31º Encontro Anual Da ANPOCS 22 a 26 De Outubro De 2007 Caxambu

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31º Encontro Anual Da ANPOCS 22 a 26 De Outubro De 2007 Caxambu 1 31º Encontro Anual da ANPOCS 22 a 26 de outubro de 2007 Caxambu, MG Seminário Temático Coleções, Museus e Patrimônio COLEÇÕES DE PALAVRAS: POLÍTICAS PATRIMONIAIS E CANÇÃO POPULAR Elizabeth Travassos Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro – Unirio 2 1 COLEÇÕES DE PALAVRAS: POLÍTICAS PATRIMONIAIS E CANÇÃO POPULAR Elizabeth Travassos Centro de Letras e Artes Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro – UNIRIO Disse-se que, para Homero, versejar era lembrar (Jacques LeGoff) INTRODUÇÃO A 32ª Assembléia Geral da UNESCO aprovou, em 2003, a “Convenção para a salvaguarda do patrimônio oral e imaterial da humanidade”, documento que resultou de uma seqüência de debates sobre a representação da diversidade cultural dos povos nas políticas para o patrimônio cultural. Em abril de 2006, a Convenção entrou em vigor após ter sido alcançado o número mínimo de adesões de estados signatários. Um dos seus objetivos é corrigir a tendência etnocêntrica da Lista do patrimônio mundial cultural e natural (adotada em 1972), que abrange um número elevado de realizações da civilização cristã ocidental, em detrimento dos testemunhos das realizações da maioria dos povos (V. Lévi-Strauss, 2001:24. A lista referida pode ser vista em http://whc.unesco.org/fr/list). A preocupação com uma justa representação da diversidade cultural colocou as noções de oralidade e intangibilidade no centro da política da UNESCO para a cultura. O Programa de proclamações de obras-primas do patrimônio oral e intangível da humanidade antecedeu a aprovação do texto da Convenção (divergindo dele em alguns aspectos) e gerou, entre 2001 e 2005, três listas de complexos culturais agraciados com a distinção da UNESCO, espalhados pelos cinco continentes. 1 Versões preliminares deste texto foram apresentadas nos Seminários Museus, patrimônio e saberes tradicionais promovido em maio de 2006 pelo Centro Nacional de Cultura Popular do IPHAN e Patrimônio, Memória e Museus promovido em junho de 2006 pelo Programa de Pós-graduação em Memória Social da UNIRIO e Departamento de Museus do IPHAN. Agradeço aos organizadores e participantes de ambos os seminários por suas críticas e sugestões. Sou grata aos colegas Guacira Waldeck, Fernanda Teixeira de Medeiros, Felipe Trotta e Cláudia Matos por seus comentários e correções. O apoio do CNPQ torna viável a pesquisa à qual se vincula o presente trabalho. 3 A entrada em vigor da Convenção, em abril de 2006, é qualificada pelo Diretor Geral da Unesco como marco de uma nova etapa na “proteção da diversidade cultural e da criatividade humana” (V. a apresentação assinada por Koïchiro Matsuura em UNESCO, 2006:2-3). A Convenção, ratificada por 76 países até maio de 2007 (v. UNESCO, 2007:1), extinguiu o Programa de proclamações de obras-primas e instituiu duas outras listas: a lista representativa do patrimônio oral e imaterial da humanidade (Artigo 16º da Convenção) e a lista do patrimônio oral carente de urgente ação de salvaguarda (Artigo 17º). A proclamação de obras-primas cuja escolha se pautava pelo critério de excelência (invocado pelo Comitê do patrimônio mundial2) foi abandonada em favor de uma concepção inclusiva de patrimônio cultural – concepção afinada com a visão relativista e particularizadora da cultura, dominante na antropologia contemporânea. As noventa obras-primas proclamadas entre 2001 e 2005 não perdem seu status com o encerramento do Programa de proclamações e são automaticamente incluídas na lista representativa do patrimônio oral e intangível da humanidade. Nenhum outro complexo cultural receberá, porém, o título de obra-prima (conforme a cláusula transitória, artigo 31º da Convenção). A escolha dos bens que integrarão cada uma das duas novas listas caberá ao Comitê intergovernamental de salvaguarda do patrimônio cultural imaterial, que conta, atualmente, com vinte e quatro membros. Os estados que integram o Comitê são eleitos entre os signatários da Convenção de acordo com princípios de “repartição geográfica e rotatividade justas” (Artigo 6º da Convenção). A leitura das proclamações de obras-primas na página eletrônica da UNESCO lembrou-me de outras listas, com as quais tenho contato cotidiano: as enumerações de nomes próprios, topônimos e substantivos comuns, que constituem um elemento formal recorrente na canção popular no Brasil. Elas são tão numerosas e significativas que convém agrupá-las em tipos para facilitar a exposição da análise. Distingo, basicamente: 1. Listas narrativas (que abrangem genealogias do ego da canção, inventários de lugares com que ele se identifica, inventários de coisas e seres, geralmente de caráter celebratório). 2 V. a página da UNESCO: “La Liste du patrimoine mondial comporte 851 biens constituant le patrimoine culturel et naturel que le Comité du patrimoine mondial considère comme ayant une valeur universelle exceptionnelle. Cette Liste comprend 660 biens culturels, 166 naturels et 25 mixtes répartis dans 141 Etats parties. Depuis octobre 2006, 184 Etats parties ont ratifié la Convention du patrimoine mundial” (os grifos são meus). 4 2. Listas lexicais (não-narrativas, nas quais os vocábulos se encadeiam por associação fônica ou semântica). 3. Listas mágicas (nas quais as palavras, encadeadas por associação fônica ou semântica, são encantamentos destinados a produzir efeitos imediatos sobre as pessoas e coisas). O primeiro tipo engloba as listas que Jack Goody (1977) chamou de retrospectivas e prospectivas, o segundo aproxima-se da lista dita lexical por esse autor e não tem relação direta e positiva com a produção de memória. O terceiro tipo pode ser tratado como um rito oral (Mauss, 1909). Observa-se, desde logo, que os inventários não são um mecanismo inusitado de produção da memória coletiva – ao contrário, eles são acionados seguidamente por agrupamentos sociais de dimensões e complexidade interna variadas e atualizados na voz de seus representantes. Mas nem todas as listas cantadas são inventários e algumas parecem coleções de palavras colhidas ao sabor da livre associação, sem nenhum caráter mnemônico. Proponho, então, pensar as listas do patrimônio oral e intangível da humanidade com a ajuda de seus correlatos que estão mais próximos do nosso cotidiano – as canções. Trata-se de participar do debate sobre o patrimônio acrescentando, aos argumentos que têm sido desenvolvidos por responsáveis pelas políticas culturais e por observadores perguntas suscitadas pelo convívio com a música popular. Por outro lado, a revelação de propriedades comuns às listagens chama a atenção para determinados aspectos da canção popular que não são novos, mas cujo peso não se tem avaliado sistematicamente. Ou seja, as observações dos analistas da política do patrimônio cultural também podem ser projetadas sobre as coleções de palavras da canção. Uma das motivações para a elaboração deste trabalho é a estranheza causada pelas escolhas inerentes às proclamações de obras-primas. Por que essas e não outras igualmente importantes e carentes de reconhecimento? Ao me mover das listas patrimoniais às enumerações de palavras na canção, elejo como variáveis a serem observadas: as diferentes escalas em que se produz a memória (do vilarejo à humanidade); a relação entre o sujeito da canção, o grupo social que representa e as listas, em comparação com a relação entre os gestores das políticas patrimoniais e os grupos sociais aos quais se dirigem. Tudo se passa como se dispuséssemos as listas do patrimônio e as da canção frente a frente umas das outras, para sondar sua homologia – 5 se é que há mais entre elas do que semelhança formal.3 Como se vê, a perspectiva que me pareceu apropriada à análise dos dois conjuntos de fenômenos é a de uma antropologia dos fatos de memória social, tal como produzidos em discursos diferentes entre si (de legisladores, funcionários de estado, especialistas, cantores, poetas) mas que apresentam, em comum, o aspecto formal do inventário. PROCLAMAÇÕES Segundo a UNESCO, o patrimônio oral e imaterial abrange práticas, representações, saberes e técnicas.4 Ele manifesta-se nas expressões orais, incluindo a língua, nos espetáculos, rituais e festas, nas técnicas do artesanato tradicional, nos conhecimentos referentes à natureza. A UNESCO nos propõe, então, olhar representações e práticas sociais como “patrimônio”. Mais exatamente, propõe que isso seja possível graças à visibilidade em escala ampliada dada àquelas representações, práticas, saberes e técnicas que um agrupamento humano mais ou menos restrito já encara como seu patrimônio cultural. A UNESCO marcaria com o selo de um organismo supranacional o que já teria o selo localizado de um grupo particular. Nenhuma dessas proposições é simples. Como saber se a definição de patrimônio cultural da UNESCO é compartilhada por todos os povos? Será examinada sua pertinência para traduzir representações de populações heterogêneas? O encaminhamento de uma candidatura por um estado ao qual estão subordinadas populações heterogêneas garante essa pertinência? Naturalmente, os especialistas que assessoram a Seção do Patrimônio Intangível e os que integram o Comitê formulam as mesmas perguntas que nós e discutem as alternativas de resposta. Isso tem transparecido nas publicações da UNESCO, embora seja de se esperar a interposição de filtros entre o que se passa nas reuniões de trabalho e as informações para o público. A UNESCO noticiou, por exemplo, que alguns estados membros são favoráveis à rotatividade de elementos na lista representativa, enquanto outros temem que esse entra-e-sai de bens desvalorize o patrimônio imaterial e conduza a uma
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