Journal of Clinical Medicine Review Faecal Microbiota in Patients with Neurogenic Bowel Dysfunction and Spinal Cord Injury or Multiple Sclerosis—A Systematic Review Willemijn Faber 1,*, Janneke Stolwijk-Swuste 2 , Florian van Ginkel 3 , Janneke Nachtegaal 4, Erwin Zoetendal 5, Renate Winkels 6 and Ben Witteman 6 1 Heliomare Rehabilitation Centre, 1949 EC Wijk aan Zee, The Netherlands 2 Center of Excellence for Rehabilitation Medicine, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht and De Hoogstraat Rehabilitation, Utrecht University, 3583 TM Utrecht, The Netherlands;
[email protected] 3 Faculty of Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands;
[email protected] 4 Heliomare Rehabilitation Center, Department of Research & Development, 1949 EC Wijk aan Zee, The Netherlands;
[email protected] 5 Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands;
[email protected] 6 Division of Human Nutrition and health, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands;
[email protected] (R.W.);
[email protected] (B.W.) * Correspondence:
[email protected]; Tel.: +31-88-9208257 Abstract: Background: Neurogenic bowel dysfunction (NBD) frequently occurs in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) and multiple sclerosis (MS) with comparable symptoms and is often difficult Citation: Faber, W.; Stolwijk-Swuste, to treat. It has been suggested the gut microbiota might influence the course of NBD. We system- J.; van Ginkel, F.; Nachtegaal, J.; atically reviewed the literature on the composition of the gut microbiota in SCI and MS, and the Zoetendal, E.; Winkels, R.; Witteman, possible role of neurogenic bowel function, diet and antibiotic use.