difficult to determine if the question(s) referred to GBV related acts or not e.g. Physical attack on a person involving hitting/ slapping/ kicking/ pulling hair/ burning/ choking.

3.0 FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

The results and discussion section is presented according the objectives of the KAP survey. The objectives were: • To determine the general levels of awareness of GBV and child marriage prevention and response services. • To determine attitudes toward GBV and child marriage prevention. • To assess individual beliefs or social norms regarding constructed roles and responsibilities • To determine response toward any form of GBV and child marriage • To determine practices regarding GBV and child marriage. • To determine available sources of information and methods of communication on GBV and child marriages (including Radio, IEC materials etc.)

Respondents’ demographic characteristics are presented below followed by results answering each of the six KAP survey objectives. 3.1 Demographic Characteristics There were 1254 respondents who participated in the survey (female – about 60%). The majority of the respondents were household heads or their spouses (about 90%); were married (70%) and came from households with more than 5 individuals (about 60%). The majority had either a primary or secondary education (85%) and were employed (46%). They were employed mostly in the formal sectors or faming (76%). For a detailed profile of the respondents’ characteristics, refer to Table 2 below. Table 2: Participant demographic characteristics

Description Number Percentage 1. Sex of respondent: • Males 495 39.5 • Females 759 60.5 2. Age of respondents: 1254 • Range 15- 55 years • Mean (SD) 34.53 (±9.89) 3. Marital status: • Single 222 18 • Married 880 70 • Cohabiting 7 1 • Widowed 69 6 • Divorced 67 5 • Separated 9 7 4. Education Level: • Never been to school 95 8 • Primary school 530 42 6

• Secondary school 543 43 • Post-Secondary school 85 7 5. Employment status: • Unemployed 453 36 • Housewife 192 15 • Employed 592 46 • Others 35 3 6. Major Source of Income: • Farming 467 37 • Charcoal production 32 3 • Carpentry 38 3 • Selling at the market 230 18 • Other 474 39 7. Number of household members: • One 51 4 • Two 85 7 • Three 155 12 • Four 220 18 • Five plus 742 59 8. Status in the household: • Head of household 613 49 • Spouse of head 503 40 • Child/dependent 131 10 • Other 6 1 9. Household financial decision maker: • Household head 415 37 • Spouse alone 206 19 • Head and Spouse 495 44

3.2 Knowledge and Awareness of GBV 3.2.1 Physical Abuse 6% of respondents in this survey were not aware that physically attacking someone was a form of GBV (see limitations above). These data show that Focus Box 92% of people were aware that physical attack is GBV there are generally high levels of awareness on what constitutes GBV. This could be due to an increase in awareness programs and efforts by ZCCP and other players. District aggregated data showed that 12% of respondents in Chingola disagreed that physical attack on a person (see limitation above) was a form of GBV. This was followed by Mongu (7%) and then Sinda at 6%. It remains unclear why Chingola had the

lowest awareness levels but future surveys should take interest in examining factors that might influence this. These data are summarized in Figure 3 below.

Figure 3: Physical attack is GBV

Data disaggregated by sex showed that Chingola had the highest number of male (13%) and female (11%) respondents who disagreed to this statement that physical attack was GBV, as shown in Figure 4 below.

Figure 4: Physical attack is GBV (gender aggregated)

3.2.2 Economic Abuse 13% of the respondents in the survey did not know that property grabbing was a form of economic abuse. It appears here also that there Focus box 85% of people were aware that property grabbing is GBV are generally high 83% of people were aware that failing to share income earned is GBV levels of awareness 85% of people were aware that family desertion is GBV 87% of people were aware that preventing spouse from seeking employment is GBV

about property grabbing constituting economic abuse. A further assessment on knowledge and awareness of what economic abuse is showed that Chingola and Mongu (18% vs 18%) had the highest number of respondents that were not aware of that property grabbing was a form of economic abuse. In terms of failing to share income, about 15% of respondents were not aware that failing to share income is a form of economic abuse. With regards to district disaggregated data, Chingola and Mongu (both at 22%) had the highest proportion of respondents who were not aware that this was a form of economic abuse. For family desertion, about 11% were not aware that this was a form of economic abuse. A further examination of district aggregated data showed that 19% and 14% of the respondents in Chingola and Kapiri Mposhi, respectively, were not aware that family desertion was a form of economic abuse. In relation of preventing a partner form seeking employment of any means of income generation, about 15% of the respondents were not aware that this was a form of economic abuse. Here Chingola was leading with 28% of the respondent’s not aware that preventing a partner from seeking employment was a form of GBV. Mongu and Kapiri Mposhi followed (both at 15%). Table 3 below summarizes the findings on economic abuse.

Table 3: Economic abuse

ECONOMIC ABUSE Preventing employment Property grabbing Failing to share income Family Desertion seeking Disagre Don’t Agre Disagre Don’t Agre Disagre Don’t Agre Disagre Don’t Agree e know e e know e e know e e know

Chingola 77% 18% 5% 72% 22% 6% 77% 19% 4% 67% 28% 5%

Chinsali 88% 11% 1% 88% 10% 2% 87% 1% 0% 84% 14% 2%

L/Stone 93% 4% 3% 89% 7% 4% 89% 6% 5% 85% 11% 4%

Mongu 79% 18% 3% 75% 22% 3% 90% 9% 1% 84% 15% 1% Kapiri Mposhi 78% 14% 8% 83% 12% 5% 79% 14% 7% 79% 15% 6%

Sinda 90% 9% 1% 92% 7% 1% 90% 9% 1% 89% 9% 2%

3.2.3 Psychological abuse 7% of the respondents in the survey did not know that using insulting language to a partner was a form of psychological abuse. It appears that there are high levels of knowledge that the use of

insulting language constitutes psychological abuse. A further assessment on knowledge and awareness of what psychological abuse is showed that Chinsali (9%) and Kapiri Mposhi (8%) were the districts with the highest number of respondents that were not aware of that using insulting language was a form of Focus Box psychological abuse. 92% of the people were aware that use of insults/abuse language is GBV About 10% of respondents 87% of people were aware that constant criticism/humiliation is GBV 89% of people were aware that silent treatment of isolation was GBV were not aware that constant criticism/humiliation of a partner was as a form of psychological abuse. With regards to district disaggregated data, criticism/humiliation, Chingola (20%) and Mongu (12%) had the highest proportion of respondents who were not aware that criticism/humiliation was as a form of psychological abuse.

9% of the respondents were not aware that behaviours such as forced isolation and silent treatment were a form of mental torture and therefore constituted psychological abuse. District aggregated data indicated that 15% of the respondents in Chingola and 11% in Mongu were not aware that mental torture constituted psychological abuse. Table 4 shows this information

Table 4: Psychological abuse

PSYCHOLOGICAL ABUSE

Insulting/abusive language Criticism/humiliation Mental torture Don’t Don’t Don’t Agree Disagree know Agree Disagree know Agree Disagree know

Chingola 90% 7% 3% 78% 20% 2% 82% 15% 3%

Chinsali 90% 9% 1% 87% 12% 1% 91% 8% 1%

Livingstone 96% 3% 1% 91% 6% 3% 95% 3% 1%

Mongu 92% 7% 1% 86% 12% 2% 86% 11% 2%

Kapiri 88% 8% 4% 88% 9% 3% 89% 8% 3%

Sinda 93% 7% 0% 91% 8% 1% 92% 7% 1%

3.2.4 Sexual abuse Only 5% of the respondents in the survey did not know that touching someone’s sexual parts or body against their will was a form of sexual abuse. It is clear from the findings that respondents were aware that touching someone’s private parts or body against their will constitutes sexual abuse. This could be as a results of the cumulative effect of the role that multiple parties are playing to sensitize

communities on the issues related to sexual abuse. A further assessment on knowledge and awareness of what sexual abuse is showed that Chinsali (7%) and Mongu (18% vs 18%) were the districts with the highest number of respondents that were not aware of that touching someone’s sexual parts or body against their will was a form of Focus Box 94% of the respondents were aware that touching sexual parts of someone’s body sexual abuse. against their will is GBV 92% of the respondents were aware that forced sexual intercourse above 16 years of About 5% of age is GBV respondents were 94% of the respondents were aware that touching in a sexual manner against will of a person is GBV not aware that 96% of the respondents were aware that defilement is GBV touching someone in a sexual manner against their will was a form of sexual abuse. With regards district disaggregated data, touching someone in a sexual manner against their will, Chingola (7%) had the highest proportion of respondents who were not aware that it was a form of sexual abuse. Only 4% of the respondents stated that they were not aware that rape was a form of sexual abuse. A further, district aggregated data showed that 7% respondents in Sinda followed by 5% in Chingola and 5% in Chinsali were not aware that rape was a form of sexual abuse. In addition, only 4% of the respondents stated that they were not aware that defilement was a form of sexual abuse. Here Chingola, Chinsali and Sinda (all at 5%) had the highest proportion of respondent who were not aware that defilement was a form of GBV. About 7% of respondents were not aware that forced prostitution was a form of sexual abuse. With regards district disaggregated data on forced prostitution, Chingola and Kapiri Mposhi, both at 10% had the highest proportion of respondents who were not aware that it was a form of sexual abuse. Only 4% of the respondents in the survey did not know that sexual harassment (i.e. unwanted sexual advances e.g. touch touching breasts, buttocks etc against their will was a form of sexual abuse. A further assessment on knowledge and awareness on sexual harassment revealed that Chinsali and Sinda (both at 6%) were the districts Focus Box with the highest 99% of people were aware that forced prostitution is GBV 95% of people were aware that sexual harassment of a person is GBV number of 92% of people were aware that sexual contact by a person aware of having HIV and respondents that AIDS without prior disclosure to the other person is GBV 81% of people were aware that denial of sexual or conjugal rights is GBV were not aware of that sexual

harassment was a form of economic abuse.

Further, 6% of the respondents stated that they were not aware that sexual contact with a person aware of having HIV and AIDS or STIs without prior disclosure to the other person was a form of sexual abuse. Here Mongu (9%) was leading with the proportion of respondent’s not aware that having HIV and AIDS or STIs without prior disclosure to the other person was a form of sexual abuse.

Finally, 15% of the respondents stated that they were not aware that denial of sexual/conjugal rights constituted sexual abuse. Here Chingola had the highest number of respondent’s (27%) who were not aware that denial of sexual/conjugal rights constituted sexual abuse. Cultural and religious teaching that discourage denial of sexual/conjugal rights could explain why some respondents were not aware. It is clear from this finding that more work needs to be done to increase knowledge on what constitutes sexual abuse in general. This is illustrated in Table 5 below. Table 5: Sexual abuse

SEXUAL ABUSE Denial Touchin Touching Forced Sexual Sexual of g sexual in a sexual Defileme prostituti harassme contact sexual parts manner Rape nt on nt - HIV rights Agree 93% 91% 95% 93% 86% 95% 91% 65% Disagree 5% 7% 5% 5% 10% 4% 7% 27% Don’t Chingola know 2% 2% 0% 2% 4% 1% 2% 8% Agree 90% 92% 94% 95% 82% 93% 93% 78% Disagree 7% 6% 5% 5% 7% 6% 7% 20% Don’t Chinsali know 3% 2% 1% 0% 1% 1% 1% 2% Agree 96% 96% 99% 99% 98% 97% 96% 91% Disagree 3% 3% 1% 1% 2% 2% 2% 6% Livingsto Don’t ne know 1% 1% 0% 0% 0% 1% 2% 3% Agree 96% 96% 97% 95% 94% 94% 90% 85% Disagree 4% 4% 3% 4% 5% 5% 9% 14% Don’t Mongu know 0% 0% 0% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% Agree 95% 95% 95% 97% 89% 96% 89% 76% Disagree 5% 4% 4% 2% 10% 3% 6% 17% Kapiri Don’t Mposhi know 0% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 5% 7% Agree 93% 92% 92% 94% 91% 92% 91% 89% Sinda Disagree 6% 6% 7% 5% 8% 6% 7% 9%

Don’t know 1% 2% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 2%

3.2.5 General knowledge on GBV and CM

Is GBV only physical? 86% of the respondents disagreed and stated that GBV was NOT just physical but also included other forms. Mongu seemed to have the highest level of disagreement (93%) while Sinda had the lowest level of disagreement (58%), as illustrated in Figure 5 below.

Figure 5: GBV is only physical

It appears that males had higher levels of disagreement, compared to women although these differences were not significant, except for participants in Livingstone and Sinda where the females reported higher levels of disagreement compared to males, as shown in Figure 6 below.

Figure 6: GBV is only physical (dis-aggregated)

Is GBV a problem? Overall, 74% of the participants agreed with the statement that GBV was a problem in their communities, highlighting high awareness levels of knowledge on the existence of GBV in the communities. When disaggregated by district, the responses showed that GBV is a bigger problem in Livingstone district (88%) followed by Chinsali (74%). Kapiri Mposhi reported the lowest levels of GBV as a problem in their communities (61%). This is illustrated in Figure 7 below.

Figure 7: Is GBV a problem in your community?

Where to obtain information on GBV? Among the sources of GBV information, radio was reported as the most common source of information (62%), while the One Stop center was the lowest (12%), a trend that was consistent across all the districts, as shown in Figure 8 below. It appears that radio was the major source of information among the respondents than any other forms of media, an occurrence that could be partly explained by the proliferation of community radio stations. Respondents also reported other sources of information which include the police, community members and the clinic. Despite being highlighted, only a small fraction of respondents reported the one stop center as a source of information on GBV, indicating the need to improve community awareness on the use of the one stop center.

Figure 8: Sources of information on GBV Age of marriage (with or without consent) Almost all the participants (96%) reported that a child is ready to get married, with consent, when s/he is above the age of 18 years. 44% reported that a child needed to be 21 years and above to get married with consent. This indicates very high awareness levels among respondents. Livingstone reported the highest number of respondents (60%) who reported that a child can get married at the age of 18 years and above while Chingola reported the lowest (26%). Only 3% of the participants reported that a child can get married below the age of 16 years and 1% of the respondents reported that the parents can decide whenever a child can get married.

Figure 9: Age at which child is ready for marriage (WITH consent)

When asked about the age at which a child can get married, without parental consent, 87% of the participants correctly reported that a person can get married without parental consent who is aged 18 years and above. Of those, 49% reported that a child needed to be 21 years and above to get married without consent. Mongu reported the highest number of respondents (62%) who reported that a child can get married at the of 21 years and above while Sinda reported the lowest (22%). 7% of the respondents reported that a child could get married without consent aged 16 years and below. 6% of the respondents were not sure at which age a child can get married without consent.

Figure 10: Age at which child is ready for marriage (WITHOUT consent)

Children’s rights to decide on whom they should marry Overall, 67% of the respondents reported that children have the right to decide whom they should marry. Kapiri Mposhi (90%) recorded the highest levels of agreement to the statement that “the right on the child to decide who they should marry”. Particpants in Kapiri Mposhi, Livingstone and Mongu responded in a similar manner, as illustrated in Figure11 below.

Figure 11: Children's rights to decide who to marry

Coming in contact, seeing or hearing someone from organizations talk about GBV 36% of the participants agreed that in the last 12 months they had come into contact, seen or heard someone from an organization talk about GBV. Participants from Mongu (38%) and Kapiri (38%) reported the highest levels of exposure to GBV messages through contact with people from organizations while Livingstone had the lowest exposure (22%), as shown in Figure 12 below. This could be explained by the nature of daily life in Livingstone which represents a cosmopolitan nature which makes it difficult to come into contact with people from organizations talking about specific issues related to GBV.

Figure 12: Coming in contact, seeing or hearing someone from organizations talk about GBV

A gender disaggregated analysis showed that males seem to have had higher exposure than females, as shown in Figure 13 below.

Figure 13: Coming in contact, seeing or hearing someone from organisations talk about GBV (dis-aggregated

Receiving or coming into contact with any magazines, leaflets, posters and brochures about GBV 35% of the participants reported that they had received, in the last 12 months, either a magazine, leaflet, or brochure addressing the issue of changing behavior in order to prevent GBV or CM. Participants from Mongu (42%) and Kapiri Mposhi (42%) respectively seem to have had higher exposure to information on GBV through the different print media, as shown in Figure 14 below. It appears that males had higher exposure than females.

Figure 14: Receiving or coming into contact with any magazines, leaflets, posters and brochures about GBV

Where can people report cases of violence and abuse? The majority of participants (83%) believe that cases of violence and/or abuse can be reported to the police, a trend that was consistent across all districts. The ease of access of the police within communities and perceived their direct involvement in the resolution of GBV cases/issues, compared to other parties (who would still need to involve the police to resolve the cases) could explain this trend. Only 3% of the participants believe that they can report violence and abuse cases to the Hotline 116/933. In Chinsali and Sinda, a significant proportion of the respondents stated that they could report such cases to the community/traditional/religious leaders. This is illustrated in Figure 15 below.

Figure 15: Where can cases of violence and/or abuse be reported?

GBV survivors’ access to services When asked if they knew which classification of GBV survivors could access services, the majority of the respondents (79%) stated that any survivor can access GBV services. Those who did not know the correct classification of who can access these services (i.e. any victim) might represent respondents’ lack of knowledge of who constitutes true victims of GBV e.g. many thought that ONLY women and girls are victims. Of those that did not pick this option, the majority of the respondents, except for Sinda district felt that only women and girls should access GBV services. Knowledge of where GBV survivors can access services is a good indicator of ones understanding of GBV. Considering that a fair number of respondents (21%) did not know where survivors could access the services suggests that some survivors may not be getting the required assistance. Overall, it is clear from the responses that respondents had knowledge though more effort is need to increase community awareness. See Figure 16 below.

Figure 16: Which survivors of GBV can access available services?

How quickly medical services should be sought by survivors of sexual violence Most of the respondents (85%), in all the districts believed that a victim of sexual violence should seek medical services within 1 day of experiencing the violence (the prescribed procedure for victims of sexual abuse). Some respondents (9%) also felt that victims should seek services when they feel ready to access those services. This is illustrated in Figure 17 below. This suggests that some respondents do not know how quickly survivors of sexual violence should seek medical help. There is need for more sensitization on the process and timeliness of seeking medical help by survivors of sexual violence.

Figure 17: How quickly must a survivor of sexual violence (such as rape or defilement) seek medical services? Risk of contracting HIV and AIDS by survivors of sexual violence The majority of respondents (69%) disagreed with the notion that survivors of sexual violence could not contract HIV and AIDS. This signified high levels of awareness among the respondents on the risk that victims of Sexual GBV have in contracting HIV. Mongu and Kapiri-Mposhi had the highest disagreement rates while Chinsali had the lowest disagreement rates, as shown in the Figure below. When disaggregated by gender, there seemed to have disagreement with females disagreeing more with this notion in Sinda (66% vs 60%), Kapiri-Mposhi (78% vs 74%) and Mongu (87% vs 85) while males disagreed more with this statement in Chingola (67% vs 55%) and Livingstone (66% vs 63%). In Chinsali, both males and females disagreed with the notion (50% vs 50%).

Figure 18: People who experience gender based violence are NOT at risk of contracting HIV/AIDS Knowledge of PEP administration When participants were asked if they knew of any medication that was given to rape/defilement victims, 90% reported that they did not know any medication given to victims. The least levels of knowledge were reported in Sinda. Generally, all districts had the same knowledge levels although results indicated that males were more knowledgeable than the females, as illustrated in Figure 19 below. There is need to increase sensitization on the importance of PEP and early treatment of rape/defilement victims.

Figure 19: Knowledge of medication given to rape or defilement victims (dis-aggregated)

Of those participants who knew of the medication administered to rape and defilement victims, the majority (7%) reported that PEP is administered immediately after the abuse or defilement, as shown in the Figure below. The females reported higher knowledge levels on this issue than the males, as shown in Figure 20 below.

20%

Figure 20: When is post-exposure prophylaxis given?

3.3 Attitudes towards Gender based violence Gender and decision making power Overall, 50% of the participants agreed with the assertion that men should have more say in marriages or relationships. Respondents from Mongu (59%) and Chingola (57%) seemed to agree more with this assertion than the other districts. This indicates a perception among a significant proportion of respondents in the area surveyed that men have more say in the relationship. This is shown in Figure 21 below.

Figure 21: Men must have a say in marriages or relationships

When disaggregated by gender, it appears that males agreed more with this statement than the females, a finding that seems to fit into local cultural norms. This is illustrated in Figure 22 below. Though there were notable differences between males and females, these differences were however not significant.

Figure 22: Men must more have a say in marriages or relationships

In addition, participants were also asked about whether they thought decision making power in the household on how to use resources, like money, should be shared. The majority of respondents (72%) disagreed with this notion, with Livingstone and Mongu showing higher levels of disagreement than the other districts, as shown in Figure 23 below.

Figure 23: Decision making power must NOT be shared equally

A gendered analysis showed that the highest disagreement was recorded in Chinsali with males significantly disagreeing with the females (72% vs 57%). In the other provinces, high disagreement with the males seems to be related to high disagreement levels with the females, as shown in Figure 24 below.

Figure 24: Decision making power must NOT be shared equally (dis-aggregated)

Further, participants were asked who they believe should be consulted on issues affecting the community. The majority (64%) reported that both men and women should be consulted on issues

affecting the community, a trend that seemed recurring in all the districts, as shown in Figure 25 below.

Figure 25: Who do you think must be consulted between men and women on issues affecting the community?

A gendered analysis showed that most females felt that both men and women should be consulted while the majority of males felt that males should be consulted above women, as clearly illustrated in Figure 26 below. This data shows that issues of male power and cultural beliefs still influence the perception of who should be consulted.

Figure 26: Who do you think must be consulted between men and women on issues affecting the community? (disaggregated)

Attitude towards violence When participants were asked whether it is acceptable for a husband to beat his wife, the majority (76%) state that they disagreed with this statement. Sinda (87%) recorded the highest disagreement followed by Chingola (78%), as illustrated in the Figure below. A gendered analysis revealed that this attitude was shared by both males and females with slight, yet insignificant variations within the districts.

Figure 27: It is acceptable for a husband to beat his wife

When asked whether a woman deserves to be beaten by her husband, almost half the participants (53%) agreed that a woman never deserves to be beaten by her husband, a trend that was evident across districts. However the level of disagreement was also very high (46%).

Figure 28: A woman NEVER deserves to be beaten by her husband

A gendered analysis revealed that the levels of disagreement were almost the same except for Kapiri- Mposhi where the females disagreed significantly higher than the males.

Further, participants were asked if they agreed that a woman or man should tolerate violence for the sake of the family and the majority (80%) disagreed with this statement, as illustrated in Figure 29 below.

Figure 29: A woman or man should tolerate violence for the sake of family

More than half of the participants (53%) disagreed with the assertion that men who use violence should shamed publicly as shown in the Figure below. Chinsali recorded the highest level of disagreements.

Figure 30: Men who use violence should be publicly shamed

Participants were also asked if they think a woman who assaults a man should not be arrested. Only 16% of the participants agreed with this statement while the rest disagreed with this statement and stated that the woman who assaults a man should also be arrested.

Figure 31: A woman who assaults or beats her man should NOT be arrested

When asked whether they believed that violence (such as sexual or physical) that takes place between a husband and wife should be concealed, 77% of the participants disagreed this this statement. This notion seemed to be shared across gender and district. From a programming perspective, these results suggest that sensitization efforts seems to be bearing results though more work needs to be done.

Figure 32: Violence that takes place between husband and wife MUST NOT be reported

When participants were asked whether it is the responsibility of men and boys to prevent GBV against women and girls, 78% of the participants disagreed that it is NOT the responsibility of men and boys to prevent GBV, as illustrated in Figure 33 below. Disagreement levels were highest in Livingstone and lowest in Chinsali (88% vs 66%).

Figure 33: It is not the responsibility of men and boys to prevent GBV

Only 29% of the participants agreed that when a husband forces his wife to have sex with him, he is not raping her. The highest levels of agreement were recorded in Chingola (42%). A gendered analysis showed similarities between responses from males and females. This suggests a need for more sensitization and outreach around GBV in marriages.

Figure 34: When a husband forces his wife, he is not raping her

Participants were also asked if they agreed with the statement that a woman has no right to refuse sex. 65% of the participants disagreed with this statement. Participants from Mongu, Kapiri Mposhi

and Sinda disagreed more with this statement while more participants from Chinsali agreed (52%) than disagreed (48%) to this statement, as shown in Figure 35 below. A gendered analysis showed little variations in disagreement to the statement.

Figure 35: A woman has no right to refuse sex

Asked whether rape can take place between husband and wife, 64% of the participants agreed that this is possible. Agreement levels were higher in Livingstone (74%) and Kapiri (73%). In Chingola, there seemed to have been a balance between agreeing and disagreeing to the statement, as illustrated in Figure 36 below.

Figure 36: Rape can take place between husband and wife

In addition, the majority of participants (88%) also agreed that women and girls sometimes bring rape upon themselves through the way they dress and/or their conduct, a trend that was consistent across

districts, as illustrated in Figure 37 below. A gendered analysis showed that females also share the same sentiments as males on this subject.

Figure 37: Women and girls sometimes bring rape on themselves

The majority of participants (91%) disagreed that parents and guardians can decide to marry off their children against their will or without their agreement. This was consistent across districts.

Figure 38: Parents/guardians can decide to marry off their children against their will

The majority of participants (88%) disagree that parents and guardians are justified to marry off their girl child below 18 years of age if she falls pregnant. The levels of disagreement seem consistent across districts although Mongu records the highest rates (97%), as shown in Figure 39 below.

Figure 39: Parents/guardians are justified to marry off a girl below 18

80% of the participants agreed that marriage between two people are aged below 18, though voluntary, is still classified as child marriage. Participants from Mongu especially agreed with this assertion (97%) while Chinsali (60%) and Sinda (61%) recorded lowers levels of agreement. Overall, respondents were not accepting of the harmful practices such as marriage of minors. However, the high levels of disagreement in districts like Sinda (39%); Kapiri Mposhi (22%) and Chinsali (40%) is worrying and indicative that more work is needed to sensitize people in ECM.

Figure 40: Marriage between persons below the age of 18 is classified as child marriage

When asked whether it was only acceptable for a man to have extra marital affair, 85% of the participants disagreed, a trend that seemed consistent across all districts. Sinda had the lowest level of disagreement (79%). A gendered analysis showed that women had higher levels of disagreement towards this notion than males. Livingstone recorded the highest levels of agreement towards this.

Figure 41: It is acceptable only for a man to get into an extra marital affair

3.4 Social norms and beliefs regrading social roles and responsibilities About 72% of the respondents said they cannot say no to sex even if they did not want to with their partner/spouse. This indicate high levels of social norms that drive GBV. Figure Focus Box: 42 shows the proportions of 72% of respondents said they cannot say NO to sex with their partner/spouse respondents in each district that said they cannot say no to sex with their sexual partner. Livingstone (85%) had the highest number of respondents that said they cannot say no to sexual with their partner. This was followed by Mongu at 72%.

Figure 42: Can you say no to sex to your spouse?

Sex aggregated data showed that proportion of males and females that could not say No to sex with their sexual partners fluctuated between the sexes in the 6 districts. Chinsali 55% had the highest number of female respondents who said they cannot say no to sex with partner followed by Chingola 44%. With regards to males, Chingola and Chinsali had about 47% say they cannot say no to sex with sexual partner. This was followed by Kapiri Mposhi at 42%. Figure 43 below summarizes the results.

Figure 43: Can you say no to sex to your spouse? (dis-aggregated)

The proportions of those that said they cannot say no to sex with sexual partner was high. There are two possible reasons for these results. Firstly, there is a religious and traditional belief that saying no to a sexual partner is depravity. Secondly, some sections of society belief that saying NO to sex

creates tension among couples and can be a ground for divorce. As such, even when one of the partner is not in the mood for sex, they often oblige against their will. There seem to be parity in the figures between males and females that can say no to sex suggesting there is increased assertiveness among women who in the past would ordinarily oblige against their will as reported in other literature.

3.5 Response towards GBV and Child Marriage I. Get involved in the fight against GBV About (27%) said they would get involved in any form of GBV against another person if they believed there Focus Box 27% said they would get involved in any form of GBV against were good reasons. Chinsali had the another person biggest (44%) proportion of those that said they would get involved. This was followed by Livingstone (32%) and 30% in Chingola. Figure 44 below summarizes these results.

Figure 44: Would you get involved in any form of GBV if you believed it was for a good reason?

There were notable differences between males and females in terms of involvement in the fight against GBV. Generally, males unlike females were more likely to get involved in the fight against GBV in any form of GBV against another person if they had a good reason. The results indicate that females are less keen to get involved in the fight against GBV. From a programming perspective these results suggest a need for more effort to engage women in the fight against GBV. Figure 45 summarizes these results.

Figure 45: Would you get involved in any form of GBV if you believed it was for a good reason? (dis-aggregated)

The proportion of respondents that said they would get involved in any form of GBV against another person if they had a good reason is low. Mongu had the lowest proportion of individuals who would get involved in the fight against any form of GBV against another person. This was not surprising because Mongu is a culturally a closed up community. The results may suggest low civic responsibility among respondents coupled with low awareness of what GBV is and how citizens can get involved. The pattern of results also suggest that men are more likely than females to be involved in fighting GBV partly because men are generally more informed than women. In addition, some cultural issues thwart the involvement of outsiders especially women in other people’s affairs.

II. Traditional leaders level of action against GBV About (44%) of the respondents disagreed that their traditional or community leaders had adopted any specific actions to stop GBV. Of the reminder, 15% did not know if their leader had adopted any specific actions Focus Box 66 % of the respondents indicated that their traditional or to stop GBV. Further district aggregated community leaders had adopted specific actions to stop GBV data showed that Livingstone (59%) had the highest number of respondents who disagreed that their traditional or community leader had adopted any Acton to stop GBV. On the other hand, Chinsali had the lowest proportion of those that disagreed that their leaders had adopted any action to stop GBV. Sinda (65%) has the highest number of respondents that agreed that their traditional leaders (chiefs or headpersons) had adopted specific

actions to stop GBV. This was followed by Chinsali at 60%, then Kapiri Mposhi at 40%. Chingola and Mongu on the other hand had the lowest number of respondents that believed that traditional leaders in their districts has adopted specific interventions to STOP GBV. This could be a true reflection especially taking the fact that Chingola is more cosmopolitan with few traditional leaders, while for Mongu, the closed nature and the bureaucracy surrounding the traditional leadership had limited their involvement on GBV related issues. Figure 46 below summarizes this information.

Figure 46: Traditional leaders have adopted some form of action against GBV

Data disaggregated by sex showed that generally males disagreed more than females especially in Livingstone and Chingola. The proportion for those that did not know if their leader had adopted any action to stop GBV were relatively in some range in both sexes. See Figure 47 below.

Figure 47: Traditional leaders have adopted some form of action against GBV (dis-aggregated

Sinda and Chinsali have the highest reported proportions of traditional leader involvement in issues related to GBV. One possible explanation for this result is the high involvement of traditional leadership in both Chinsali and Sinda which is committed to stopping GBV and ECM. The traditional leadership has put in place a number of interventions aimed at curbing GBV and ECM, hence their involvement maybe influencing the perception evidenced.

III. Community involvement in GBV and ECM Approximately 22% of the respondents said they had been actively involved in some kind of community activity to stop GBV in the last 12 months. Further, 81% of the respondents reported that they had been actively involved in some kind of community activity to stop ECM Focus Box in the last 12 months. Data aggregated 22% of the respondents had been actively involved in some kind of community activity to stop GBV by district showed that Sinda district 81% of individuals reported being actively involved in some had the highest proportion (33%) of kind of community activity to stop ECM community members who were involved in stopping GBV followed by Chinsali and Kapiri Mposhi both at 26%. With regards to involvement to stop ECM, Sinda 28% was leading followed by Chinsali at 23%. Details are summarized in Figure 48 below.

Figure 48: Community members who have gotten involved to stop GBV and ECM in last 12 months

Data disaggregated by sex showed that in Chingola, females 18% were likely to get involved in activities aimed at stopping GBV than makes 12% and in stopping ECM (15%) than males (12%). Sinda (35%) had more males than females 33% involved to stop GBV. In Sinda few more males (24%) were involved to stop ECM than females (30%). Details for all those districts are shown in figure 49 below.

Figure 49: Community members who have gotten involved to stop GBV and ECM in last 12 months (dis-aggregated)

Community involvement in stopping GBV and ECM was generally low in most districts. It could be that most of the respondents were not aware of any committed GBV or ECM related cases in their communities for them to be involved. Our data could not tell us if they were aware of such cases. In addition, culturally, meddling in people’s affairs is not encouraged, this could partly explain why the

number of respondents who said GBV and ECM is a family matter was high. This could in part also explain why there was reported low involvement of community members reported. It is surprising that women who are often directly affected by GBV and ECM are the ones who reported less involvement than men in GBV and ECM related activities. Cultural norms, access to information and poor socio economic status related issues could explain why women were less involved.

IV. Marrying off child before 18 years old Only about 3% of the respondents said they would marry off a girl below the age of 18 years. 97% said they would not marry of a girl below age of 18 years. Disaggregated data by district showed that only Mongu had Focus Box 97% said they would not marry off a girl below the age of 18 no one who said they would marry off years a child before the age of 18 years. Chinsali had the highest proportion of 5% for those that said they would allow their child to marry before the age of 18.

Figure 50: Parents who can marry off their daughter before 18 years

Aggregated data by sex showed that Males were more likely than females to say they would marry off their child before the age of 18. Data showed that 9% of males in Kapiri said they would allow their child below 18 years to marry followed by 6 % in Livingstone and 5% in Chinsali. Figure 51 below summarizes this information.

Figure 51: Parents who can marry off their daughter before 18 years (disaggregated)

The proportion of those who said they would marry off their children below 18 years is still worrying. Lack of knowledge on the implication of early marriage on the developing child and overall consequences may explain why some districts still have worrying trends. Generally, men were more likely to say they would marry off their child below 18 years. This calls for more sensitization programmes and involvement of women in decision making in order to curb this vice.

3.6 GBV and Child Marriage Practices A. Sexual Abuse A number of indicators assessing practices regarding GBV and child marriage were assessed. Data showed that in the last 12 months, 17% of the respondents agreed that a member in their household having forced a sexual partners to have sexual intercourse when they did not Focus Box want and 7% to having sexual contact 83% of respondents disagreed that a member in their with a person aware of having HIV or household had forced a sexual partner to have sexual intercourse. STIs without prior disclosure. 93% disagreed that a household member had sexual contact Disaggregated data according to with a person aware of having HIV or STIs districts showed that forcing a partner to have sex against their will was high in Kapiri Mposhi at 22% followed by Livingstone 10%, 18% Chingola, 16% Chinsali and Mongu at 14%. With regards to sexual contact with a person with HIV without prior disclosure, Kapiri Mposhi was again leading with 20% of the respondents agreeing to

the statement. Kapiri Mposhi was followed by Chinsali (6%), Chingola (4%), Mongu (3 %) and in Livingstone (2%). Figure 52 below summarizes disaggregated data on forced sexual intercourse and having sex with someone without HIV+ status prior disclosure according to district.

Figure 52: Community members that disagreed that they had forced a partner to have sex and those that disagreed that they had sexual contact without prior disclosure

Further, data was disaggregated according to gender in the six districts. Except for Livingstone and Chingola were 23% and 19% respectively women reported forcing a sexual partner to have sex against their will, men were generally likely to force their partners to have sex against their will. To this end, 14% of respondents in Sinda reported that in their household a man forced their partner to have sex against their will, 23% in Kapiri Mposhi, and 17% in Mongu. With regards, having sexual intercourse with a sexual partner who was HIV+ without prior disclosure, data showed that Kapiri Mposhi (25% men vs. 17% women) was leading. In Sinda (3%men vs. 5% women) agreed to the statement. In other districts, the incidence ranged from 1% to 8%. For details see Figure 53 below.

Figure 53: Forced partner and sex without prior disclosure (disaggregated)

There is need to intensify educational awareness programmes on what constitutes sexual abuse. The proportions of those that said they forced a partner to have sex was high. Surprisingly, women were more likely to say they forced their partner to have sex. On the other hand the result might suggest that women did not understand what forced sex meant. In addition, social desirability could have contributed to low rating by the male folk. It was also worrying to see the number of people that had sexual contact with a partner who was HIV positive without prior disclosure. Kapiri Mposhi had the highest proportion of such reports and anecdotal evidence suggests that it has high levels of commercial sexual workers.

B. Physical Abuse An assessment of physical abuse was conducted by asking respondents if any member of their household especially a partner had physically attacked a person by hitting, slapping, kicking, pulling hair, burning Focus Box 83% of respondents indicated that no household member or chocking them. About 17% of the had physically attacked a partner/spouse respondents said a household member had committed some form of physical abuse, as highlighted above. Disaggregated data by district showed that in Kapiri Mposhi 30% of

respondents had a family member that had committed one of these acts followed by Chingola 26%. This was followed by Livingstone 21%, Mongu 20%, Chinsali 18% and Sinda 19%. Figure 54 below summarizes these findings.

Figure 54: Has any member of your household physically attacked person by hitting, slapping, kicking, pulling hair etc

Further, gender disaggregated data in each district showed that generally male respondents reported a household member physically attacking another family member. Kapiri Mposhi was leading by 35%, followed by Chingola 31%. With regards to female respondents, the two districts reported high numbers of female respondent agreeing to the question that someone in the last 12 months had physically attacked another family member. See Figure 55 below for summary.

Figure 55: Has any member of your household physically attacked person by hitting, slapping, kicking, pulling hair etc (disaggregated)

Physical abuse remains one of the biggest challenges constituting GBV. Over the years there has been an increase in women also committing physical atrocities against their partners. The results show that even among women it’s highly reported. We can speculate that physical abuse was high in both sexes in the two districts, indicating that they might be retaliation from the opposite sex. Kapiri Mposhi has the highest level of physical abuse among partners. The nature of Kapiri Mposhi which had high incidence of HIV and commercial sex workers could contribute to arguments that lead to physical fights.

C. Economic Abuse i. Denying Access to Assets and Income. Data showed that 7% of respondents in the survey said that at least one family member had grabbed property from another family member. Kapiri Mposhi had the highest incidences of property grabbing at 18%. Focus Box 93% said no household member had grabbed property With regards to failing to share income, 84% said no household member had failed to share income 16% of the respondents said at least with his/her family one of the family member in their household had failed to share income. Kapiri Mposhi was highest at 23% followed by Chingola at 20% on failing to share income earned with family. This data is summarized in Figure 56 below.

Figure 56: Property grabbing and failure to share income

Further, sex disaggregated data showed that more male respondents said a household member had grabbed property from another family member. Sinda had the highest male respondents at 24% followed by Kapiri Mposhi at 22% who said that a household member had grabbed property from another member. With regards, to failing to share income, the data show quiet high trend of women respondents especially in Kapiri Mposhi (23%) and Chingola (23%) who said a household member had failed to share income. Figure 57 below shows this data for all districts.

Figure 57: Property grabbing and failure to share income (dis-aggregated)

ii. Preventing means to income About 10% of respondents said endorsed that a household member with the means of income had deserted them while 10% agreed to have a household member prevent a spouse or Focus Box 90% of respondents reported no household member had deserted them partner from seeking 90% reported that no household member had prevented a spouse or employment or other means partner from seeking employment if other means of generating income of generating income. Kapiri Mposhi was leading in reports of family desertion at 18% followed by Chingola at 14%. With regards to preventing a spouse from seeking employment or income generating activity, Kapiri Mposhi was at 18% followed by Chingola at 13%.

Figure 58: Family desertion and preventing spouse from seeking employment

Further sex disaggregated data analysis showed Kapiri Mposhi had almost similar parentages between males and females that reported family desertion at 19% and 18% respectively. Elsewhere, in Sinda males were leading with 5% and in Chingola females were leading at 19% to report that a family member had deserted them. Surprisingly, males in Sinda (9%) Kapiri Mposhi (22%) and Chinsali (8%) were more likely to agree with the statement “preventing a spouse or partner from seeking employment” compared to females. Figure 59 below sums up this information.

Figure 59: Family desertion and preventing spouse from seeking employment (dis-aggregated)

D. Psychological Abuse i. Use of demeaning language About 31% of the respondents said a member of their household had used demeaning language in form of insults and 33% had yelled or used Focus Box demeaning name (name 69% reported that no household member had used insults or abuse language against a partner/spouse calling). Chingola had the 67% reported that no household member had yelled or name called a partner/household member highest (36%) percentage of respondents who said a house hold member had used insults followed by Kapiri Mposhi (31%). With regards to yelling or name calling Mongu was leading at 51% followed by Chingola at 45%.

Figure 60: Use of insults and yelling and name calling

Sex aggregated data showed that Mongu had the highest reporting use of insults with females leading at 50% this was followed by females in Chingola at 36%. This trend seemed to be the same with yelling and name calling with Mongu females (50%) reporting more yelling from a household member followed by Chingola at 44%. The percentage for males was also high in the two districts. See Figure 61 for details.

Figure 61: Use of insults and yelling and name calling (dis-aggregated)

ii. Devaluing messages and cues About 17% and 22% of the respondents in the

KAP survey said that in Focus Box 83% said no household member constantly criticized or humiliated a partner their household, a family 78% said no household member mentally tortured a spouse especially through member had constantly silent treatment been criticized or humiliated and been mentally tortured especially from silent treatment and isolation respectively. Respondents from Chingola (22%) were more likely to report that a household member used constant criticisms or humiliation to another member.

Figure 62: Criticism/humiliation and mental torture

Aggregated data by sex showed that on both males and females Chinsali had the lowest number of respondents who said a household member had constantly criticized/humiliated a partner. With regards to a household member mentally torturing a partner especially with silent treatment and isolation, only 8% of males in Mongu agreed to this statement. For other districts, all sexes were above 10%.

Figure 63: Criticism/humiliation and mental torture (dis-aggregated)

All forms of abuse are still high in the three districts. One possible reason would be that people still think criticizing and humiliating another household member especially a spouse is not GBV. Therefore, more sensitization on subtle forms of GBV is needed in order to increase awareness especially on vices such as criticism and humiliation which are often done in privacy.

Generally the proportion are not that different between males and females, although men were more likely to be high in all forms of practices. We speculate that men are more informed than women hence they are able to recognize some of the practices as GBV. In addition our culture thwarts women from talking about GBV practices hence, likely not to report them. We also feel that because men are the most perpetrators of GBV they are likely to know these acts in their households than females.

Reporting, Methods and Information on GBV and ECM I. Reporting About 75% of the respondents said they would report parents or guardians who marry off their children before the age Focus Box 75% said they would report a parent or guardian who marry of 18. Disaggregated data by district of a child before age of 18 showed that 81% (majority) of respondents from Sinda said they would

report a guardian who marry off their children before age of 18. Mongu had the lowest (67%) of respondents who said they would report a parent or guardian who marry off their children before age of 18.

Figure 64: Community members who can report parents who marry off their daughters before 18 years

Disaggregated data showed that males were more likely to report a parent or guardian who marry off their children before the age of 18. Figure 65 below summarizes this information.

Figure 65: Community members who can report parents who marry off their daughters before 18 years (dis-aggregated)

There is need to involve more women in the fight and reporting of GBV. In all districts, the females were less likely to report than males. Again cultural issues, access to information and perceived power dynamics that influence GBV could explain why females are less likely to report.

II. Methods of Reporting A. Reporting Occurrence of GBV In all the six districts 20% reported occurrences of GBV to the One Stop Centre, 15% to the clinic, 85% to the police, 41% to traditional or community leaders and 4% through calling 116/933. About 37% said Focus Box 20% reported GBV occurrences to the One Stop Centre they would also report to other 41% reported GBV occurrences to traditional or community places - Kwatu, Human Rights, leaders Church, Court, para-legal, social welfare, ASAZA, YWCA and Women for Change. Kapiri and Sinda had the highest number of respondents who reported to One Stop Centres 46% and 24% respectively. Figure 66 below shows the results.

Figure 66: Community members who reported GBV cases

Data aggregated by sex showed that men than women were more likely to report occurrences of GBV to any of the places where GBV is reported. See Table 5 below for details.

Table 6: Places to report GBV cases

Places to report GBV Occurrences Males/Females One stop Community/religious Call Center Clinic Police leader 116/933 Males 7% 8% 92% 36% 2% Chingola Females 18% 19% 97% 22% 7% Males 17% 11% 75% 59% 4% Chinsali Females 13% 8% 78% 65% 2% Males 10% 6% 89% 28% 0% Livingstone Females 14% 5% 83% 26% 0% Males 11% 8% 96% 24% 2% Mongu Females 10% 19% 90% 30% 2% Kapiri Males 47% 29% 85% 57% 7% Mposhi Females 46% 26% 86% 49% 8% Males 31% 15% 86% 58% 4% Sinda Females 19% 22% 86% 49% 3%

B. Reporting Occurrences of ECM In all the six districts 20% said that they would do nothing – it’s a family matter, 19% would report to Once stop Centre, Focus Box 55% would report to the police, 25% to 19% would report occurrences of ECM to a community or traditional leaders and One Stop Centre 2% would call 116/933. About 30% said 55% would report occurrences of ECM to they would report to other places – police ASAZA, Victim Support Unit, Kwatu, discuss with child and perpetrator, report court, PPAZ and school. Kapiri and Sinda had the highest proportions of those who would report to one stop centers. See figure 67 below for details.

Figure 67: Cases of ECM reported

There were no much differences between males and females reporting occurrences to places were GBV is reported although men were generally high on reporting.

Figure 68: Cases of ECM reported (disaggregated)

The results indicate that there is low community utilization of the services in the One Stop Centre. A number of factors could explain this observation. Perceive stigma attached to being seen entering a one stop center could prevent victims from using them. This calls for more integration 59

of other programmes that could remove the stigma that might be attached to the One Stop Center. In addition, most one stop centers are far from the reach of other wards in the districts. As such, victims opt to go to clinics and police.

4.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 4.1 Conclusion The overall objective of this survey was to determine the knowledge, attitudes and practices among women and men aged 15 and above concerning Gender-Based Violence (GBV) and Child Marriages (CM). The findings show relatively high knowledge levels and positive attitudes however with some variations on some indicators related to attitudes and practices. Thus, there still remains some considerable work to be done in addressing GBV and CM, particularly promoting positive behavioral practices such as reporting and reversing negative social norms. Presently, the police seem to be playing the greatest role in the fight against GBV in the communities. The use of One Stop Centers seem to be low among the survey respondents, yet to ZCCP they are a corner stone in the prevention of GBV and reintegration of GBV survivors in society because they are meant to offer a comprehensive package of GBV services under one roof. Therefore, continued efforts going forward must involve scaling up involvement of every member of society especially women and traditional leaderships at various levels to address some of the negative practices evident in the KAP results.

At individual level, there seems to be more interest among the sampled population to get involved in the fight against GBV and Child Marriage. There was considerable indication that men are more likely to report a GBV or CM case as well as get involved in the fight against GBV and CM than women. There is need to involve more women in the fight and reporting of GBV and CM if the efforts at community level are going to be sustained. Cultural issues, as indicated in other literatures as well as low access to information and perceived power dynamics that influence GBV could explain why females are less likely to report. However, if GBV and CM was to be eradicated, both men and women need to join in the fight.

4.2 Recommendations The following recommendations have been made. 1. In order to bridge the gap between KAP, reporting occurrences and where to obtain information on GBV and ECM, the intervention should concentrate on promoting use of the existing One Stop Centers as channels of reporting GBV. In the interim as Government is still in the process of integrating the OSC concept in the healthcare system, other players need to scale up efforts to popularize the OSC for better GBV case management. Additionally, the ability of community members to fully utilize the OSC will create a

natural demand for Government and MOH to recognize the importance of the OSC and thus quicken the integration process 2. Given that GBV and Child Marriage remains an ongoing challenge in Zambia, it is critical that scaling-up sensitization programs on GBV and CM be done through the use of multi- model public awareness campaigns. It is evident that despite the KAP findings indicating that people have accessed GBV and CM information mostly through radio, other avenues still remain open to be explored to increase awareness. Additionally, use of innovative public awareness platforms such as social and new media will ensure that information reaches a larger audience. 3. Issues of GBV and CM, in Zambia are being handled by many stakeholders using different approaches. It is therefore recommended that there is need to foster collaborate/partnerships with the government agencies such as the police and community/traditional leaders through a referral system mechanism so that more victims of GBV can access services at one stop centers. In addition, through collaboration, standard information and services will be provided to all users. 4. Scale-up establishment and marketing of OSC at districts level to increase accessibility given that currently some of the OSC are located far away from populations most in need of the service. 5. Incorporate other attractive soft programmes e.g. Information Centre to One Stop Centers in order to minimize stigma associated with entering them. This will increase the number of people that will be visiting centers. 6. Programme targets must be adjusted accordingly based on the KAP survey results so as to clearly measure project impact.

APPENDICES Appendix 1: Indicator and Results Summary Table Objective: Indicators Key Findings Objective 1: To determine the general levels of awareness of GBV and child marriage prevention and response services Physical Abuse % of individual aware that physical attack (hitting, slapping, 92% kicking/pulling hair, burning /chocking) is GBV

Economic abuse % of individuals aware that property grabbing is GBV 85% % of individuals aware that failing to sharing income earned is 83% GBV % of individuals aware that family desertion is GBV 85%

% of individuals aware that preventing a spouse or partner from 87% seeking employment or generating income is GBV Psychological and % of individuals aware that use of insulting/abusive language is 92% emotional abuse GBV % of individuals aware that constant criticisms/humiliation is 87% GBV % of individuals aware that metal torture especially silent 89% treatment or forced isolation is GBV Sexual abuse % of individuals aware that touching sexual parts of someone’s 94% body against their will is GBV % of individuals aware that touching in a sexual manner (e.g. 94% Fondling, kissing, grabbing) against will of person is GBV % of individuals aware that aware that forced sexual intercourse 92% (rape) above 16 years of age is GBV % of individuals aware that defilement (sex with a person below 96% age of (16 years) is GBV % of individuals aware that forced prostitution is GBV 99% % of individuals aware that sexual harassment of a person is 95% GBV % of individuals aware that sexual contact by a person aware of 92% having HIV and AIDS or STI without prior disclosure to the other person is GBV % of individuals aware that denial of sexual or conjugal rights is 81% GBV Awareness of % of individuals who know correct age of marriage rights and iii. With consent 88% protective iv. Without consent 49% measures % of individuals aware of children’s’ rights towards marriage 67% % of individuals aware of which survivor of GBV can access 80% available services % of individuals aware of how quickly sexual survivors should 87% seek medical services % of individuals aware that people experience GBV are at risk of 27% contracting HIV % of individuals aware of when PEP should be administered 62% Objective 2: To determine attitudes toward GBV and child marriage prevention. % of respondents who feels men must have more say in a 51%

marriage or relationship % of individuals who feels decision-making power in a 72% relationship must be shared equally % of individuals who feels it is not acceptable for a husband to 77% beat his wife % of individuals who do not feels a woman or man should 80% tolerate violence for the sake of family or livelihood % of individuals who feels men who use violence should be 47% publicly shamed % of individuals who feels a woman who assaults or beats her 84% man should be arrested by the police % of individuals who feels that violence that takes place 77% between a wife and a husband must be reported to the police or OSC % of individuals who feels it is the responsibility of men and boys 78% to prevent GBV against women and girls % of individuals who feels that it is rape when a husband forces 71% his wife to have sex when she does not want to % of individuals who feels a woman has a right to refuse sex 65% % of individuals who feels it is never the fault of women and 12% girls to be raped % of individuals who feels parents or guardians cannot decide to 91% marry off their children against their will or without their agreement % of individuals who do not feel parents and guardians are 88% justified/allowed to marry of a girl child below the age of 18 if she fall pregnant % of individuals who feels it is NOT acceptable for a man to get 85 involved in extra marital affairs Objective 3: To assess individual beliefs or social norms regarding constructed roles and responsibilities % of individuals who can say no to sex with their partner/spouse 27% Objective 4: To determine response toward any form of GBV and child marriage % of individuals who would get involved in any form of GBV 27% against another person % of individuals who feels their traditional/community leader 66% had put in place action to stop GBV % of individuals who have been involved in any kind of 22% community activity to stop GBV % of individuals who reported being actively involved in any 81% community activity to stop child marriage Objective 5: To determine practices regarding GBV and child marriage Sexual Abuse % of individuals not reporting that a household member had 83% forced a partner to have sexual intercourse when they did not want % of individuals not reporting that a household member had 93% sexual contact with a person aware of having HIV or STI without prior disclosure to that other person Physical Abuse % of individuals not reporting that a household member had 78% physically attacked another person

Economic Abuse % of individuals not reporting that a household member had 93% grabbed property from another family member

% of individuals not reporting that a household member had 84% failed to share income earned with his/her family % of individuals not reporting that a household member had 90% deserted his/her family % of individuals not reporting that a household member had 90% prevented a spouse or partner from seeking employment Psychological % of individuals not reporting that a household member using 69% Abuse insults or abusive language % of individuals not reporting that a household member yelling 67% or name calling % of individuals not reporting that a household member was 83% criticizing or humiliating a spouse/partner % of individuals not reporting that a household member had 78% mentally tortured a partner/spouse especially from silent treatment % of individuals who would not marry of a girl child below the 97% age of 18 Objective 6: To determine available sources of information and methods of communication on GBV and child marriages (including Radio, IEC materials etc.) Reporting % of individual who would report who would report parents or 75% guardians marrying off children before age of 18 years % people reporting that GBV is a problem in their community 74% % of individuals aware of where to report GBV cases: vii. Calling 116/933 3% viii. Community/traditional leaders 35% ix. One stop centre 23% x. Clinic 18% xi. Police 83% xii. Other e.g. YWCA 35% Methods of % of individuals reporting occurrences of GBV to: reporting vi. One stop centre 20% vii. Clinic 15% viii. Police 85% ix. Traditional/community leaders 41% x. Call 116/933 4% % of individuals reporting occurrences of ECM to: vi. One stop centre 19% vii. Police 55% viii. Traditional/community leaders 25% ix. Call 116/933 2% x. Other places e.g. ASAZA 30%

Source of % source of information on GBV: information viii. TV 33% ix. Radio 62% x. Clinic 23% xi. Police 36% xii. Community member 37% xiii. Once stop centre 12% xiv. Others sources 12%

Appendix 2: Data collection tool(s) STAMPING OUT AND PREVENTING GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE (STOP GBV) IN ZAMBIA: PREVENTION AND ADVOCACY PROJECT

KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE (KAP)

HOUSEHOLD SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE 2017

Instructions

1. To be administered by the trained Research Assistant (RA). (To be administered in a Community at household level). 2. To be administered to a respondent who has been living in the community for more than 24 months or 2 years. 3. To be administered to a respondent who is aged 15 to 55 years old. 4. RA to explain the purpose of the study and obtain permission to proceed. 5. RA to read out questions and Tick or Circle codes corresponding to appropriate responses.

Introduction My name is I am a research assistant working for Zambia Centre for Communication Programmes (ZCCP) or Kwatu based in Lusaka. ZCCP works in Zambia to prevent Gender-Based Violence (GBV) and ending Child Marriages (CM). We are collecting information that can help improve delivery of services on prevention of GBV and ending CM. This information is also important in measuring the impact and contribution of GBV and CM prevention programs in 6 districts of Zambia. We shall ask you questions about your knowledge, attitudes and behaviours on violence against women, men, girls and boys.

SECTION A: QUESTIONNAIRE IDENTIFICATION Code Variable Response 01 Questionnaire Number

02 Research Assistant Number

03 Date (DD/MM/YYYY) 04 District 1= Chingola 2= Chinsali 3= Livingstone 4= Mongu 5= Kapiri Mposhi 6= Sinda

05 Ward) 06 Township/ Village/ Compound/ Enumeration Areas (EA) 07 Time Start End 08 Comments SECTION 1- SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHICS Code Question Response For official Remarks use Coded Response ()

Q1. Sex of the Respondent 1= Male 2= Female Single Response

Q2. How old are you? (Specify actual age. Single Response If unknown, provide an estimation)

Q3. What tribe are you? 1= Bemba Single Response 2= Lozi 3= Luvale 4= Nsenga/ Chewa 5= Tonga 6= Tumbuka 7= Namwanga/Mambwe 8= Other (Specify)

Q4. What is your marital status? 1= Single Single Response ( 2= Married 3= Cohabiting 4= Widowed 5= Divorced

6= Separated

Q5. What is your level of education? 1= Never been to school Single Response 2= Some Primary 3= Completed Primary 4= Some Secondary 5= Completed secondary 6= More than Secondary

Q6. What is your employment status? 1= Unemployed Single Response 2= Housewife 3= Employed (include all forms of employment) 4= Other (Specify) Q7. Occupation: What is your major 1= Farming Single Response source of income? 2= Charcoal production 3= Carpentry 4= Selling at the market or shop 5= Other specify Q8. How many usual members live in your 1= 1 member Single Response household? (Respondent included). 2= 2 members (If response to Usual members include all who have 3= 3 members Q8. is code 1, lived in the household consecutively 4= 4 members skip Q9.) for at least 6 months or intend to live 5= 5 and more members in the household for at least next 6 months. Q9 1= 0 Single Response 2= 1-2 children (If response to 3= 3-4 children Q9. is code 1, 4= More than 4 children skip Q10.)

Q10. How many are your children below 1= 1-2 children aged below Multiple the age of 18 are in your Household? 16 Response 2= 3-4 children aged below 16 3= More than 4 children aged below 16 4= 1-2 Age 5=3-4 children aged 16 but below 18 6=More than 4 children aged 16 but below18

Q11. What is your status in the household? 1= Head of household Single Response (?) 2= Spouse to head of household ( 3= Child or dependent 4= Other (specify) Q12. Who leads financial decisions in your 1= Myself Single Response

home? 2= My spouse alone 3= Sometimes Together with spouse 4= Together with spouse 5= Both of my parents/ guardians 6= My male parent/ guardian 7= My female parent/ guardian 8= Not sure

SECTION 2- KNOWLEDGE Code Question Response Options Coded Remar Response ks Q13. Which of the following Acts would PHYSICAL ABUSE Multip you categorize as a form of Gender (1= Agree, 2= Disagree, 3= le Based Violence or GBV? Undecided/Don’t know) Respo 1. Physical attack on a nses (Tell the respondent the types of person involving responses required for this question. hitting/ slapping/ Then read out the various forms of kicking/ pulling hair/ GBV listed from 1 to 16, one at a time burning/ choking giving the respondent chance to answer. Take note of the responses ECONOMIC ABUSE provided and write them down in (1= Agree, 2= Disagree, appropriate codes 1, 2 or 3 in the 3=Undecided/don’t know) shaded space) 2. Property grabbing 3. Failing to share income earned with family 4. Family desertion

5. Preventing a spouse or partner from seeking employment or generating income PSYCHOLOGICAL AND EMOTIONAL ABUSE (1= Agree, 2= Disagree, 3=Undecided/don’t know) 6. Use of insulting/ abusive language 7. Constant criticism/humiliation 8. Mental torture especially from silent treatment or forced isolation SEXUAL ABUSE

(1= Agree, 2= Disagree, 3= Undecided/Don’t know) 9. Touching the sexual parts of someone’s body against their will 10. Touching in a sexual manner (e.g. fondling, kissing, grabbing etc.) against the will of a person 11. Rape (forced sexual intercourse with a person above the age of 16) 12. Defilement (sex with a person below the age of 16years) 13. Forced prostitution 14. Sexual Harassment of a person (that includes unwanted sexual advances such as touching of breast, buttocks, etc. against that person’s will) 15. Sexual contact by a person aware of having HIV/AIDS or STI without prior disclosure to that other person

16. Denial of sexual/ conjugal rights

Q14. Gender-based violence is only 1= Agree Single physical 2= Disagree respo 3= Don’t know nse

Q15. Is GBV a problem in your Community? 1= Agree Single (probe if GBV leads to problems such 2= Disagree respo as socio-economic problems etc.) 3= Don’t know nse

Q16. Where would you get information 1= TV Multip about GBV? 2= Radio le (Each time a response is provided, 3= Clinic Respo keep probing until all possible have 4= Police nses been captured. Responses not on the 5= Community member list must be written down below here 6= One Stop Centre 71

↓). 7 =Police 8= Don’t know 9= Other (specify) Q17. At what age is a child ready for 1= When parents decide Single marriage (WITH consent)? Read out 2= 10 years and over Respo the options 3= 14 years and over nse 4= 16 years and over rs and over 6= 20 years and over 7= 21 years and over 7= Not sure/ I don’t know

Q18. At what age is a child ready for 1= 10 years and over Single marriage (WITHOUT consent)? Read 2= 14 years and over Respo out the options 3= 16 years and over nse 4= 18 years and over 5= 20 years and over 6= 21 years and over 7= Not Sure/Don’t Know Q19. Do children have rights to decide 1= Yes, have Rights Single when and whom to marry? 2= No, have No Rights Respo 3= Undecided/not sure nse

Q20. In the last 12 months, did you come 1= Agree Single into contact with or see or hear about 2= Disagree Respo anybody from organizations or nse projects talk about GBV or child marriages in your community? Q21. In the last 12 months, did you ever 1= Agree Single receive, or come into contact with 2= Disagree Respo any magazines, leaflets, posters or nse brochures talking about changing behavior in order to prevent GBV or child marriage? Q22. Where can people report a case of 1= Calling 116/ 933 Multip violence or abuse (such as sexual or 2= Community, traditional or le physical)? religious leaders Respo 3= One Stop Centre nses 4= Clinic 5= Police 6= Don’t know 7= Other (Specify) Q23. Which survivors of GBV can access 1= Women and Girls only Single available services? (Survivors include 2= Women and Children only Respo any person who ever experienced 3= Men and Boys only nse GBV) 4= Any victim 5= Don’t know Q24. How quickly must a survivor of sexual 1= When he/she is ready Single violence (such as rape or defilement) 2= Within 1 day Respo seek medical services? 3= Within 3 days nse 4= Within 1 week

5= Within 1 month 6= Don’t know Q25. People who experience gender-based 1= Agree Single violence are not at risk of contracting 2= Disagree Respo HIV/AIDS 3= Don’t know nse

Q26 Do you know what medication is 1=Yes Single given to rape or defilement victims? 2=No Respo (If NO, skip next question) nse

Q27 When is post-exposure prophylaxis 1=After abuse or defilement Single given? 2= Before rape or defilement Respo 3= I don’t know nse

SECTION 3- ATTITUDE Question Response Coded Remarks Response

Q28. Men must have more say in a 1= Agree Single Response marriage or relationship 2= Disagree 3= Unsure/don’t know Q29. Decision-making power (for 1= Agree Single Response example, how to use household 2= Disagree money) in a relationship must not 3=Unsure/don’t know be shared equally between a man and a woman.

Q30. Who do you think must be 1= Men Single Response consulted between men and 2= Women women on issues affecting your 3= Both men and women community or society? 4= Unsure/don’t know Q31. It is acceptable for a husband to 1= Agree Single Response beat his wife, in some situations 2= Disagree Q32. A woman never deserves to be 1= Agree Single Response beaten by her husband, no matter 2= Disagree her actions Q33. A woman or man should tolerate 1= Agree Single Response violence for the sake of the family 2= Disagree or livelihood. Q34. Men who use violence should be 1= Agree Single Response publicly shamed 2= Disagree Q35. A woman who assaults or beats her 1= Agree 2= Disagree Single Response man should Not be arrested by the police Q36. Violence (such as physical or sexual) 1= Agree Single Response that takes place between a wife and 2= Disagree a husband must Not be reported to the police or OSC Q37. It is Not the responsibility of men 1= Agree Single Response 73

and boys to prevent GBV against 2= Disagree women and girls Q38. When a husband forces his wife to 1= Agree Single Response have sex when she does not want 2= Disagree to, he is Not raping her

Q39. A woman has No right to refuse sex 1= Agree Single Response 2= Disagree Q40. Rape can take place between a man 1= Agree Single Response and woman who are married. 2= Disagree

Q41. Women and girls sometimes bring 1= Agree Single Response rape on themselves (e.g. through 2= Disagree dress code or perceived promiscuity) Q42. Parents or guardians can decide to 1= Agree Single Response marry off their children against 2= Disagree their will or without their agreement. Q43. Parents and guardians are justified 1= Agree Single Response /allowed to marry off a girl child 2= Disagree below the age of 18 if she falls pregnant Q44. Marriage between persons who are 1= Agree Single Response below the age of 18, who 2= Disagree voluntarily get married (with or without consent of their parents) is classified as child marriage. Q45. It is only acceptable for a man to 1= Agree Single Response get involved in extra marital affairs ( 2= Disagree

SECTION 4- PRACTICES (IFICITWA) Code Question Narrative Response Coded Remarks Response Q46. In the past 12 months, which of 1= Agree Multiple the following acts of GBV were 2= Disagree Response committed in your household? 3= Undecided/Don’t know 1= Forced a partner to have sexual intercourse when (Read out the various Acts listed 1 they did not want to 11, one at a time and giving the 2=Sexual contact by a respondent time to respond. Take person aware of having note of the responses provided HIV/AIDS or STI without and write them down in prior disclosure to that appropriate codes 1, 2 or 3 in the other person shaded space) (). 3= Physical attack on a person involving hitting/ slapping/ kicking/ pulling

Code Question Narrative Response Coded Remarks Response hair/ burning/ choking

4= Property grabbing 5= Failing to share income earned with family ( 6=Family desertion 7= Preventing a spouse or partner from seeking employment or generating income 8=Use of insulting/ abusive language 9= Yelling/name calling 10= Constant criticism/humiliation 11= Mental torture especially from silent treatment or forced isolation Q47. If you knew that a person was 1= Nothing, it is a private matter Single being abused by his/her spouse, 2= Help him/her by myself Response such as any of the acts in Question 3= Help him/her with other 46 above, either because you community members heard the incident(s) or because 4= Other (specify) he/she told you, what would you do?

Q48. If you had to report an occurrence 1= One Stop Centre Multiple of GBV, where would you go? 2= Clinic responses 3= Police 4= Community, traditional or religious leaders 5= Call 116 or 933 6= Unsure/don’t know 7= Other (Specify) Q49. Do you feel you can say No to sex 1= I can say no Single with your partner? 2= I can’t say no Response 3= Not applicable Q50. Would you get involved in any 1= Agree Single form of GBV against another 2= Disagree Response person if you believed there were 3=Unsure/don’t know good reasons? Q51. Have your traditional or 1= Agree Single community leaders adopted any 2= Disagree Response specific actions to stop GBV? 3= Don’t know (actions include formation of GBV committees or taskforces,

Code Question Narrative Response Coded Remarks Response community sensitization, punishments to perpetrators etc.) Q52. In the past 12 months, have you 1= Agree Single actively been involved in any kind 2= Disagree Response of community activity to stop GBV? Q53. In the past 12 months, have you 1= Agree Single actively been involved in any kind 2= Disagree Response of community activity to stop child marriage? Q54. If you have children, would you 1= Agree Single allow your child to marry before 2= Disagree Response age 18? 3= Don’t have children 4= Undecided/not sure Q55. Would you report parents or 1= Agree Single guardians who marry off their 2= Disagree Response children before the age of 18? ( 3= Undecided/not sure Q56. If you were aware that a child was 1= Nothing, it is a family matter Single forced into marriage, what would 2= Report to One Stop Centre Response you do? ( 3= Report to Police 4= Report to a community, traditional or religious leader 5= Call 116 or 933 6= Other (Specify Q57. Have your traditional or 1= Agree Single community leaders adopted any 2= Disagree Response specific actions to stop child 3= Undecided/not sure marriage? (Actions include formation of committees or taskforces on ending child marriage, community sensitization, punishments to parents marrying children, withdrawal of children from marriages etc.)

THANK THE PARTICIPANT FOR HIS/HER PARTICIPATION IN THIS STUDY.

END