6.5 X 11 Double Line.P65

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-51714-0 - The Economics of Football, Second Edition Stephen Dobson and John Goddard Index More information

Index

Abramovich, Roman, 192 baseball, 2, 3, 4, 5, 12, 14, 16, 51, 78, 205, 212, 213, AC Milan, 395 236, 239, 255, 256, 270, 272, 274, 275, 322, Adams, Micky, 262 396 admission price, 163, 165, 167, 180, 181, 194, basketball, 2, 14, 15, 17, 18, 121, 213, 236, 256, 254, 322, 324, 328, 329, 337, 338, 339, 345, 272, 273, 287, 294, 322, 419 349, 350 Bates, Ted, 262 Adriano, 395 Bateson, Mike, 262 AFC Telford United, 194 Bayern Munchen, 387, 390 AFC Wimbledon, 194 Beckham, David, 198, 210 Africa, 230, 231, 232, 236, 409 behavioural theory of the firm, 249 Albania, 231 Belgium, 45, 47, 196, 220, 231, 232, 380, 418 Alcock, Paul, 315 Benitez, Rafa, 262, 264 Alternative Investment Market, 189 best-response functions, 31 American Basketball Association, 18 Betfair, 359 American Broadcasting Company (ABC), 18 betting markets American football, 2, 14, 16, 18, 256, 275, 322 favourite-longshot bias, 352, 354, 356, 357, 358, American Football League, 18 359, 360, 370, 371, 378 American League, 4, 5, 14, 18, 49, 212 fixed-odds betting, 79, 81, 100, 101, 352, 357, American Professional Football Association, 18 358, 360, 365, 367, 371, 378 Ardiles, Osvaldo, 220, 398 informational efficiency, 101, 352, 353, 356, 358, Argentina, 51, 198, 231, 288 365, 371, 376, 377, 378 Arnold, Sir Thomas, 140 online betting exchanges, 352, 359, 360 Arsenal, 47, 92, 105, 143, 146, 153, 157, 158, 162, racetrack betting, 352, 353, 354, 356, 360, 377 171, 172, 189, 190, 191, 198, 220, 251, 252, sentiment bias, 352, 363, 364, 378 254, 310, 326, 344 spread betting, football, 352, 360, 361, 362, 363, Asia, 230, 236, 400, 409 378 Aston Villa, 101, 142, 155, 189, 190, 344 Birmingham City, 142, 187, 201, 371 Atkinson, Ron, 239 Bjornebye, Stig Inge, 220 attendances, 3, 9, 10, 52, 79, 88, 92, 104, 139, 150, Black, Andrew, 359 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 165, 169, 171, 178, Blackburn Olympic, 140 180, 195, 239, 240, 254, 258, 319, 321, 322, Blackburn Rovers, 92, 101, 140, 146, 149, 323, 326, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331, 332, 333, 264, 266 334, 335, 336, 338, 344, 345, 348, 349, 350, Bolivia, 51 384, 398 Bolton Wanderers, 149, 155, 157 Australia, 395 bookmakers, see betting markets Australian Football League, 48 Bordeaux, 384 Australian rules football, 333, 350 Borussia Dortmund, 387, 390, 403 Austria, 196, 231, 232 Borussia Moenchengladbach, 387 Azerbaijan, 395 Bosman, Jean-Marc, 182, 197 Bosman ruling, 159, 182, 183, 184, 195, 217, 220, Barcelona, 198, 363 235, 384 Barnet, 196, 264 Boston United, 196 Barnsley, 313 Botafogo, 392 Barrow, 345 Bradford City, 157

447

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-51714-0 - The Economics of Football, Second Edition Stephen Dobson and John Goddard Index More information

448 Index

Brazil, 11, 231, 236, 259, 319, 380, 391, 394, 395, competitive equality, see competitive balance 402, 403 competitive inequality, see competitive balance Brazilian Confederation, 392 computable general equilibrium (CGE) models, Brentford United, 194 406, 415 Brighton and Hove Albion, 264 concentration ratio, 47, 48, 49, 77 British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), 171, 172, Copa do Brasil, 392 173, 174, 175, 204, 254, 334 Copa Libertadores, 392 British Satellite Broadcasting (BSB), 171, 172, Coral, 367 173 Corinthians, 391, 395 British Sky Broadcasting (BSkyB), 171, 172, 173, count data, 304 174, 175, 177, 178, 179, 190, 334 Coventry City, 157, 344 broadcast revenue, 18, 139, 159, 161, 169, 175, 191, Crewe Alexandra, 260 268, 385, 390 cricket, 11, 296, 419 broadcast rights, 9, 18, 159, 173, 176, 177, 195, Croatia, 231 397, 401 Crystal Palace, 149, 345 Brooklyn Dodgers, 18 Cultural Revolution, 400 Buckley, Major Frank, 251, 252, 293, 294 Czech Republic, 232, 235 Bundesliga, see German Bundesliga Burge, Keith, 313, 315 Dagenham and Redbridge, 196 Burnley, 146 Dalglish, Kenny, 143, 264 Busby, Matt, 252, 253, 254, 293 Dean, Mike, 315 Denmark, 45, 47, 220, 418 Cambridge United, 196 Derby County, 146, 157, 253 Cambridge University, 140 Desailly, Marcel, 239 Cameroon, 231 Di Matteo, Roberto, 266 Cantona, Eric, 183, 220 diminishing returns, 3, 7 Carlisle United, 52 DirecTV, 18 Carlos, Roberto, 395 discrimination cartel, 6, 171, 177, 179 co-worker, 237, 238 Catterick, Harry, 270 customer, 237, 238, 239, 240, 247 CBS, 18 employer, 237, 239, 240 Celtic, 253, 266, 335, 363 hiring, 10, 216, 236, 238, 241, 246, 248 Central League, 396 price, 169, 196 Championnat de France Amateurs, 381 racial, 10, 212, 216, 236, 237, 238, 239, 247, Champions League, 87, 142, 146, 162, 177, 191, 248 196, 257, 264, 302, 334, 387 retention, 236, 239, 241 Channel 4, 171 salary, 236, 237, 238, 241 Channel 5, 171 diseconomies of scale, 202, 203, 204 Chapman, Herbert, 143, 251, 293 Doncaster Rovers, 157 Charlton Athletic, 149, 161 Douglas, Lieutenant Commander Archibald, Chelsea, 47, 101, 146, 158, 161, 189, 190, 192, 193, 395 198, 239, 264, 266, 326, 371 Dowd, Phil, 315 Cheltenham Town, 196 draft, 8, 13, 16 Chengdu Blades, 402 Dunga, 398 Chesterﬁeld, 194 duration analysis, see hazard function Chile, 394 Durkin, Paul, 315 China, 11, 380, 399, 400, 402, 403 China League, 401 Eastern Europe, 230, 231, 232, 236, 241 Chinese Football Association, 401, 402 Eastham, George, 181 Chinese Football League, 400 Ebbsﬂeet United, 194 Chinese Super League, 400, 401, 401 economies of scale, 201, 203, 237 churn index, 49 Ecuador, 51 Clattenburg, Mark, 315 eingetragener Verein, 387, 390 Clough, Brian, 253, 262, 293 Eintracht Frankfurt, 390 Club Français, 380 elasticity of demand cointegration, 330, 331 income, 329 Colchester United, 196 price, 323, 329, 330, 331, 345, 349 collusion, 3 England, 1, 11, 14, 45, 47, 48, 49, 56, 59, 140, 142, Colombia, 51 153, 155, 157, 158, 171, 177, 178, 181, 195, competitive balance, 3, 8, 12, 15, 25, 27, 29, 36, 37, 198, 215, 216, 224, 231, 232, 235, 240, 248, 42, 43, 44, 59, 77, 143, 309, 332 253, 257, 275, 288, 293, 294, 296, 297, 334, competitive balance ratio, 44, 333 336, 391, 398, 402, 403

Index 449

English football home team bias, 10, 52, 295, 296, 298, 299, 300, competitive structure, 9, 139, 141 301, 305, 308, 309, 315, 319 ﬁnancial structure, 159, 161, 180, 181 professionalism, 298, 302 governance, 9, 139, 189, 195 social pressure, 295, 300, 301, 302 ownership, 9, 139, 187, 188, 190, 192, 194, football teams 195 strategic behaviour, 107, 111, 122, 136, 137 ESPN, 18, 173, 174 Fox, 18 Europa League, see UEFA Cup France, 11, 14, 45, 47, 48, 49, 51, 56, 59, 196, 215, European Championship, 176, 216, 232, 235, 248, 220, 231, 232, 235, 275, 319, 336, 380, 381, 254, 296, 363, 402, 418, 419 384, 394, 395, 398, 402, 403, 407, 418 European Commission, 173, 177, 178, 418 franchise, 4, 8, 13, 14, 15, 18, 19, 193, 254, 405, European Court of Justice, 184 409, 412 European Cup, 142, 157, 253, 384, 387 Frank copula, 63, 305, 320 European Cup Winners’ Cup, 142 Frechet distribution, 82 Everton, 100, 135, 136, 140, 155, 172, 191, 196, free agency, 3, 4, 12, 16, 44, 184, 195, 200, 204, 208, 262, 328, 344 209, 212, 213, 214, 217, 238 exponential distribution, 122, 131 free agent, see free agency externality Fry, Barry, 264 network, 359 Fulham, 100, 135, 181, 264 positive, 176, 177 Furukawa Electric, 398

FA Cup, 50, 79, 84, 87, 92, 104, 105, 140, 141, 143, G14 payroll cap, 33, 38, 39, 192 146, 155, 157, 170, 171, 186, 291, 294, 313 game theory, 9, 106, 107, 137 Fagan, Joe, 143 dominant strategy, 115 Fairs Cup, see UEFA Cup mixed-strategy equilibrium, 108, 109, 110 FC Kaiserslautern, 386, 387, 390 non-cooperative equilibrium, 115 FC Nuremberg, 386 penalty kick, 9, 106, 107, 109, 110, 137 FC United of Manchester, 194 prisoner’s dilemma, 115, 116, 137 Federal League, 18 Garrincha, 394 Federation Française de Football, 381 gate revenue, 9, 18, 139, 159, 162, 163, 165, 168, Federation of International Football Associations 170, 184, 187, 268, 324, 351, 394 (FIFA), 182, 236, 296, 381, 391, 394, 396, 401, German Bundesliga, 111, 210, 211, 241, 257, 258, 406, 407, 408, 409, 419, 421 274, 275, 289, 299, 300, 301, 332, 336, 386 Ferguson, Alex, 143, 254, 262, 264, 294 German Football Association, 385, 387 fixed effects, 351 German Football League, 387 Flamengo, 391, 392, 395 Germany, 11, 15, 45, 47, 48, 49, 56, 59, 176, 183, Fluminese, 391, 392, 395 184, 215, 231, 232, 235, 241, 275, 380, 385, Football Association (FA), 140, 173, 180, 296, 297 402, 407, 417, 418, 419 Football League, 1, 9, 49, 46, 93, 119, 140, 141, Gillett, George, 193 157, 159, 160, 161, 163, 170, 171, 172, 173, Gillingham, 264 174, 175, 179, 184, 185, 187, 193, 194, 195, Gini coefficient, 45, 46, 47, 48, 77 198, 201, 216, 217, 226, 239, 241, 358, 363, Glazer, Malcolm, 192 402 goals scored football managers, 10, 251, 266, 293, 297, 298, 313 forecasting model, 79, 80, 82, 86, 96, 98, 100, managerial change, 250, 260, 270, 271, 285, 286, 104, 122, 135, 358 287, 288, 290, 291, 293, 294 statistical properties, 63, 77 managerial contribution, 10, 143, 255, 258 timings of, 107, 127, 137 managerial efficiency, 250, 255, 256, 257, 273, golden goal rule, 112, 138 275, 287 Gradi, Dario, 260 managerial succession effect, 251, 270, 286, 289, Granada Media, 190 293 Granger causality tests, 324 football match results Grant, Avram, 264 forecasting model, 79, 80, 82, 86, 95, 96, 98, 99, Grayson, Simon, 264 100, 104, 289, 290, 307, 353, 358, 359, 365, Greece, 47, 231, 302, 418 366 Greenwood, Ron, 262 persistence, 8, 42, 67, 71, 73, 74, 76, 77, 78, 98 Guangzhou GPC, 402 statistical properties, 42, 59 Gumbel distribution, 82 football referees disciplinary sanction, 118, 124, 296, 299, 300, Hakuhodo, 398 301, 302, 303, 307, 308, 309, 310, 313, 315, Hamburg, 387, 390 317, 318, 319, 320 Harris, Rob, 313 favouritism, see home team bias Haynes, Johnny, 181

450 Index

hazard function, 122, 124, 137, 250, 274, 275, 276, Limpar, Anders, 220 277, 278, 281, 285 Lincoln City, 157 Hereford United, 196 linear probability model, 109, 273, 357 Herfindahl index, 47, 48, 77 Lineker, Gary, 398 Heysel, 142, 157, 195 Liverpool, 47, 140, 143, 146, 155, 157, 158, 161, Hicks, Tom, 193 172, 177, 181, 190, 193, 220, 253, 262, 264, Hiddink, Guus, 264, 266 294, 301, 313, 328, 344, 371 Hillsborough, 157, 195, 326, 350 London Stock Exchange, 188, 189 hockey, 2, 51, 322 London Weekend Television, 172 home-field advantage, 42, 43, 50, 51, 52, 53, 56, 59, Lorenz curve, 45, 46, 48, 77 73, 77, 78, 112, 119, 123, 131, 260, 288, 291, Louis Schmelling Paradox, 4 296, 300, 301, 309, 319, 369 Love, Vagner, 395 hooliganism, 154, 155, 156, 157, 189, 195, 326 Luton Town, 52 Hoyzer, Robert, 387 Luxembourg, 418 Huddersfield Town, 143, 146, 251 luxury tax, 16, 17, 33, 34, 35, 41 Hull City, 88, 91, 92, 93, 94, 98, 99, 100, 105, 157 Lyon, 383, 385 human capital, 257, 277, 281, 287, 294 Hungary, 399 Macclesfield Town, 196 Maidstone United, 196 imperfect substitution, 201, 202 Major League Baseball, see baseball Ince, Paul, 266 Major League Soccer, 209, 210, 212, 258, 336 Independent Television (ITV), 171, 172, 173, 174, Malta, 231 175, 177, 190, 204, 334 managers, see football managers input-output models, 406, 411, 412, 415 Manchester City, 153, 157, 190, 191, 192, 193, 198, invariance proposition, 29, 37 344, 371 Ipswich Town, 146, 149, 191, 310 Manchester United, 47, 101, 105, 140, 142, 143, Ireland 146, 153, 156, 158, 161, 170, 172, 177, 178, Northern, 220, 221, 242, 364 181, 183, 188, 189, 190, 192, 193, 194, 198, Republic of, 220, 221, 242, 418 201, 220, 252, 254, 264, 310, 326, 344 Israel, 220 Mansour bin Zayed Al Nahyan, Sheik, 192 Italy, 15, 45, 47, 48, 49, 82, 175, 212, 215, 231, 232, marginal revenue product, 12, 200, 204, 212, 213 235, 236, 259, 289, 299, 302, 319, 336, 386, Marseille, 383, 384, 385 394, 395, 407, 418 maximum likelihood, 81, 278, 367 ITV, see Independent Television maximum wage, 165, 179, 180, 181, 195, 197 ITV Digital, 159, 175, 186, 193, 268, 334 mean-reversion, 285, 287, 290, 294 Messi, Lionel, 198 J. League, 397, 398 Mexican League, 18 Japan, 11, 275, 380, 394, 395, 398, 402, 403, 406, Mexico, 319, 336, 394, 396 408, 413 Middlesbrough, 100, 149, 157, 190 Japan Football League, 396, 398 migration, 9, 10, 216, 217, 227, 228, 232, 235, Japanese Football Association (JFA), 395 248 JEF United Ichihara, 398 Miller, Charles, 391 Jensen, John, 220 Millwall, 157, 188, 189 Juventus, 157 minimum admission price, 163 Minor League Baseball, see baseball Kaka, 395 Mitsubuishi Motors, 398 Kanchelskis, Andrei, 220 MK Dons, 157, 266 Kashima Antlers, 398 Mobray, Tony, 266 Keegan, Kevin, 264 Molby, Jan, 220 Kendall’s tau statistic, 49 Monopolies and Mergers Commission (MMC), Kidderminster Harriers, 196 178, 190 Kroenke, Stan, 190 monopoly, 3, 4, 5, 14, 15, 18, 19, 177, 179 natural, 5, 6, 202 LA Galaxy, 198 rent, 213 Ladbrokes, 367 monopsony, 2, 3, 5, 208, 209, 213, 238 Lampard, Frank, 198 moral hazard, 250 Latin America, 51, 230, 231, 232, 241, 336 Morecambe, 196 League Cup, 87, 141, 143, 170, 175 Morocco, 220 Leeds United, 146, 183, 190, 191, 253, 262, 264, Mourinho, Jose, 264 313 Moyes, David, 262 Leicester City, 157, 189, 190, 191, 264, 301 multi-plant firm, 5 Libarski, Pierre, 398 Murdoch, Rupert, 18, 171

Index 451

Nash equilibrium, 23, 31, 41, 115, 116, 117, 118, Paraguay, 51 207 Paris Saint Germain, 384 National Basketball Association (NBA), 14, 16, 17, Paulistano, 391 18, 41, 43, 51, 53, 237, 238, 239, 256, 272, 274, payroll cap, 8, 13, 14, 16, 17, 20, 33, 35, 36, 37, 40 350, 356 Payssandu Cricket Club, 391 National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), Pearson, Nigel, 264 43 Pele, 394 National Football Institute, 383 Peru, 51 National Football League (NFL), 14, 16, 17, 18, Peterborough United, 196 43, 51, 53, 238, 239, 256, 257, 272, 275, 286, Peugeot, 381 354, 355, 356 Pirelli, 402 National Hockey League (NHL), 43, 51, 53, 112, player dismissals 238, 287, 356 timings of, 107, 124, 126, 137 National League, 5, 14, 18, 19, 212 player sale-and-leaseback, 191, 192 National Measure of Seasonal Imbalance, 45 player transfers, 160, 182, 194, 253, 394 National Rugby League, 48 player wages and salaries, 3, 27, 33, 35, 40, 139, Nayim, 220 159, 160, 180, 181, 189, 192, 194, 197, 208, NBA, see National Basketball Association 209, 210, 212, 213, 215, 240, 390, 398, 407 NBC, 18 determination of, 197, 200, 205, 209, 210, 212 NCAA, see National Collegiate Athletic Plus Market, 189 Association Poisson distribution, 42, 59, 63, 64, 77, 80, 304, NFL, see National Football League 306, 357, 362 NHL, see National Hockey League bivariate, 78, 81, 82, 299, 306, 320 negative binomial distribution, 42, 59, 63, 64, 77, Port Vale, 262 80, 82, 304, 306, 357 Portsmouth, 100, 146, 149, 193 bivariate, 306, 320 Portugal, 47, 198, 231, 235, 395, 418 neoclassical theory, 249 Premier League Netherlands, 45, 47, 232, 302, 319, 418 Austrian, 288 New York Giants, 18 Dutch, 288 New York Yankees, 4, 17 English, 1, 9, 32, 49, 46, 93, 104, 119, 141, 157, Newcastle United, 100, 135, 136, 146, 149, 159, 160, 162, 170, 173, 174, 177, 179, 183, 153, 181, 189, 190, 191, 251, 264, 294, 328, 344 184, 186, 189, 190, 191, 193, 194, 195, 196, Newton Heath, see Manchester United 198, 201, 204, 206, 216, 217, 220, 223, 226, Nicholson, Bill, 262, 270 235, 241, 297, 299, 323, 328, 335, 358, 363, 402 Nigeria, 231 Scottish, 45, 47, 323, 328, 334, 363 Nimes, 183 Premiership, see Premier League: English Nippon Shinpan, 398 Preston North End, 52, 140, 171, 189 Nolan, Kevin, 136 production frontier, 250, 255, 256 non-stationary, 328, 330, 349, 350 data envelopment analysis (DEA), 256, 258, 258, normal distribution, 71, 73, 95, 100, 242, 366 259 Norway, 220, 302 random frontier model, 257 Norwich City, 149, 191, 310, 345 stochastic frontier analysis, 256, 257, 273 Nottingham Forest, 146, 157, 253, 262 Professional Footballers Association, 181 Notts County, 194 professional sports leagues, organisation NTL, 190 European model, 14 North American model, 13, 14 Oceania, 230, 409 professional sports leagues, theory Ofex Market, see Plus Market closed model, 13, 21, 22, 24, 25, 27, 28, 32, 34, Office of Fair Trading, 172, 179 36, 37, 38, 39, 40 Oldham Athletic, 52, 262 open model, 13, 22, 26, 27, 29, 32, 34, 35, 36, 37, Olympic Games, 78, 176, 396, 405, 409, 415, 418, 39, 40 420, 421, 422 profit maximisation, 6, 15, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, ONDigital, 175 27, 28, 29, 31, 32, 33, 37, 40, 41, 200, 249, 254 Opta Index, 259 Pulis, Tony, 262 ordered probit, 45, 73, 82, 241, 358 overdispersion, 64, 67, 77, 304, 307 Queens Park Rangers, 52, 149, 189 Oxford United, 196 Oxford University, 140 Rangers, 335, 363 rank-order tournament model, 9, 198, 205, 206, Pacific Coast League, 18 209, 213, 215 Pacific League, 396 RC Paris, 381 Paisley, Bob, 143 Reading, 155, 157

452 Index

Real Madrid, 198, 363, 383, 395 Sao Paulo, 391, 394, 395 Redknapp, Harry, 294 Scarborough, 196 Reed, Mike, 313, 315 Schalke 04, 390 referees, see football referees Schmeichel, Peter, 220 Regional Industrial Multiplier System, 411, 412 Scholar, Irving, 188 regression Scolari, Phil, 264, 266, 394 binary logit, 273, 274, 275, 357 Scotland, 11, 56, 59, 158, 171, 220, 225, 242, 248, binary probit, 241, 273, 274, 275, 334, 364 253, 279, 302, 335, 363, 364 bivariate Poisson, 309 Scunthorpe United, 196 bivariate probit, 300 securitisation, 190, 191 cross-sectional, 84, 93, 237, 346 Serbia-Montenegro, 231 discrete-time logit, 274 Setanta, 173 fixed effects, 289, 338, 417 Sete, 381 instrumental variables, 328, 350 Shakhtar Donetsk, 105 mixed logit, 275 Shanghai Shenhua, 402 OLS, 210, 211, 272, 324, 328, 334, 350, 351, 357 Shanghai United, 402 ordered logit, 80, 418 Shankly, Bill, 143, 253, 254, 262, 270, 293 ordered probit, 79, 80, 81, 95, 104, 241, 242, 288, share prices, 189, 364 353, 365, 378 Sheffield United, 105, 161, 171, 402 Poisson, 79, 83, 104 Sheffield Wednesday, 157 quantile, 210, 211, 237, 332 Shrewsbury Town, 196 random effects, 211 Sichuan Guancheng, 402 random effects logit, 111, 236 Siemens, 402 simultaneous equations, 109 simulation time-series, 333 Monte Carlo, 42, 73, 74, 76, 81 tobit, 324, 326 numerical, 119 Weibull, 274 stochastic, 107, 131, 137 Reith, John, 171 Sky, 171, 172, 173 relative competitive inequality measure, 43 Small Heath, see Birmingham City Rennie, Uriah, 315 Sochaux, 381 reservation wage, 3, 4, 12, 200 Sony Creative Products, 398 reserve clause, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 12, 13, 15, 200, 212, 213 South Africa, 395, 406, 407, 408, 413, 414, 415 Restrictive Practices Court (RPC), 179 South America, 236, 240, 392, 396, 409 retain-and-transfer system, 179, 180, 181, 195 South Korea, 394, 406, 408, 413 returns to scale Southampton, 149, 157, 191, 262, 371 constant, 258 Southend United, 264 variable, 259 Southern League, 141 revenue functions, 12, 20, 24, 28, 29 Southport, 345 revenue maximisation, 169 Spain, 15, 45, 47, 48, 49, 56, 59, 176, 196, 215, 231, revenue sharing, 4, 7, 8, 13, 14, 16, 18, 20, 27, 28, 232, 235, 259, 275, 288, 319, 328, 363, 386, 418 29, 30, 31, 32, 40, 170 Spearman rank correlation coefficient, 49 Revie, Don, 253, 262, 270, 293 sponsorship, 162, 170, 198, 214, 236, 254, 384, 397, Riley, Mike, 315 398, 401, 402, 408 Rimet, Jules, 381 St Etienne, 384 Robinho, 395 Stade Reims, 383 Romania, 231, 302 stadium capacity, 153, 168, 202, 240, 258, 301, 321, Ronaldo, Christiano, 198 324, 326, 337, 349, 350, 397, 412 Rosenior, Leroy, 262 Standard AC, 380 Rosenthal, Ronnie, 220 StanleyBet, 367 Rotherham United, 142 Stein, Jock, 253, 254 Royal Engineers, 140 Stockport County, 194 Royle, Joe, 262 Stoke City, 100, 157, 310 Rudge, John, 262 Stuttgart, 387 rugby league, 11, 176, 324, 350 Sumitomo Metals, 398 Rugby school, 140 Sunderland, 149, 153, 157, 171, 190, 328, 344 rugby union, 11, 176 Suntory, 398 runs test, 73, 110 superstars Rushden and Diamonds, 196 economics of, 9, 201, 203, 204, 212, 213, 214 Russia, 232 Supporters Direct, 194 surprise index, 48 salary cap, see payroll cap survivor function, 273, 277, 279 Santos, 395 Swansea City, 157, 262

Index 453

Sweden, 47, 220, 302, 394 Wales, 364 Swindon Town, 149, 155 Walker, Jack, 146 Switzerland, 231, 232, 235, 275, 335, 419 Wanderers, The, 140 Watford, 161, 189, 262 Tapie, Bernard, 384 Weibull distribution, 82 Taylor, Graham, 262 weighted least squares (WLS), 347, 357 Taylor, Lord Justice, 157 Wenger, Arsène, 254, 262, 264, 398 Taylor, Peter, 264 Werder Bremen, 387 TBS, 18 West Bromwich Albion, 71, 100, 135, 155, 161, television, 5, 139, 142, 154, 155, 157, 171, 172, 266, 344 179, 195, 204, 253, 297, 321, 333, 396, West Ham United, 262, 313, 344, 371 407, 418 Western Europe, 11, 231, 232, 236, 241 Tevez, Carlos, 198 Wigan Athletic, 100, 150, 157, 196 Thatcher, Margaret, 156 Willard, Gary, 313 Thorstvedt, Eric, 220 William Hill, 358, 359, 367 Tokyo Giants, 396 Wimbledon, 194, 196 Torquay United, 262 win percent, see win ratio Tottenham Hotspur, 88, 91, 92, 93, 94, 98, 99, 100, win ratio, 19, 20, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 53, 59, 105, 172, 188, 189, 191, 220, 262, 344 77, 96, 250, 255, 262, 269, 272, 274, 286, transactions costs, 249, 265 310 transfer expenditure, 139, 159, 184, 186, 193, 385 win-percent maximisation, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, transfer fees, 8, 160, 182, 189, 401 27, 29, 30, 32, 33, 35, 37, 39, 40 transfer market, 10, 139, 143, 184, 185, 210, 217, Wolverhampton Wanderers, 143, 149, 251, 294, 344 228, 229, 252, 255, 293, 401, 408 Woolwich Arsenal, see Arsenal transfers, see player transfers Workington, 345 two-part tariff, see discrimination: price World Cup, 11, 51, 153, 176, 232, 235, 236, 319, 335, 336, 380, 381, 384, 386, 394, 395, 396, UEFA, see Union of European Football Associ- 402, 405, 406, 407, 409, 413, 415, 416, 417, ations 418, 419, 420, 421 UEFA Cup, 87, 92, 105, 142, 146, 257, 302, 313 economic beneﬁts, 11, 405, 406, 411, 417, 420, UEFA Pro-Licence, 251, 294 421 Ukraine, 220, 231 intangible beneﬁts, 407, 417, 418, 421, 422 uncertainty of outcome, 3, 8, 42, 45, 50, 332, 333, prospective economic impact studies, 405, 406, 335 410, 411, 412, 413, 421 Union of European Football Associations retrospective economic impact studies, 415, 416, (UEFA), 182, 231, 251 421 United Arab Emirates, 395 World Series, 4, 5 Urawa Red Diamonds, 398 World Youth Championship, 396 Uruguay, 51, 381, 407 Wrexham, 345 utility function, 7, 27, 113, 200, 254, 298, 354 Wycombe Wanderers, 196, 264 utility maximisation, 7, 200 Yeovil Town, 196 Van Den Hauwe, Pat, 220 Yomiuro FC, 398 Vasco da Gama, 391, 392 York City, 194 Verdy Kawasaki, 398 vertical integration, 178, 190 zero conjectural variations, 23, 31 Vietnam, 395 Zico, 398 Villa, Ricardo, 220 Zidane, Zinedine, 394 Virgin Media, 179 Zimbabwe, 414