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Characteristics of the Gut Microbiome of Healthy Young Male Soldiers in South Korea: the Effects of Smoking

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Characteristics of the Gut Microbiome of Healthy Young Male Soldiers in South Korea: the Effects of Smoking Gut and Liver https://doi.org/10.5009/gnl19354 pISSN 1976-2283 eISSN 2005-1212 Original Article Characteristics of the Gut Microbiome of Healthy Young Male Soldiers in South Korea: The Effects of Smoking Hyuk Yoon1, Dong Ho Lee1, Je Hee Lee2, Ji Eun Kwon3, Cheol Min Shin1, Seung-Jo Yang2, Seung-Hwan Park4, Ju Huck Lee4, Se Won Kang4, Jung-Sook Lee4, and Byung-Yong Kim2 1Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, 2ChunLab Inc., Seoul, 3Armed Forces Capital Hospital, Seongnam, and 4Korean Collection for Type Cultures, Biological Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup, Korea Article Info Background/Aims: South Korean soldiers are exposed to similar environmental factors. In this Received October 14, 2019 study, we sought to evaluate the gut microbiome of healthy young male soldiers (HYMS) and to Revised January 6, 2020 identify the primary factors influencing the microbiome composition. January 17, 2020 Accepted Methods: We prospectively collected stool from 100 HYMS and performed next-generation se- Published online May 13, 2020 quencing of the 16S rRNA genes of fecal bacteria. Clinical data, including data relating to the diet, smoking, drinking, and exercise, were collected. Corresponding Author Results: The relative abundances of the bacterial phyla Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Bacteroide- Dong Ho Lee tes, and Proteobacteria were 72.3%, 14.5%, 8.9%, and 4.0%, respectively. Fifteen species, most ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6376-410X of which belonged to Firmicutes (87%), were detected in all examined subjects. Using cluster E-mail [email protected] analysis, we found that the subjects could be divided into the two enterotypes based on the gut Byung-Yong Kim microbiome bacterial composition. Compared with enterotype 2 subjects, subjects classified as ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4229-8859 enterotype 1 tended to be characterized by higher frequencies of potentially harmful lifestyle E-mail [email protected] habits (current smoker: 55.6% vs 36.6%, p=0.222; heavy drinker: 16.7% vs 3.7%, p=0.120; in- sufficient physical activity: 27.8% vs 14.6%, p=0.318). We identified a significant difference in the microbiome compositions of current and noncurrent smokers (p=0.008); the former differed from the latter mainly in a relatively lower abundance of Bifidobacterium species and a higher abundance of Negativicutes. Conclusions: A high abundance of Actinobacteria and low abundance of Bacteroidetes were the main features distinguishing the gut microbiomes of HYMS, and current smokers could be differentiated from noncurrent smokers by their lower abundance of Bifidobacterium and higher abundance of Negativicutes. (Gut Liver 2021;15:243-252) Key Words: Microbiota; Health; Smokers; Military personnel INTRODUCTION there have been relatively few comparable investigations, particularly large-scale studies, in the Korean population. The development of next-generation sequencing tech- Therefore, in 2016, with financial support from the Min- nology has led to an exponential growth in the number of istry of Science and ICT, we inaugurated the Korean gut studies focusing on the gut microbiome, in many of which microbiome bank. The initial step in this huge project en- the gut microbiomes of patients with disease are compared tailed collecting stool samples from healthy Korean adults with those of healthy control subjects. Numerous such and analyzing the gut microbiomes. During this phase, studies have examined the composition and characteristics we also collected the stools of healthy young male Korean of gut microbiomes in healthy populations worldwide, soldiers serving military duty. There is currently little data including the Human Microbiome Project in the United regarding the gut microbiomes of healthy young Koreans, States1 and the MetaHIT project in Europe.2 In contrast, and given that Korean soldiers represent a unique group in Copyright © Gut and Liver. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. www.gutnliver.org Gut and Liver, Vol. 15, No. 2, March 2021 which individuals are exposed to a similar range of major frequency questionnaire that was developed and validated environmental factors, we believe that this project might for Korean adults.3 For alcohol intake, subjects who drank provide valuable insights regarding the factors that influ- more than eight standard drinks per week was classified as ence the gut microbiomes of healthy young adults. heavy drinkers.4 To access physical activity, we used a vali- Against this background, we sought in the present study dated Korean version of the International Physical Activity to evaluate the composition of the gut microbiomes of Questionnaire Short Form.5 To analyze levels of physical healthy young male Korean soldiers and to determine the activity, we followed guidelines for data processing and main factors contributing to differences in the composition analysis of the International Physical Activity Question- of these gut microbiomes. naire Short Form (www.ipaq.ki.se). Among the three des- ignated levels of physical activity, we considered “inactive” individuals as being “insufficiently active,” whereas sub- MATERIALS AND METHODS jects who were “minimally active” or undertook “health- enhancing physical activity” were classified as being “suffi- 1. Subjects ciently active.” All subjects provided informed consent and We recruited subjects from among male soldiers who the study was approved by the Institutional Review Board were working in the Korean Armed Forces Capital Hos- of the Seoul National University Bundang Hospital (IRB pital in Seongnam, South Korea. All subjects were serving number: B-1701-380-304). in the hospital as part of the compulsory military duty imposed on young Korean males. The inclusion criteria 3. PCR amplification and Illumina sequencing stipulated that the males should be healthy and without Total DNA was extracted from stool samples using a any of the specified exclusion criteria (see below). We per- PowerSoil DNA Isolation Kit (MoBio, Solana Beach, CA, formed history taking, physical examinations, and labora- USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Poly- tory tests to screen volunteers. If laboratory test results merase chain reaction (PCR) amplification was performed obtained within a 1-year period prior to enrollment were using primers targeting the V3 to V4 regions of the 16S available, these data were used to evaluate whether the sub- rRNA gene. For bacterial 16S rRNA amplification, we ject met the inclusion criteria. The exclusion criteria were used the primer pair 341F (5ʹ-TCGTCGGCAGCGTC- as follows: (1) the presence of acute illness; (2) a history of AGATGTGTATAAGAGACAG-CCTACGGGNGG chronic illness, including hypertension, diabetes, angina, CWGCAG-3ʹ; underlining sequence indicates the target acute myocardial infarction, stroke, dyslipidemia, more region primer) and 805R (5ʹ-GTCTCGTGGGCTCGG- than a moderate degree of fatty liver, cardiopulmonary AGATGTGTATAAGAGACAzG-GACTACHVGGGTAT disease, chronic liver disease, chronic renal disease, thyroid CTAATCC-3ʹ). Amplifications were carried out un- disease, asthma, or allergy; (3) a history of cancer within 5 der the following conditions: an initial denaturation at years; (4) a history of abdominal surgery within 5 years; (5) 95°C for 3 minutes, followed by 25 cycles of denatur- a history of antibiotic or probiotic use within 3 months; (6) ation at 95°C for 30 seconds, primer annealing at 55°C an abnormal stool form (a Bristol stool form score of 1, 2, for 30 seconds, and extension at 72°C for 30 seconds, 6, or 7); (7) body mass index <18.5 kg/m2 or ≥25 kg/m2; (8) with a final elongation at 72°C for 5 minutes. Second- systolic and diastolic blood pressure ≥140/90 mm Hg; (9) ary amplification for attaching the Illumina Nextera fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL or random glucose ≥200 mg/ barcode was performed using the i5 forward primer dL; (10) creatinine ≥2-fold of the normal upper limit; (11) (5ʹ-AATGATACGGCGACCACCGAGATCTACAC- aspartate transaminase or alanine transaminase ≥3-fold of XXXXXXXX-TCGTCGGCAGCGTC-3ʹ; where X indi- the normal upper limit; and (12) infection with hepatitis cates the barcode region) and i7 reverse primer (5ʹ-CAA B virus, hepatitis C virus, or human immune deficiency GCAGAAGACGGCATACGAGAT-XXXXXXXX-AGT virus. CTCGTGGGCTCGG-3ʹ). The conditions used for second- ary amplification were the same as those used for primary 2. Collection of stool and clinical data amplification, with the exception that the number of am- Stool samples were collected from those subjects who plification cycle was set to eight. met the inclusion criteria. In addition, we used question- The PCR products were assessed using 2% agarose gel naires to collect clinical data relating to diet, smoking, electrophoresis and visualized using a Gel Doc system drinking, physical activity, and socioeconomic status. (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA). The amplified products To assess the intake of energy, carbohydrate, fat, protein, were purified using a QIAquick PCR purification kit (Qia- minerals, and vitamins, we used a semi-quantitative food gen, Valencia, CA, USA). Equal concentrations of purified 244 www.gutnliver.org Yoon H, et al: The Gut Microbiome of Healthy Males products
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