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by the Compilation Group for the I... he iUDl r . By the Compilation Group for the "History of Modern China" Series FOREIGN LANGUAGES PRESS PEKING 1976 Publisher's Note The Opium War is one of several booklets translated from the "History of Modern China" Series, Shanghai People's Publishing House. Others are: The Taiping Revolution (1851-64), The Reform Movement of 1898, The Yi Ho Tuan Movement of 1900 and The Revolu­ tion of 1911. All were compiled by members of the his­ The port of Whompoa near Canton, 1835. tory departments of Futan University and Shanghai Teachers' University. Some editorial changes have been made in the English version. First Edition 1976 Printed in the People's Republic of China Opium-smuggling ship moored at Lingting near Canton, 1839. Morine forces of the Ching government in bottle with invading British worships off Canton, January 7, 1841. Remains of Humen Fort. The old temple at Sanyuanli near Canton where villagers took an oath to resist the British invasion, 1841. ary cartoon I A h invaders showingcontemp~~ Bf! IS looting. J • I alion 01 . eople's proc amgressors. Sanyuanl!war agOlnst p the British ag . ders' unilorms, British IOva tc. capture O d sw rd , byseals, Sanyuan e 1'1 people. Contents 1 The Covetous British Invaders 1 2 The Infamous Opium Trade 8 3 The Debate on the Opium Ban 19 4 British Aggression Brings War to China 35 5 Sanyuanli People Trounce the Invaders 52 d 6 Expansion of the War 64 7 Popular Anti-British Struggles in Fukien, 1-­Chekiang and the Lower Yangtze Valley 80 r The Sheng Ping Sheh Hsueh organized by Sanyuanli people as headquarters of their resistance to British aggression. 8 The Treaty of Nanking 87 9 The U.S. and French Invaders Follow Suit 98 10 Birth of a Semi-Colonial and Semi-Feudal Society 110 Index 125 • The Covetous British Invaders 1 The Opium War of 1840-42, in which the Chinese people fought against British aggression, marked both the beginning of modern Chinese history and the · start of the Chinese people's bourgeois­ democratic revolution against imperialism and feudalism. The Chinese people's great leader Chairman Mao pointed out in 1939: "The history of China's transformation into a semi-colony and colony by imperialism in collusion with Chinese feudalism is at the same time a history of struggle by the Chinese people against imperialism and its lackeys. The Opium War, the . Movement of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the Sino-French War, the Sillo~Japan~s~ War,the Reform Movement of 1898, the Yi Ho Tuan Movement, the .Revolutipn of 1911, 1 'r the May 4th Movement, the May 30th Movement, Ching rule. The White Lotus peasant uprising, the Northern Expedition, the Agrarian Revolu­ I, which lasted nine years and swept across several tionary War and the present War of Resistance provinces at the turn of the 18th-19th centuries, Against Japan - all testify to the Chinese people's was an explosion of these growing class contradic­ indomitable spirit in fighting imperialism and its tions. Though it was· cruelly suppressed by the lackeys."* Ching rulers, the uprising was a heavy blow to the The Opium War was wilfully provoked by the reigning dynasty and weakened it considerably. British invaders. It was the first of a series of Popular resistance continued unremittingly in the aggressive wars launched by the capitalist powers ensuing years. The reactionary Ching rule began to turn China into their semi-colony and colony. to falter. Even half a century before the war, the Ching \ Meanwhile, capitalism was developing rapidly in Dynasty then ruling over the Chinese people was Europe and America. In Britain, the world's first already quite corrupt. Its political decline, military capitalist power, handicraft industries had gradual­ impotence and financial insolvency had become ly given way to machine manufacture in the latter obvious. As time went on, social wealth was half of the 18th century. By the beginning of the progressively concentrated in the hands of an ex­ 19th century, capitalism was developing even ploiting minority of nobles, officials, landlords and faster there. In 1825 the first crisis of over­ rich merchants. The problem of land annexation production in the history of capitalism occurred in was getting ever more serious. Peasants and Britain. The British bourgeoisie felt it imperative handicraftsmen suffered exploitation through con­ to seek new and bigger markets for their goods in tinually rising taxes, land rent and usurious in­ order to shake off the crisis and gain more profit. terest rates, and class contradictions consequently Having consolidated their control over their Indian intensified. Popular secret societies were becom­ colony, they shifted the spearhead of their aggres­ ing more active in their struggle against reactionary sion to China, a country with vast territory, rich * Mao Tsetung, "The Chinese Revolution and the Chinese resources and a big population, so as to force open Communist Party," Selected Works, Foreign Languages its door and extend their tentacles to rob and Press, Peking, 1967, Vol. II, p. 314. enslave the Chinese people. 2. 3 At the time, what predominated in the Chinese . The lack of a market for British industrial goods social economy as a whole was natural economy led to China maintaining a favourable balance in combining individual farming with household its trade with Britain. At the end of the 18th cen­ handicrafts. The family was the basic unit of tury, the East India Company - which under a peasant production, the men tilled the land and the charter from the British government monopolized women wove cloth. Most of the peasants' clothing trade with the East, mainly India and China, and and other daily necessities were produced at home. carried on colonial enterprises there from the 17th They had no particular need of, nor did they have to mid-19th centuries - bought an average of 4 the money to buy, the manufactured goods of million silver taels' worth of teas from China each foreign capitalism. In order to pay exorbitant land year. This alone more than offset the three main rent and miscellaneous taxes, they had periodi­ commodities - woollen fabrics, metal products and cally to sell some of their side-line products. So, cotton - exported by British merchants to China. it was hardly possible to dump British goods on The value of all British goods imported into China the Chinese market. from 1781 to 1793, including woollen fabrics, cot­ Between 1786 and 1829, British capitalists came ton cloth, cotton yarn and metal products, amount­ to China on eight occasions to sell cotton textiles. ed to only 16,870,000 silver dollars, or one-sixth But they had very poor sales, and repeatedly lost of the value of the teas China exported to Britain. money. For instance, in 1790 Britain got only So, to get teas and silks from China, the capitalists 2,000 silver taels for 100 pieces of cotton cloth in Europe and America had to pay large sums in from Manchester, which barely covered costs. silver. At the beginning of the 19th century, some Again, in 1821, the 4,509 pieces of British calicoes 1-4 million taels of silver flowed into C)1ina and 416 pieces of velvets and velveteens which through Canton each year. Foreign ships coming were sold by auction in Canton raised only 40 per to Kwangtung Province for trade had to bring cent of their cost price. Such losses had gone on more in silver dollars :than in goods. until 1827 when, even though British piec~ goods This state of affairs worried the British capital­ began to bring in profits, the market for them was ists, who were eagerly seeking to expand the still limited. market for the products of their mechanized in .. 4 T dustries. They regarded the limited sales of their cap~talists became even more anxious to force open goods as the result of the closed-door policy pur­ China's door for their goods. They believed that, sued by the Ching government. For before the if the Chinese market were opened, the British Opium War, only one Chinese port, Canton, was goods sold there would surpass all that sold in the designated for foreign trade, and all import-export rest of the world. This fully revealed the covetous business was done by the hong merchants with attitude of the British bourgeoisie to China. Ex­ special government permission. Anxious to force pounding the characteristics of capitalism, Lenin its way into China, Britain tried a thousand and pointed out that "the capitalist system cannot exist one ways to induce the Ching government to open and develop without constantly extending its more ports and permit free trade. sphere of domination, without colonizing new In 1793, the British government sent Lord countries and without drawing ancient, non­ Macartney to Peking at the head of a large delega­ capitalist countries into the whirlpool of world tion to negotiate with the Ching court. He de­ economy."* Clearly the launching of the Opium manded that the latter open Tientsin, Tinghai and War against China by British capitalists was no Ningpo as trading ports in addition to Canton, cede chance occurrence, but was a case in point. an islet near Choushan (Chusan) Island (which is the biggest in ' the Choushan Archipelago), reduce tariffs and allow the propagation of Christianity in China. These demands, of an obviously aggres­ sive nature, would seriously have infringed upon China's sovereignty, so they were rejected by the Ching government. In 1816, the British government sent Lord Amherst to China and he once more set forward the demands Macartney had made, which were again turned down.
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